Salinization of coastal freshwater environments is a global issue. Increased salinity from sea level rise, storm surges, or other mechanisms is common in coastal freshwater marshes of Louisiana, USA. The effects of salinity increases on aquatic macroinvertebrates in these systems have received little attention, despite the importance of aquatic macroinvertebrates for nutrient cycling, biodiversity, and as a food source for vertebrate species. We used microcosm experiments to evaluate the effects of salinity, duration of exposure, and prey availability on the relative survival of dominant aquatic macroinvertebrates (i.e., Procambarus clarkii Girard, Cambarellus puer Hobbs, Libellulidae, Dytiscidae cybister) in a freshwater marsh of southwestern Louisiana. We hypothesized that increased salinity, absence of prey, and increased duration of exposure would decrease survival of aquatic macroinvertebrates and that crustaceans would have higher survival than aquatic insect taxon. Our first hypothesis was only partially supported as only salinity increases combined with prolonged exposure duration affected aquatic macroinvertebrate survival. Furthermore, crustaceans had higher survival than aquatic insects. Salinity stress may cause mortality when acting together with other stressful conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nederlandse Vereniging voor Aquatische Ecologie","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/s10452-012-9410-3","collaboration":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; International Crane Foundation; Louisiana State University AgCenter Animal Care","usgsCitation":"Kang, S., and King, S.L., 2012, Influence of salinity and prey presence on the survival of aquatic macroinvertebrates of a freshwater marsh: Aquatic Ecology, v. 46, no. 4, p. 411-420, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-012-9410-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-031164","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5565994ae4b0d9246a9eb62b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kang, Sung-Ryong","contributorId":140927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kang","given":"Sung-Ryong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70133843,"text":"70133843 - 2012 - Regression modeling of particle size distributions in urban stormwater: Advancements through improved sample collection methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T18:42:02.643375","indexId":"70133843","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-03T12:41:39","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regression modeling of particle size distributions in urban stormwater: Advancements through improved sample collection methods","docAbstract":"A new sample collection system was developed to improve the representation of sediment entrained in urban storm water by integrating water quality samples from the entire water column. The depth-integrated sampler arm (DISA) was able to mitigate sediment stratification bias in storm water, thereby improving the characterization of suspended-sediment concentration and particle size distribution at three independent study locations. Use of the DISA decreased variability, which improved statistical regression to predict particle size distribution using surrogate environmental parameters, such as precipitation depth and intensity. The performance of this statistical modeling technique was compared to results using traditional fixed-point sampling methods and was found to perform better. When environmental parameters can be used to predict particle size distributions, environmental managers have more options when characterizing concentrations, loads, and particle size distributions in urban runoff.
Historically, Forster’s Terns (Sterna forsteri), American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana), and Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) were uncommon residents of San Francisco Bay, California (Grinnell and others, 1918; Grinnell and Wythe, 1927; Sibley, 1952). Presently, however, avocets and stilts are the two most abundant breeding shorebirds in San Francisco Bay (Stenzel and others, 2002; Rintoul and others, 2003). More than 4,000 avocets and 1,000 stilts, roughly 20 percent of their San Francisco Bay wintering populations, breed within the estuary, making San Francisco Bay the largest breeding area for these species on the Pacific Coast (Stenzel and others, 2002; Rintoul and others, 2003). Forster’s Terns were first observed breeding in the San Francisco Bay in 1948 (110 nests); they had increased to over 4000 individuals by the 1980s (Sibley, 1952; Gill, 1977; Harvey and others, 1992; Carter and others, 1990) and were estimated at 2000–3000 for 1998–2002; (Strong and others, 2004).
It is hypothesized that the relatively large size of the current waterbird breeding populations is a result of the creation of artificial salt evaporation ponds from the 1930s through the 1950s (Gill, 1977; Goals Project, 1999). Until recently, these salt ponds and associated islands used by waterbirds for nesting have been managed relatively similarly and have supported large breeding waterbird populations. Recently, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project has implemented plans to convert 50–90 percent of the 15,000 acres of salt ponds in the South San Francisco Bay back to tidal marsh habitat. Therefore, there is concern that the Restoration Project, while benefiting other native species, could negatively influence local breeding populations of waterbirds that are reliant on salt pond habitats for both breeding and foraging. A primary goal of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project is to maintain current breeding waterbird populations (South Bay Salt Pond Long-Term Restoration Project, 2004); thus, specific efforts are planned to ensure that the Restoration Project enhances the habitats of the remaining salt ponds for breeding waterbirds.
Here, we provide a summary of nesting ecology data for Forster’s Terns, American Avocets, and Black-necked Stilts, collected from 2005 to 2010 in the areas of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, including lands managed by the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge and Eden Landing Ecological Reserve. These results provide baseline conditions for breeding waterbirds prior to implementation of most restoration actions and can be used to both guide future restoration actions as well as to determine the effect of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project on breeding waterbirds. It is imperative to continue to collect nesting waterbird data annually to assess the response of birds to the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121145","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, J., and Herzog, M., 2012, Waterbird nest monitoring program in San Francisco Bay (2005-10): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1145, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121145.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1145.jpg"},{"id":259424,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1145/pdf/ofr20121145.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1145/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Eden Landing Ecological Reserve;South Bay Salt Pond","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25,37.416666666666664 ], [ -122.25,37.666666666666664 ], [ -121.91666666666667,37.666666666666664 ], [ -121.91666666666667,37.416666666666664 ], [ -122.25,37.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf35e4b08c986b32e7a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. mherzog@usgs.gov","contributorId":3965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark P.","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039420,"text":"ds689 - 2012 - Selected historic agricultural data important to environmental quality in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-04T17:16:28","indexId":"ds689","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"689","title":"Selected historic agricultural data important to environmental quality in the United States","docAbstract":"This report and the accompanying tables summarize some of the important changes in American agriculture in the form of a timeline and a compilation of selected annual time-series data that can be broadly related to environmental quality. Although these changes have been beneficial for increasing agricultural production, some of them have resulted in environmental concerns. The agriculture timeline is divided into four categories (1) crop and animal changes, (2) mechanical changes, (3) biological and chemical changes, and (4) regulatory and societal changes. The timeline attempts to compile events that have had a lasting impact on agriculture in the United States. The events and data presented in this report may help to improve the connections between agricultural activist and environmental concerns.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds689","collaboration":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Grey, K., Capel, P.D., Baker, N.T., and Thelin, G.P., 2012, Selected historic agricultural data important to environmental quality in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 689, iii, 2 p.; XLS: Tables 1 to 4; PDF: Tables 1 to 4, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds689.","productDescription":"iii, 2 p.; XLS: Tables 1 to 4; PDF: Tables 1 to 4","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259425,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/689/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259426,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/689/pdf/DS689.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_689.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173,16.916666666666668 ], [ 173,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,16.916666666666668 ], [ 173,16.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8c46e4b08c986b317dcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grey, Katia M.","contributorId":36393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grey","given":"Katia M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Nancy T. 0000-0002-7979-5744 ntbaker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7979-5744","contributorId":1955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Nancy","email":"ntbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thelin, Gail P.","contributorId":75178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelin","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70039389,"text":"sir20125106 - 2012 - Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and organic wastewater compounds in Pennsylvania waters, 2006-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-28T15:39:23","indexId":"sir20125106","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5106","title":"Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and organic wastewater compounds in Pennsylvania waters, 2006-09","docAbstract":"Concern over the presence of contaminants of emerging concern, such as pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, and organic wastewater compounds (OWCs), in waters of the United States and elsewhere is growing. Laboratory techniques developed within the last decade or new techniques currently under development within the U.S. Geological Survey now allow these compounds to be measured at concentrations in nanograms per liter. These new laboratory techniques were used in a reconnaissance study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, to determine the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in streams, streambed sediment, and groundwater of Pennsylvania. Compounds analyzed for in the study are pharmaceuticals (human and veterinary drugs), hormones (natural and synthetic), and OWCs (detergents, fragrances, pesticides, industrial compounds, disinfectants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fire retardants and plasticizers). Reconnaissance sampling was conducted from 2006 to 2009 to identify contaminants of emerging concern in (1) groundwater from wells used to supply livestock, (2) streamwater upstream and downstream from animal feeding operations, (3) streamwater upstream from and streamwater and streambed sediment downstream from municipal wastewater effluent discharges, (4) streamwater from sites within 5 miles of drinking-water intakes, and (5) streamwater and streambed sediment where fish health assessments were conducted. Of the 44 pharmaceutical compounds analyzed in groundwater samples collected in 2006 from six wells used to supply livestock, only cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) and the antibiotics tylosin and sulfamethoxazole were detected. The maximum concentration of any contaminant of emerging concern was 24 nanograms per liter (ng/L) for cotinine, and was detected in a groundwater sample from a Lebanon County, Pa., well. Seven pharmaceutical compounds including acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, and the four antibiotics tylosin, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and oxytetracycline were detected in streamwater samples collected in 2006 from six paired stream sampling sites located upstream and downstream from animal-feeding operations. The highest reported concentration of these seven compounds was for the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (157 ng/L), in a sample from the downstream site on Snitz Creek in Lancaster County, Pa. Twenty-one pharmaceutical compounds were detected in streamwater samples collected in 2006 from five paired stream sampling sites located upstream or downstream from a municipal wastewater-effluent-discharge site. The most commonly detected compounds and maximum concentrations were the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, 276 ng/L; the antihistamine diphenhydramine, 135 ng/L; and the antibiotics ofloxacin, 329 ng/L; sulfamethoxazole, 1,340 ng/L; and trimethoprim, 256 ng/L. A total of 51 different contaminants of emerging concern were detected in streamwater samples collected from 2007 through 2009 at 13 stream sampling sites located downstream from a wastewater-effluent-discharge site. The concentrations and numbers of compounds detected were higher in stream sites downstream from a wastewater-effluent-discharge site than in stream sites upstream from a wastewater-effluent-discharge site. This finding indicates that wastewater-effluent discharges are a source of contaminants of emerging concern; these contaminants were present more frequently in the streambed-sediment samples than in streamwater samples. Antibiotic compounds were often present in both the streamwater and streambed-sediment samples, but many OWCs were present exclusively in the streambed-sediment samples. Compounds with endocrine disrupting potential including detergent metabolites, pesticides, and flame retardants, were present in the streamwater and streambed-sediment samples. Killinger Creek, a stream where wastewater-effluent discharges contribute a large percentage of the total flow, stands out as a stream with particularly high numbers of compounds detected and detected at the highest concentrations measured in the reconnaissance sampling. Nineteen contaminants of emerging concern were detected in streamwater samples collected quarterly from 2007 through 2009 at 27 stream sites within 5 miles of a drinking-water intake. The number of contaminants and the concentrations detected at the stream sites within 5 miles of drinking-water intakes were generally very low (concentrations less than 50 ng/L), much lower than those at sites downstream from a wastewater-effluent discharge. The most commonly detected compounds and maximum concentrations were caffeine, 517 ng/L; carbamazepine, 95 ng/L; sulfamethoxazole, 146 ng/L; and estrone, 3.15 ng/L. The concentrations and frequencies of detection of some of the contaminants of emerging concern appear to vary by season, which could be explained by compound use, flow regime, or differences in degradation rates. Concentrations of some contaminants were associated with lower flows as a result of decreased in-stream dilution of wastewater effluents or other contamination sources. Twenty-two contaminants of emerging concern were detected once each in streamwater samples collected in 2007 and 2008 from 16 fish-health stream sites located statewide. The highest concentrations were for the OWCs, including flame retardants tri(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (604 ng/L) and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (272 ng/L) and the fragrance isoquinoline (330 ng/L). Far fewer numbers of contaminants of emerging concern were detected at the fish-health sites than at the wastewater-effluent-discharge sites. Most of the fish-health sites were not located directly downstream from a wastewater-effluent discharge, but there were multiple wastewater-effluent discharges in the drainage basins upstream from the sampling sites. No distinct pattern of contaminant occurrence could be discerned for the fish-health stream sites","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125106","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Reif, A.G., Crawford, J.K., Loper, C.A., Proctor, A., Manning, R., and Titler, R., 2012, Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and organic wastewater compounds in Pennsylvania waters, 2006-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5106, x, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125106.","productDescription":"x, 99 p.","numberOfPages":"109","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5106.png"},{"id":259411,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5106/pdf/sir2012-5106.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259412,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Allegheny River;Delaware River;East Branch Susquehanna River;Junniata River;Monongahela River;Ohio River;Schuylkill River;West Branch Susquehanna River;Youghiogeny River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.33333333333333,39.71666666666667 ], [ -78.33333333333333,41.333333333333336 ], [ -75.83333333333333,41.333333333333336 ], [ -75.83333333333333,39.71666666666667 ], [ -78.33333333333333,39.71666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c27e4b0c8380cd74a9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, J. Kent","contributorId":54176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loper, Connie A.","contributorId":62243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"Connie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Proctor, Arianne","contributorId":14225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proctor","given":"Arianne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Manning, Rhonda","contributorId":54044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Rhonda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Titler, Robert","contributorId":26548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titler","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70039339,"text":"70039339 - 2012 - Emergence of fatal avian influenza in New England harbor seals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-29T15:22:39","indexId":"70039339","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3819,"text":"mBio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emergence of fatal avian influenza in New England harbor seals","docAbstract":"From September to December 2011, 162 New England harbor seals died in an outbreak of pneumonia. Sequence analysis of postmortem samples revealed the presence of an avian H3N8 influenza A virus, similar to a virus circulating in North American waterfowl since at least 2002 but with mutations that indicate recent adaption to mammalian hosts. These include a D701N mutation in the viral PB2 protein, previously reported in highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses infecting people. Lectin staining and agglutination assays indicated the presence of the avian-preferred SAα-2,3 and mammalian SAα-2,6 receptors in seal respiratory tract, and the ability of the virus to agglutinate erythrocytes bearing either the SAα-2,3 or the SAα-2,6 receptor. The emergence of this A/harbor seal/Massachusetts/1/2011 virus may herald the appearance of an H3N8 influenza clade with potential for persistence and cross-species transmission.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"mBio","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1128/mBio.00166-12","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S., St. Leger, J.A., Pugliares, K., Ip, H., Chan, J., Carpenter, Z., Navarrete-Macias, I., Sanchez-Leon, M., Saliki, J., Pedersen, J., Karesh, W., Daszak, P., Rabadan, R., Rowles, T., and Lipkin, W., 2012, Emergence of fatal avian influenza in New England harbor seals: mBio, v. 3, no. 4, published online, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00166-12.","productDescription":"published online, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474384,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00166-12","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":259433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259422,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00166-12"},{"id":259420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mbio.asm.org/content/3/4/e00166-12.abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259421,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mbio.asm.org/content/3/4/e00166-12.full.pdf+html","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.685302734375,\n 40.9052096972736\n ],\n [\n -72.9052734375,\n 41.178653972331695\n ],\n [\n -71.9384765625,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -71.619873046875,\n 41.28606238749825\n ],\n [\n -71.34521484375,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -70.99365234375,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -70.09277343749999,\n 41.17038447781618\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -69.818115234375,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -70.103759765625,\n 42.187829010590825\n ],\n [\n -70.59814453125,\n 42.285437007491545\n ],\n [\n -70.609130859375,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -70.55419921875,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -70.6201171875,\n 43.02071359427862\n ],\n [\n -70.015869140625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -69.005126953125,\n 43.73935207915473\n ],\n [\n -68.126220703125,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -66.873779296875,\n 44.81691551782855\n ],\n [\n -66.939697265625,\n 44.95702412512118\n ],\n [\n -68.22509765625,\n 44.629573191951046\n ],\n [\n -68.873291015625,\n 44.61393394730626\n ],\n [\n -69.686279296875,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -70.2685546875,\n 43.8899753738369\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -71.05957031249999,\n 42.69051116998241\n ],\n [\n -71.158447265625,\n 42.35042512243457\n ],\n [\n -70.740966796875,\n 41.84501267270692\n ],\n [\n -71.488037109375,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -71.71875,\n 41.50034959128928\n ],\n [\n -73.333740234375,\n 41.27780646738183\n ],\n [\n -73.795166015625,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 40.971603532799115\n ],\n [\n -73.685302734375,\n 40.9052096972736\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08ebe4b0c8380cd51d09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, S.J.","contributorId":82933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"St. Leger, J. A.","contributorId":6316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"St. Leger","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pugliares, K.","contributorId":46355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugliares","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ip, Hon S. 0000-0003-4844-7533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":15829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"Hon S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chan, J.M.","contributorId":69408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carpenter, Z.W.","contributorId":80951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Z.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Navarrete-Macias, I.","contributorId":80952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navarrete-Macias","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sanchez-Leon, M.","contributorId":87019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Leon","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Saliki, J.T.","contributorId":7131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saliki","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pedersen, J.","contributorId":61269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedersen","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Karesh, W.","contributorId":48434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karesh","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Daszak, P.","contributorId":58983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daszak","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Rabadan, R.","contributorId":53226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabadan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Rowles, T.","contributorId":16135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowles","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Lipkin, W.I.","contributorId":9877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipkin","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70160894,"text":"70160894 - 2012 - An at-grade stabilization structure impact on runoff and suspended sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T15:10:00","indexId":"70160894","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An at-grade stabilization structure impact on runoff and suspended sediment","docAbstract":"In recent years, agricultural runoff has received more attention as a major contributor to surface water pollution. This is especially true for the unglaciated area of Wisconsin, given this area's steep topography, which makes it highly susceptible to runoff and soil loss. We evaluated the ability of an at-grade stabilization structure (AGSS), designed as a conservation practice to reduce the amount of overland runoff and suspended sediment transported to the surface waters of an agricultural watershed. Eight years of storm and baseflow data collected by the US Geological Survey–Wisconsin Water Science Center on a farm in west central Wisconsin were analyzed for changes in precipitation, storm runoff volume, and suspended sediment concentration before and after installation of an AGSS. The agricultural research site was designed as a paired watershed study in which monitoring stations were installed on the perennial streams draining both control and treatment watersheds. Linear mixed effects model analyses were conducted to determine if any statistically significant changes occurred in the water quality parameters before and after the AGSS was installed. Results indicated no significant changes (p = 0.51) in average event precipitation and runoff volumes before and after installation of the AGSS in either the treatment (NW) or control (SW) watersheds. However, the AGSS did significantly reduce the average suspended sediment concentration in the event runoff water (p = 0.02) in the NW from 972 to 263 mg L–1. In addition, particle size analyses, using light diffraction techniques, were conducted on soil samples taken from within the AGSS and adjacent valley and ridge top to determine if suspended sediments were being retained within the structure. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly (p < 0.001) larger proportion of clay inside the AGSS (37%) than outside (30%). These results indicate that the AGSS was successful in reducing the amount of suspended sediment transported to nearby surface waters. The cost of an AGSS can range from US$3,500 to US$8,000, depending on size. Thus, these structures provide a cheap and effective means of improving water quality in highly erosive landscapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Conservation Society of America","publisherLocation":"Ankeny, IA","doi":"10.2489/jswc.67.4.237","usgsCitation":"Minks, K.R., Lowery, B., Madison, F.W., Ruark, M., Frame, D.R., Stuntebeck, T.D., and Komiskey, M.J., 2012, An at-grade stabilization structure impact on runoff and suspended sediment: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 67, no. 4, p. 237-248, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.67.4.237.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-031188","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313247,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Traverse Valley Creek Watersheds","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.40899658203125,\n 43.982933852960805\n ],\n [\n -91.3128662109375,\n 44.06588017158586\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 44.16447445668458\n ],\n [\n -90.82672119140625,\n 44.327777761284445\n ],\n [\n -90.89813232421875,\n 44.51805165000557\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 44.666699513609174\n ],\n [\n -91.27166748046875,\n 44.766236875162335\n ],\n [\n -91.4886474609375,\n 44.79937794671695\n ],\n [\n -91.71936035156249,\n 44.76428680790121\n ],\n [\n -91.90887451171875,\n 44.68818283842486\n ],\n [\n -92.01324462890625,\n 44.59633476144439\n ],\n [\n -92.08465576171875,\n 44.44554600843547\n ],\n [\n -91.95281982421875,\n 44.351350365612305\n ],\n [\n -91.87591552734374,\n 44.2294565683017\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 44.11125397357155\n ],\n [\n -91.61773681640625,\n 44.04614157509527\n ],\n [\n -91.40899658203125,\n 43.982933852960805\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5c0e4b0e7594ee77648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minks, Kyle R.","contributorId":151053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Minks","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18172,"text":"UW-Madison Dept. of Soil Science, Madison, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":584189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowery, Birl","contributorId":151050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowery","given":"Birl","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18172,"text":"UW-Madison Dept. of Soil Science, Madison, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":584186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madison, Fred W.","contributorId":151052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Madison","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":18172,"text":"UW-Madison Dept. of Soil Science, Madison, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":584188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruark, Matthew","contributorId":151056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruark","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":584190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frame, Dennis R.","contributorId":77282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frame","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stuntebeck, Todd D. 0000-0002-8405-7295 tdstunte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8405-7295","contributorId":902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuntebeck","given":"Todd","email":"tdstunte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":584185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Komiskey, Matthew J. 0000-0003-2962-6974 mjkomisk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2962-6974","contributorId":1776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komiskey","given":"Matthew","email":"mjkomisk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":584184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70125653,"text":"70125653 - 2012 - Nematomorph parasites indirectly alter the food web and ecosystem function of streams through behavioural manipulation of their cricket hosts.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T13:24:49","indexId":"70125653","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T13:24:08","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nematomorph parasites indirectly alter the food web and ecosystem function of streams through behavioural manipulation of their cricket hosts.","docAbstract":"Nematomorph parasites manipulate crickets to enter streams where the parasites reproduce. These manipulated crickets become a substantial food subsidy for stream fishes. We used a field experiment to investigate how this subsidy affects the stream community and ecosystem function. When crickets were available, predatory fish ate fewer benthic invertebrates. The resulting release of the benthic invertebrate community from fish predation indirectly decreased the biomass of benthic algae and slightly increased leaf break-down rate. This is the first experimental demonstration that host manipulation by a parasite can reorganise a community and alter ecosystem function. Nematomorphs are common, and many other parasites have dramatic effects on host phenotypes, suggesting that similar effects of parasites on ecosystems might be widespread.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01798.x","usgsCitation":"Sato, T., Egusa, T., Fukushima, K., Oda, T., Ohte, N., Tokuchi, N., Watanabe, K., Kanaiwa, M., Murakami, I., and Lafferty, K.D., 2012, Nematomorph parasites indirectly alter the food web and ecosystem function of streams through behavioural manipulation of their cricket hosts.: Ecology Letters, v. 15, no. 8, p. 786-793, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01798.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"786","endPage":"793","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-036222","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294040,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01798.x"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf440e4b0e96537ddf78f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sato, T.","contributorId":65753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Egusa, T.","contributorId":72727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egusa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fukushima, K.","contributorId":84287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukushima","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oda, T.","contributorId":82235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oda","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohte, N.","contributorId":16143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohte","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tokuchi, Naoko","contributorId":94428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokuchi","given":"Naoko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Watanabe, Katsutoshi","contributorId":45448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watanabe","given":"Katsutoshi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kanaiwa, Minoru","contributorId":50278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kanaiwa","given":"Minoru","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Murakami, Isaya","contributorId":54911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murakami","given":"Isaya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70110899,"text":"70110899 - 2012 - Updating the debate on model complexity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-02T11:16:48","indexId":"70110899","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T11:14:42","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Updating the debate on model complexity","docAbstract":"As scientists who are trying to understand a complex natural world that cannot be fully characterized in the field, how can we best inform the society in which we live? This founding context was addressed in a special session, “Complexity in Modeling: How Much is Too Much?” convened at the 2011 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting. The session had a variety of thought-provoking presentations—ranging from philosophy to cost-benefit analyses—and provided some areas of broad agreement that were not evident in discussions of the topic in 1998 (Hunt and Zheng, 1999). The session began with a short introduction during which model complexity was framed borrowing from an economic concept, the Law of Diminishing Returns, and an example of enjoyment derived by eating ice cream. Initially, there is increasing satisfaction gained from eating more ice cream, to a point where the gain in satisfaction starts to decrease, ending at a point when the eater sees no value in eating more ice cream. A traditional view of model complexity is similar—understanding gained from modeling can actually decrease if models become unnecessarily complex. However, oversimplified models—those that omit important aspects of the problem needed to make a good prediction—can also limit and confound our understanding. Thus, the goal of all modeling is to find the “sweet spot” of model sophistication—regardless of whether complexity was added sequentially to an overly simple model or collapsed from an initial highly parameterized framework that uses mathematics and statistics to attain an optimum (e.g., Hunt et al., 2007). Thus, holistic parsimony is attained, incorporating “as simple as possible,” as well as the equally important corollary “but no simpler.”","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/GSATG150GW.1","usgsCitation":"Simmons, C.T., and Hunt, R.J., 2012, Updating the debate on model complexity: GSA Today, v. 22, no. 8, p. 28-29, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG150GW.1.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"2","ipdsId":"IP-035327","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287954,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GSATG150GW.1"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae788ce4b0abf75cf2d830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simmons, Craig T.","contributorId":71889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simmons","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":13412,"text":"Flinders University, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":494184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156329,"text":"70156329 - 2012 - Identifying the decision to be supported: a review of papers from environmental modelling and software","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T14:48:30.002291","indexId":"70156329","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"chapter":"A","subchapterNumber":"Environmental Information-, Decision Support-, and Software Systems","title":"Identifying the decision to be supported: a review of papers from environmental modelling and software","docAbstract":"Two of the basic tenets of decision support system efforts are to help identify and structure the decisions to be supported, and to then provide analysis in how those decisions might be best made. One example from wetland management would be that wildlife biologists must decide when to draw down water levels to optimise aquatic invertebrates as food for breeding ducks. Once such a decision is identified, a system or tool to help them make that decision in the face of current and projected climate conditions could be developed. We examined a random sample of 100 papers published from 2001-2011 in Environmental Modelling and Software that used the phrase “decision support system” or “decision support tool”, and which are characteristic of different sectors. In our review, 41% of the systems and tools related to the water resources sector, 34% were related to agriculture, and 22% to the conservation of fish, wildlife, and protected area management. Only 60% of the papers were deemed to be reporting on DSS. This was based on the papers reviewed not having directly identified a specific decision to be supported. We also report on the techniques that were used to identify the decisions, such as formal survey, focus group, expert opinion, or sole judgment of the author(s). The primary underlying modelling system, e.g., expert system, agent based model, Bayesian belief network, geographical information system (GIS), and the like was categorised next. Finally, since decision support typically should target some aspect of unstructured decisions, we subjectively determined to what degree this was the case. In only 23% of the papers reviewed, did the system appear to tackle unstructured decisions. This knowledge should be useful in helping workers in the field develop more effective systems and tools, especially by being exposed to the approaches in different, but related, disciplines. We propose that a standard blueprint for reporting on DSS be developed for consideration by journal editors to aid them in filtering papers that use the term, “decision support”.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) 2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Managing resources of a limited planet: pathways and visions under uncertainty, sixth biennial meeting, Leipzig, Germany","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 1-5, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Leipzig, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society","isbn":"978-88-9035-742-8","usgsCitation":"Sojda, R.S., Chen, S.H., Elsawah, S., Guillaume, J.H., Jakeman, A., Lautenbach, S., McIntosh, B.S., Rizzoli, A., Seppelt, R., Struss, P., Voinov, A., and Volk, M., 2012, Identifying the decision to be supported: a review of papers from environmental modelling and software, in International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) 2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Managing resources of a limited planet: pathways and visions under uncertainty, sixth biennial meeting, Leipzig, Germany, Leipzig, Germany, July 1-5, 2012, p. 73-80.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"80","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":306973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Germany","city":"Leipzig","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 11.7498779296875,\n 51.13110763758015\n ],\n [\n 11.7498779296875,\n 51.549751017014195\n ],\n [\n 13.0078125,\n 51.549751017014195\n ],\n [\n 13.0078125,\n 51.13110763758015\n ],\n [\n 11.7498779296875,\n 51.13110763758015\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8b1e4b0518e3546a4c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sojda, Richard S. sojda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojda","given":"Richard","email":"sojda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Serena H.","contributorId":146682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Serena","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elsawah, Sondoss","contributorId":146686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elsawah","given":"Sondoss","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guillaume, Joseph H.A.","contributorId":146687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guillaume","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jakeman, A.J.","contributorId":12639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakeman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lautenbach, Sven","contributorId":146688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lautenbach","given":"Sven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McIntosh, Brian S.","contributorId":146689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIntosh","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rizzoli, A.E.","contributorId":113184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzoli","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Seppelt, Ralf","contributorId":146691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seppelt","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Struss, Peter","contributorId":75853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Struss","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Voinov, Alexey","contributorId":23046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voinov","given":"Alexey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Volk, Martin","contributorId":146695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Volk","given":"Martin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70039314,"text":"70039314 - 2012 - Population dynamics of Hawaiian seabird colonies vulnerable to sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-19T14:00:37","indexId":"70039314","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of Hawaiian seabird colonies vulnerable to sea-level rise","docAbstract":"Globally, seabirds are vulnerable to anthropogenic threats both at sea and on land. Seabirds typically nest colonially and show strong fidelity to natal colonies, and such colonies on low-lying islands may be threatened by sea-level rise. We used French Frigate Shoals, the largest atoll in the Hawaiian Archipelago, as a case study to explore the population dynamics of seabird colonies and the potential effects sea-level rise may have on these rookeries. We compiled historic observations, a 30-year time series of seabird population abundance, lidar-derived elevations, and aerial imagery of all the islands of French Frigate Shoals. To estimate the population dynamics of 8 species of breeding seabirds on Tern Island from 1980 to 2009, we used a Gompertz model with a Bayesian approach to infer population growth rates, density dependence, process variation, and observation error. All species increased in abundance, in a pattern that provided evidence of density dependence. Great Frigatebirds (Fregata minor), Masked Boobies (Sula dactylatra), Red-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda), Spectacled Terns (Onychoprion lunatus), and White Terns (Gygis alba) are likely at carrying capacity. Density dependence may exacerbate the effects of sea-level rise on seabirds because populations near carrying capacity on an island will be more negatively affected than populations with room for growth. We projected 12% of French Frigate Shoals will be inundated if sea level rises 1 m and 28% if sea level rises 2 m. Spectacled Terns and shrub-nesting species are especially vulnerable to sea-level rise, but seawalls and habitat restoration may mitigate the effects of sea-level rise. Losses of seabird nesting habitat may be substantial in the Hawaiian Islands by 2100 if sea levels rise 2 m. Restoration of higher-elevation seabird colonies represent a more enduring conservation solution for Pacific seabirds.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01853.x","usgsCitation":"Hatfield, J.S., Reynolds, M.H., Seavy, N., and Krause, C.M., 2012, Population dynamics of Hawaiian seabird colonies vulnerable to sea-level rise: Conservation Biology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 667-678, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01853.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"678","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259358,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01853.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d48e4b0c8380cd79e63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":95187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seavy, Nathaniel E.","contributorId":19829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seavy","given":"Nathaniel E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krause, Crystal M.","contributorId":101919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"Crystal","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70039369,"text":"70039369 - 2012 - Dam removal increases American eel abundance in distant headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-02T01:01:49","indexId":"70039369","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dam removal increases American eel abundance in distant headwater streams","docAbstract":"American eel Anguilla rostrata abundances have undergone significant declines over the last 50 years, and migration barriers have been recognized as a contributing cause. We evaluated eel abundances in headwater streams of Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, to compare sites before and after the removal of a large downstream dam in 2004 (Embrey Dam, Rappahannock River). Eel abundances in headwater streams increased significantly after the removal of Embrey Dam. Observed eel abundances after dam removal exceeded predictions derived from autoregressive models parameterized with data prior to dam removal. Mann–Kendall analyses also revealed consistent increases in eel abundances from 2004 to 2010 but inconsistent temporal trends before dam removal. Increasing eel numbers could not be attributed to changes in local physical habitat (i.e., mean stream depth or substrate size) or regional population dynamics (i.e., abundances in Maryland streams or Virginia estuaries). Dam removal was associated with decreasing minimum eel lengths in headwater streams, suggesting that the dam previously impeded migration of many small-bodied individuals (<300 mm TL). We hypothesize that restoring connectivity to headwater streams could increase eel population growth rates by increasing female eel numbers and fecundity. This study demonstrated that dams may influence eel abundances in headwater streams up to 150 river kilometers distant, and that dam removal may provide benefits for eel management and conservation at the landscape scale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2012.675918","usgsCitation":"Hitt, N.P., Eyler, S., and Wofford, J.E., 2012, Dam removal increases American eel abundance in distant headwater streams: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 5, p. 1171-1179, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.675918.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1171","endPage":"1179","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.675918","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","volume":"141","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd5de4b0c8380cd4e7d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hitt, Nathaniel P. 0000-0002-1046-4568 nhitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":4435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nhitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eyler, Sheila","contributorId":13087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyler","given":"Sheila","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wofford, John E. B.","contributorId":38951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wofford","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042956,"text":"70042956 - 2012 - Carbon sequestration via reaction with basaltic rocks: geochemical modeling and experimental results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-04T12:18:45","indexId":"70042956","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon sequestration via reaction with basaltic rocks: geochemical modeling and experimental results","docAbstract":"Basaltic rocks are potential repositories for sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) because of their capacity for trapping CO2 in carbonate minerals. We carried out a series of thermodynamic equilibrium models and high pressure experiments, reacting basalt with CO2-charged fluids over a range of conditions from 50 to 200 °C at 300 bar. Results indicate basalt has a high reactivity to CO2 acidified brine. Carbon dioxide is taken up from solution at all temperatures from 50 to 200 °C, 300 bar, but the maximum extent and rate of reaction occurs at 100 °C, 300 bar. Reaction path simulations utilizing the geochemical modeling program CHILLER predicted an equilibrium carbonate alteration assemblage of calcite, magnesite, and siderite, but the only secondary carbonate identified in the experiments was a ferroan magnesite. The amount of uptake at 100 °C, 300 bar ranged from 8% by weight for a typical tholeite to 26% for a picrite. The actual amount of CO2 uptake and extent of rock alteration coincides directly with the magnesium content of the rock suggesting that overall reaction extent is controlled by bulk basalt Mg content. In terms of sequestering CO2, an average basaltic MgO content of 8% is equivalent to 2.6 × 108 metric ton CO2/km3 basalt.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.042","usgsCitation":"Rosenbauer, R.J., Thomas, B., Bischoff, J.L., and Palandri, J., 2012, Carbon sequestration via reaction with basaltic rocks: geochemical modeling and experimental results: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 89, p. 116-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.042.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-026535","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270536,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.042"}],"volume":"89","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515d4f63e4b0803bd2eec51c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Burt","contributorId":95454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Burt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palandri, James","contributorId":61313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palandri","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038239,"text":"70038239 - 2012 - Transport of biologically important nutrients by wind in an eroding cold desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-14T15:03:20","indexId":"70038239","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":666,"text":"Aeolian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of biologically important nutrients by wind in an eroding cold desert","docAbstract":"Wind erosion following fire is an important landscape process that can result in the redistribution of ecologically important soil resources. In this study we evaluated the potential for a fire patch in a desert shrubland to serve as a source of biologically important nutrients to the adjacent, downwind, unburned ecosystem. We analyzed nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Al) in wind-transported sediments, and soils from burned and adjacent unburned surfaces, collected during the first to second growing seasons after a wildfire that burned in 2007 in Idaho, USA in sagebrush steppe; a type of cold desert shrubland. We also evaluated the timing of potential wind erosion events and weather conditions that might have contributed to nutrient availability in downwind shrubland. Findings indicated that post-fire wind erosion resulted in an important, but transient, addition of nutrients on the downwind shrubland. Aeolian sediments from the burned area were enriched relative to both the up- and down-wind soil and indicated the potential for a fertilization effect through the deposition of the nutrient-enriched sediment during the first, but not second, summer after wildfire. Weather conditions that could have produced nutrient transport events might have provided increased soil moisture necessary to make nutrients accessible for plants in the desert environment. Wind transport of nutrients following fire is likely important in the sagebrush steppe as it could contribute to pulses of resource availability that might, for example, affect plant species differently depending on their phenology, and nutrient- and water-use requirements.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aeolian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.01.003","usgsCitation":"Sankey, J.B., Germino, M., Benner, S.G., Glenn, N.F., and Hoover, A.N., 2012, Transport of biologically important nutrients by wind in an eroding cold desert: Aeolian Research, v. 7, p. 17-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.01.003.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":254625,"rank":200,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.01.003","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb74ae4b08c986b327195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sankey, Joel B. 0000-0003-3150-4992 jsankey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-4992","contributorId":3935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Joel","email":"jsankey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Germino, Matthew J.","contributorId":50029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Germino","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benner, Shawn G.","contributorId":26562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benner","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glenn, Nancy F.","contributorId":95321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":463722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoover, Amber N.","contributorId":75801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"Amber","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70045129,"text":"70045129 - 2012 - Deterministic estimation of hydrological thresholds for shallow landslide initiation and slope stability models: case study from the Somma-Vesuvius area of southern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-15T11:19:59","indexId":"70045129","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deterministic estimation of hydrological thresholds for shallow landslide initiation and slope stability models: case study from the Somma-Vesuvius area of southern Italy","docAbstract":"Rainfall-induced debris flows involving ash-fall pyroclastic deposits that cover steep mountain slopes surrounding the Somma-Vesuvius volcano are natural events and a source of risk for urban settlements located at footslopes in the area. This paper describes experimental methods and modelling results of shallow landslides that occurred on 5–6 May 1998 in selected areas of the Sarno Mountain Range. Stratigraphical surveys carried out in initiation areas show that ash-fall pyroclastic deposits are discontinuously distributed along slopes, with total thicknesses that vary from a maximum value on slopes inclined less than 30° to near zero thickness on slopes inclined greater than 50°. This distribution of cover thickness influences the stratigraphical setting and leads to downward thinning and the pinching out of pyroclastic horizons. Three engineering geological settings were identified, in which most of the initial landslides that triggered debris flows occurred in May 1998 can be classified as (1) knickpoints, characterised by a downward progressive thinning of the pyroclastic mantle; (2) rocky scarps that abruptly interrupt the pyroclastic mantle; and (3) road cuts in the pyroclastic mantle that occur in a critical range of slope angle. Detailed topographic and stratigraphical surveys coupled with field and laboratory tests were conducted to define geometric, hydraulic and mechanical features of pyroclastic soil horizons in the source areas and to carry out hydrological numerical modelling of hillslopes under different rainfall conditions. The slope stability for three representative cases was calculated considering the real sliding surface of the initial landslides and the pore pressures during the infiltration process. The hydrological modelling of hillslopes demonstrated localised increase of pore pressure, up to saturation, where pyroclastic horizons with higher hydraulic conductivity pinch out and the thickness of pyroclastic mantle reduces or is interrupted. These results lead to the identification of a comprehensive hydrogeomorphological model of susceptibility to initial landslides that links morphological, stratigraphical and hydrological conditions. The calculation of intensities and durations of rainfall necessary for slope instability allowed the identification of deterministic hydrological thresholds that account for uncertainty in properties and observed rainfall intensities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10346-012-0348-2","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., Godt, J.W., De Vita, P., and Napolitano, E., 2012, Deterministic estimation of hydrological thresholds for shallow landslide initiation and slope stability models: case study from the Somma-Vesuvius area of southern Italy: Landslides, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0348-2.","ipdsId":"IP-037238","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270912,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0348-2"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516d2169e4b0411d430a8a09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Vita, P.","contributorId":26207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Vita","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Napolitano, E.","contributorId":97401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Napolitano","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042950,"text":"70042950 - 2012 - Dissolved and colloidal trace elements in the Mississippi River Delta outflow after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-04T12:13:12","indexId":"70042950","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved and colloidal trace elements in the Mississippi River Delta outflow after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River delta outflow region is periodically disturbed by tropical weather systems including major hurricanes, which can terminate seasonal bottom water hypoxia and cause the resuspension of shelf bottom sediments which could result in the injection of trace elements into the water column. In the summer of 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita passed over the Louisiana Shelf within a month of each other. Three weeks after Rita, we collected water samples in the Mississippi River delta outflow, examining the distributions of trace elements to study the effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. We observed limited stratification on the shelf and bottom waters that were no longer hypoxic. This resulted, for instance, in bottom water dissolved Mn being lower than is typically observed during hypoxia, but with concentrations still compatible with Mn–O2 trends previously reported. Interestingly, for no element were we able to identify an obvious effect of sediment resuspension on its distribution. In general, elemental distributions were compatible with previous observations in the Mississippi outflow system. Co and Re, which have not been reported for this system previously, showed behavior consistent with other systems: input for Co likely from desorption and conservative mixing for Re. For Cs, an element for which there is little information regarding its estuarine behavior, conservative mixing was also observed. Our filtration method, which allowed us to distinguish the dissolved (<0.02 μm) from colloidal (0.02–0.45 μm) phase, revealed significant colloidal fractions for Fe and Zn, only. For Fe, the colloidal phase was the dominant fraction and was rapidly removed at low salinity. Dissolved Fe, in contrast, persisted out to mid-salinities, being removed in a similar fashion to nitrate. This ability to distinguish the smaller Fe (likely dominantly organically complexed) from larger colloidal suspensates may be useful in better interpreting the bioavailablity of the Fe in estuarine systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.007","usgsCitation":"Shim, M., Swarzenski, P.W., and Shiller, A.M., 2012, Dissolved and colloidal trace elements in the Mississippi River Delta outflow after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Continental Shelf Research, v. 42, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.007.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-027083","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270538,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.007"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,28.0 ], [ -91.0,30.0 ], [ -88.5,30.0 ], [ -88.5,28.0 ], [ -91.0,28.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515d4f64e4b0803bd2eec524","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shim, Moo-Joon","contributorId":92562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shim","given":"Moo-Joon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shiller, Alan M.","contributorId":100709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiller","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70038887,"text":"70038887 - 2012 - The importance of local and landscape-scale processes to the occupancy of wetlands by pond-breeding amphibians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-01T17:02:55","indexId":"70038887","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3103,"text":"Population Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of local and landscape-scale processes to the occupancy of wetlands by pond-breeding amphibians","docAbstract":"Variation in the distribution and abundance of species across landscapes has traditionally been attributed to processes operating at fine spatial scales (i.e., environmental conditions at the scale of the sampling unit), but processes that operate across larger spatial scales such as seasonal migration or dispersal are also important. To determine the relative importance of these processes, we evaluated hypothesized relationships between the probability of occupancy in wetlands by two amphibians [wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata)] and attributes of the landscape measured at three spatial scales in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. We used cost-based buffers and least-cost distances to derive estimates of landscape attributes that may affect occupancy patterns from the broader spatial scales. The most highly ranked models provide strong support for a positive relationship between occupancy by breeding wood frogs and the amount of streamside habitat adjacent to a wetland. The model selection results for boreal chorus frogs are highly uncertain, though several of the most highly ranked models indicate a positive association between occupancy and the number of neighboring, occupied wetlands. We found little evidence that occupancy of either species was correlated with local-scale attributes measured at the scale of individual wetlands, suggesting that processes operating at broader scales may be more important in influencing occupancy patterns in amphibian populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10144-012-0324-7","usgsCitation":"Scherer, R.D., Muths, E., and Noon, B., 2012, The importance of local and landscape-scale processes to the occupancy of wetlands by pond-breeding amphibians: Population Ecology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 487-498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-012-0324-7.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"498","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489048,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-012-0324-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":259401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259383,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-012-0324-7","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacfae4b08c986b3238b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scherer, Rick D.","contributorId":97368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scherer","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":465174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muths, Erin 0000-0002-5498-3132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":14012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noon, Barry R.","contributorId":57314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noon","given":"Barry R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193583,"text":"70193583 - 2012 - Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T14:36:10","indexId":"70193583","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans","docAbstract":"The debate over a coastal migration route for the First Americans revolves around two major points: seafaring technology, and a viable landscape and resource base. Three lake cores from Sanak Island in the western Gulf of Alaska yield the first radiocarbon ages from the continental shelf of the Northeast Pacific and record deglaciation nearly 17 ka BP (thousands of calendar years ago), much earlier than previous estimates based on extrapolated data from other sites outside the coastal corridor in the Gulf of Alaska. Pollen data suggest an arid, terrestrial ecosystem by 16.3 ka BP. Therefore glaciers would not have hindered the movement of humans along the southern edge of the Bering Land Bridge for two millennia before the first well-recognized “New World” archaeological sites were inhabited.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.014","usgsCitation":"Misarti, N., Finney, B., Jordan, J.W., Maschner, H.D., Addison, J.A., Shapley, M.D., Krumhardt, A.P., and Beget, J.E., 2012, Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 48, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.014.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","ipdsId":"IP-038195","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"48","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eb0e4b0531197b2800e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Misarti, Nicole","contributorId":199570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Misarti","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finney, Bruce P.","contributorId":88074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finney","given":"Bruce P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, James W.","contributorId":199733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jordan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maschner, Herbert D. G.","contributorId":199567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maschner","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"D. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Addison, Jason A. 0000-0003-2416-9743 jaddison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-9743","contributorId":4192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addison","given":"Jason","email":"jaddison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shapley, Mark D.","contributorId":74974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapley","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krumhardt, Andrea P.","contributorId":71946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krumhardt","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Beget, James E.","contributorId":22757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beget","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ]}