As part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf Sediment Study (AMASSEDS), moored and shipboard current measurements made over the Amazon shelf during 1990–1991 have been analyzed to determine the dominant semidiurnal tidal constituent, the M2. These results have been combined with coastal sea level data from within the Amazon and Para Rivers, the adjacent shelf, and with satellite‐derived tidal elevation data from off the shelf to provide a more complete description of the M2 tide in this complex river/shelf system. Near the Amazon River mouth the M2 tide propagates across the shelf and through the mouth as a damped progressive wave, with its amplitude decreasing and phase increasing upriver. Over the adjacent shelf north of Cabo Norte, the M2 tide approaches a damped standing wave, with large amplitudes (greater than 1.5 m) near the coast due to near resonance within the coastal embayment formed by the Cabo Norte shoal to the south and Cabo Cassipore to the north. The observed M2 tidal currents are nearly rectilinear and oriented primarily across the local isobaths. Comparisons between tidal observations in both the North Channel and the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment and a simple variable‐width channel tidal model indicate that (1) most of the M2 tidal energy dissipation occurs over the mid‐ and inner shelf (in water depths less than 20 m) and (2) fluid muds found there cause a significant reduction (of order 50%) in the effective bottom friction felt by the M2 tide. The approximate resonant period of the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment is 11.9 hours, and at resonance the average energy dissipation per forcing period is roughly 2.2 times the average mechanical energy in the embayment. This damping rate is large enough that the tidal amplification is rather insensitive to forcing frequency, so that the response of the embayment to forcing over the semidiurnal band should be essentially the same. The vertical structure of the M2 tidal current is examined at one outer shelf site located in 65‐m water depth. The observed semimajor axis increases logarithmically with height above bottom within the lowest 1–2 m and reaches a maximum in excess of 0.5 m/s at approximately 11 m above bottom. The mean ellipticity is small (less than 0.1) and positive, indicating clockwise rotation of a nearly rectilinear current, and the semimajor axis is oriented within 10° of the local cross‐isobath direction. The M2 phase increases with height above bottom, with flood at the bottom leading flood at the surface by about 1 hour. A simple, local homogeneous tidal model with time‐ and space‐dependent eddy viscosity simulates the observed near‐bottom velocity reasonably well, however, the model suggests that stratification above the lowest few meters may significantly affect the tidal boundary layer structure at this site. The M2 energy flux onto the Amazon shelf and into the Amazon and Para Rivers has been estimated using current and surface elevation data and the best fit variable‐width channel model results. The net M2 energy flux into the mouths of the Amazon and Para Rivers is 0.47×1010W and 0.19×1010W, respectively. A net M2 energy flux of about 3.3×1010W occurs onto the shelf between the North Channel of the Amazon River and Cabo Cassipore. This stretch of the Amazon shelf accounts for about 1.3% of the global dissipation of the M2 tide.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94JC01688","usgsCitation":"Beardsley, R., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., Geyer, W.R., Lentz, S.J., Castro, B.M., Cacchione, D., and Carneiro, N., 1995, The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 100, no. C2, p. 2283-2319, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01688.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"2283","endPage":"2319","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amazon Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beardsley, R.C.","contributorId":106508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beardsley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Candela, J.L.","contributorId":6884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candela","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limeburner, R.","contributorId":104237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limeburner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geyer, W. Rockwell","contributorId":195908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Rockwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lentz, Steven J.","contributorId":41687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lentz","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":785609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castro, Belmiro M.","contributorId":223606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro","given":"Belmiro","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Carneiro, Nelson","contributorId":223607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carneiro","given":"Nelson","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70068802,"text":"70068802 - 1995 - Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T11:44:00","indexId":"70068802","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T13:35:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California","docAbstract":"Since the late 1940s, snowmelt and runoff have come increasingly early in the water year in many basins in northern and central California. This subtle trend is most pronounced in moderate-altitude basins, which are sensitive to changes in mean winter temperatures. Such basins have broad areas in which winter temperatures are near enough to freezing that small increases result initially in the formation of less snow and eventually in early snowmelt. In moderate-altitude basins of California, a declining fraction of the annual runoff has come in April–June. This decline has been compensated by increased fractions of runoff at other, mostly earlier, times in the water year.
Weather stations in central California, including the central Sierra Nevada, have shown trends toward warmer winters since the 1940s. A series of regression analyses indicate that runoff timing responds equally to the observed decadal-scale trends in winter temperature and interannual temperature variations of the same magnitude, suggesting that the temperature trend is sufficient to explain the runoff-timing trends. The immediate cause of the trend toward warmer winters in California is a concurrent, long-term fluctuation in winter atmospheric circulations over the North Pacific Ocean and North America that is not immediately distinguishable from natural atmospheric variability. The fluctuation began to affect California in the 1940s, when the region of strongest low-frequency variation of winter circulations shifted to a part of the central North Pacific Ocean that is teleconnected to California temperatures. Since the late 1940s, winter wind fields have been displaced progressively southward over the central North Pacific and northward over the west coast of North America. These shifts in atmospheric circulations are associated with concurrent shifts in both West Coast air temperatures and North Pacific sea surface temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M., and Cayan, D.R., 1995, Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California: Journal of Climate, v. 8, no. 3, p. 606-623, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"623","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:lsafor>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":280895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280894,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd641be4b0b290850ff3dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226965,"text":"70226965 - 1995 - The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker-Levy 9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T15:09:29.072557","indexId":"70226965","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T08:39:48","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker-Levy 9","docAbstract":"Poa´s Volcano is an active stratovolcano in Costa Rica that has a lake in its active crater. The crater lake has high temperatures (50–90 °C), high acidity (pH ≈ 0.0), and a high dissolved-solids content (100 g/kg). The volcano has numerous freshwater springs on its flanks, but a few on the northwestern flank are highly acidic (pH = 1.6–2.5) and have high dissolved-solids concentrations (2–22 g/kg). This study analyzes the regional groundwater system at Poa´s and demonstrates the likelihood that the water discharging from the acidic springs in the Rio Agrio watershed originates at the acidic crater lake. Both heat and solute transport are analyzed on a regional scale through numerical simulations using the HST3D finite-difference model, which solves the coupled equations for fluid flow, heat transport, and solute transport. The code allows fluid viscosity and density to be functions of both temperature and solute concentration. The simulations use estimates for recharge to the mountain and a range of values and various distributions of permeability and porosity. Several sensitivity analyses are performed to test how the uncertainty in many of the model parameters affects the simulation results. These uncertainties yield an estimated range of travel times from the crater lake to the Rio Agrio springs of 1–30 years, which is in close agreement with the results of tritium analyses of the springs. Calculated groundwater fluxes into and out of the crater lake are both about several hundred kg/s. These fluxes must be accounted for in water budgets of the crater lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00080-Z","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., Konikow, L.F., Rowe, G., and Brantley, S., 1995, Groundwater transport of crater-lake brine at Poa´s Volcano, Costa Rica: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 269-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00080-Z.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","otherGeospatial":"Poa's Volcano ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.25500869750975,\n 10.173867141254313\n ],\n [\n -84.20402526855467,\n 10.173867141254313\n ],\n [\n -84.20402526855467,\n 10.21458443640332\n ],\n [\n -84.25500869750975,\n 10.21458443640332\n ],\n [\n -84.25500869750975,\n 10.173867141254313\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82930","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, Gary L. Jr.","contributorId":189606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowe","given":"Gary L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brantley, Susan L.","contributorId":38461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"Susan L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38202,"text":"pp1402F - 1995 - Geochemistry of water in aquifers and confining units of the Northern Great Plains in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1402F","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1402","chapter":"F","title":"Geochemistry of water in aquifers and confining units of the Northern Great Plains in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming","docAbstract":"The geochemistry of water in five aquifers and two confining units in the Williston Basin of the Northern Great Plains is similar and is controlled by halite dissolution. In areas outside the Williston Basin ground-water is fresh and controlled by the solution chemistry of carbonate and sulfate minerals.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1402F","usgsCitation":"Busby, J., Kimball, B.A., Downey, J.S., and Peter, K.D., 1995, Geochemistry of water in aquifers and confining units of the Northern Great Plains in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1402, p. F1-F146; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1402F.","productDescription":"p. F1-F146; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1402f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64490,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1402f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64491,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1402f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64492,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1402f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busby, J.F.","contributorId":105300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downey, J. S.","contributorId":100013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peter, K. D.","contributorId":94319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185375,"text":"70185375 - 1995 - Screening tests for assessing the anaerobic biodegradation of pollutant chemicals in subsurface environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:17:20","indexId":"70185375","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2390,"text":"Journal of Microbiological Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Screening tests for assessing the anaerobic biodegradation of pollutant chemicals in subsurface environments","docAbstract":"Screening methods were developed to assess the susceptibility of ground water contaminants to anaerobic biodegradation. One method was an extrapolation of a procedure previously used to measure biodegradation activity in dilute sewage sludge. Aquifer solids and ground water with no additional nutritive media were incubated anaerobically in 160-ml serum bottles containing 250 mg·l−1 carbon of the substrate of interest. This method relied on the detection of gas pressure or methane production in substrateamended microcosms relative to background controls. Other screening procedures involved the consumption of stoichiometrically required amounts of sulfate or nitrate from the same type of incubations. Close agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated amounts of substrate bioconversion based on the measured biogas pressure in methanogenic microcosms. Storage of the microcosms for up to 6 months did not adversely influence the onset or rate of benzoic acid mineralization. The lower detection limits of the methanogenic assay were found to be a function of the size of the microcosm headspace, the mean oxidation state of the substrate carbon, and the method used to correct for background temperature fluctuations. Using these simple screening procedures, biodegradation information of regulatory interest could be generated, including, (i) the length of the adaptation period, (ii) the rate of substrate decay and (iii) the completeness of the bioconversion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0167-7012(94)00054-B","usgsCitation":"Suflita, J.M., and Concannon, F., 1995, Screening tests for assessing the anaerobic biodegradation of pollutant chemicals in subsurface environments: Journal of Microbiological Methods, v. 21, no. 3, p. 267-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7012(94)00054-B.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"267","endPage":"281","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f8292c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Concannon, Frank","contributorId":189607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Concannon","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28350,"text":"wri944118 - 1995 - Quality of water in the alluvial aquifer and tributary alluvium of the Fountain Creek valley, southwestern El Paso County, Colorado, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri944118","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4118","title":"Quality of water in the alluvial aquifer and tributary alluvium of the Fountain Creek valley, southwestern El Paso County, Colorado, 1991-92","docAbstract":"The alluvial aquifer in Fountain Creek Valley between Colorado Springs and Widefield is the source for several public water-supply systems. Since 1981, concentrations of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (nitrate) have exceeded the drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter in several areas of the aquifer. Water-quality data collected quarterly from August 1991 through October 1992 from a network of 63 wells were used to define the spatial and temporal variability of dissolved- oxygen, dissolved-solids, major ions, and nitrogen concentrations in the aquifer. Ground water generally was well oxygenated in the main body of the aquifer, but anoxic conditions occurred near the interface of the aquifer and Fountain Creek. Dissolved-solids concentrations generally were larger, and nitrate concentrations generally were smaller near Fountain Creek than in the main body of the aquifer. Dissolved-solids concentrations generally decreased and nitrate concentrations generally increased with distance from the creek. Ground-water flow toward Fountain Creek and relatively small dissolved-solids concentrations in the main body of the aquifer indicated that the primary source of recharge to the aquifer was surface recharge from precipitation and lawn irrigation. Natural soil nitrogen, lawn fertilizers, and leakage from industrial-waste lagoons seem to be major sources of nitrate in ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944118","usgsCitation":"Lewis, M., 1995, Quality of water in the alluvial aquifer and tributary alluvium of the Fountain Creek valley, southwestern El Paso County, Colorado, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4118, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 61 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944118.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 61 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ef3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, M.E.","contributorId":65504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33295,"text":"b2096 - 1995 - Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:15","indexId":"b2096","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2096","title":"Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan","docAbstract":"The stratigraphic relation between the Cretaceous generally non-coal-bearing Lumshiwal Formation (64 to 150 m thick) and the Paleocene coal-bearing Hangu Formation (5 to 50 m thick) in the Surghar Range of north-central Pakistan is complex. Both formations contain remarkably similar lithofacies: one or two types of sandstone lithofacies; a combined lithofacies of mudstone, claystone, carbonaceous shale, and coal beds; and a rare carbonate lithofacies. An analysis of pollen data from rock samples collected from various stratigraphic positions indicates that the formations are separated by a disconformity and that the age of the Lumshiwal Formation is Early Cretaceous and the age of the Hangu is Paleocene. Previous workers had suggested that the age of the Lumshiwal is Late Cretaceous.\r\n\r\nAn analysis of sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and paleontologic data indicates that both the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations probably were deposited in shallow-marine and deltaic environments. The rocks of the Lumshiwal become more terrestrial in origin upward, whereas the rocks of the Hangu become more marine in origin upward. The contact between the two formations is associated with a laterally discontinuous lateritic paleosol (assigned to the Hangu Formation) that is commonly overlain by the economically important Makarwal coal bed. This coal bed averages 1.2 m in thickness. No other coal beds in the Surghar Range are as thick or as laterally continuous as the Makarwal coal bed.\r\n\r\nAnalytical data from the Makarwal and one other Hangu coal bed indicate that Surghar Range coal beds range from high-volatile B to high-volatile C bituminous in apparent rank. Averaged, as-received results of proximate and ultimate analyses of coal samples are (1) moisture content, 5.4 percent; (2) ash yield, 12.5 percent; (3) total sulfur content, 5 percent; and (4) calorific value, 11034 Btu/lb (British thermal units per pound). Minor- and trace-element analyses indicate that these coals contain relatively high concentrations of the environmentally sensitive element selenium (average 13.4 ppm (parts per million)), compared to concentrations from United States coals of similar rank.\r\n\r\nThe Makarwal coal bed represents a paleopeat that formed during changing relative ground-water base levels. Relatively low base levels were associated with periods of slow clastic deposition and lateritic paleosol development, followed by relatively high base levels that coincided with increased runoff, marine flooding, and clastic sedimentation that buried the paleopeat of the Makarwal. These environments formed along the northwestern margin of the Indian subcontinent as it drifted northward through equatorial latitudes in the Tethys Sea. The Makarwal coal bed is thin or absent in the northern part of the range where the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations are the thinnest. Such rapid lateral changes (over about 25 km) in formation thickness and the apparent change in relative ground-water base level indicate that tectonically induced subsidence rates varied across the Surghar Range and influenced the deposition of the rocks that compose the two formations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/b2096","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Javed, S., Mashhadi, S., Shakoor, T., Khan, A.M., and Khan, A., 1995, Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2096, iii, 35 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2096.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3164,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2096/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a2419","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":210387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Javed, Shahid","contributorId":32934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Javed","given":"Shahid","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16954,"text":"Geological Survey of Pakistan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":210388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mashhadi, S. Tahir A.","contributorId":74424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashhadi","given":"S. Tahir A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shakoor, Tariq","contributorId":65512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shakoor","given":"Tariq","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Khan, Asrar M.","contributorId":60279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"Asrar","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Khan, A. Latif","contributorId":78785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"A. Latif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019255,"text":"70019255 - 1995 - Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules - from Haiti to Wyoming and beyond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:36:01.451249","indexId":"70019255","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2714,"text":"Meteoritics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules - from Haiti to Wyoming and beyond","docAbstract":"Impact spherules in Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary clays and claystones consist of two types; each type is confined to its own separate layer of the boundary couplet in the Western Hemisphere. The form and composition of each of the spherule types result from its own unique mode of origin during the K/T event. Type 1 splash-form spherules occur only in the melt-ejecta (basal) layer of the K/T couplet. This layer was deposited from a ballistic ejecta curtain composed of melt-glass droplets transported mostly within the atmosphere. In contrast, Type 2 spherules are accreted, partially crystalline, spheroidal bodies that formed by condensation of vaporized bolide and target-rock materials in an expanding fireball cloud, from which they settled out of buoyant suspension to form the fireball layer. Dendritic and skeletal Ni-rich spinel crystals are unique to these Type 2 spherules in the fireball layer.
Compositions of relict glasses found in Type 1 K/T spherules from Haiti indicate that they were derived from intermediate silicic target rocks. These melt-glass droplets were deposited into an aqueous environment at both continental and marine sites. We propose that the surfaces of the hot melt droplets hydrated rapidly in water and that these hydrated glass rims then altered to palagonite. Subsequent alteration of the palagonite rims to smectite, glauconite, chlorite, kaolinite, or goyazite occurred later during various modes of progressive diagenesis, accompanied by dissolution of some of the glass cores in spherules from continental sections and from marine sections that were subsequently raised above sea level. In many of the nonmarine sections in the Western Interior, the glass cores altered to kaolinite instead of dissolving.
Directly comparable spherule morphologies (splash forms), textural features of the altered shells, and scalloping and grooving of relict glass cores or secondary casts demonstrate that the Haitian and Wyoming spherules are equivalent altered Type 1 melt-droplet bodies. The spherules at both locations were deposited in a melt-ejecta layer as part of the K/T impact event.
Previously, two types of relict impact glasses had been identified in the Haitian spherule beds: black glass of andesitic composition and high-Ca yellow glass with an unusually high S content. Most workers agree that the latter probably formed by impact melting and mixing of surficial carbonate (and minor anhydrite) rocks with the more deeply-buried crystalline parent rocks of the black glasses. However, some workers have suggested that an intermediate compositional gap exists between the two groups of glasses, implying a different origin than simple mixing of end members during impact. We report glass compositional analyses with values extending throughout this intermediate range, lending support to the impact-mixing model. Inclusions of CaSO4 found by us in relict yellow glasses further support this model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01113.x","issn":"00261114","usgsCitation":"Bohor, B., and Glass, B., 1995, Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules - from Haiti to Wyoming and beyond: Meteoritics, v. 30, no. 2, p. 182-198, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01113.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"182","endPage":"198","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70a0e4b0c8380cd7613a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glass, B.P.","contributorId":74513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"B.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3315,"text":"cir1123 - 1995 - The stream-gaging program of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"cir1123","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1123","title":"The stream-gaging program of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging program provides streamflow data for a variety of purposes. The uses of streamflow data are described, and the growth of the stream-gaging program is related to legislation and the need to manage the Nation's water resources more effectively. A brief description is provided of the data-collection processes, computation of streamflow records, dissemination of data, and the nationwide evaluations of the stream-gaging program. Finally, the challenges for maintaining a viable stream-gaging program are described.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir1123","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K.L., Thomas, W., and Hirsch, R.M., 1995, The stream-gaging program of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1123, iv, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1123.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":66,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1123/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30320,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Kenneth L.","contributorId":61024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Wilbert O.","contributorId":22327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Wilbert O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1803,"text":"wsp2435 - 1995 - Effects of agricultural land-management practices on water quality in northeastern Guilford County, North Carolina, 1985-90","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19243,"text":"ofr9460 - 1994 - Effects of agricultural land-management practices on water quality in northeastern Guilford County, North Carolina, 1985-90","indexId":"ofr9460","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of agricultural land-management practices on water quality in northeastern Guilford County, North Carolina, 1985-90"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1803,"text":"wsp2435 - 1995 - Effects of agricultural land-management practices on water quality in northeastern Guilford County, North Carolina, 1985-90","indexId":"wsp2435","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of agricultural land-management practices on water quality in northeastern Guilford County, North Carolina, 1985-90"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T10:06:28","indexId":"wsp2435","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2435","title":"Effects of agricultural land-management practices on water quality in northeastern Guilford County, North Carolina, 1985-90","docAbstract":"The effects of selected agricultural land-management practices on water quality were assessed in a comparative study of four small basins in the Piedmont province of North Carolina. Agricultural practices, such as tillage and applications of fertilizer and pesticides, are major sources of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides in surface water, and of nutrients and pesticides in ground water.\r\n\r\nThe four study basins included two adjacent row-crop fields, a mixed land-use basin, and a forested basin. One of the row-crop fields (7.4 acres) was farmed by using conservation land-management (CLM) practices, which included strip cropping, contour plowing, field borders, and grassed waterways. The other row-crop field (4.8 acres) was farmed by using standard land-management (SLM) practices, which included continuous cropping, straight-row plowing without regard to land topography, and poorly maintained waterways. The mixed land-use basin (665 acres) was monitored to compare water quality in surface water as SLM practices were converted to CLM practices during the project. The forested basin (44 acres) provided background surface-water hydrologic and chemical-quality conditions.\r\n\r\nSurface-water flow was reduced by 18 percent by CLM practices compared to surface-water flow from the SLM practices basin. The thickness of the unsaturated zone in the row-crop basins ranged from a few feet to 25 feet. Areas with thick unsaturated zones have a greater capacity to intercept and store nutrients and pesticides than do areas with thinner zones.\r\n\r\nSediment concentrations and yields for the SLM practices basin were considerably higher than those for the other basins. The median sediment concentration in surface water for the SLM basin was 3.4 times that of the CLM basin, 8.2 times that of the mixed land-use basin, and 38.4 times that of the forested basin. The total sediment yield for the SLM basin was 2.3 times that observed for the CLM basin, 14.1 times that observed for the mixed land-use basin, and 19.5 times the yield observed for the forested basin.\r\n\r\nNutrient concentrations in surface water from the row-crop and mixed land-use basins were higher than those measured in the forested basin and in precipitation collected near the row-crop basins. The SLM basin generally had the highest concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus (equivalent to the mixed land-use basin), and potassium.\r\n\r\nNutrient concentrations in soil water and ground water were less than concentrations in surface water for the row-crop basins. Nutrient concentrations generally were at least slightly below the root zone (3-foot depth) and in ground water.\r\n\r\nDifferences in nutrient yields among basins had patterns similar to those observed for nutrient concentrations. The total nitrogen yield for the SLM basin was 1.2 times the yield for the CLM basin, 1.9 times the yield for the mixed land-use basin, and 4.2 times the yield for the forested basin. The total phosphorus yield for the SLM basin was 1.7 times the yield for the CLM basin, 3.3 times the yield for the mixed land-use basin, and 7.8 times the yield for the forested basin.\r\n\r\nNo significant differences in pesticide concentrations in surface water were identified between those measured in the SLM basin and those measured in the CLM basin. Significantly higher pesticide concentrations were observed at the row-crop basins compared with those observed at the mixed land-use basin probably because sampling sites for the row-crop basins were closer to the pesticide sources. No pesticides were detected in the forested basin.\r\n\r\nComparisons of pesticide concentrations in soil from the two row-crop basins indicated some differences. Concentrations of the soil pesticides isopropalin and flumetralin were higher in the SLM basin than in the CLM basin.\r\n\r\nThe surface-water quality of the mixed land-use basin generally was less affected by agricultural nonpoint sources than that of the smaller row-crop b","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nCopies can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2435","usgsCitation":"Harned, D.A., 1995, Effects of agricultural land-management practices on water quality in northeastern Guilford County, North Carolina, 1985-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2435, vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2435.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26957,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2435/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2435/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Guilford County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.0368,36.2543],[-79.8315,36.2505],[-79.686,36.2462],[-79.532,36.2416],[-79.5362,36.023],[-79.5421,35.9001],[-79.7425,35.9084],[-79.7493,35.9084],[-79.8987,35.915],[-79.9833,35.9182],[-80.0469,35.9209],[-80.043,36.0103],[-80.0368,36.2543]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Guilford\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6846cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harned, Douglas A. daharned@usgs.gov","contributorId":1295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"Douglas","email":"daharned@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33555,"text":"b2113 - 1995 - Shorter contributions to the stratigraphy and geochronology of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Western Interior of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-03T20:16:08.334204","indexId":"b2113","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2113","title":"Shorter contributions to the stratigraphy and geochronology of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Western Interior of the United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2113","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Shorter contributions to the stratigraphy and geochronology of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Western Interior of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2113, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2113.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":96007,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96008,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2113/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2113/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401766,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22428.htm","text":"U-Pb ages of volcanogenic zircon from procellanite beds in the Vaughn Member of the mid-Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation, southwestern Montana","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482766,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22436.htm","text":"Conglomerate facies and contact relationships of the Upper Cretaceous upper part of the Frontier Formation and lower part of the Beaverhead Group, Lima Peaks area, southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.26855468749999,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -115.26855468749999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -115.26855468749999,\n 36.94989178681327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3e23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185326,"text":"70185326 - 1995 - Chlorofluorocarbons as tracers of groundwater transport processes in a shallow, silty sand aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:55:20","indexId":"70185326","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorofluorocarbons as tracers of groundwater transport processes in a shallow, silty sand aquifer","docAbstract":"Detailed depth profiles of Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11(CFCl3(, CFC-12 (CF2Cl2) and CFC-113 (C2F3Cl3) have been obtained from a well-characterized field site in central Ontario. Aquifer materials comprise predominantly silty sands, with a mean organic carbon content of 0.03%. Nearly one-dimensional flow exists at this site, and the vertical migration of a well-defined 3H peak has been tracked through time. Detailed vertical sampling has allowed CFC tracer velocities to be estimated to within 10%. Comparison with 3H profiles enables estimation of chlorofluorocarbon transport parameters. CFC-12 appears to be the most conservative of the CFCs measured. Sorption at this site is low (Kd < 0.03), and degradation does not appear to be important. CFC- 113 is retarded both with respect to CFC-12 and with respect to 3H (Kd = 0.09−0.14). CFC-11 appears to be degraded both in the highly organic unsaturated zone and below 3.5 m depth in the aquifer, where dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease to below 0.5 mg L−1. The half-life for CFC-11 degradation below 3.5 m depth is less than 2 years. While apparent CFC-12 ages match hydraulic ages to within 20% (up to 30 years), apparent CFC-11 and CFC-113 ages significantly overestimate hydraulic ages at our field site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02528","usgsCitation":"Cook, P., Solomon, D.K., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., and Schiff, S., 1995, Chlorofluorocarbons as tracers of groundwater transport processes in a shallow, silty sand aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 3, p. 425-434, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02528.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"434","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1fe4b0236b68f673a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. K.","contributorId":98324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schiff, S.L.","contributorId":13001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiff","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185369,"text":"70185369 - 1995 - Using borehole flow logging to optimize hydraulic-test procedures in heterogeneous fractured aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T12:13:47","indexId":"70185369","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using borehole flow logging to optimize hydraulic-test procedures in heterogeneous fractured aquifers","docAbstract":"Hydraulic properties of heterogeneous fractured aquifers are difficult to characterize, and such characterization usually requires equipment-intensive and time-consuming applications of hydraulic testing in situ. Conventional coring and geophysical logging techniques provide useful and reliable information on the distribution of bedding planes, fractures and solution openings along boreholes, but it is often unclear how these locally permeable features are organized into larger-scale zones of hydraulic conductivity. New boreholes flow-logging equipment provides techniques designed to identify hydraulically active fractures intersecting boreholes, and to indicate how these fractures might be connected to larger-scale flow paths in the surrounding aquifer. Potential complications in interpreting flowmeter logs include: 1) Ambient hydraulic conditions that mask the detection of hydraulically active fractures; 2) Inability to maintain quasi-steady drawdowns during aquifer tests, which causes temporal variations in flow intensity to be confused with inflows during pumping; and 3) Effects of uncontrolled background variations in hydraulic head, which also complicate the interpretation of inflows during aquifer tests. Application of these techniques is illustrated by the analysis of cross-borehole flowmeter data from an array of four bedrock boreholes in granitic schist at the Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, research site. Only two days of field operations were required to unambiguously identify the few fractures or fracture zones that contribute most inflow to boreholes in the CO borehole array during pumping. Such information was critical in the interpretation of water-quality data. This information also permitted the setting of the available string of two packers in each borehole so as to return the aquifer as close to pre-drilling conditions as possible with the available equipment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s100400050249","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., 1995, Using borehole flow logging to optimize hydraulic-test procedures in heterogeneous fractured aquifers: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 3, no. 3, p. 4-20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050249.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"4","endPage":"20","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b95e4b0236b68f8293b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, F.L.","contributorId":189369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70248335,"text":"70248335 - 1995 - Stratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils collected during NAUTIPERC dives (off Peru, 5 °-6°S)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T18:54:39.532456","indexId":"70248335","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T13:46:34","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils collected during NAUTIPERC dives (off Peru, 5 °-6°S)","docAbstract":"The geological evolution of the northern Peru convergent margin can be traced using samples collected during deep-sea dives of the submersible Nautile. In the Paita area (5°–6°S), the sedimentary sequence was intensively sampled along the main scarp of the middle slope area. It consists of Upper Miocene (7–9 Ma) to Pleistocene siltstone, sandstone and rare dolostone. The age distribution of these samples is the basis for a new geologic interpretation of the multichannel seismic line CDP3.
Siliceous microfossils (both diatoms and radiolarians) show influence of both cold and temperature waters (local species mixed with upwelling ones). Diatom assemblages studied from the NP1-13 and NP1-15 dives bear a strong resemblance to assemblages from the Pisco Formation of southern Peru.
Micropaleontological data from siliceous microfossils, provide evidence for two main unconformities, one is at the base of the Quaternary sequence and the other corresponds to a hiatus of 1 Myr, separating the Upper Miocene (7–8 Ma) sediments from uppermost Miocene (5–6 Ma) sediments.
During the past 400 kyr, a wide rollover fold developed in the middle slope area associated with a major seaward dipping detachment fault. A catastrophic debris a valanche occurred as the results of an oversteepening of the landward flank of the rollover fold. The gravity failure of the slope, recognized by SeaBEAM and hydrosweep mapping, displaced enough material to produce a destructive tsunami which occurred 13.8 ± 2.7 kyr ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(94)00014-E","usgsCitation":"De Wever, P., Bourgois, J., Caulet, J., Fourtanier, E., Barron, J., and Dumitrica, P., 1995, Stratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils collected during NAUTIPERC dives (off Peru, 5 °-6°S): Marine Micropaleontology, v. 24, no. 3-4, p. 287-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)00014-E.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -5.138594399665109\n ],\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -6.721676578113986\n ],\n [\n -81.1180992158362,\n -6.721676578113986\n ],\n [\n -81.1180992158362,\n -5.138594399665109\n ],\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -5.138594399665109\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Wever, P.","contributorId":329533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Wever","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bourgois, J.","contributorId":83281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourgois","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caulet, J.-P.","contributorId":329534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caulet","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fourtanier, E.","contributorId":54361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fourtanier","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barron, J.","contributorId":66416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dumitrica, P.","contributorId":329535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dumitrica","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185374,"text":"70185374 - 1995 - Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:37:54","indexId":"70185374","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate","docAbstract":"Laboratory experiments were used to identify and quantify processes having a significant effect on molybdate (MoO42−) adsorption in a shallow alluvial aquifer on Cape Cod, assachusetts. Aqueous chemistry in the aquifer changes as a result of treated sewage effluent mixing with groundwater. Molybdate adsorption decreased as pH, ionic strength, and the concentration of competing anions increased. A diffuse-layer surface complexation model was used to simulate adsorption of MoO42−, phosphate (PO43−), and sulfate (SO42−) on aquifer sediment. Equilibrium constants for the model were calculated by calibration to data from batch experiments. The model was then used in a one-dimensional solute transport program to successfully simulate initial breakthrough of MoO42− from column experiments. A shortcoming of the solute transport program was the inability to account for kinetics of physical and chemical processes. This resulted in a failure of the model to predict the slow rate of desorption of MoO42− from the columns. The mobility of MoO42− ncreased with ionic strength and with the formation of aqueous complexes with calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Failure to account for MoO42− speciation and ionic strength in the model resulted in overpredicting MoO42− adsorption. Qualitatively, the laboratory data predicted the observed behavior of MoO42− in the aquifer, where retardation of MoO42− was greatest in uncontaminated roundwater having low pH, low ionic strength, and low concentrations of PO43− and SO42−.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02675","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K.G., 1995, Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 2, p. 347-357, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02675.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"347","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b95e4b0236b68f82944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185322,"text":"70185322 - 1995 - Deducing the distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in hydrologically diverse groundwater systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T15:08:33","indexId":"70185322","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deducing the distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in hydrologically diverse groundwater systems","docAbstract":"The distribution of microbially mediated terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs( was investigated in four hydrologically diverse groundwater systems by considering patterns of electron acceptor (nitrate, sulfate) consumption, intermediate product (hydrogen (H2)) concentrations, and final product (ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane) production. In each hydrologic system a determination of predominant TEAPs could be arrived at, but the level of confidence appropriate for each determination differed. In a portion of the lacustrine aquifer of the San Joaquin Valley, for example, all three indicators (sulfate concentrations decreasing, H2concentrations in the 1–2 nmol range, and sulfide concentrations increasing along flow paths identified sulfate reduction as the predominant TEAP, leading to a high degree of confidence in the determination. In portions of the Floridan aquifer and a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis are indicated by production of sulfide and methane, and hydrogen oncentrations in the 1–4 nmol and 5–14 nmol range, respectively. However, because electron acceptor consumption could not be documented in these systems, less confidence is warranted in the TEAP determination. In the Black Creek aquifer, no pattern of sulfate consumption and sulfide production were observed, but H2 concentrations indicated sulfate reduction as the predominant TEAP. In this case, where just a single line of evidence is available, the least confidence in the TEAP diagnosis is justified. Because this methodology is based on measurable water chemistry parameters and upon the physiology of microbial electron transfer processes, it provides a better description of predominant redox processes in groundwater systems than more traditional Eh-based methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02525","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., McMahon, P.B., Dubrovsky, N.M., Fujii, R., Oaksford, E.T., and Vroblesky, D.A., 1995, Deducing the distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in hydrologically diverse groundwater systems: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 2, p. 359-371, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02525.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"359","endPage":"371","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1fe4b0236b68f673a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fujii, Roger F.","contributorId":189556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oaksford, Edward T.","contributorId":82693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185319,"text":"70185319 - 1995 - An updated model of induced airflow in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:26:55","indexId":"70185319","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An updated model of induced airflow in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"Simulation of induced movement of air in the unsaturated zone provides a method to determine permeability and to design vapor extraction remediation systems. A previously published solution to the airflow equation for the case in which the unsaturated zone is separated from the atmosphere by a layer of lower permeability (such as a clay layer) has been superseded. The new solution simulates airflow through the layer of lower permeability more rigorously by defining the leakage in terms of the upper boundary condition rather than by adding a leakage term to the governing airflow equation. This note presents the derivation of the new solution. Formulas for steady state pressure, specific discharge, and mass flow in the domain are obtained for the new model and for the case in which the unsaturated zone is in direct contact with the atmosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02423","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Joss, C.J., 1995, An updated model of induced airflow in the unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 2, p. 417-421, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02423.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"417","endPage":"421","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337860,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1fe4b0236b68f673a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joss, Craig J.","contributorId":189555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joss","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207889,"text":"70207889 - 1995 - Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:46:14","indexId":"70207889","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:30:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"Small-volume, subaerial, subaqueous and subglacial basaltic eruptions occurred in the Wells Gray–Clearwater area during Quaternary time. Part of this time, significant thicknesses of glacial ice were present. Dating of intraglacial volcanic features corroborates other evidence of an Early Pleistocene, Cordilleran-wide ice sheet. Of the intraglacial volcanoes investigated, three were studied in detail and of these, two probably erupted during the Fraser glaciation (11–20 ka), when maximum ice level exceeded 2100 m elevation. Major-element and sulphur concentrations were measured in glass from the volcanoes to provide insight into vent conditions at the time of eruption. Hyalo Ridge (2102 m elevation, whole-rock K–Ar age of 0.02 ± 0.01 Ma) is a small volcanic edifice capped by lava flows with coherent pillowed lavas and interbedded hyaloclastite exposed over nearly 400 m altitude on its east flank. Low sulphur content (<0.03 wt.%) in pillow rim glasses indicates that the lavas are degassed. It is interpreted that the vent built above the water (or ice) surface then fed lava flows that crossed a shoreline and produced pillowed flows. Pyramid Mountain is a volcanic cone 240 m high, comprised of glassy, vesicular, lapilli-tuff breccia. The highly alkalic glass contains 0.1 wt.% S (considered high), and indicates a high original volatile content and drastic quenching, probably during phreatomagmatic eruption from a meltwater-flooded vent. East of the Clearwater River a sequence of massive pillowed flows and pillow joint-block breccias is exposed from 880 to 1320 m elevation (0.27 ± 0.05 Ma). The vent location is unknown. Moderate S content (0.040–0.055 wt.%) indicates that the lavas were erupted in shallow water and are largely degassed. The S content of glass in dykes cutting the pillow breccias is low. The dykes are interpreted as lava that has flowed laterally or down into cracks
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e95-070","usgsCitation":"Hickson, C., Moore, J.G., Calk, L., and Metcalfe, P., 1995, Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, no. 7, p. 838-851, https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-070.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"838","endPage":"851","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Wells Gray- Clearwater region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ],\n [\n -119.33349609375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ],\n [\n -119.33349609375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickson, C.J.","contributorId":67256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calk, L.","contributorId":106264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Metcalfe, P.","contributorId":221675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207886,"text":"70207886 - 1995 - Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:18:00","indexId":"70207886","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:16:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We have studied 30 quenched tholeiitic lava flows recovered by 20 dredge hauls and one submersible dive along Puna Ridge, the submarine part of the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Glass grains from numerous additional flows were recovered in turbidite sands cored in the Hawaiian Trough. These quenched lavas document variable primary magma compositions; olivine and multiphase crystallization and fractionation; degassing; wall-rock stoping and assimilation; mixing in the crustal reservoir and the rift zone; entrainment of olivine xenocrysts from a hot, ductile, olivine cumulate body; and disruption of gabbro wallrocks in the rift zone.
Glass grains in turbidite sands contain up to 15⋅0wt% MgO, in contrast to < 7⋅0wt% MgO for the sampled glass rinds on lavas. The most forsteritic olivine phenocryst (F090·7) is in equilibrium with primary Kilauea liquid containing an average 16⋅5 wt% MgO, but ranging from 13⋅4 to 18⋅4%. Lavas and glass grains have more restricted P2O5/K2O and TiO2/K2O than glass inclusions in olivine, because more diverse liquids trapped as glass inclusions are mixed and homogenized before eruption. Variable trace element compositions in glass grains and whole rocks indicate that the primary liquids form by partial melting of mantle sources retaining clinopyroxene and garnet.
Orthopyroxene xenocrysts formed at moderate pressures provide evidence for a sub-crustal staging zone. Chromite and olivine crystallize in the crustal magma reservoir as the liquid cools from an average 1346°C to ∼1170°C. Low viscosities of the primary liquids (0·4 Pas) facilitate olivine settling, and the crystallized olivine forms an olivine cumulate body at the base of the reservoir. Olivine is deformed as the hot ductile dunite body flows down and away from the summit. This flow drives instability of the Hilina landslide on Kilauea. Dikes intrude the dunite, and magma flowing through the dikes disaggregates and entrains olivine xenocrysts in Puna Ridge magmas.
Primary liquids pond at or near the base of Kilauea's crustal reservoir because they are denser than more fractionated liquids that occupy the upper parts of the reservoir. The sulfur and water contents of glass rinds indicate that fractionated liquids near the top of the reservoir degas at low pressure, a process that increases their density and causes them to sink to levels where they mix with resident undegassed, near-primary liquid. The fractionated liquids near the top of the magma reservoir acquire excess Cl, owing to assimilation of hydrothermally altered roofrocks.
Magma flowing into the rift zone encounters and mixes with low-temperature, multiphase-fractionated melt. The mixed magmas typically contain rare orthopyroxene, plagioclase as sodic as andesine, olivine as fayalitic as F075 and Fe-rich augite derived from the fractionated magma. Magma flowing through dikes also dislodged fragments of gabbroic wallrocks that occur as xenoliths.
The interrelations in the Kilauean submarine lavas between host glass and glass inclusion compositions, volatile contents and mineral chemistry reveal an extraordinarily complex sequence of petrogenetic processes and events that are difficult or impossible to determine in subaerial Kilauea lavas because of crystallization, reequilibration and degassing during or after their eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.299","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., Dixon, J., and Friesen, W., 1995, Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 299-349, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, W.B.","contributorId":75532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207689,"text":"70207689 - 1995 - Seismic stratigraphic evidence of ice-sheet advances on the Wilkes Land margin of Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T21:05:33.296534","indexId":"70207689","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-06T13:05:51","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic stratigraphic evidence of ice-sheet advances on the Wilkes Land margin of Antarctica","docAbstract":"The Wilkes Land continental shelf, similar to other Antarctic shelves, is underlain by thick sequences of steeply prograded glacial diamictons. On the outer shelf, banks that are shallower than 400 m are separated by broad outer-shelf troughs that deepen landward. The prograded sequences are found preferentially in these broad outer-shelf troughs. We propose that these outer-shelf prograding wedges were deposited by fallout from deforming till-layer transport beneath ice streams at times of ice expansion onto the continental shelf. Such deforming till-layer transport has recently been proposed to explain seismic observations beneath ice stream B of the Ross Embayment. Two prominent erosional unconformities with stratal truncations of more than 500 m indicate erosional events that overdeepened the shelf and provided the accommodation space to allow the deposition of these prograding sequences in front of advancing ice streams at times of past glacial maxima. The erosional events that produced these extraordinary downcuts were caused by erosion by ice that expanded onto a shelf with water depths far too shallow for flotation. These two particular erosional surfaces developed either on an initially shallow shelf, or from an extraordinarily high flux of ice, or both.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(94)00130-M","usgsCitation":"Eittreim, S., Cooper, A.K., and Wannesson, J., 1995, Seismic stratigraphic evidence of ice-sheet advances on the Wilkes Land margin of Antarctica: Sedimentary Geology, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 131-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)00130-M.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"156","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science 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S. L.","contributorId":39409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wannesson, J.","contributorId":73268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wannesson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70248332,"text":"70248332 - 1995 - Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T18:06:38.257616","indexId":"70248332","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T13:01:48","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland","docAbstract":"The morphology and internal geometry of a mudflow deposit on the mainland slope of the Santa Barbara Basin are defined using high-resolution seismic-reflection data in combination with core samples. Sediment failure occurred on a 4 degrees slope in the uppermost part of late Quaternary well-bedded slope deposits. The failure zone extends from water depths of 374-510 m near the base of slope, occupies an area of 4 km 2 , and involved the translation of 0.01-0.02 km 3 of sediment. Major geomorphic features of the mudflow deposit include a headscarp 6-8 m high, a scar 50-700 m wide, and a main body 1 km long and 12 m thick. The hummocky surface of the mudflow deposits, their chaotic internal structure, and the bulbous toe tapering upslope to a thin tail are consistent with mass flow involving extensive internal deformation. Sediment failed in stages, ending with upslope retrogressive retreat of the headwall along the east side of the failure zone. Known sedimentation rates of 0.8-1.4 m/k.y., as well as the presence of a thin (0.15-0.5 m thick) sediment cap resting atop the scar surface, indicate that the failure probably occurred within the past few centuries. A geotechnical analysis incorporating the results of both static and dynamic triaxial strength tests shows that the failure was probably caused by a strong (M nearly equal 7.5) nearby earthquake. The weakened sediment that remained after earthquake shaking continued to flow down the gentle basin slope under the stresses generated by gravity alone. The analysis also shows that much of the slope sediment is marginally stable and that additional mudflows will probably occur during future strong seismic shaking.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1306/D4268022-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Edwards, B.D., Lee, H., and Field, M.E., 1995, Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A65, no. 1, p. 57-68, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268022-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"68","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 34.61195481822385\n ],\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 33.69657785984079\n ],\n [\n -119.03665816737208,\n 33.69657785984079\n ],\n [\n -119.03665816737208,\n 34.61195481822385\n ],\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 34.61195481822385\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"A65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Homa J. hjlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":1021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Homa J.","email":"hjlee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":882551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222724,"text":"5222724 - 1995 - Effects of diet on rate of body mass gain by wintering canvasbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T15:24:13.988779","indexId":"5222724","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of diet on rate of body mass gain by wintering canvasbacks","docAbstract":"Because habitat degradation has led to the loss of submerged vegetation in Chesapeake Bay, wintering canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) have shifted from a plant diet of American wildcelery (Vallisneria americana) to an animal diet of Baltic clams (Macoma balthica). We conducted experiments with pen-reared canvasbacks (n = 32, 1990; n = 32, 1991) to assess the effect of this diet change on mass recovery rate following a simulated period of food deprivation. During the recovery phase, canvasbacks were fed ad libitum either (1) Baltic clams (1991 only), (2) tubers of wildcelery, 3) corn, or (4) commercial control diet. Initial body mass of ducks did not differ between years (P = 0.754) or among pens (P > 0.264) or diets within years (1990, P = 0.520; 1991, P = 0.684). Body mass decline during food deprivation (x̄ = 26.0 g/day ± 0.6 SE) did not differ among diets (1990, P = 0.239; 1991, P = 0.062) or between sexes in 1990 (P = 0.197), but was greater (P = 0.039) for males (x̄ = 28 g/day ± 0.8 SE) than females (x̄ = 25 g/day ± 0.9) in 1991. Mass recovery rate differed between diets (clams excluded) in 1990 (P = 0.003) and 1991 (clams included) (P = 0.011); mean = 42 g•bird-1/day-1 ± 3.8 (SE) control diet, mean = 32 g•bird-1/day-1 ± 2.8 wildcelery tubers, mean = 24 g•bird-1/day-1 ± 4.9 whole corn, and mean = 23 g•bird-1/day-1 ± 1.0 Baltic clams. Canvasbacks consumed an average of 2,169 g•bird-1/day-1 of Baltic clams, 1,158 g•bird-1/day-1 of wildcelery tubers, 152 g•bird-1/day-1 whole corn, and 208 g•bird-1/day-1 (dry mass) control diet during recovery. Managers should restore and maintain aquatic plant foods that enhance winter survival of canvasbacks and other waterfowl in response to declining habitat quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809112","usgsCitation":"Jorde, D., Haramis, G., Bunck, C., and Pendleton, G.W., 1995, Effects of diet on rate of body mass gain by wintering canvasbacks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 1, p. 31-39, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809112.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.78751804727415,\n 39.461799146482804\n ],\n [\n -76.78751804727415,\n 36.943974594153346\n ],\n [\n -75.6742332623424,\n 36.943974594153346\n ],\n [\n -75.6742332623424,\n 39.461799146482804\n ],\n [\n -76.78751804727415,\n 39.461799146482804\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615f0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorde, Dennis G. djorde@usgs.gov","contributorId":12804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorde","given":"Dennis G.","email":"djorde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haramis, G. Michael mharamis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G. Michael","email":"mharamis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunck, Christine M.","contributorId":210764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunck","given":"Christine M.","affiliations":[{"id":38142,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD (Retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":336968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pendleton, Grey W.","contributorId":191446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pendleton","given":"Grey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169088,"text":"70169088 - 1995 - A regional monitoring network to investigate the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in near-surface aquifers of the midcontinental USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T12:00:28","indexId":"70169088","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T16:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A regional monitoring network to investigate the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in near-surface aquifers of the midcontinental USA","docAbstract":"