{"pageNumber":"1627","pageRowStart":"40650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40769,"records":[{"id":50931,"text":"ofr5169 - 1951 - Physical and chemical comparison of modern and fossil tooth and bone material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T16:12:51","indexId":"ofr5169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51-69","title":"Physical and chemical comparison of modern and fossil tooth and bone material","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr5169","usgsCitation":"Jaffe, E.B., and Sherwood, A., 1951, Physical and chemical comparison of modern and fossil tooth and bone material: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 51-69, 22 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5169.","productDescription":"22 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369434,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0069/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaffe, Elizabeth B.","contributorId":90294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherwood, A.M.","contributorId":25987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50927,"text":"ofr5165 - 1951 - The design of the model V transmission fluorimeter","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":50927,"text":"ofr5165 - 1951 - The design of the model V transmission fluorimeter","indexId":"ofr5165","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"The design of the model V transmission fluorimeter"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3945,"text":"cir311 - 1953 - A fluorimeter for solutions","indexId":"cir311","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"A fluorimeter for solutions"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":3945,"text":"cir311 - 1953 - A fluorimeter for solutions","indexId":"cir311","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"A fluorimeter for solutions"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr5165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51-65","title":"The design of the model V transmission fluorimeter","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5165","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, M., May, I., and Anderson, J., 1951, The design of the model V transmission fluorimeter (Superceded by: circular 311): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 51-65, 5 p. : 7 ill. ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5165.","productDescription":"5 p. : 7 ill. ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Superceded by: circular 311","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6687d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Mary H.","contributorId":52954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Mary H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Irving","contributorId":39771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, J.W.","contributorId":54661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":72039,"text":"tem121 - 1951 - Apache Trail uranium prospect, White Signal district, Grant County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:35:30","indexId":"tem121","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T12:44:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"121","title":"Apache Trail uranium prospect, White Signal district, Grant County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Apache Trail uranium prospect in the White Signal district, Grant County. N. Mex., was mapped by the Geological Survey in May 1950. Pre-Cambrian granite is cut by a diabase dike and a parallel quartz-hematite vein, both of which strike easterly and dip 60 to 65 degrees north. Small quantities of copper carbonates and bismuth-gold ore have been mined. The quartz-hematite vein is moderately radioactive and, although no uranium minerals were seen, two samples contained about 0.01 percent uranium. The diabase dike locally contains torbernite. Two samples of diabase contained about 0.04 percent uranium.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem121","usgsCitation":"Bauer, H.L., 1951, Apache Trail uranium prospect, White Signal district, Grant County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 121, Report: 11 p.; Plate 2: 22.65 inches x 11.92 inches; Plate 3: 26.70 inches x 9.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem121.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; Plate 2: 22.65 inches x 11.92 inches; Plate 3: 26.70 inches x 9.33 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":282972,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/report.pdf"},{"id":282974,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":282973,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/plate-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Grant County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.367767,32.591913 ], [ -108.367767,32.607387 ], [ -108.334208,32.607387 ], [ -108.334208,32.591913 ], [ -108.367767,32.591913 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528c96aae4b0c629af44dd95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, Herman L. Jr.","contributorId":16484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Herman","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011154,"text":"70011154 - 1951 - Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70011154","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance work in geochemical prospecting requires a simple, rapid, and moderately accurate method for the determination of small amounts of molybdenum in soils and rocks. The useful range of the suggested procedure is from 1 to 32 p.p.m. of molybdenum, but the upper limit can be extended. Duplicate determinations on eight soil samples containing less than 10 p.p.m. of molybdenum agree within 1 p.p.m., and a comparison of field results with those obtained by a conventional laboratory procedure shows that the method is sufficiently accurate for use in geochemical prospecting. The time required for analysis and the quantities of reagents needed have been decreased to provide essentially a \"test tube\" method for the determination of molybdenum in soils and rocks. With a minimum amount of skill, one analyst can make 30 molybdenum determinations in an 8-hour day.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Ward, F.N., 1951, Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 5, p. 788-790.","startPage":"788","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb6e4b0c8380cd4f352","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, F. N.","contributorId":96254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011171,"text":"70011171 - 1951 - Geochemical field method for determination of nickel in plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70011171","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical field method for determination of nickel in plants","docAbstract":"The use of biogeochemical data in prospecting for nickel emphasizes the need for a simple, moderately accurate field method for the determination of nickel in plants. In order to follow leads provided by plants of unusual nickel content without loss of time, the plants should be analyzed and the results given to the field geologist promptly. The method reported in this paper was developed to meet this need. Speed is acquired by elimination of the customary drying and controlled ashing; the fresh vegetation is ashed in an open dish over a gasoline stove. The ash is put into solution with hydrochloric acid and the solution buffered. A chromograph is used to make a confined spot with an aliquot of the ash solution on dimethylglyoxime reagent paper. As little as 0.025% nickel in plant ash can be determined. With a simple modification, 0.003% can be detected. Data are given comparing the results obtained by an accepted laboratory procedure. Results by the field method are within 30% of the laboratory values. The field method for nickel in plants meets the requirements of biogeochemical prospecting with respect to accuracy, simplicity, speed, and ease of performance in the field. With experience, an analyst can make 30 determinations in an 8-hour work day in the field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Reichen, L., 1951, Geochemical field method for determination of nickel in plants: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 5, p. 727-729.","startPage":"727","endPage":"729","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a163ee4b0c8380cd550e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reichen, L.E.","contributorId":58389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichen","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5220677,"text":"5220677 - 1950 - Rodent repellency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:09","indexId":"5220677","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:18","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2771,"text":"Modern Packaging","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rodent repellency","docAbstract":"In the course of studies involving more than 2,500 chemical repellents, it has been found that certain groups of- compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur are repellent to rats under the , test conditions and it appears probable that some of these compounds might be used for the protection of packaged goods against rodent attacks. Additional tests to determine optimum methods of application will be necessary before final evaluation of these compounds will be possible and extensive field trials will be required to establish the degree of protection which may be afforded by the use of these materials. Pending such final evaluation, it may be assumed that the results,to date offer a means of selecting the most promising types of'materials for further trial....On the basis of the test data, it appears that some amine derivative, such as a salt of some organic, acid, or a complex with trinitrobenzene or with a metallic salt of a dialkyl dithiocarbamic acid might offer promise of protection of packaging materials against rodent attacks....Protection might be obtained through the use of certain 'physical deterrents' such as plastics, waxes or drying oils.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modern Packaging","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"DeWitt, J., Welch, J., and Bellack, E., 1950, Rodent repellency: Modern Packaging, v. 23, no. 9, p. 123-126.","productDescription":"123-126","startPage":"123","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbd8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWitt, J.B.","contributorId":89080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, J.F.","contributorId":21241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellack, E.","contributorId":78831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellack","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39222,"text":"pp222 - 1950 - Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria district, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:31:47","indexId":"pp222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"222","title":"Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria district, California","docAbstract":"<p>Stratigraphy, paleontology, and geologic history.-A basement' consisting of igneous rocks of the Jurassic(?) Franciscan formation and sediments of the Upper Jurassic Knoxville formation, and formations of Tertiary and Quaternary age are exposed in the Santa Maria district. The outcrop section, exclusive of the Franciscan, has a maximum thickness of about 10,000 feet, the subsurface section about 27,000 feet. At no locality, however, is either outcrop or subsurface section as thick as the total maxima for the formations.</p>\n<p>The outcrop Franciscan is made up of altered basalt, gabbro (generally- greatly altered), and minor areas of peridotite and serpentine.</p>\n<p>The marine Knoxville formation, consisting of shale, thin-bedded calcareous sandstone, and conglomerate, was deposited on the igneous rocks of the Franciscan. It has an outcrop thickness of about 500 feet and a known subsurface thickness of at least 1,250 feet. Aucella cf. A. piochii, which occurs in both outcrop and subsurface sections, suggests late Jurassic age.</p>\n<p>The Franciscan and Knoxville were probably uplifted during Taliaferro's Diablan orogeny at the close of the Jurassic and formed a land area that presumably endured during early Cretaceous and perhaps during much of late Cretaceous time. If sediments were laid down while 10,000 feet of Upper Cretaceous were deposited in the adjoining San Rafael Mountains, they were eroded following uplift at the close of the Cretaceous, when Reed and Hollister's San Rafael uplift was formed. The district is inferred to have been part of a Franciscan and Knoxville land area at the south border of the San Rafael uplift during all of early Tertiary time.</p>\n<p>The known history of the district as part of a Tertiary basin began in the early Miocene(?), possibly a little earlier or possibly 3: little later, when the nonmarine sediments of the early Miocene(?) Lospe formation were deposited. The Lospe formation has a maximum thickness of 2, 700 feet, and is made up of coarse-grained reddish sandstone and conglomerate, and greenish sandstone, gypsiferous siltstone, and mudstone. White tuff is a minor but conspicuous constituent. The Lospe formation overlies the Knoxville, or&middot; overlaps it and rests on the Franciscan.</p>\n<p>The first known Tertiary invasion of the sea took place immediately thereafter in early middle Miocene time, and from then on until approximately the end of the Pliocene the sea occupied continuously at least most of the region. The extent of the Miocene basin is not certainly known, but it was part of an extensive&middot; basin that has been designated the Santa Barbara embayment.</p>\n<p>The early middle Miocene Point Sal formation is the earliest marine Tertiary formation. It has an outcrop thickness of as much as 1,500 feet and a maximum subsurface thickness of 3,600 feet, and consists of siltstone, mudstone, and thin beds of sandstone. The Point Sal formation overlies the Lospe formation without marked discontinuity, or overlaps it and rests on Knoxville or Franciscan. It contains a large foraminiferal fauna representing the Siphogenerina hughesi zone, or the lower part of Kleinpell's Relizian stage.</p>\n<p>The Monterey shale overlies the Point Sal formation without noticeable discontinuity, or overlaps all the older sedimentary formations and rests on the Franciscan. It has a maximum outcrop thickness of 2,100 feet, but is as much as 5,000 feet thick in some subsurface sections. The Monterey is divided into three mapped members. The lower member is characterized by phosphatic shale and somewhat porcelaneous shale; the middle member by chert and cherty shale; and the upper member by porcelaneous shale, or by both porcelaneous shale and diatomaceous strata. The lower member contains Foraminifera representing the upper part of Kleinpell's Relizian stage and all of his Luisian stage, the middle member a few species indicating the lower part of his Mohnian stage, and the upper member a fauna representing the upper part of the Bolivina hughesi zone, at the top of the Mohnian, and in part a younger unnamed faunal division; that is, the Monterey is of late middle and late Miocene age.</p>\n<p>The diverse stratigraphic relations of the Lospe and Point Sal formations and Monterey shale along the borders of the Franciscan rocks forming Point Sal Ridge are inferred to be the result of repeated movements during Miocene time in the area of basement rocks west of the district, presumably extending westward beyond the present coast.</p>\n<p>Toward the close of the Miocene, low ridges appeared on the floor of the sea, ridges that grew during Pliocene time and were destined to become anticlines. At the same time deformation took place in the northeastern part of the district, and elsewhere on some anticlines, or on other structural highs bounded by faults. In those areas the Sisquoc formation overlies the Monterey shale with marked discordance; elsewhere there is no discordance.</p>\n<p>Two facies of the Sisquoc formation are mapped: a marginal sandstone facies, designated the Tinaquaic sandstone member, and a basin facies. The Tinaquaic sandstone member is 1,400 feet thick and contains megafossils of middle Pliocene age (also early Pliocene just east of the mapped area). It is unconformable on the Monterey. The basin facies, at least 3,000 feet thick in outcrop sections and 5,000 in some subsurface sections, consists of diatomaceous mudstone, other types of diatomaceous &middot;strata, somewhat porcelaneous mudstone, and porcelaneous shale-deposits that are ordinarily characteristic of the Monterey shale. Even in areas where the two formations are lithologically indistinguishable and conformable, a field basis for differentiating them has been established. The basin facies of the Sisquoc conformably overlies the Monter.ey in outcrop sections, but in some subsurface sections the formations are unconformable, and on the north limb of the Santa Maria Valley syncline the basin facies of the Sisquoc overlaps the Monterey onto the basement, thus forming the overlap trap for the oil in the Monterey in the Santa Maria Valley field. The lower and middle parts of the basin facies contain Foraminifera of the Bolivina obliqua zone. Kleinpell assigned that zone to the lower part of his late upper Miocene Delmontian stage. Assignment to the upper Delmontian, however, appears to be preferable. The upper few hundred feet of the basin facies contain Foraminifera similar to those in the overlying Foxen mudstone and megafossils of middle Pliocene affinities. The basin facies is therefore considered late upper Miocene to middle Pliocene.</p>\n<p>The submarine ridges were growing during Pilocene time. The Foxen mudstone is missing on them and in the northeastern part of the district. On the north limb of the Santa Maria Valley syncline, the Foxen overlaps the Sisquoc formation and rests on the basement. In the basins between the submarine ridges, the mudstone, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone of the Foxen (800 feet thick in outcrop sections and as much as 2, 750 in subsurface sections) overlie conformably the Sisquoc formation. In some of the areas where the Foxen is missing as a lithologic unit, it appears to be represented by condensed deposits of phosphatic pellets, mapped with the underlying or overlying Formation, depending on the matrix, or by a condensed section of fine-grained sand, mapped with lithologically indistinguishable sand in the basal part of the overlying formation. Though foraminifera are abundant in the Foxen mudstone, relatively few species are represented. Those from the lower part of the formation may be of middle Pliocene age. Megafossils from the upper part of the Foxen are considered late Pliocene. The formation is therefore assigned to the middle(?) and upper Pliocene.</p>\n<p>Movements during Pliocene time in the basement area west of Point Sal Ridge are indicated by the occurrence in the western Casmalia Hills of coarse detritus from the Monterey in the upper part of the Sisquoc formation and in the Foxen mudstone.</p>\n<p>During late Pliocene time, when the Careaga sandstone was deposited, the Pliocene sea had its greatest extent. The region then flooded may be referred to as the Santa Maria basin. Throughout most of the district two mapped members of the Careaga sandstone are differentiated: the Cebada fine-grained member, which has a maximum outcrop thickness of 1,000 feet, and the Graciosa coarse-grained member, 50 to 425 feet thick. Mild deformation continued during the late Pliocene. The Cebada fine-grained member is missing on the embryonic anticlines, where it is overlapped by the Graciosa coarse-grained member. Both members of the Careaga sandstone contain a large megafauna.</p>\n<p>The nonmarine Paso Robles formation conformably overlies the Careaga sandstone. The Paso Robles consists chiefly of sand and gravel, but clay, marl, and limestone are the most characteristic constituents. The maximum outcrop thickness is 2,000 feet, the estimated maximum subsurface thickness 4,500 feet. The Paso Robles fresh-water fauna is meager, consisting of a few species similar to living forms. The formation is currently assigned to the interval including late Pliocene and early Pleistocene(?). The age assignment late Pliocene(?) and early Pleistocene, however, may be preferable for the Santa Maria district.</p>\n<p>Then followed the only period of strong general deformation in the known Tertiary and Pleistocene history of the district. The present structural features of the district were formed at that time, and the submarine ridges appeared as fully formed anticlines. Dating of the deformation is uncertain, because of uncertainty concerning the age of the Paso Robles formation. It is, however, without much doubt of the same age as the welldated strong middle Pleistocene deformation in the Ventura basin.</p>\n<p>Terrace deposits, laid down on both wave-cut and stream-cut platforms, are rather arbitrarily assigned to the late Pleistocene. The oldest and most extensive terrace deposits, not more than 100 feet thick, are designated the Orcutt sand. The Orcutt sand itself is tilted as much as 12&deg; on the limbs of anticlines and is faulted on the north limb of the Graciosa anticline, indicating renewed growth of the anticlines, presumably in late Pleistocene time. Terrace deposits apparently younger than the Orcutt sand are arched in a low anticline west of lower Foxen Canyon.</p>\n<p>Structure.-Santa Maria Valley is the boundary between two structural provinces. To the north, valleys and hills are either synclines or anticlines. To the south, on the contrary, major valleys coincide generally with major synclines, and the hills are anticlinal. Santa Maria Valley itself is a syncline. Unlike valleys farther south in the district, however, it lies athwart an older uplift. Also unlike most of the valleys farther south, the axis of the syncline is not in the middle of the valley, but is far to the south near the bordering hills. Indeed, in the western Casmalia Hills, the anticline in the bordering hills is overturned and overrides the axis of the syncline.</p>\n<p>The major structural features of the district have a general west-northwestward trend parallel to the trend of the basin. Minor westward-trending and northward-trending folds and faults, however, extend across the trend of the major features. The district includes areas of wide, open folds and also areas of narrow, closely spaced, and steeply tilted folds, as well as some major overturned anticlines, most of the latter overturned northward. The closely spaced folds coincide almost invariably with outcrops of the Monterey shale and Point Sal formation.</p>\n<p>Physiography.-The surface on which the terrace deposits, designated the Orcutt sand, were deposited is extensive but is locally deformed, and only remnants are preserved. Toward the coast it changes from a stream-cut surface to a wave-cut surface.</p>\n<p>In the coastal area three main marine terraces are recognized: the high terrace (altitude about 800 feet), the intermediate terrace (altitude about 600 feet), and the low terrace (altitude 50 to 125 feet).</p>\n<p>An indurated layer is present at or near the surface at many localities scattered throughout the district. It is suggested that the indurated layer is an ancient hardpan, the incomplete skeleton of a former soil profile developed on a former surface of less relief than the present surface.</p>\n<p>Sand dunes extend inland from the coast at the north and south borders of the mapped area. They are classified under three age groups: old, intermediate, and modern. The old dunes, which have a protective cover of natural vegetation and are now inactive, are far more extensive than those of the other two groups. They cover many square miles on a terrace bordering Santa Maria Valley, and extend 20 miles inland. It has not been determined whether their inactivity is due to a cutting off of the supply of sand, or to a climatic change.</p>\n<p>Occurrence of oil.--Oil has been produced in the Santa Maria district since 1901, the total production to the end of 1947 being 269,657,000 barrels. Throughout the district most of the oil is heavy. Seven producing fields are located in the mapped area. In order of discovery from oldest to youngest the fields are as follows: Orcutt, Lompoc, West Cat Canyon, East Cat Canyon, Casmalia, Gato Ridge, and Santa Maria Valley. The Santa Maria Valley field is the largest in both area and productive capacity. It is the largest overlap field in coastal California, and one of the last major fields found in the State up to 1947. The Las Flores (Monterey) pool is transforming the West Cat Canyon field into one of the major fields of the district.</p>\n<p>The Monterey shale is the chief oil-bearing formation, and the principal reservoir in the Monterey consists of fractured chert and cherty shale. Sand in the Sisquoc formation is the sole reservoir in the minor East Cat Canyon field and in the Pliocene pool of the West Cat Canyon field.</p>\n<p>The Point Sal formation yields some oil in the southeastern part of the Santa Maria Valley field (the only part of that field where the formation is present) and a recent well in the Casmalia field is producing a small amount of relatively light oil from the Point Sal. The Lospe formation is also productive in a recent well in the Casmalia field. The Knoxville formation is productive in three areas in the northern part of the Santa Maria Valley field. The Point Sal formation offers the greatest promise for deeper-zone production. The Lospe and Knoxville formations can no longer be ignored in areas where younger marine formations overlap against them.</p>\n<p>Oil possibilities in undeveloped areas.--Two matters weigh heavily in prospecting in the Santa Maria district: the degree of fracturing of chert and cherty shale in the Monterey shale, and the gravity of the oil. Other things being equal, the productivity of the Monterey varies directly with the amount of fracturing. Very heavy oil, too heavy to produce commercially under present conditions, has befln found ii the Monterey in the northeastern part of the district, where five discoveries (one east of the mapped area) have been made in recent years.</p>\n<p>Among areas of possible interest, three appear to be favorable for prospecting on the basis of surface geology: an area east of Foxen Canyon, where oil may be trapped in the basal part of the Tinaquaic sandstone member of the Sisquoc formation by westward overlap of successively higher Tinaquaic strata onto the Monterey shale; an area so1tth of the I ... ions Head fault, where oil may be trapped by the fault; and the offshore extension of the north border of Point Sal Ridge, where oil may possibly be trapped in the Monterey by overlap of the Sisquoc formation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp222","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., and Bramlette, M., 1950, Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria district, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 222, Report: iv, 185 p.; 6 Plates: 54.50 x 38.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp222.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 185 p.; 6 Plates: 54.50 x 38.25 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"197","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312613,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-1"},{"id":312614,"rank":302,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-2.pdf","text":"Plate 1-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-2"},{"id":312615,"rank":303,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-3.pdf","text":"Plate 1-3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-3"},{"id":312616,"rank":304,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-4.pdf","text":"Plate 1-4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-4"},{"id":312617,"rank":305,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-5.pdf","text":"Plate 1-5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-5"},{"id":312618,"rank":306,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":66870,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":120507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Maria","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.1700439453125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1700439453125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.16455078125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.16455078125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1700439453125,\n              32.55144352864431\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.7781982421875,\n              34.6241677899049\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.7781982421875,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.08056640625,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.08056640625,\n              34.6241677899049\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.7781982421875,\n              34.6241677899049\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684354","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bramlette, M. N.","contributorId":105727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramlette","given":"M. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3348,"text":"cir34 - 1950 - Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Heart River irrigation project and the Dickinson area, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-03T20:50:02.95791","indexId":"cir34","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"34","title":"Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Heart River irrigation project and the Dickinson area, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The Heart River irrigation project, in southwestern North Dakota, lies in the Missouri Plateau section of the Great Plains physiographic province, which extends from the Missouri escarpment to and beyond the western border of the State. The area ranges in altitude from 1,620 to 2,275 feet and locally has strong relief. \r\n\r\nThe floor of the Heart River Valley is underlain by alluvial deposits of Quaternary age. In the westernmost part of the areas the Fort Union formation of Paleocene (Tertiary) age forms the valley sides, but in a downstream direction the Cannonball and Ludlow formations, here undifferentiated, also of Paleocene age, crop out in the valley sides and underlie progressively broader areas of the upland surface. The Hell Creek formation of Upper Cretaceous age appears above stream level only in the stretch of the valley between the center of T. 136 N., R. 85 W., and the northeastern part of T.. 137 N., R. 84 W. Glacial Drift, which once covered the whole area, now has been almost entirely removed by erosion except for .scattered boulders on the uplands. The Cannonball and Ludlow unit and the Fort Union formation yield, moderate supplies of ground water, and the river alluvium yields more abundant supplies. At the present rate of withdrawal and with normal precipitation there is little danger of seriously depleting the supply. In 1946 the average depth to water in observation wells in the Heart River Valley was 19 feet, whereas the depth to water in observation wells in the upland averaged 30 feet. \r\n\r\nThe Dickinson area is small and is about 45 miles upstream from the Heart River irrigation project. Ground-water levels in the Dickinson municipal well field have declined considerably within recent years, but the impounding of Heart River water is expected to insure a more adequate water supply for the town. \r\n\r\nSamples of ground water from four wells in the lower Heart River Valley were analyzed to determine the present mineral character of the waters in this region. Waters from shallow and deep wells in the Dickinson area were analyzed to assist in determining the practicability of further utilization of ground water as a public supply. A map showing areas of the least-mineralized ground water in the Dickinson area is presented and the need of further exploratory work is discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir34","usgsCitation":"Tychsen, P.C., and Swenson, H.A., 1950, Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Heart River irrigation project and the Dickinson area, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 34, Report: iv, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 22.28 × 15.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir34.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 22.28 × 15.82 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391361,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23658.htm"},{"id":30357,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0034/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30358,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0034/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Dickinson area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101.967,\n              46.878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.806,\n              46.878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.806,\n              46.522\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.967,\n              46.522\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.967,\n              46.878\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a564c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tychsen, Paul C.","contributorId":82683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tychsen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, Herbert A.","contributorId":93461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1063,"text":"wsp1079B - 1950 - Ground-water resources of Gregg County, Texas, with a section on Stream runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T15:27:11","indexId":"wsp1079B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1079","chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water resources of Gregg County, Texas, with a section on Stream runoff","docAbstract":"<p>Field work in the island of St. Croix, V. I., was carried on from December 1938 to April 1939 in connection with a test-drilling program for water sup- plies. The island is 21 miles long and has a maximum width of 6 miles. Its western part consists of a range of mountains flanked on the south by a rolling plain; its narrower eastern part is entirely mountainous. There are only a few small streams. The rolling and fiat lands are cultivated or are in grass, and the mountainous areas are either wooded or in grass. The average rain- fall of the island is 46.34 inches, but severe droughts and periods of excess precipitation are not uncommon. The island is made up of rocks of Upper Cretaceous age, mostly volcanic tufts and limestones known as the Mount Eagle volcanics; diorite intruded into the cretaceous rocks; and Oligocene to Miocene blue clays and yellow marls (the Jealousy formation and Kingshill marl, respectively). Alluvium is widely distributed. The Mount Eagle rocks were strongly folded in early Tertiary time and the Kingshill strata gently folded in post Lower-Miocene time along an east-northeast axis. Three early Tertiary cycles of erosion are recognized. After the folding of the Kingshill marl, streams followed the strike of the folded rocks in a westerly direction, but they gradually assumed southward courses across the marl plain and as a result a western area of old-age topography, a central area of late-mature topography, and an eastern area of early-mature topography have been created. Submerged reefs and emergent reefs and beaches indicate several fairly recent stands of the sea. Water for human consumption is obtained by collecting rain water in cis- terns, but water for other purposes is almost entirely supplied by wells which are generally less than 100 feet deep. Many dug wells are used, but in recent years drilled wells have been constructed. Most of them are discharged by wind-powered pumps of small capacity. Wells are developed in all the rocks mentioned (except coral reef), but the best yields are obtained from the alluvium. A maximum yield of 80 gallons a minute was obtained from a gravel-packed well in the alluvial valley at Fair Plain. Further exploration of the alluvium is recommended. The weathered diorite also appears to be a fairly good water-bearing formation. Test drilling showed that deep water- bearing formations should probably not be expected beneath the Tertiary rocks. Most of the ground waters of St. Croix contain a moderately high mineral content owing to the solution of rock-forming minerals and the deposition of alkali and salt spray in the soil. Only a few wells are contaminated by sea water. The low hardness of some highly mineralized waters is believe due to base exchange. The most highly mineralized waters are found in the alluvium in areas with alkali soil and in some places in the Tertiary limestones where presumably soluble salts were deposited in those strata. The least mineralized waters are found in shallow wells in the alluvial near the foot of the mountains and in the areas of dioritic rock. Many well waters in Croix, if properly protected from contamination might be entirely suited to human consumption. Although many waters are hard, they are used for domestic purposes. Most waters, even those high in chloride, are reported to be excellent for cattle consumption. Most ground waters in St. Croix cannot be used for boiler feed without treatment but are used for o*her purposes in the manufacture of sugar and rum. A brief discussion of the results of test drilling by the National Park Service in 1940-41 is also given.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1079B","usgsCitation":"Broadhurst, W., and Breeding, S., 1950, Ground-water resources of Gregg County, Texas, with a section on Stream runoff: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1079, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1079B.","productDescription":"48 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1079b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1079b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broadhurst, W. L.","contributorId":55414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broadhurst","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breeding, S.D.","contributorId":73983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breeding","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":71165,"text":"tei61 - 1950 - Reconnaissance for trace elements in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Part 1. Geology and radioactivity. Part 2. Reserves and summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T14:15:50","indexId":"tei61","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61","title":"Reconnaissance for trace elements in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Part 1. Geology and radioactivity. Part 2. Reserves and summary","docAbstract":"<p>A reconnaissance for sources of radioactive material in North Dakota and eastern Montana was made in 1948. This reconnaissance was followed by a more detailed survey of parts of Golden Valley and Slope counties, southwestern North Dakota, in June 1949.</p>\n<p>The radioactivity of representative sections of all formations known to be exposed in the area and of three manganiferous spring deposits was determined with portable Geiger-Mueller counters. At 86 localities 82 samples were taken of these formations and also of 10 ground and surface waters.</p>\n<p>Only the lignites in the upper part of the Sentinel Butte member of the Fort Union formation in the southwestern part of N. Dak. contained more than 0.005 per cent equivalent to U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> . The ground and surface waters tested were for the most part non-radioactive. Water sample number 291 from locality 100, however, contained 0.17 parts per million U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>.</p>\n<p>The radioactive lignites of N. Dak. appear to be limited to the higher buttes, such as Sentinel, Flat Top (Square Top), Bullion, H-T(Black), and White(Chalky) Buttes. One to five lignite beds are found in a 90-foot stratigraphic interval near the top of the Sentinel Butte member of the Fort Union formation, and from about 40 to 140 feet beneath the base of the overlying White River formation. The thickness of the beds ranges from a few inches to over six feet. The nomenclature, and therefore correct correlation, of all the beds above the middle part of the Sentinel Butte member is in doubt. The lignites and associated sand and clay beds are believed to be either equivalent to, or close to the base of, the Eocene Golden Valley formation.</p>\n<p>The exact mode of origin of the uranium in the lignite is not known. Uranium may have accumulated in swamps at the same time as the organic debris, or it may have been introduced by ground water after the formation of lignite. In either case carbon or carbon compounds apparently caused the precipitation or fixation of uranium. Further work is needed to determine the origin of this type of uranium deposit.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei61","usgsCitation":"Wyant, D., and Beroni, E.P., 1950, Reconnaissance for trace elements in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Part 1. Geology and radioactivity. Part 2. 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Valley\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644200","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyant, Donald G.","contributorId":75950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyant","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beroni, Ernest P.","contributorId":9347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beroni","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":52958,"text":"ofr5078 - 1950 - Chemical composition of Texas surface waters, 1949","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T11:16:37","indexId":"ofr5078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"50-78","title":"Chemical composition of Texas surface waters, 1949","docAbstract":"<p>This report is the fifth the a series of publications by the Texas Board of Water Engineers giving chemical analyses of the surface waters in the State of Texas. The samples for which data are given were collected between October 1, 1948 and September 30, 1949. During the water year 25 daily sampling stations were maintained by the Geological Survey. Sampled were collected less frequently during the year at many other points. Quality of water records for previous years can be found in the following reports: \"Chemical Composition of Texas Surface Waters, 1938-1945,\" by W. W. Hastings, and J. H. Rowley; \"Chemical Composition of Texas Surface Waters, 1946,\" by W. W. Hastings and B. Irelan; \"Chemical Composition of Texas Surface Waters, 1947,\" by B. Irelan and J. R. Avrett; \"Chemical Composition of Texas Surface Waters, 1948,\" by B. Irelan, D. E. Weaver, and J. R. Avrett. These reports may be obtained from the Texas Board of Water Engineers and Geological Survey at Austin, Texas.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Samples for chemical analysis were collected daily at or near points on streams where gaging stations are maintained for measurement of discharge. Most of the analyses were made of 10-day composites of daily samples collected for a year at each sampling point. Three composite samples were usually prepared each month by mixing together equal quantities of daily samples collected for the 1st to the 10th, from the 11th to the 20th, and during the remainder of the month. Monthly composites were made at a few stations where variation in daily conductance was small. For some streams that are subject to sudden large changes in chemical composition, composite samples were made for shorter periods on the basis of the concentration of dissolved solids as indicated by measurement of specific conductance of the daily samples.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The mean discharge for the composite period is reported in second-feet. Specific conductance values are expressed as \"micromhos, K x 10 at 25&deg; C.\" Silica, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate are reported in parts per million. The quantity of dissolved solids is given in tons per acre-foot, tons per day (if discharge records are available), and parts per million. The total and non-carbonate hardness are reported as parts per million calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>).</p>\n<br>\n<p>For those analyses where sodium and potassium are reported separately, \"recent sodium\" will include the equivalent quantity of sodium only. In analyses where sodium and potassium were calculated and reported as a combined value, the \"percent sodium\" will include the equivalent quantity of sodium and potassium.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Weighted average analyses are given for most daily sampling stations. The weighted average analysis represent approximately the composition of water that would be found in a reservoir containing all the water passing a given station during the year after through mixing in the reservoir.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Samples were analyzed according to method regularly used by the Geological Survey. These methods are essentially the same or are modifications of methods described in recognized authoritative publications for mineral analysis of water samples.</p>\n<br>\n<p>These quality of water records have been collected as part of the cooperative investigations of the water resources of Texas conducted by the Geological Survey and the Texas Board of Water Engineers. Much of the work would have been impossible without the support of the following Federal State, and local agencies The United States Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Corps of Engineers, Brazos River Conservation and Reclamation District, Lower Colorado River Authority, Red Bluff Water Power Control District, City of Amarillo, City of Abilene, and City of Forth Worth.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The investigations were under the firection of Burdge Irelan, District Chemist, Austin, Texas. Analyses of water samples were made by Clara J. Carter, Lee J. Freeman, Homer D. Smith, Dorothy M. Suttle, DeForrest E. Weaver, and Clarence T. Welborn. Calculations of weighted averages were made by James R. Avrett, Burdge Irelan, Dorothy M. Suttle, and DeForrest E. Weaver.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas State Board of Water Engineers","doi":"10.3133/ofr5078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey and others under the direction of Burdge Irelan, District Chemist","usgsCitation":"Irelan, B., 1950, Chemical composition of Texas surface waters, 1949: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 50-78, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5078.","productDescription":"67 p.","numberOfPages":"72","temporalStart":"1948-10-01","temporalEnd":"1949-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5078.jpg"},{"id":286584,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0078/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.65,25.84 ], [ -106.65,36.5 ], [ -93.51,36.5 ], [ -93.51,25.84 ], [ -106.65,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3fed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irelan, Burdge","contributorId":15991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irelan","given":"Burdge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70114670,"text":"70114670 - 1950 - Ground-water geology of the Gonaives Plain, Haiti","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T14:16:52","indexId":"70114670","displayToPublicDate":"1982-09-12T14:33:58","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Ground-water geology of the Gonaives Plain, Haiti","docAbstract":"<p>The Gonaives Plain lies in northern Haiti at the head of the Gulf of Gonaives.  Ground water in the plain is used widely for domestic and stock purposes but only to limited extent for irrigation.  The future agricultural development of the plain will depend in large measure on the proper utilization of available ground-water supplies for irrigation.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The rocks in the region of the Gonaives Plain belong to the upper (?) Cretaceous series of the Cretaceous system, the Nocene and Oligovene series of the Tertiary system, and the Pleistocene and Recent series of the Quarternary system.  The structural depression occupied by the Gonaives Plain was formed in post-Miocene time by the dislocation of Oligocene and older rocks along normal faults and by the tilting of the adjacent crustal blocks.  The lower parts of the depression contain a Pleistocene and Recent alluvial fill deposited by streams tributary to the plain.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The upper (?) Cretaceous rocks include aniesite and basalt lava flows locally intercalated with some beds of tuff and agglomerate.  These rocks are generally dense and impervious but locally small springs rise from fractures and bedding planes or from weathered zones.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Nocene rocks are hard, thin-bedded, cherty limestones with some beds of massive chalky limestone.  Considerable ground water circulates through joints, bedding planes, and solution passages in these rocks giving rise to important springs such as Sources Madame Charles.  These springs discharge at the rate of about 110 liters per second.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Oligocene rocks include limestone, shely limestone, limy sandstone, marl, and shale.  The limestone beds contain solution passages and other openings and these may afford capacity for the circulation of ground water.  However, no wells or springs in Oligocene rocks were observed during the present study.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The alluvial fill of the plain is composed of interbedded lenses of clay, silt, sand, and gravel.  These deposits contain a zone of saturation whose upper limit is marked by a water table.  The depth to the water table beneath the alluvial lowland of the plain ranges from less than one meter to about 20 meters.  In most places in the plain the depth to water is less that 15 meters.  Where present in the zone of saturation the coarse, well-sorted sand and gravel beds of the alluvium will probably yield moderate to large supplies of water to wells and infiltration galleries.  The individual yields of existing wells range from a few liters to about 60 liters per second.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The most favorable part of the plain for ground-water prospecting and development lies 5 to 10 kilometers northeast of Gonaives.  In this area yields of 10 to 50 liters per second could be obtained from the alluvium in simple wells drilled to depths of about 35 to 45 meters.  Additional information on the yield and physical character of aquifers in the alluvium would be provided by test wells drilled to depths of 40 to 60 meters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70114670","usgsCitation":"Taylor, G.C., and Lemoine, R.C., 1950, Ground-water geology of the Gonaives Plain, Haiti, v. 45, Report: 29 p.; 1 plate: 17.90 x 17.22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70114670.","productDescription":"Report: 29 p.; 1 plate: 17.90 x 17.22 inches","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290170,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290168,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114670/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":290169,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114670/report.pdf"}],"country":"Haiti","otherGeospatial":"Gonaives Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.704421,19.429665 ], [ -72.704421,19.484552 ], [ -72.654671,19.484552 ], [ -72.654671,19.429665 ], [ -72.704421,19.429665 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"45","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ad40f2e4b0729c154181ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, George C. Jr.","contributorId":22767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemoine, Remy C.","contributorId":38476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemoine","given":"Remy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207320,"text":"70207320 - 1950 - Some effects of deformation in the central Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T07:28:10","indexId":"70207320","displayToPublicDate":"1950-12-31T07:24:50","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some effects of deformation in the central Appalachians","docAbstract":"<p><span>Deformation in the folded Cambrian to Devonian sedimentary rocks of the central Appalachians has been investigated, mainly in the Potomac River Valley. Interpretations of deforming mechanisms are based on the study of folds, rock cleavages, faults, and lineations. An attempt is made to present a kinematic analysis of deformation. Effects of deforming movements, such as preferred orientations, cleavages, small-scale thrusts, and alterations of primary stratigraphic thicknesses are analyzed and correlated. Changes in deformation are related to (1) differences in location within the folded Appalachian belt; (2) different stratigraphic horizons; (3) different positions in given folds; (4) lithological differences. It has been found that: 1. Deformation decreases westward from the South Mountain-Blue Ridge belt. This corroborates the previous findings of Cloos and Fellows; 2. Less competent limestones are deformed farther toward the west than the more competent sandstones. Each formation of differing relative competency has its own tectonite front, and thus, for the succession as a whole, there is a series of tectonite fronts approximately parallel to the western edge of the Appalachian Valley; 3. Distortion of primary thicknesses are correlated with cleavage-bedding angles in separate beds of a given fold in which transverse cleavage is prominent;4. Changes in thickness corresponding to changes in cleavage-bedding angles occur in the less competent rocks west of the Appalachian Valley; they are inferred for the rocks in the Valley;5. Radical changes in thickness often have been caused by bedding-plane slip, interleafing, and piling-up of shales between more competent layers;6. Bedding-plane thrusts cause repetition of individual layers;7. Bedding-plane slip and thrusting parallel to bedding are the predominant modes of distortion west of the Appalachian Valley. © 1950, The Geological Society of America, Inc.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1950)61[857:SEODIT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Gair, J.E., 1950, Some effects of deformation in the central Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 61, no. 8, p. 857-876, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1950)61[857:SEODIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"857","endPage":"876","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, J. E.","contributorId":82978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70215339,"text":"70215339 - 1950 - Report of the Committee on Runoff, 1949–1950","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-15T18:30:10.542386","indexId":"70215339","displayToPublicDate":"1950-10-15T13:20:39","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of the Committee on Runoff, 1949–1950","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Weather Bureau activities in the runoff field during the 1949–1950 year centered largely around its flood and water supply forecasting activities. A new River Forecast Center was inaugurated at Portland, Oregon in January, 1950 to provide service for the Columbia River Basin and adjacent coastal areas. The first custom‐made model of the electronic flood routing machine has been delivered and is being tested to determine its electrical and operating characteristics. A large portion of the Bureau's investigations during the year were aimed at developing to the fullest all possible applications of existing techniques but considerable effort was devoted to the problem of developing new methods for short‐range forecasting of runoff from melting snow. A technique has been developed which appears to satisfy the requirements but it has not yet been adequately tested. Water supply forecasting activities were continued and the number of forecast points increased to about 300. The Cooperative Snow Investigations, with the Corps of Engineers, continued during the year.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR031i006p00930","usgsCitation":"McDonald, C.C., 1950, Report of the Committee on Runoff, 1949–1950: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 31, no. 6, p. 930-934, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR031i006p00930.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"930","endPage":"934","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, C. C.","contributorId":69204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":71180,"text":"tei120 - 1950 - An improved fluorimeter for the determination of uranium in fluoride melts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:36:36","indexId":"tei120","displayToPublicDate":"1950-03-06T14:03:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"120","title":"An improved fluorimeter for the determination of uranium in fluoride melts","docAbstract":"<p>The Model R fluorimeter has been modified to increase its stability and sensitivity. The new instrument* is about ten times as sensitive as the original fluorimeter, but it can also be employed conveniently at a sensitivity level comparable to or less than that of the Model R fluorimeter.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>*The modified fluorimeter described here was developed in the latter half of 1948 and has since been in constant use in the laboratory for routine analysis. Although it is now being superseded to a large extent by a more recently developed transmission fluorimeter, the modified fluorimeter is a very useful tool for many types of analysis. (Fletcher, M. H., May, Irving, and Slavin, Morris, A transmission fluorimeter for use in the fluorimetric method of analysis for uranium: Trace Elements Investigations Report 104, August 1949.)</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/tei120","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, M., and May, I., 1950, An improved fluorimeter for the determination of uranium in fluoride melts: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 120, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei120.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei120.png"},{"id":284515,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0120/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4c92e4b0b290850f10ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Mary H.","contributorId":52954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Mary H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Irving","contributorId":39771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":71233,"text":"tei133 - 1950 - The design of the Model V transmission fluorimeter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T13:22:17","indexId":"tei133","displayToPublicDate":"1950-01-01T13:22:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"133","title":"The design of the Model V transmission fluorimeter","docAbstract":"<p>The transmission fluorimeter for the measurement of the fluorescence of uranium in fluoride melts is described. The instrument incorporates several improved features which have not been published previously. Unlike the earliest models, the design of the new fluorimeter, with its close machining of parts, reduces the possibility of light leakage and also increases considerably the ease with which the various components of the instrument may be assembled and adjusted. The Model V fluorimeter is a very rugged instrument with a compact arrangement of parts. It possess great flexibility so that various phototubes, measuring devices, light sources, and filter combinations may be used interchangeably.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Detailed shop drawings are given for the construction of the fluorimeter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei133","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, M., May, I., and Anderson, J.W., 1950, The design of the Model V transmission fluorimeter: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 133, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei133.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289918,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0133/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7864e4b0abf75cf2d409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Mary H.","contributorId":52954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Mary H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Irving","contributorId":39771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Joseph W.","contributorId":13142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70232756,"text":"70232756 - 1950 - Fifth special report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association and the U.S. Geological Survey: Abrasion hardness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T16:36:51.16897","indexId":"70232756","displayToPublicDate":"1950-01-01T12:36:34","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10993,"text":"Report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"Fifth special report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association and the U.S. Geological Survey: Abrasion hardness","docAbstract":"<p>After reviewing the work of sclerometry, this paper shows that yielding and relative softness are the mechanical basis of what should be called malacometry. The experiments have been made with diamond drills, ring cuts, end millers and grinding wheels.</p><p>Auerbach's \"limited scope of the Mohs list\" is quantitatively confirmed. The wear of diamonds is examined.</p><p>A program is carried out, for rotary or annular abrasion by diamond under three applications of energy, each progressively slower. A selected commercial talc is the control substance of softness value 100. The instruments used are synchronous motors, drill presses, wheel grinders, and watchmaker lathes. Some 200 minerals, woods, metals, glasses and plastics were originally measured. Hardness tables and curves are shown for comparison with volumetric abradability.</p><p>For a Mohs succession the softer substances abrade relatively more under higher energy of contact friction, and any one substance shows higher relative values under lower energy of attrition; in other words, under slower scratching. An artificially cut diamond octahedron gives more consistent results than a natural crystal, under light pressures.</p><p>Standard successions of relative abradability measurements do not hold good under different energies of attack. Functions of plasticity, brittleness, cleavage, powder lubricity, ductility and the like introduce various anomalies, and constancy of pressure varies with variable yielding. The supposition that rhythmic instrumental abrading will hold its mechanical constants, while the substance attacked yields in accord with its own surface molecular mobility relative to a control substance, is only approximately true. At low energies the approximation is better than at high, but at high speeds the wear of tool is less. Hence the advantage of using with slow speed a replaceable tool.</p><p>Substances of different categories such as steels and woods, differ in behavior from minerals.</p><p>The Mohs System has the great advantage of extending the controls from mineral to mineral up through the whole scale, and is purely qualitative. It is not numerically quantitative at all in terms of equal units. A principal result of this investigation is that 80 per cent of the Mohs Scale, Numbers 3 to 10, are by common consent within 1 per cent of a malacometric scale numbered 1 to 100. The scientists who determined this relation were the sclerometry investigators of the nineteenth century, who mistakenly thought that the wide intervals of sclerometry are between the hard minerals. They used the reciprocals of the measures of yielding.</p><p>The simple scratch tester finally arrived at is quite different from the instruments of Parts II and III. It eliminates diamond drilling, retains the Mohs controls and utilizes a dental grinding wheel and a modern low speed motor. The object of this research has been to design a simple instrument for many uses, especially for the mechanic's shop. It is planned for manufacture at an early date.</p><p>The author is indebted to Dr. Earl Ingerson, Chief, Geochemistry and Petrology Branch, for critical correction and approval of this paper, by authority of the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Research Association","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Jaggar, T., 1950, Fifth special report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association and the U.S. Geological Survey: Abrasion hardness: Report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403537,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70232756/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70232756/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaggar, T. A.","contributorId":292987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaggar","given":"T. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":72059,"text":"tem142 - 1950 - Modification to Tracerlab Automatic Sample Changer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T09:03:03","indexId":"tem142","displayToPublicDate":"1950-01-01T09:28:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"142","title":"Modification to Tracerlab Automatic Sample Changer","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has recently modified the Tracerlab Automatic Sample Changer so that the geometry is greatly improved for counting larger low-activity samples in finely ground form. The larger sample and larger Geiger Mueller tubes allow a greater number of samples to be counted per hour with the same statistical accuracy.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem142","usgsCitation":"Flanegan, F., Nelson, J.M., and Warr, J., 1950, Modification to Tracerlab Automatic Sample Changer: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 142, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem142.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tem142.jpg"},{"id":284584,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0142/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd67fde4b0b29085101bf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanegan, F.J.","contributorId":97426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanegan","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, J. M.","contributorId":68687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warr, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":54296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warr","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5220797,"text":"5220797 - 1949 - Rodent-repellent studies. III. Advanced studies in the evaluation of chemical repellents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T18:19:13.628812","indexId":"5220797","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:16","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2524,"text":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Scientific Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rodent-repellent studies. III. Advanced studies in the evaluation of chemical repellents","docAbstract":"<p><span>In order to bridge the gap between preliminary screening of chemicals for potential rodent repellency and the application of these compounds to paper cartons, more advanced studies in the evaluation of promising materials have been carried out. These studies have resulted in: (1) a modification of the food acceptance technique which eliminates doubtful compounds and also provides a closer analogy to the ultimate goal, and (2) a method for rapidly testing chemicals incorporated in paper. When the results of these latter tests are expressed as a function of time, it can be shown that a distinct correlation exists between the deterrency exhibited by treated paper and the repellency of treated food.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1002/jps.3030390404","usgsCitation":"Bellack, E., and DeWitt, J., 1949, Rodent-repellent studies. III. Advanced studies in the evaluation of chemical repellents: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Scientific Edition, v. 39, no. 4, p. 197-202, https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030390404.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bellack, E.","contributorId":78831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellack","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWitt, J.B.","contributorId":89080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2255,"text":"wsp1078 - 1949 - Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T14:35:34","indexId":"wsp1078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1078","title":"Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>As of the date of this report (August 1945), the major water users in the Ypsilanti area are: (1) the city of Ypsilanti, (2) the Willow Run bomber plant, built by the Federal Government and operated by the Ford Motor Co., and (3) the war housing project of the Federal Public Housing Authority, designated in this report the Willow Run Townsite. The city, bomber plant, and townsite have required large quantities of water for domestic and industrial uses, and the necessary water supplies have been developed from wells. The Federal Works Agency had the responsibility of deciding whether the existing water facilities were adequate to meet the expected demands and determining the character of any additional public water-supply facilities that might be constructed with Federal assistance. In order to appraise the ground-water resources of the area the Federal Works Agency requested the Geological Survey to investigate the adequacy of the existing supplies and the availability of additional water. The present report is the result of the investigation, which was made in cooperation with the Michigan Geological Survey Division.</p><p>The water supplies of the three major users are obtained from wells penetrating glacial and associated sands and gravels. Supplies for the city of Ypsilanti and the Willow Run bomber plant are obtained from wells in the valley of the Huron River; the supply for the Willow Run Townsite is obtained from wells penetrating glacial gravels underlying the upland northeast of the valley. The bedrock formations of the area either yield little water to wells or yield water that is too highly mineralized for most uses.</p><p>The water supply for the bomber plant is obtained from three closely spaced, highly productive wells at the northern edge of the Huron River, a little more than 3 miles southeast of Ypsilanti. The water receives complete treatment in a modern treatment plant. River water also can be treated and has been used occasionally in the winter and spring. The average daily pumpage during periods of maximum production at the bomber plant has been 4.5 to 4.75 million gallons. On June 30, 1945, production of bombers was suspended, and the plant went on a. maintenance basis.</p><p>The water supply of the bomber-plant well field is replenished by recharge from precipitation and from the Huron River. The evidence shows that recharge from the river is one of the principal sources of water and gives assurance both of the adequacy of the present supply and of the availability of additional water if needed. The safe yield of the three existing wells is estimated to be not less than 6 million gallons per day.</p><p>The Ypsilanti public water supply is obtained from three tubular wells drilled in 1943, which replaced a number of suction-pumped tubular wells and one large dug well. All the wells penetrate sand and gravel in the bend of the Huron River in the southeastern part of Ypsilanti. The water is treated in a modern treatment plant completed in 1939. The average daily pumpage in million gallons was about 1.68 in 1942, 1.70 in 1943, and 1.66 in 1944. Considerable water was furnished to the Willow Run bomber plant from the Ypsilanti public-supply system during the period from August 1941 through March 1943.</p><p>The available information indicates that the water pumped from the Ypsilanti well field is replenished by ground-water flow from adjacent stretches of the Huron Valley and from the upland areas outside the valley, from precipitation on the valley in the vicinity of the well field, and possibly from the Huron River. It is believed that sufficient water can be obtained from the well field to meet the expected demand for a considerable time. The safe yield of the present wells is estimated to be not less than 3 million gallons per day, and detailed pumping tests might show that still larger supplies could be safely developed.</p><p>The water supply of the Willow Run Townsite is obtained from four wells in two well fields about 2 miles apart, one well in the northwest or Prospect and Geddes Road field, and three wells in the southeast or Wiard Road field. The pumpage was originally expected to be 2 to 3 million gallons per day, but it averaged only about 450,000 gallons per day from March 1943 through June 1945.</p><p>The evidence afforded by logs of wells and by pumping tests indicates that the water-bearing gravels at the townsite are covered by relatively impermeable materials and thus that the rate of recharge is low. However, only relatively small declines in water level have occurred during more than 2 years' operation of the wells, indicating that recharge may occur nearby. The safe yield of the present wells is estimated to be 1.0 to 1.5 million gallons per day, and detailed pumping tests might show it to be somewhat greater. The water supply of the Willow Run Townsite has the smallest potential capacity of the three major ground-water supplies in the area; however, the demand has been relatively small, and no difficulty should arise unless this demand increases greatly.</p><p>&nbsp;The investigation involved the drilling of 13 test wells to locate additional ground-water supplies, on the assumption that the wartime demand for water in the Ypsilanti area might increase beyond the capacity of the present sources. All 13 wells were drilled at sites selected by the Geological Survey. Two wells on the Willow Run Townsite were drilled by the Federal Public Housing Authority and 11 at other sites by the Federal Works Agency. Records of the wells are given in the report and discussed with respect to the availability of water at the different sites; similarly, the results of the controlled pumping tests made on four of the test wells drilled by the Federal Works Agency are analyzed and discussed with respect to the availability of additional water. The combined results of the test drilling and the pumping tests show that emergency supplies of several million gallons per day can be developed at the sites of the test wells. The best site shown by the test drilling is on the south bank of the Huron River opposite the bomber-plant well field, where a Well with a capacity of several thousand gallons per minute could be constructed if necessary. Three wells in the outwash-filled valley now occupied by Fleming Creek, on two of which pumping tests were made, show that emergency supplies ranging from a few hundred thousand to a million gallons per day could be developed at these test-well sites if necessary. Smaller Supplies ranging from a gallon or two per minute to perhaps 100,000 or 200,000 gallons per day could be developed at the sites of the remaining test Wells.</p><p>Pumping tests made on the supply wells of the three major water users by the consulting-engineering firms who designed the systems are analyzed and discussed briefly by the authors.</p><p>The report includes maps and graphs showing the surficial geology of the area, the location of wells, and fluctuations of water level in selected wells. Alsp included are tables giving data on water levels and pumpage, chemical analyses of representative ground waters, and records of wells.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Works Agency and the Geological Survey Division, Michigan Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C., Poindexter, O., and Otton, E., 1949, Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1078, Document: v, 105 p.; 5 Plates: 14.0 x 14.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1078.","productDescription":"Document: v, 105 p.; 5 Plates: 14.0 x 14.5 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28033,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28034,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28035,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28036,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28037,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Ypsilanti","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.75289916992188,\n              42.09618442380296\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.75289916992188,\n              42.42548395494743\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5235595703125,\n              42.42548395494743\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5235595703125,\n              42.09618442380296\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.75289916992188,\n              42.09618442380296\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b13e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, Charles L.","contributorId":32902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poindexter, O.F.","contributorId":57050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poindexter","given":"O.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otton, E. G.","contributorId":22311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":41902,"text":"ofr499 - 1949 - Aeromagnetic maps and second vertical derivative maps of Great Sitkin Island, Northern Adak Island, and part of northeastern Umnak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T11:56:38","indexId":"ofr499","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"49-9","title":"Aeromagnetic maps and second vertical derivative maps of Great Sitkin Island, Northern Adak Island, and part of northeastern Umnak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The eight attached maps were constructed from data taken on Project Volcano in the summer of 1947. The project was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Field work was done by Fred Keller, Jr., and J. L. Meuschke, Geophysicists of the U.S. Geological Survey, and by L. R. Alldredge, Physicist of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The instrument used was a modified AN/ASQ-3A flux-gate type total field magnetometer mounted in the tailcone of a PBY-5A aircraft. It is hoped that observation of the magnetic fields over volcanic areas over a period of years, may lead to prognostication of volcanic activity. These maps represent the results of the first of such surveys.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr499","usgsCitation":"Zietz, I., and Henderson, R., 1949, Aeromagnetic maps and second vertical derivative maps of Great Sitkin Island, Northern Adak Island, and part of northeastern Umnak Island, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 49-9, Report: 3 p., 8 maps: 16.94 x 17.57 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr499.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p., 8 maps: 16.94 x 17.57 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":79631,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-4.pdf","text":"D) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island second vertical derivative of the magnetic field","size":"970.25 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"D) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island second vertical derivative of the magnetic field"},{"id":79632,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-5.pdf","text":"E) Aeromagnetic map of northern Adak Island, Alaska uncorrected for regional gradient","size":"1.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"E) Aeromagnetic map of northern Adak Island, Alaska uncorrected for regional gradient"},{"id":79633,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-6.pdf","text":"F) Aeromagnetic map of northern Adak Island second vertical derivative of magnetic field","size":"1.13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"F) Aeromagnetic map of northern Adak Island second vertical derivative of magnetic field"},{"id":79634,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-7.pdf","text":"G) Aeromagnetic map of part of northeastern Umnak Island uncorrected for regional gradient","size":"1.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"G) Aeromagnetic map of part of northeastern Umnak Island uncorrected for regional gradient"},{"id":79630,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-3.pdf","text":"C) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island residual map","size":"908.60 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"C) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island residual map"},{"id":79628,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-1.pdf","text":"A) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island uncorrected for regional gradient","size":"928.73 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"A) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island uncorrected for regional gradient"},{"id":79629,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-2.pdf","text":"B) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island corrected for regional gradient","size":"991.99 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"B) Aeromagnetic map of Great Sitkin Island corrected for regional gradient"},{"id":79635,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/plate-8.pdf","text":"H) Aeromagnetic map of part of northeastern Umnak Island -second vertical derivative","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"H) Aeromagnetic map of part of northeastern Umnak Island -second vertical derivative"},{"id":79636,"rank":301,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.93 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":135509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1949/0009/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": 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,{"id":70215511,"text":"70215511 - 1949 - Volcanic activity on Umnak and Great Sitkin Islands, 1946–1948","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-21T19:24:07.665213","indexId":"70215511","displayToPublicDate":"1949-10-21T13:54:10","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic activity on Umnak and Great Sitkin Islands, 1946–1948","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the United States Geological Survey's volcano program in the Aleutian volcanic arc during 1946–1948, the volcanoes and thermal areas on Umnak and Great Sitkin Islands were studied. In addition to observation of the volcanoes, temperatures of fumaroles were measured and some products of the volcanic activity were collected and analyzed.</p><p>After an eruption in 1945, Cone A in Okmok Caldera on northeastern Umnak Island remained relatively quiet during the period 1946–1948. The fumarole gases contained water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. The incrustations associated with the sulfur dioxide fumaroles are the sulfate minerals halotrichite, gypsum, and soda alum. Temperatures of lava fumaroles at the source of the December, 1945 lava flow from Cone A dropped from an average of 320°C on July 19, 1946, to 90°C on September 5, 1946. With exception of the large central fumarole which reached red heat in 1947, the extra crater fumaroles of Cone A ranged from 96° to 98° C in temperature</p><p>Cone C, another cone in Okmok Caldera was in the solfataric stage and emitted water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, and probably carbon dioxide. Incrustations associated with fumaroles on this cone consisted of sulfur, pyrite, and aragonite. The temperatures of the fumaroles ranged from 95° to 96°C and were probably kept within this narrow range partly by the heat supplied during condensation of steam.</p><p>Sixteen large thermal springs emerging from the base of Cone D in Okmok Caldera had an aggregate discharge of approximately 115 cfs and gave off approximately 21,000 kcal of heat per second on September 7, 1946.</p><p>Water samples of thermal springs on Umnak Island contained as high as 159 ppm of boron expressed as B<sub>2</sub>0<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and a few parts per million of arsenic and antimony. Several of the thermal springs in southwestern Umnak Island were slightly superheated with respect to the boiling point of water and behaved as small geysers. As has been found elsewhere, the discharge, temperature, and composition of the emanations from a spring is modified by surface conditions of topography and drainage.</p><p>Thermal springs and fumaroles on Great Sitkin Island occurred at an altitude of about 2000 ft near the head of the west fork of Big Fox Creek. All the fumaroles were at or near a temperature of 100°C. The large crater fumarole in the center of the 1945 crater dome was unapproachable. No change in the activity of Great Sitkin volcano was observed between 1946 and August 1948.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR030i005p00719","usgsCitation":"Byers, F., and Brannock, W.W., 1949, Volcanic activity on Umnak and Great Sitkin Islands, 1946–1948: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 30, no. 5, p. 719-734, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR030i005p00719.","productDescription":"16  p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"734","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Umnak and Great Sitkin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -179.6484375,\n              51.45400691005982\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.037109375,\n              51.45400691005982\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.037109375,\n              56.12106042504407\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.6484375,\n              56.12106042504407\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.6484375,\n              51.45400691005982\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byers, F.M. Jr.","contributorId":78338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byers","given":"F.M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":802570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brannock, W. W.","contributorId":74504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brannock","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":802571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206841,"text":"70206841 - 1949 - Submarine geology and topography in the Northern Marshalls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-24T17:57:19.348001","indexId":"70206841","displayToPublicDate":"1949-02-28T07:34:47","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine geology and topography in the Northern Marshalls","docAbstract":"<p><span>The atomic bomb tests at Bikini in 1946 provided an opportunity to study the characteristics of atolls using modern surveying techniques. The work has shown that many of the important features, both above and below sea level, are definitely related to the direction of the prevailing winds, waves, and currents. Beyond the windward (north and east) reefs of Bikini, the steep outer slope is broken in most places by a terrace at ten fathoms. The margin of the windward reef is a Lithothamnion ridge, cut by strong grooves or surge channels; large islands are developed on these reefs. Lee reefs have nearly vertical outer slopes near the surface; their margins are smooth and are adapted to light surf; occasional storms have eroded large slump areas; and islands are small and few. Passes are largely confined to the southern reefs. The lagoons studied are 25 to 35 fathoms deep and are bordered by a ten‐fathom terrace. The floors are covered with living Halimeda and algal debris surrounded by a belt of foraminiferal and coral sand. Steep coral knolls, some rising nearly to sea level, are scattered in the lagoons. Many flat‐topped seamounts are present in the area. The 14 that were well surveyed rise from 2500 fathoms to depths between 470 and 850 fathoms. ©1949. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR030i001p00055","issn":"00028606","usgsCitation":"Emery, K., Tracey, J.I., and Ladd, H.S., 1949, Submarine geology and topography in the Northern Marshalls: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 30, no. 1, p. 55-58, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR030i001p00055.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, K.O.","contributorId":67865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"K.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tracey, J. I. Jr.","contributorId":17205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracey","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ladd, H. S.","contributorId":95537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70232750,"text":"70232750 - 1949 - Fourth special report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association: Steam blast volcanic eruptions: A study of Mount Pelée in Martinique as type volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T14:10:51.021054","indexId":"70232750","displayToPublicDate":"1949-01-01T12:35:29","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10993,"text":"Report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"Fourth special report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association: Steam blast volcanic eruptions: A study of Mount Pelée in Martinique as type volcano","docAbstract":"<p>The investigation is concerned with the author's expedition to Martinique and St. Vincent in 1902 and comparison of the experience of investigators and sufferers with that of others in so-called \"explosive\" eruptions. The Hawaiian mechanism is reviewed with special reference to rifts, underground water, intrusion furnace, wedge rupture, and lowering of magma. These features of structure are applied to Martinique, St. Vincent, Kilauea, Tarawera, Sakurajima, Katmai, Taal and Tomboro as a series of steam blasts old and new. The comparison is found to be applicable and the analogy with Hawaii considered as fundamentally magmatic for gas and basaltic slag, brings out the contrast that lies in steam eruptions. For all volcanoes they are believed features of ground water and of collapse. Ground water stimulates lava eruptions.</p><p>The Pelée disaster at St. Pierre May 8, 1902, followed by a dacite dome with spines, which renewed activity in 1929, is examined for paroxysms of downblast. These are distinguished sharply from the Carib migratory upblasts along valley fissures which are not uncommon elsewhere. The valleys are on rifts recognized as deep fumaroles. The Ghyben-Herzberg laws of ground water are applicable. Geyser rhythm was followed by Pelée, Soufriére of St. Vincent, and Kilauea in their sequence of paroxysms. Structure sections are drawn to scale, and the structural reactions of intrusion, rifts, boiler, gas effervescence, heat, and timing are thus outlined. The bearing of this machinery on volcanism in general, on world ignisepta and on reaction of magma is suggested. It is contended that steamblast is a climax of eruption in the water zone and should be sharply delimited from the rising and intrusion of fundamental earth magma, and from the high pressure water reactions of ocean bottoms. Rising magma is considered an age-long elevatory force along volcanic lines, modified by cyclical yielding. Compared with oceanic volcanism continental irruption in sediments is a separate science in experimental field geophysics. Every locality supramarine or submarine of warm ground and steep thermal gradient is a subject for volcanology, if pulsating ground water is critically, thermally and chemically measured.</p><p>Authors are referred to herein by names and dates in parentheses, as listed in the appendices.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Research Association","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Jaggar, T., 1949, Fourth special report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association: Steam blast volcanic eruptions: A study of Mount Pelée in Martinique as type volcano: Report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, vi, 137 p.","productDescription":"vi, 137 p.","numberOfPages":"144","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403533,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70232750/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":403534,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70232750/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"France","state":"Martinique","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -61.15882873535157,\n              14.877769053371143\n            ],\n            [\n              -61.170501708984375,\n              14.876441796788718\n            ],\n            [\n              -61.18148803710937,\n              14.875114532038921\n            ],\n            [\n              -61.19178771972656,\n              14.865823450159745\n   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A.","contributorId":292987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaggar","given":"T. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000397,"text":"1000397 - 1949 - The present status of the United States commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:41","indexId":"1000397","displayToPublicDate":"1949-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3637,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The present status of the United States commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"This review of the trends in production on the Great Lakes suggests that great biological changes have taken place.  The general abundance of the choicer varieties, and of some of the less choice fishes, has been lowered considerably; and the prospects are that this level will fall still farther.  In addition, the niches occupied by these finer species in the lakes have not been filled by coarser forms.  Much of the reduced abundance in modern fishery must be attributed to overfishing or unwise fishing (cisco, whitefish, lake trout, chubs).  Part of it we believe was caused by an infectious disease as was true for the smelt; part of it by the parasitic predator, the sea lamprey.  Perhaps increased competition for space or food such as might have been brought about by the smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan or the alewives in Lake Ontario may have played a role.  Pollution, too, may have taken its toll.  Often we have no better explanation to offer than to state that some unknown change in the environment was responsible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1949, The present status of the United States commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes: Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference, v. 14, p. 319-330.","productDescription":"p. 319-330","startPage":"319","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641b6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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