This paper is the first chapter of a comprehensive report on the ground-water features in the southern part of the coastal plain in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, Calif., with special reference to the effectiveness of the so-called coastal barrier--the Newport-Inglewood structural zone--in restraining landwar,-1 movement of saline water. The coastal plain in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, which covers some 775 square miles, sustains a large urban and rural population, diverse industries, and intensive agricultural developments. The aggregate ground-water withdrawal in 1945 was about 400,000 acre-feet a year, an average of about 360 million gallons a day. The dominant land-form elements are a central lowland plain with tongues extending to the coast, bordering highlands and foothills, and a succession of low hills and mesas aligned northwestward along the coastal edge of the central low- land plain. These low hills and mesas are the land-surface expression of geologic structure in the Newport-Inglewood zone. The highland areas that border the inland edge of the coastal plain are of moderate altitude and relief; most of the ridge crests range from 1,400 to 2,500 feet in altitude, but Santiago Peak in the Santa Ana Mountains attains a height of 5,680 feet above sea level. From these highlands the land surface descends across foothills and aggraded alluvial aprons to the central lowland, Downey Plain, here defined as the surface formed by alluvial aggradation during the post-Pleistocene time of rising base level. The Newport-Inglewood belt of hills and plains (mesas) has a maximum relief of some 500 feet but is widely underlain at a depth of about 30 feet by a surface of marine plantation. As initially formed in late Pleistocene time that surface was largely a featureless plain. Thus the present land-surface forms within the Newport-Inglewood belt measure the earth deformation that has occurred there since late Pleistocene time and so are pertinent with respect to structural features that influence the watertightness of the so-called coastal barrier. The hills and mesas of the Newport-Inglewood belt are cut by six gaps through which tongues of the central lowland extend to the coast. The gaps are trenched in the deformed late Pleistocene surface and are floored with alluvium that is highly permeable in its lower part. The Long Beach-Santa Ana area, with which this report is concerned, encompasses the central and eastern segments of the coastal plain, and includes five of the gaps in succession from northwest to south- east: Dominguez, Alamitos, Sunset, Bolsa, and Santa Ana Gaps. In the Long Beach-Santa Ana area a thick sequence of Quaternary and Tertiary sedimentary rocks has been deposited on a basement of metamorphic and crystalline rocks of pre-Tertiary age. In the broad syncline underlying tl e central part of Downey Plain these sediments probably exceed 20,000 feet in thickness. This report pertains chiefly to the geology and water-bearing character of the rocks that underlie the coastal zone of the Long Beach-Santa Ana area. This area extends some 27 miles from Dominguez Hill on the northwest to Newport Beach on the southeast, has an average width of about 6 miles, includes some 180 square miles, and borders the Pacific Ocean. Of the Quaternary deposits the youngest are of Recent age and comprise silt, sand, gravel, and clay, chiefly of fluvial origin; they are the latest contributions to the alluvial cones of the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana Rivers; their thickness is as much as 175 feet. The upper division of the Recent deposits, largely fine sand and silt of low permeability, commonly furnishes water only to a few wells of small yield; the lower division is coarse sand and gravel deposited chiefly in two tongues extending respectively, from Whittier Narrows through Dominguez Gap and from Santa Ana Canyon through Santa Ana Gap.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1109","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Piper, A.M., 1956, Ground-water geology of the coastal zone, Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1109, Report: v, 162 p.; 8 Plates: 61.10 x 16.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1109.","productDescription":"Report: v, 162 p.; 8 Plates: 61.10 x 16.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414038,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25580.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28705,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28704,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28703,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28702,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28701,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28700,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28699,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28698,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28697,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach-Santa Ana area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.29,\n 33.875\n ],\n [\n -118.29,\n 33.583\n ],\n [\n -117.848,\n 33.583\n ],\n [\n -117.848,\n 33.875\n ],\n [\n -118.29,\n 33.875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, J. 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C.","contributorId":44284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urey","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185477,"text":"70185477 - 1956 - Floods in relation to the river channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:39:11","indexId":"70185477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5272,"text":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floods in relation to the river channel","docAbstract":"Among the rivers studied by us two broad types may be distinguished. Channels in the semi-arid areas scour at high discharges so that the bed lowers nearly as much as the water surface rises. Detailed data on the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in New Mexico during the spring floods of 1948 and 1952 indicate that the bed aggrades to nearly its pre-flood level as the flood recedes. Channel banks may move rapidly by undercutting during periods of scour and levees are liable to failure not from overtopping but by undercutting.
In Connecticut, a sub-humid area, the repetitive processes of scour and fill in the semi-arid region were not demonstrated by the great floods of 1955. In a few reaches fresh sand was deposited over gravel beds subsequently to be removed by lower flows. Boulders four to six feet in diameter were moved in places over undisturbed beds of one-inch gravel. Channel widening occurred primarily in rivers in narrow valleys which confined the flow within the channel. Scour and deposition on flood plains adjacent to the rivers was irregular. Most deposits could be traced to local sources. In general, flood waters modified but did not vastly alter the prevailing configuration of the channel and structure of the flood plain.
","conferenceTitle":"Symposium Darcy: Floods","conferenceDate":"September 20-26, 1956","conferenceLocation":"Dijon, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1956, Floods in relation to the river channel: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, p. 85-98.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News/","text":"Publisher's Website","linkHelpText":"Back issues of this publication are available using the search function"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":1181,"text":"wsp1330C - 1956 - Water requirements of the aluminum industry","indexId":"wsp1330C","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Water requirements of the aluminum industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","indexId":"wsp1330B","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":1293,"text":"wsp1330F - 1963 - Water requirements of the styrene, butadiene and synthetic-rubber industries","indexId":"wsp1330F","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Water requirements of the styrene, butadiene and synthetic-rubber industries"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":2366,"text":"wsp1330A - 1955 - Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry","indexId":"wsp1330A","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":2367,"text":"wsp1330E - 1961 - Water requirements of the copper industry","indexId":"wsp1330E","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Water requirements of the copper industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":2368,"text":"wsp1330D - 1957 - Water requirements of the rayon- and acetate-fiber industry","indexId":"wsp1330D","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Water requirements of the rayon- and acetate-fiber industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":2422,"text":"wsp1330G - 1964 - Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry","indexId":"wsp1330G","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":2877,"text":"wsp1330H - 1967 - Water requirements of the iron and steel industry","indexId":"wsp1330H","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Water requirements of the iron and steel industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":8}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T13:38:31","indexId":"wsp1330","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","title":"Water requirements of selected industries","docAbstract":"The early industries in America generally were established when and where demands for the products of industry arose. Most of the early industries were so located that their increasing requirements for transportation, raw materials, market, labor, and water supply could be satisfied economically. Many of these original plant locations have continued as modern industrial centers and their output has increased manyfold in meeting the demands of our growing Nation. The recent and current industrial expansion and the trend toward the growth of chemical industries, many Of which are heavy users of water, has resulted in a tremendous increase in the total withdrawal of water for industrial use as well as a large increase in the per capita use of water. This increase in industrial water requirement has strained the capacity of the developed water supplies in many areas, and in some instances the adequacy of the potential water supplies is questionable.
The Geological Survey is engaged in preparing and publishing a series of reports describing the developed and undeveloped water resources of many important industrial areas. This work was started initially at the request of the National Securities Resources Board as a means to insure that water supplies are adequate for our rapidly expanding industrial development. Although many factors contribute to establishing the feasibility or even the limits of future industrial development, the one relating to available water supply is extremely important. A knowledge of the water requirements of various industries is valuable therefore in planning the logical development in any area where water supply is a critical factor. Thus far very little suitable information on the water requirements of our major industries is available for general planning. An inventory of unit water-use values in industry therefore would be generally helpful and also might tend to stimulate water-conservation methods. To obtain such information, investigations
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, Mussey, O., Conklin, H.L., Durfor, C.N., Otts, L.E., and Walling, F.B., 1955, Water requirements of selected industries: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"tableOfContents":"(A) Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry
(B) Water requirements of the carbon-black industry
(C) Water requirements of the aluminum industry
(D) Water requirements of the rayon- and acetate-fiber industry
(E) Water requirements of the copper industry
(F) Water requirements of the styrene, butadiene, and synthetic-rubber industries
(G) Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry
(H) Water requirements of the iron and steel industry
In the past few years increasing use has been made of aerial photographs for geologic interpretation and mapping within the U.S. Geological Survey. As a specialized technique in interpretation and mapping, however, photogeologic procedures were extensively used (1947-1953) in the Survey's geologic mapping of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 in northern Alaska and in mapping part of the Colorado Plateau of western United States, principally in Utah (1951-present). Photogeologic work was performed by a specialized group of geologists that was organized as the Photogeology Section in June 1953. This group has more recently made studies of northeastern Utah, southern and southeastern Alaska, and central Alaska. Various photogeologic procedures have been used in these studies; some procedures have been modified, and new ones have been developed. It is primarily the purpose of this paper to discuss these procedures. Photogeologic procedures or techniques used outside the Geological Survey are not discussed herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr55144","usgsCitation":"Ray, R.G., 1955, Photogeologic procedures in geologic interpretation and mapping: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-144, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55144.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418975,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0144/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n 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Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp1357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1357","title":"Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska","docAbstract":"A natural chute in the Niobrara River near Cody, Nebr., constricts the flow of the river except at high stages to a narrow channel in which the turbulence is sufficient to suspend nearly the total sediment discharge. Because much of the flow originates in the sandhills area of Nebraska, the water discharge and sediment discharge are relatively uniform. \r\n\r\nSediment discharges based on depth-integrated samples at a contracted section in the chute and on streamflow records at a recording gage about 1,900 feet upstream are available for the period from April 1948 to September 1953 but are not given directly as continuous records in this report. Sediment measurements have been made periodically near the gage and at other nearby relatively unconfined sections of the stream for comparison with measurements at the contracted section. \r\n\r\nSediment discharge at these relatively unconfined sections was computed from formulas for comparison with measured sediment discharges at the contracted section. A form of the Du Boys formula gave computed tonnages of sediment that were unsatisfactory. Sediment discharges as computed from the Schoklitsch formula agreed well with measured sediment discharges that were low, but they were much too low at measured sediment discharges that were higher. The Straub formula gave computed discharges, presumably of bed material, that were several times larger than measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. All three of these formulas gave computed sediment discharges that increased with water discharges much less rapidly than the measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. \r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure when applied to a reach that included 10 defined cross sections gave much better agreement between computed sediment discharge and measured sediment discharge than did anyone of the three other formulas that were used. This procedure does not compute the discharge of sediment that is too small to be found in the stream bed in appreciable quantities. Hence, total sediment discharges were obtained by adding computed discharges of sediment larger than 0.125 millimeter to measured discharges of sediment smaller than 0.125 millimeter. The size distributions of the computed sediment discharge compared poorly with the size distributions of sediment discharge at the contracted section. Ten sediment discharges computed from the Einstein procedure as applied to a single section averaged several times the measured sediment discharge for the contracted section and gave size distributions that were unsatisfactory.\r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure was modified to compute total sediment discharge at an alluvial section from readily measurable field data. The modified procedure uses measurements of bed-material particle sizes, suspended-sediment concentrations and particle sizes from depth-integrated samples, streamflow, and water temperatures. Computations of total sediment discharge were made by using this modified procedure, some for the section at the gaging station and some for each of two other relatively unconfined sections. The size distributions of the computed and the measured sediment discharges agreed reasonably well. Major advantages of this modified procedure include applicability to a single section rather than to a reach of channel, use of measured velocity instead of water-surface slope, use of depth-integrated samples, and apparently fair accuracy for computing both total sediment discharge and approximate size distribution of the sediment. Because of these advantages this modified procedure is being further studied to increase its accuracy, to simplify the required computations, and to define its limitations. \r\n\r\nIn the development of the modified procedure, some relationships concerning theories of sediment transport were reviewed and checked against field data. Vertical distributions of suspended sediment at relatively unconfined sections did not agree well with theoretical dist","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; for sale by U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1357","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Colby, B.R., and Hembree, C., 1955, Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1357, vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1357.","productDescription":"vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25989,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25990,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25991,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25992,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25993,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25994,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25995,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25996,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hembree, C. H.","contributorId":106866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hembree","given":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2433,"text":"wsp1255 - 1955 - Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water of the Miami area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T23:08:50.440875","indexId":"wsp1255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1255","title":"Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water of the Miami area","docAbstract":"The circulation of water, in any form, from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere and back again is called the hydrologic cycle. A comprehensive study of the water resources of any area must, therefore, include data on the climate of the area.
The humid subtropical climate of southeastern Florida is characterized by relatively high temperatures, alternating semi-annual wet and dry seasons, and usually light but persistent winds.
The recurrence of drought in an area having relatively large rainfall such as southeastern Florida indicates that the agencies that remove water are especially effective. Two of the most important of the agencies associated with climate are evaporation and transpiration, or \"evapotranspiration\". Evaporation losses from permanent water areas are believed to average between about 40 and 45 inches per year. Over land areas indirect methods must be used to determine losses by evapotranspiration; necessarily, these values are not precise.
Because of their importance in the occurrence and movement of both surface and ground waters, detailed studies were made of the geology and geomorphology of southern Florida.
As a result of widespread crustal movements, southern Florida emerged from the sea in late Pliocene time and probably was slightly tilted to the west. At the beginning of the Pleistocene the continent emerged still farther as a result of the lowering of sea level attending the first widespread glaciation. During this epoch, southern Florida may have stood several hundred feet above sea level.
During the interglacial ages the sea repeatedly flooded southern Florida. The marine members of the Fort Thompson formation in the Lake Okeechobee-Everglades depression and the Caloosahatchee River Valley apparently are the deposits of these interglacial invasions by the sea. The fresh-water marls, sands, and organic deposits of the Fort Thompson formation appear to have accumulated during glacial ages when sea level was low and the area was a land surface partly occupied by fresh-water lakes and marshes. Elsewhere in southern Florida the deposits are mainly marine limestones and sandy terrace deposits.
The Pliocene surface upon which these Pleistocene sediments were deposited was highest to the north and west of the present Everglades and Kissimmee River basin, and it sloped gently to the south, southeast, and east. On this slightly sloping floor, alternately submerged and emerged, the later materials were built; these materials modified by wind, rain, and surface and ground waters, have largely determined the present topographic and ecologic character of southern Florida.
The most important aquifer in southern Florida, and the one in which most of the wells are developed, is the Biscayne aquifer. It is composed of parts of the Tamiami formation (Miocene), Caloosahatchee marl (Pliocene), Fort Thompson formation, Anastasia formation, Key Largo limestone, Miami oolite, and Pamlico sand (Pleistocene). In some parts of southern Florida, the Pamlico sand and the Anastasia formation are not a part of the Biscayne aquifer; however, they are utilized in the development of small water supplies. Most of the Caloosahatchee marl and the Fort Thompson formation in the Lake Okeechobee area is of very low permeability. In the northern Everglades their less permeable parts contain highly mineralized waters, which appear to have been trapped since the invasions by the Pleistocene seas. These waters have been modified by dilution with fresh ground water and by chemical reactions with surrounding materials.
Sea-level fluctuations, starting at the close of the Pliocene with the highest levels and progressing toward the Recent with successively lower levels, have built a series of nearly flat marine terrances abutting against one another much like a series of broad stearsteps. Erosion and solution have defaced and, in places, have obliterated the original surficial forms of these old sea bottoms, shores, and shoreline features, but their remnants today are widespread and, in some places, are easily recognizable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Geological Survey, Dade County, cities of Miami and Miami Beach, and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Parker, G., Ferguson, G., and Love, S.K., 1955, Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water of the Miami area: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1255, Report: xxv, 965 p.; 24 Plates: 19.50 x 30.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1255.","productDescription":"Report: xxv, 965 p.; 24 Plates: 19.50 x 30.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425904,"rank":28,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp1255/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28503,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1255/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.29789784226483,\n 28.948742239957937\n ],\n [\n -83.29789784226483,\n 24.730906586572814\n ],\n [\n -79.53885520807592,\n 24.730906586572814\n ],\n [\n -79.53885520807592,\n 28.948742239957937\n ],\n [\n -83.29789784226483,\n 28.948742239957937\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, Garald G.","contributorId":106880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Garald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, G.E.","contributorId":62575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13231,"text":"ofr5533 - 1955 - Gravel and sand resources of the New England-New York region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T13:39:48","indexId":"ofr5533","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-33","title":"Gravel and sand resources of the New England-New York region","docAbstract":"Deposits of sand and gravel are widespread in the New England-New York regions and constitute one of its principal mineral resources. Most of the pits are operated intermittently to supply local needs. Because of the great number and variety of known deposits, and because they have been worked at countless points it is impracticable to describe in detail either the deposits or the individual pits. On the other hand, a broad description of the geologic modes of occurrence with relation to the regional geology will serve adequately to indicate the importance of the resource in the regional economy and development. Except for some special sands, such as \"glass sand\", certain molding and foundry sands, et. al., for which restrictive textural, compositional and physical properties are required, sand and gravel are used chiefly for local construction and are not commonly transported for long distances.
\nSand and gravel deposits of the region fall into four principal genetic categories - e.g., glacial, alluvial, marine, and aeolian. Of these, deposits of glacial origin are by far the most widespread and important.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5533","usgsCitation":"Currier, L.W., 1955, Gravel and sand resources of the New England-New York region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-33, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5533.","productDescription":"23 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289662,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0033/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.5 ], [ -79.76,47.46 ], [ -66.95,47.46 ], [ -66.95,40.5 ], [ -79.76,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67230b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Currier, Louis W.","contributorId":14793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currier","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2784,"text":"wsp1295 - 1955 - Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:46:22","indexId":"wsp1295","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1295","title":"Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Devils Lake basin, a closed basin in northeastern North Dakota, covers about 3,900 square miles of land, the topography of which is morainal and of glacial origin. In this basin lies a chain of waterways, which begins with the Sweetwater group and extends successively through Mauvais Coulee, Devils Lake, East Bay Devils Lake, and East Devils Lake, to Stump Lake. In former years when lake levels were high, Mauvais Coulee drained the Sweetwater group and discharged considerable water into Devils Lake. Converging coulees also transported excess water to Stump Lake. For at least 70 years prior to 1941, Mauvais Coulee flowed only intermittently, and the levels of major lakes in this region gradually declined. Devils Lake, for example, covered an area of about 90,000 acres in 1867 but had shrunk to approximately 6,500 acres by 1941. Plans to restore the recreational appeal of Devils Lake propose the dilution and eventual displacement of the brackish lake water by fresh water that would be diverted from the Missouri River. Freshening of the lake water would permit restocking Devils Lake with fish. \r\n\r\nDevils and Stump Lake have irregular outlines and numerous windings and have been described as lying in the valley of a preglacial river, the main stem and tributaries of which are partly filled with drift. Prominent morainal hills along the south shore of Devils Lake contrast sharply with level farmland to the north. The mean annual temperature of Devils Lake basin ranges between 36 ? and 42 ? F. Summer temperatures above 100 ? F and winter temperatures below -30 ? Fare not uncommon. The annual precipitation for 77 years at the city of Devils Lake averaged 17.5 inches. Usually, from 75 to 80 percent of the precipitation in the basin falls during the growing season, April to September. \r\n\r\nFrom 1867 to 1941 the net fall of the water surface of Devils Lake was about 38 feet. By 1951 the surface had risen fully 14 feet from its lowest altitude, 1,400.9 feet. Since 1951, the level has fallen slowly. Hydrologic changes that may have caused Devils Lake to alter from a very large, moderately deep lake of fresh water to a small, shallow body of brackish water are discussed and evaluated on the basis of scanty information. During several years of average precipitation, temperature, and evaporation, Devils Lake and lakes upstream should receive nearly a quarter of an inch of runoff annually from the drainage area of about 3,000 square miles. Approximately 55 square miles of tributary area would be required to maintain each square mile of lake surface. However, runoff, expressed as percentage of the average, differs greatly from year to year. The amount of runoff retained in upstream lakes also Varies greatly. For these two reasons, annual inflow to Devils Lake is extremely variable. \r\n\r\nBecause many waterways in this basin have no surface outlets at normal stages, runoff collects in depressions, is concentrated by evaporation, and forms saline or alkaline lakes. The chemical and physical properties of the lake waters vary chiefly with changes in lake stage and volume of inflow. Scattered records from 1899 to 1923 and more comprehensive data from 1948 to 1952 show a range of salt concentration from 6,130 to 25,000 parts per million (ppm) in the water of Devils Lake. Although concentration has varied, the chemical composition of the dissolved solids has not changed appreciably. Lake waters are more concentrated in the lower part of the basin, downstream from Devils Lake. For periods of record the salt concentration ranged from 14,932 to 62,000 ppm in East Devils Lake and from 19,000 to 106,000 ppm in east Stump Lake. \r\n\r\nCurrent and past tonnages of dissolved solids in Devils Lake, East Bay Devils Lake, East Devils Lake, and east and west Stump Lakes were computed from concentrations and from altitude-capacity curves for each lake. Neither the average rate of diversion of water to restore Devils Lake to a higher level nor the quality of the divert","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1295","usgsCitation":"Swenson, H., and Colby, B.R., 1955, Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1295, Report: v, 81 p.; Plate: 17.5 x 17.1 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1295.","productDescription":"Report: v, 81 p.; Plate: 17.5 x 17.1 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29258,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e332f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Herbert","contributorId":54181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2845,"text":"wsp1298 - 1955 - Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:11:18","indexId":"wsp1298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1298","title":"Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"The area described in this report is the flood plain of the Grand River and the bordering benchlands in Perkins and Corson Counties, S. Dak., from a point about 6 miles west of the town of Shadehill to the confluence of the Grand and Missouri Rivers near Mobridge.
\nThe exposed bedrock formations include the Pierre shale, the Fox Hills sandstone, and the Hell Creek formation of Late Cretaceous age, and-the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) age. Some stringers of the Cannonball formation probably interfinger with beds of the Ludlow member but none of the former was identified during the field investigations. The Pierre shale is exposed from the mouth of the Grand River to approximately the center of the area. Although a few wells in the area obtain water from this formation, it is not generally considered to be a source of supply. The Fox Hills sandstone, the Hell Creek formation, and the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation are exposed successively upstream and, where saturated, yield small to moderate quantities of water to wells.
\nUnconsolidated deposits of silt, sand, and gravel occur in several physiographic positions; they underlie the high benchland on both sides of the river, the poorly defined terraces along the river, and the flood plain throughout its entire length. Possibly all these unconsolidated deposits are water bearing; however, where the deposits on the benchland and in the terraces are dissected by streams, they probably contain little or no water.
\nThe average depth to ground water along the lower Grand River valley is about 17 feet. Probably, the flow of ground water in the bottom lands is nearly parallel to and slightly toward the surface stream. The measurements of the water level in observation wells for the period 1946-48 indicate that the fluctuations of the water table are small.
\nThe results of analyses of 13 samples of ground water from the alluvium and the Hell Creek formation show that the suitability of the ground water for use varies because of the considerable range in mineralization and composition. Dissolved solids ranged from 343 to 4,250 parts per million (ppm), hardness from 11 to 1,130 ppm, and percentage of sodium from 25 to 98. Concentrations of some of the individual constituents exceed standards of the United States Public Health Service. The water is moderately hard and contains undesirable amounts of iron and moderate to large amounts of dissolved solids. In general, the water quality ranges from excellent to unsuitable for irrigation use. The result of the mixing of the ground water with recharge water from Shadehill Reservoir cannot be predicted on the basis of available data.
\nThe geologic and hydrologic data in this report were obtained from earlier reports and from field observations during the period 1946-48. The report includes a geologic map and tabulated well records.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1298","usgsCitation":"Tychsen, P.C., Vorhis, R., and Jochens, E.R., 1955, Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1298, Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29415,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29416,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Grand River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tychsen, Paul C.","contributorId":82683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tychsen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vorhis, R.C.","contributorId":32512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3364,"text":"cir347 - 1955 - Water rights in areas of ground-water mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T16:09:35","indexId":"cir347","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"347","title":"Water rights in areas of ground-water mining","docAbstract":"Ground-water mining, the progressive depletion of storage in a ground-water reservoir, has been going on for several years in some areas, chiefly in the Southwestern States. In some of these States a water right is based on ownership of land overlying the ground-water reservoir and does not depend upon putting the water to use; in some States a right is based upon priority of appropriation and use and may be forfeited if the water is allowed to go unused for a specified period, but ownership of land is not essential; and in several States both these doctrines or modifications thereof are accepted, and each applies to certain classes of water or to certain conditions of development.
Experience to date indicates that a cure for ground-water mining does not necessarily depend upon the water-rights doctrine that is accepted in the area. Indeed, some recent court decisions have incorporated both the areal factor of the landownership doctrines and the time factor of the appropriation doctrine. Overdraft can be eliminated if water is available from another source to replace some of the water taken from the affected aquifer. In areas where no alternate source of supply is available at reasonable cost, public opinion so far appears to favor treating ground water as a nonrenewable resource comparable to petroleum and metals, and mining it until the supply is exhausted, rather than curbing the withdrawals at an earlier date.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir347","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1955, Water rights in areas of ground-water mining: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 347, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir347.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1955/0347/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30374,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1955/0347/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a897","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Harold E.","contributorId":36116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12562,"text":"ofr556 - 1955 - Subsurface exploration for stripping coal on Lower Deep Creek, Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12562,"text":"ofr556 - 1955 - Subsurface exploration for stripping coal on Lower Deep Creek, Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska","indexId":"ofr556","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Subsurface exploration for stripping coal on Lower Deep Creek, Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47367,"text":"b1058F - 1959 - Geology and coal resources of the Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska","indexId":"b1058F","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Geology and coal resources of the Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":47367,"text":"b1058F - 1959 - Geology and coal resources of the Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska","indexId":"b1058F","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and coal resources of the Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T19:03:13.734455","indexId":"ofr556","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-6","title":"Subsurface exploration for stripping coal on Lower Deep Creek, Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska","docAbstract":"The area described in this report is on the west side of the Kenai Peninsula in south-central Alaska, near the mouth of Deep Creek, a stream of moderate size that enters Cook Inlet about 2 miles south of the village of Ninilchik (pl. 1). It is 37 miles by highway north of Homer and 51 miles south of Kenai, the two principal towns of the region (fig. 1). The localities studied are in sections 2, 3, 10, and 11, T. 2 S., R. 14 W. (Seward meridian), south and west of Deep Creek within 2 miles of its mouth, and were easily reached by cutting about a mile of tractor trail from a dirt road connecting with the Sterling Highway (pl. 1). This area was chosen for detailed study because geologic mapping had indicated the presence of at least one coal bed of minable thickness and quality that appeared to be favorably situated for strip mining and was reasonably accessible to the highway.
This report presents the results of drilling and trenching with a bulldozer and power-auger unit in areas along Deep Creek that had been mapped by Cobb (1952) and briefly examined by Barnes in 1953. The reader is referred to Cobb's report for a general description of the geology and coal resources of the Homer district, of which this area is a part. These earlier investigations showed that the coal-bearing Kenai formation, of Tertiary age, is generally covered by Quaternary glacial and stream deposits, except in steep bluffs and parts of the creek bed, so that subsurface data were needed to supplement the surface data in evaluating the coal reserves.
The field work for this report was done in the period August 130, 1954, by the writers, assisted by A. E. Burford and W. S. Hopkins, geologists, and J. W. Dawson, operator-mechanic. It involved the use of a small crawler tractor, equipped with a 4-1/2 inch power auger for boring through the overburden to test concealed coal beds, and with a bulldozer for building access roads and opening cuts and trenches to permit direct observation and measurement of the coal at favorable localities. A more detailed description of the equipment and its use is given elsewhere (Barnes and Sokol, 1955). Work was done at two localities on Deep Creek, about 1 mile and 1-1/2 miles, respectively, above the highway bridge. These areas were mapped topographically and tied in with the land net by plane-table surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr556","usgsCitation":"Barnes, F.F., and Sokol, D., 1955, Subsurface exploration for stripping coal on Lower Deep Creek, Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska (Superceded by: B-1058-F): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-6, Report: 9 p.; 4 Plates: 27.99 x 26.88 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr556.","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 4 Plates: 27.99 x 26.88 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423366,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0006/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423365,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0006/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423364,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0006/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423363,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0006/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423362,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0006/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Homer","otherGeospatial":"Lower Deep Creek, Kenai coal field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.37471621907764,\n 61.048112723016544\n ],\n [\n -152.37471621907764,\n 59.07103503863479\n ],\n [\n -148.25252151472097,\n 59.07103503863479\n ],\n [\n -148.25252151472097,\n 61.048112723016544\n ],\n [\n -152.37471621907764,\n 61.048112723016544\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Superceded by: B-1058-F","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699abc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Farrell F.","contributorId":58624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Farrell","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokol, Daniel","contributorId":28298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokol","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":889899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39167,"text":"pp271 - 1955 - The natural channel of Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T14:29:21","indexId":"pp271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"271","title":"The natural channel of Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This study of the channel of Brandy wine Creek, Pennsylvania, consists of three parts. The first is an analysis of the changes which take place in the width, depth, velocity, slope of the water surface, suspended load, and roughness factor with changing discharge below the bankfull stage at each of several widely separated cross sections of the channel. Expressed as functions of the discharge, it is found that the variables behave systematically. In every section studied, as the discharge increases, the velocity increases to about the 0.6 power, depth to the 0.4, and load to the 2.0 power of the discharge. The roughness decreases to the 0.2 power of the discharge. The relative magnitudes and the direction of these variations are similar to those which have been observed in other rivers in the United States, primarily in the West. Some modifications of the hypotheses applicable to the western rivers are probably required because on Brandywine Creek the difference between the materials on the bed and in the banks is considerably greater than it is on most of the western rivers studied. In the second part of the paper the progressive changes of the same variables in the downstream direction with increasing discharge at a given frequency are described. Despite the disorderly appearance of the stream, it is found that the variables display a progressive, orderly change in the downstream direction when traced from the headwater tributaries through the trunk stream of Brandywine Creek. At a given frequency of flow, width increases with discharge to about the 0.5 power. Depth increases downstream somewhat less rapidly, while the slope and roughness both decrease in the downstream direction. Despite a decrease in the size of the material on the bed, both the mean velocity and the mean bed velocity increase downstream. The rates of change of these variables are in close accord with the changes observed on rivers flowing in alluvium and in stable irrigation canals. These relationships hold for all flows up to the bankfull stage. Analysis of the streamflow records indicates that the annual maximum discharge equals or exceeds the bankfull stage roughly once every 2 years. The regularity in the behavior of the variables with changing discharges both at-a-station and in the downstream direction and the similar rates of change of the variables on Brandywine Creek and in stable irrigation canals suggest the existence of a quasi-equilibrium in the channel of the creek. Part three of this study is concerned with this concept of equilibrium in streams. By analogy with canals and with several rivers in diverse regions of the United States it may be concluded that this quasi-equilibrium is closely related to the discharge, and to the concentration of the suspended load. The shape and longitudinal profile of the channel are determined by these two independent factors which operate within the limits set by the local geology. The latter determines the initial size, shape, and resistance of the material provided to the channel. The existence of a quasi-equilibrium among the variables studied suggests that most reaches on Brandywine Creek are at grade. This is true if the term \"grade,\" when applied to natural rivers, is synonymous with quasi-equilibrium. The adjustability of the variables in the channel rather than the stability of any particular shape or longitudinal profile of the channel is emphasized when t
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp271","usgsCitation":"Wolman, M., 1955, The natural channel of Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 271, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp271.","productDescription":"56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0271/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66699,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0271/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3702,40.062],[-75.3732,40.0602],[-75.3811,40.0572],[-75.4012,40.0475],[-75.4025,40.0471],[-75.4086,40.0436],[-75.4128,40.0418],[-75.4106,40.0373],[-75.4076,40.0336],[-75.406,40.0295],[-75.4139,40.0242],[-75.4207,40.0202],[-75.4311,40.0118],[-75.4508,39.9958],[-75.452,39.9949],[-75.4532,39.994],[-75.4521,39.9926],[-75.4455,39.9925],[-75.4437,39.9925],[-75.4412,39.9933],[-75.4401,39.9915],[-75.4372,39.9865],[-75.4385,39.9842],[-75.4398,39.9811],[-75.4399,39.9793],[-75.4423,39.9788],[-75.4446,39.9807],[-75.4726,39.968],[-75.4993,39.9557],[-75.5024,39.9544],[-75.5079,39.9518],[-75.5152,39.9483],[-75.5224,39.9452],[-75.5243,39.9443],[-75.5202,39.9397],[-75.5191,39.9374],[-75.5306,39.9322],[-75.526,39.9239],[-75.5315,39.9218],[-75.5366,39.9305],[-75.5427,39.9274],[-75.5398,39.9242],[-75.5447,39.922],[-75.5424,39.9183],[-75.5502,39.9152],[-75.5468,39.9093],[-75.5553,39.9058],[-75.5576,39.9086],[-75.5601,39.9072],[-75.5583,39.904],[-75.562,39.9023],[-75.5711,39.897],[-75.573,39.8943],[-75.5714,39.8879],[-75.5799,39.8835],[-75.5822,39.8854],[-75.5834,39.8849],[-75.5852,39.8863],[-75.5888,39.8846],[-75.5842,39.8804],[-75.5981,39.8747],[-75.5952,39.8724],[-75.5934,39.8697],[-75.5935,39.8683],[-75.5959,39.8652],[-75.599,39.862],[-75.6003,39.8602],[-75.6015,39.858],[-75.601,39.8562],[-75.5975,39.8539],[-75.5939,39.8515],[-75.5946,39.8488],[-75.5965,39.8457],[-75.5978,39.8416],[-75.5973,39.8379],[-75.6146,39.835],[-75.6308,39.8314],[-75.6464,39.827],[-75.647,39.8268],[-75.6661,39.82],[-75.6775,39.8156],[-75.6928,39.8074],[-75.7056,39.7991],[-75.7177,39.7912],[-75.724,39.7866],[-75.7268,39.7845],[-75.7378,39.775],[-75.7476,39.7653],[-75.7551,39.756],[-75.7611,39.7478],[-75.7662,39.7393],[-75.77,39.731],[-75.7723,39.7231],[-75.7875,39.7231],[-76.0148,39.7228],[-76.1392,39.7223],[-76.1373,39.7262],[-76.1337,39.728],[-76.1307,39.728],[-76.1266,39.7265],[-76.1236,39.7242],[-76.1188,39.726],[-76.1187,39.7301],[-76.1205,39.7333],[-76.1198,39.7364],[-76.1144,39.7368],[-76.1115,39.735],[-76.1121,39.7318],[-76.1134,39.7287],[-76.1104,39.7268],[-76.1051,39.7254],[-76.0996,39.7285],[-76.0965,39.7326],[-76.0959,39.7362],[-76.0988,39.738],[-76.1018,39.7399],[-76.1018,39.7421],[-76.1011,39.7449],[-76.0957,39.7448],[-76.0909,39.7452],[-76.0873,39.7474],[-76.0842,39.7537],[-76.0841,39.7592],[-76.0804,39.7609],[-76.0678,39.7626],[-76.066,39.7644],[-76.0654,39.7671],[-76.0659,39.7708],[-76.0628,39.7734],[-76.0616,39.7752],[-76.0615,39.7789],[-76.0567,39.7802],[-76.0537,39.7819],[-76.0506,39.7846],[-76.0481,39.79],[-76.0444,39.7963],[-76.0377,39.8026],[-76.0352,39.808],[-76.0303,39.813],[-76.0308,39.8175],[-76.032,39.8207],[-76.0265,39.8247],[-76.0253,39.826],[-76.0252,39.8301],[-76.0234,39.831],[-76.0191,39.8319],[-76.0191,39.8337],[-76.0202,39.8378],[-76.023,39.8464],[-76.0217,39.8518],[-76.0211,39.8537],[-76.0181,39.8545],[-76.0163,39.854],[-76.0127,39.8531],[-76.0103,39.8531],[-76.0091,39.8544],[-76.007,39.8666],[-76.0051,39.8712],[-76.0039,39.873],[-76.0015,39.8738],[-75.9991,39.8734],[-75.9974,39.8715],[-75.9956,39.8701],[-75.9932,39.8697],[-75.9926,39.8706],[-75.9908,39.8719],[-75.9877,39.8732],[-75.9871,39.8746],[-75.9877,39.8768],[-75.9912,39.8801],[-75.9905,39.8828],[-75.9899,39.8868],[-75.9879,39.8927],[-75.9885,39.895],[-75.9902,39.8977],[-75.9943,39.901],[-75.9961,39.9028],[-75.9957,39.9236],[-75.9962,39.9259],[-75.998,39.9273],[-75.9968,39.9282],[-75.9938,39.9277],[-75.9926,39.9268],[-75.9914,39.9272],[-75.9902,39.9286],[-75.98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M. G.","contributorId":39789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72346,"text":"tem918 - 1955 - Some thorium prospects, Lemhi Pass area, Beaverhead County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:56","indexId":"tem918","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"918","title":"Some thorium prospects, Lemhi Pass area, Beaverhead County, Montana","docAbstract":"The Last Chance group> Brown Bear and Shady Tree claims in Beaverhead County, Mont., were explored for thorium under a Defense Minerals Exploration Administration Contract in 1951 and 1952.\r\n\r\nThe project was undertaken to explore northwest-trending moderately to steep dipping, thorite-bearing quartz-barite-hematite veins. The veins are wall-rock replacements and fissure fillings in faults and shears that cut rocks of the Precambrian Belt series. Recurrent movement along the faults has intense fractured the veins. Quartz iron-oxide minerals, and thorite have been deposited in these fractures. The iron oxides and thorite are intimately associated and were among the last minerals deposited. Because no rare earth or uranium minerals have been found in the veins, it is thought that the small amounts of these elements reported in the analyses must substitute for thorium in the thorite. \r\n\r\n\r\nUnder the D. M. E. A. contract the Last Chance vein was traced on surface for a distance of about 1,300 feet; the thickness ranges from about 35 feet to a few inches. Two diamond drill holes cut the vein 240 and 290 feet below the outcrop.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tem918","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, F., 1955, Some thorium prospects, Lemhi Pass area, Beaverhead County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 918, 31 p.; 3 figs. (one in envelope), 3 tables; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem918.","productDescription":"31 p.; 3 figs. (one in envelope), 3 tables; 27 cm.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0918/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91109,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0918/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e783b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, Frank C.","contributorId":86739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Frank C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51818,"text":"ofr5536 - 1955 - Ground water investigations in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T14:30:11","indexId":"ofr5536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-36","title":"Ground water investigations in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Prior to 1937, ground-water work in Oklahoma consisted of broad scale early-day reconnaissance and a few brief investigations of local areas. The reconnaissance is distinguished by C. N. Gould's \"Geology and Water Resources of Oklahoma\" (Water-Supply Paper 148, 1905), which covers about half of the present State of Oklahoma. Among the shorter reports are two by Schwennesen for areas near Enid and Oklahoma City, one by Renick for Enid, and one by Thompson on irrigation possibilities near Gage. These reports are now inadequate by modern standards.
Cooperative ground-water work in Oklahoma by the United States Geological Survey began in 1937, with the Oklahoma Geological Survey as cooperating agency. With the passage of the new ground-water law by the State Legislature in 1949, the need for more information on available ground waters and the safe yield of the various aquifers became very pressing. Accordingly, the Division of Water Resources of the Oklahoma Planning and Resources Board, to which was delegated the responsibility of administering the Ground-Water Law, entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey, providing for an expansion of ground-water investigations. Both cooperators have consistently given full and enthusiastic cooperation, often beyond the requirements of the cooperative program.
The first cooperative investigation was an evaluation of ground-water supplies available for irrigation in the Panhandle. In 1937 the Panhandle was still very much in the dust bowl, and it was hoped that irrigation would alleviate the drought. A bulletin on Texas County was published in 1939, and one on Cimarron County in 1943. Ground-water investigations during the World War II were restricted to the demands of Army and Navy installations, and to defense industries. Ground-water investigations since 1945 have included both country-wide and aquifer-type investigations. In Oklahoma it has been the policy for the State cooperator to publish the results of the ground-water investigation.
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uranium, with adaptation to field use","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei520","usgsCitation":"Parshall, E.E., and Rader, L., 1955, The Model '54 transmission and reflection fluorimeter for the determination of uranium, with adaptation to field use: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 520, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei520.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/520/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90821,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/520/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parshall, Ernest E.","contributorId":104075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parshall","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rader, Lewis F.","contributorId":77238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rader","given":"Lewis F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51817,"text":"ofr5535 - 1955 - Statement on ground water in Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T13:43:34","indexId":"ofr5535","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-35","title":"Statement on ground water in Connecticut","docAbstract":"Connecticut has a supply of ground water, most of it of good quality, which is largely undeveloped, and much of which would lend itself to industrial and other uses. Ground water is available in small quantities in nearly all parts of the State, and in moderate to large quantities in many areas, chiefly along the major stream. However, specific and detailed information on the ground water is available in report form for relatively few specific localities and areas. Definitive investigations of the occurrence, general availability, quality, and quality of ground water in Connecticut are being made under cooperative agreements between the State Water Commission and the U.S. Geological Survey; and some progress has been made. Generalized information of a reconnaissance nature is shown on plate 1, which gives areas of estimated moderate to large yields, delineated on the basis of currently available data, and shows the locations of wells for which records are given in tables 1 and 2. Some specific information on particular areas is available in the open files of the agencies cooperating in the investigations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5535","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Connecticut State Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Cushman, R., 1955, Statement on ground water in Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-35, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5535.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289664,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0035/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.8321,40.9851 ], [ -73.8321,42.2013 ], [ -71.4,42.2013 ], [ -71.4,40.9851 ], [ -73.8321,40.9851 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb2a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cushman, R.V.","contributorId":28220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15336,"text":"ofr55130 - 1955 - Diagrams for construction of Model '54 transmission and reflection fluorimeter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:47:24","indexId":"ofr55130","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-130","title":"Diagrams for construction of Model '54 transmission and reflection fluorimeter","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr55130","usgsCitation":"Parshall, E.E., and Rader, L.F., 1955, Diagrams for construction of Model '54 transmission and reflection fluorimeter: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-130, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55130.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr55130.jpg"},{"id":310472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0130/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65db4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parshall, Ernest E.","contributorId":104075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parshall","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rader, Lewis F. Jr.","contributorId":67104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rader","given":"Lewis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216183,"text":"70216183 - 1955 - Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-10T12:18:16.577043","indexId":"70216183","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-09T11:56:26","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Patches of Buffalo till record the earliest glaciation in the southwestern Wind River Mountains. In places, these rest in youthful valleys cut in high gravel terrace. Two other younger and lower terraces are both topographically and stratigraphically associated with Buffalo till, which may indicate that the Buffalo advance was compound. The pattern of well-preserved moraines shows that during both Bull Lake and Pine-dale time the west-central portion of the range was covered by a mountain icecap from which piedmont glaciers flowed to the floor of the Bridger Basin. In the southern part of the range the glaciers were confined to valleys. Bull Lake stage is clearly double; two large, weathered, and modified moraines are present in several valleys. Each is associated with an extensive outwash plain and valley train.
The Pinedale stage is recorded by massive, fresh, slightly modified moraines behind which are many recessional moraines. Extensive outwash aprons lead outward from the massive Pinedale moraines, and a small lower terrace can be traced through the main Pinedale moraine to the recessional loops. In several upper valleys well-formed slightly weathered small moraines of the Temple Lake stage occur within 2 miles of cirque head-walls. A terrace below the younger Pinedale outwash is correlated with the Temple Lake stage. In sheltered cirques, small very fresh moraines, probably from the Little Ice Age, occur upstream from the Temple Lake moraines and a few yards from existing small glaciers. The sequence of glacial deposits in this region is typical of many ranges in the Rocky Mountain region.
Outwash terraces of the Bull Lake, Pinedale, and Temple stages have been traced down the Big Sandy valley nearly to the Green River and down the Sweetwater valley to the North Platte. Thus the Green-Colorado and Platte-Missouri drainages are linked across the Continental Divide by means of traceable outwash deposits. Eolian action was pronounced in the Eden valley during Bull Lake, Pinedale, and post-Pinedale time, and in the East Fork valley during Pinedale time. Frost action features record two phases of intensity in areas formerly covered by Pinedale glaciers: an earlier phase synchronous with the Temple Lake advance, a later during the Little Ice Age. Pollen profiles in the Eden valley show a climatic change during post-Pinedale time, notably a grass maximum which was probably contemporaneous with the Temple Lake advance and the occupation of the Finley site by Early Man.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[629:PGOTSW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Holmes, G., and Moss, J., 1955, Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 6, p. 629-654, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[629:PGOTSW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"629","endPage":"654","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 42.27730877423709\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 42.27730877423709\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 44.38669150215206\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 44.38669150215206\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 42.27730877423709\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, G.W.","contributorId":69215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moss, J.H.","contributorId":38772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206097,"text":"70206097 - 1955 - Salt-water encroachment as induced by sea-level excavation on Angaur Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T12:58:05","indexId":"70206097","displayToPublicDate":"1955-10-22T08:48:16","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salt-water encroachment as induced by sea-level excavation on Angaur Island","docAbstract":"Angaur, southwesternmost of the Palau Islands, 800 miles southwest of Guam, has an area of 3.2 square miles and consists of reef limestone of Pliocene through Recent age. In the northwestern part of the island a basin is formed by a ringlike ridge that has a maximum altitude of 150 feet. To the east and south a series of arc-shaped lower ridges and intervening depressions are concentric with the ring ridge. Beyond these, a low plain with shallow swales composes the remaining two-thirds of the island. The ridges are composed of indurated limestone, whereas the plain is underlain chiefly by unconsolidated coralline fragments. Phosphate has been mined from the three types of topographic depressions since 1908. When power equipment was introduced, excavations were extended below sea level. Lakes formed in these excavations and, despite an annual rainfall of 110 inches, contamination of fresh-water supplies and of agricultural land by salt water resulted from tidal pulsations through the fissured rock. As a result, stoppage of mining was imminent unless remedial measures could be devised. Angaur provides a model of the operations of a Ghyben-Herzberg fresh-water lens on an oceanic island. At numerous lakes, wells, and test holes, continuing observations were made on water levels; amplitude and lag of tidal fluctuations; and mineral content, pH, and temperature of the lens. These observations guided the selection of constantly adjusted remedial measures, which included partitioning of lakes, and bottom filling or back filling of compartments that failed to freshen because of fissures connecting them with the sea. © 1955 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English ","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.50.7.669","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wentworth, C., Mason, A., and Davis, D., 1955, Salt-water encroachment as induced by sea-level excavation on Angaur Island: Economic Geology, v. 50, no. 7, p. 669-680, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.50.7.669.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"669","endPage":"680","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368478,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Palau ","state":"Angaur ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 134.11903381347656,\n 6.927108480815689\n ],\n [\n 134.12521362304688,\n 6.903591547547428\n ],\n [\n 134.1159439086914,\n 6.8920030633877145\n ],\n [\n 134.1214370727539,\n 6.884504481462231\n ],\n [\n 134.1327667236328,\n 6.884504481462231\n ],\n [\n 134.14443969726562,\n 6.892684746773648\n ],\n [\n 134.15782928466797,\n 6.904614047238085\n ],\n [\n 134.15645599365234,\n 6.917565518618452\n ],\n [\n 134.14581298828125,\n 6.9284717453722\n ],\n [\n 134.11903381347656,\n 6.927108480815689\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1955-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentworth, C.K.","contributorId":60185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, A.C.","contributorId":219911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mason","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, D.A.","contributorId":88013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010669,"text":"70010669 - 1955 - Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-02T16:58:25.917676","indexId":"70010669","displayToPublicDate":"1955-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.122.3166.415.b","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Suess, H.E., 1955, Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood: Science, v. 122, no. 3166, p. 415-417, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122.3166.415.b.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"417","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"3166","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93d4e4b0c8380cd8105c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suess, H. E.","contributorId":69292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suess","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210845,"text":"70210845 - 1955 - Sequence of alluviation along the Loup rivers, Valley County area, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-29T15:54:33.264242","indexId":"70210845","displayToPublicDate":"1955-06-29T10:49:55","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence of alluviation along the Loup rivers, Valley County area, Nebraska","docAbstract":"Alluviation along the North and Middle Loup rivers in Valley County, Nebraska, produced a series of alluvial silt beds on which are developed five interstadial soils of Brady (?), Cary and Mankato (?), Mankato (?), early Recent and late Recent age. No deposits of Illinoian age were found and in at least one place the Brady (?) soil is superposed on a gleyed horizon developed on the Sappa formation, which overlies the Grand Island formation. Post-Yarmouth erosion removed the Sappa formation and part of the Grand Island formation at most places. The characteristic Sangamon soil was not developed on uneroded remnants of the soil of Yarmouth age because of a wet, poorly drained environment. A large collection of molluscs obtained from this gley soil supports stratigraphic evidence indicating a Yarmouth age.
Alluviation during the glacial substages of Wisconsin time and soil formation during the interglacial substages were uninterrupted by erosion until after development of the soil of Mankato age. The Wisconsin deposits were dissected to below the Brady soil in places, and the resulting gullies were filled with later alluvium. The late Recent fill terrace lies 15 feet below the top of the late Wisconsin terrace. Subsequent cutting and filling in late Recent time produced another terrace 11 feet below the older terrace. The modern gully was cut during the last century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1431:SOAATL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.D., and Scott, G., 1955, Sequence of alluviation along the Loup rivers, Valley County area, Nebraska: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 11, p. 1431-1448, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1431:SOAATL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1431","endPage":"1448","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Valley County","otherGeospatial":"Loup River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.7527,41.7398],[-98.75,41.4792],[-98.7496,41.3939],[-98.8574,41.3926],[-98.9811,41.3932],[-99.0882,41.3931],[-99.2015,41.3943],[-99.21,41.3944],[-99.2109,41.4802],[-99.2148,41.7398],[-99.1046,41.7396],[-98.9889,41.7405],[-98.7595,41.7399],[-98.7527,41.7398]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Valley\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robert D.","contributorId":85168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Glenn R.","contributorId":33324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Glenn R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220436,"text":"70220436 - 1955 - Violent mud-volcano eruption of lake city hot springs, northeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-13T13:29:17.886999","indexId":"70220436","displayToPublicDate":"1955-05-13T08:25:10","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Violent mud-volcano eruption of lake city hot springs, northeastern California","docAbstract":"During the night of March 1 and 2, 1951, an inconspicuous group of hot springs and small mud volcanoes in northeastern California burst into spectacular eruption, unequalled by other known mud volcanoes. The eruption cloud of steam, gases, and mud particles rose several thousand feet in the air and distributed fine debris to the southeast for a distance of at least 4 miles. More than 20 acres of the hot-spring area was intensely disturbed and greatly modified by the eruption, estimated to involve at least 6 million cubic feet or 300,000 tons of mud. Several days after the eruption, the area was barely active. The eruption appears to be unique in the history of the springs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1109:VMEOLC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., 1955, Violent mud-volcano eruption of lake city hot springs, northeastern California: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1109-1130, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1109:VMEOLC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1109","endPage":"1130","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385607,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Modoc County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-120.0003,41.9953],[-119.9998,41.9502],[-119.9996,41.9302],[-119.9998,41.9076],[-119.9998,41.9011],[-119.9996,41.8049],[-119.9986,41.7131],[-119.9984,41.6905],[-119.9984,41.6564],[-119.9986,41.3683],[-119.9986,41.2811],[-119.9994,41.2389],[-119.9994,41.1982],[-119.9995,41.1845],[-120.0498,41.1847],[-120.0986,41.1845],[-120.1169,41.1844],[-120.3794,41.1865],[-120.4069,41.1863],[-120.4551,41.1864],[-120.4576,41.1864],[-120.4704,41.1858],[-120.5155,41.1859],[-120.5339,41.1862],[-120.5528,41.1861],[-120.5723,41.1859],[-120.7225,41.1859],[-120.8965,41.1864],[-120.9557,41.1862],[-121.1638,41.185],[-121.1986,41.1846],[-121.2261,41.1847],[-121.2304,41.1851],[-121.3323,41.1841],[-121.3457,41.1844],[-121.3695,41.1845],[-121.4074,41.1844],[-121.4459,41.1847],[-121.4457,41.2246],[-121.4462,41.2401],[-121.4464,41.2723],[-121.4473,41.2827],[-121.4469,41.3562],[-121.446,41.4107],[-121.4481,41.4661],[-121.4495,41.5605],[-121.4495,41.6041],[-121.4492,41.6386],[-121.4494,41.6908],[-121.4485,41.7008],[-121.4493,41.7757],[-121.458,41.7756],[-121.4571,41.7879],[-121.4572,41.8124],[-121.4572,41.8355],[-121.4575,41.8483],[-121.4574,41.8637],[-121.4577,41.8982],[-121.4579,41.9282],[-121.4579,41.9504],[-121.4468,41.9506],[-121.4469,41.9981],[-121.34,41.9981],[-121.3322,41.9981],[-121.3295,41.9981],[-121.3125,41.998],[-121.3098,41.998],[-121.2921,41.9979],[-121.2418,41.9976],[-121.2246,41.9975],[-121.2149,41.9975],[-121.1074,41.9975],[-121.106,41.9975],[-121.0015,41.9933],[-120.9821,41.9934],[-120.9518,41.9936],[-120.8827,41.9939],[-120.5906,41.9944],[-120.5316,41.9944],[-120.489,41.9944],[-120.4301,41.9944],[-120.2951,41.9947],[-120.2788,41.9947],[-120.2719,41.9948],[-120.1908,41.9952],[-120.095,41.9952],[-120.0855,41.9952],[-120.0753,41.9952],[-120.0345,41.9955],[-120.0262,41.9955],[-120.0003,41.9953]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Modoc\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048589,"text":"tem629 - 1955 - A study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels and its possible application as a prospecting method","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70048589,"text":"tem629 - 1955 - A study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels and its possible application as a prospecting method","indexId":"tem629","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"A study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels and its possible application as a prospecting method"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34013,"text":"b1030E - 1956 - Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting","indexId":"b1030E","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":34013,"text":"b1030E - 1956 - Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting","indexId":"b1030E","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting"},"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-04T13:55:45","indexId":"tem629","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T15:40:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"629","title":"A study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels and its possible application as a prospecting method","docAbstract":"Traverses along some streams of the Colorado Plateau in areas known to contain minable uranium deposits show that anomalous radiation in the stream gravels can be detected with a suitable counter downstream from the deposits. The amount of radiation is influenced by the size of the uranium deposit, the size of the drainage area of the stream, the grain size of the sediments, and the lithology of the rocks over which the stream flows. The spacing of the stations where readings are taken is controlled by the size of the stream, and special readings are also taken directly downstream from important tributaries. An anomaly is empirically defined as a 10 percent rise over background. Radioactive material from large uranium deposits has been detected as much as 1 mile downstream. Radioactive material from smaller deposits is detachable over shorter distances. The method is slow but appears to be a useful prospecting tool under restricted conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem629","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Chew, R.T., 1955, A study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels and its possible application as a prospecting method: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 629, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem629.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"39","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0629/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":283287,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0629/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Utah","county":"Emery County;Grand County;San Juan County","city":"Grand Junction","otherGeospatial":"Corral Canyon;Seven Mile Area;Colorado River;Colorado Plateau;Temple Mountain Area;San Rafael District;White Canyon Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.053,32.8101 ], [ -114.053,40.9895 ], [ -105.844,40.9895 ], [ -105.844,32.8101 ], [ -114.053,32.8101 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526a4160e4b0c0d229f9f5ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chew, Randall T. III","contributorId":14290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"Randall","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047850,"text":"70047850 - 1955 - Total sediment load measured in turbulence flume","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51096,"text":"ofr5215 - 1952 - Total sediment load measured in turbulence flume","indexId":"ofr5215","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Total sediment load measured in turbulence flume"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047850,"text":"70047850 - 1955 - Total sediment load measured in turbulence flume","indexId":"70047850","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Total sediment load measured in turbulence flume"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-12T15:55:30.529371","indexId":"70047850","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3628,"text":"Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Total sediment load measured in turbulence flume","docAbstract":"The results of significant model tests in a glass-walled flume and prototype tests of a turbulence flume are presented. The velocity of flow and the transportation of the total sediment load in suspension were observed under varying conditions of flow. Also noted was the resistance to flow caused by vertical baffles, which were fastened to the floor of the flume. The prototype tests consisted of observations at the measuring sill of velocity and sediment concentration for all flows. For normal flows observations were made upstream and downstream from the flume. Samples of total sediment load and bed material were analyzed for particle size. Minor studies of dune movement in model and prototype were also included.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/TACEAT.0007126","usgsCitation":"Benedict, P., Albertson, M.L., and Matejka, D.Q., 1955, Total sediment load measured in turbulence flume: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, v. 120, no. 1, p. 457-484, https://doi.org/10.1061/TACEAT.0007126.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"484","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277059,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd794fe4b0b2908510cbbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benedict, Paul C.","contributorId":72293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Paul C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albertson, Maurice L.","contributorId":82209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albertson","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matejka, Donald Q.","contributorId":99878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matejka","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}