The mechanisms that resuspend bottom sediments in Old Tampa Bay, a shallow, microtidal, subtropical estuary in west-central Florida, were determined by analysing data collected during several periods from 1988 to 1990. Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration data were collected at a relatively deep (4 m) site where a permanent platform was built and at a relatively shallow (1·5 m) site where a submersible instrument package was deployed. Bottom sediments were non-cohesive silts and fine sands. The primary sediment resuspension mechanism at both sites was wind waves, which were generated by strong and sustained winds associated with winter storms and tropical storms. At the platform, waves were depth-transitional, and estimated bottom shear stresses were most sensitive to wave period and water depth. Concentrations of suspended solids at this site corresponded well with wave motion, and non-linear wave-current interaction was small. At the shallow-water site, concentrations of suspended solids were elevated during periods of strong north-easterly winds and large bottom orbital velocities. At both sites, wind direction was an important factor in determining the occurrence and magnitude of sediment resuspension. Resuspended sediments settled within several hours as storm intensity diminished. Winds and waves generated by thunderstorms were more transient than those generated by winter storms and tropical storms. Based on the data collected during this study, thunderstorms are less likely to resuspend bottom sediment than winter storms and tropical storms. Maximum tidal currents at the study sites are usually less than 15 cm s−1and did not increase observed concentrations of suspended solids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1995.0041","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 1995, Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 40, no. 6, p. 603-620, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1995.0041.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Old Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.52908503011928,\n 27.842463075881383\n ],\n [\n -82.53898569165497,\n 27.84871611869343\n ],\n [\n -82.5382785015456,\n 27.861221122682508\n ],\n [\n -82.52625626968052,\n 27.876225223280002\n ],\n [\n -82.5276706498999,\n 27.882476318607175\n ],\n [\n -82.52696345979052,\n 27.91060178169785\n ],\n [\n -82.52201312902235,\n 27.933721685430825\n ],\n [\n -82.5361569312162,\n 27.946841593082354\n ],\n [\n -82.54747197297196,\n 27.966830768749787\n ],\n [\n -82.55030073341075,\n 27.97370119293504\n ],\n [\n -82.57222362681155,\n 27.983693756137043\n ],\n [\n -82.59202494988297,\n 27.983693756137043\n ],\n [\n -82.61182627295506,\n 27.99430984001468\n ],\n [\n -82.60758313229692,\n 28.00430049329593\n ],\n [\n -82.61324065317443,\n 28.011792875347226\n ],\n [\n -82.62314131471015,\n 28.02178190736211\n ],\n [\n -82.64223544767222,\n 28.029273073214696\n ],\n [\n -82.64860015865976,\n 28.02178190736211\n ],\n [\n -82.65991520041484,\n 28.01928473623147\n ],\n [\n -82.65991520041484,\n 28.006798011881486\n ],\n [\n -82.66415834107302,\n 28.016787507183167\n ],\n [\n -82.66132958063424,\n 28.031770012640706\n ],\n [\n -82.67971652348695,\n 28.03863629732622\n ],\n [\n -82.68537404436448,\n 28.033642679190493\n ],\n [\n -82.69881065644897,\n 28.044877994058297\n ],\n [\n -82.70446817732655,\n 28.042381358826475\n ],\n [\n -82.69456751579084,\n 28.026151817466484\n ],\n [\n -82.68820280480325,\n 28.018036128946818\n ],\n [\n -82.68537404436448,\n 28.008671112823237\n ],\n [\n -82.67971652348695,\n 28.00430049329593\n ],\n [\n -82.69173875535208,\n 27.989314166059003\n ],\n [\n -82.70800412787536,\n 27.9818202210579\n ],\n [\n -82.70871131798471,\n 27.976199420527166\n ],\n [\n -82.69951784655835,\n 27.976199420527166\n ],\n [\n -82.70729693776532,\n 27.964956940772822\n ],\n [\n -82.71366164875289,\n 27.961833821840997\n ],\n [\n -82.72639107072739,\n 27.956211980026808\n ],\n [\n -82.73063421138552,\n 27.944342685903422\n ],\n [\n -82.73275578171491,\n 27.929348028825274\n ],\n [\n -82.71649040919168,\n 27.929348028825274\n ],\n [\n -82.69951784655835,\n 27.918725554506295\n ],\n [\n -82.69244594546143,\n 27.919350434829852\n ],\n [\n -82.67405900260938,\n 27.90747709121173\n ],\n [\n -82.65496486964736,\n 27.904352310468497\n ],\n [\n -82.65001453887915,\n 27.887476935083313\n ],\n [\n -82.63516354657527,\n 27.88310140829614\n ],\n [\n -82.62738445536831,\n 27.88310140829614\n ],\n [\n -82.6174837938326,\n 27.875600093904765\n ],\n [\n -82.619605364162,\n 27.865597533300388\n ],\n [\n -82.60333999163875,\n 27.860595906739533\n ],\n [\n -82.60192561141936,\n 27.845589642350276\n ],\n [\n -82.592732139993,\n 27.829330512698263\n ],\n [\n -82.52908503011928,\n 27.842463075881383\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89bae4b08c986b316e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018787,"text":"70018787 - 1995 - Prediction of areas where irrigation drainage may induce selenium contamination of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T12:30:20.02735","indexId":"70018787","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of areas where irrigation drainage may induce selenium contamination of water","docAbstract":"The U.S. Department of the Interior has investigated 25 areas in the western USA to determine whether irrigation drainage has caused harmful effects on wildlife or has reduced subsequent beneficial uses of the water. A database of chemical analyses of water, sediment, and biota from the 25 areas was created and supplemented with geologic, climatologic, and hydrologic data. The data were evaluated to identify common features among study areas and principal factors that result in Se contamination of water in lakes, ponds, and streams downgradient of irrigated areas. From the analysis of data, a decision tree that uses readily available geologic, climatologic, and hydrologic data was derived for use by resource managers as a screening tool to predict the likelihood that irrigation drainage will result in Se contamination in areas of the western USA. Irrigation in areas that are not associated with marine sedimentary rocks of late Cretaceous age is unlikely to cause Se contamination. Irrigation in very arid areas that are associated with these Cretaceous sediments is almost certain to cause Se contamination if the irrigation water drains to terminal lakes and ponds. The likelihood that an area will be contaminated with Se because of irrigation drainage can change, particularly with changes in precipitation. During normal or wet periods, Se contamination may not occur in an area, even though it has seleniferous soils, but reduced water deliveries during a drought in such an area may result in Se contamination.
The chemistry and bioavailability of Ag contribute to its high toxicity in marine and estuarine waters. Silver is unusual, in that both the dominant speciation reaction in seawater and the processes important in sorbing Ag in sediments favour enhanced bioavailability. Formation of a stable chloro complex favours dispersal of dissolved Ag, and the abundant chloro complex is available to biota. Sequestration by sediments also occurs, but with relatively slow kinetics. Amorphous aggregated coatings enhance Ag accumulation in sediments, as well as Ag uptake from sediments by deposit feeders. In estuaries, the bioaccumulation of Ag increases 56-fold with each unit of increased Ag concentration in sediments. Toxicity for sensitive marine species occurs at absolute concentrations as low as those observed for any nonalkylated metal, partly because bioaccumulation increases so steeply with contamination. The environmental window of tolerance to Ag in estuaries could be narrower than for many elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(95)00081-W","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S., Ho, Y., and Bryan, G., 1995, Fate, bioavailability and toxicity of silver in estuarine environments: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 31, no. 1-3, p. 44-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(95)00081-W.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(95)00081-W"},{"id":226935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f15e4b0c8380cd5375a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ho, Y.B.","contributorId":27208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"Y.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryan, G.W.","contributorId":84402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018881,"text":"70018881 - 1995 - Chemical and isotopic evolution of a layered eastern U.S. snowpack and its relation to stream-water composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T16:17:49","indexId":"70018881","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1008,"text":"Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and isotopic evolution of a layered eastern U.S. snowpack and its relation to stream-water composition","docAbstract":"The chemical, isotopic, and morphologic evolution of a layered snowpack was investigated during the winter of 1993-94 at Sleepers River Research Watershed in Danville, Vermont. The snowpack was monitored at two small basins: a forested basin at 525 m elevation, and an agricultural basin at 292 m elevation. At each site, the snowpack morphology was characterized and individual layers were sampled seven times during the season. Nitrate and 8d18O profiles in the snowpack remained relatively stable until peak accumulation in mid-March, except near the snow surface, where rain-on-snow events caused water and nitrate movement down to impeding ice layers. Subsequently, water and nitrate moved more readily through the ripening snowpack. As the snowpack evolved, combined processes of preferential ion elution, isotopic fractionation, and infiltration of isotopically heavy rainfall caused the pack to become depleted in solutes and isotopically enriched. The release of nitrate and isotopically depleted water was reflected in patterns of nitrate concentrations and ??18O of meltwater and stream water. Results supported data from the previous year which suggested that streamflow in the forested basin during snowmelt was dominated by groundwater discharge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Kendall, C., Albert, M., and Hardy, J., 1995, Chemical and isotopic evolution of a layered eastern U.S. snowpack and its relation to stream-water composition: Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995, v. 228, p. 329-338.","startPage":"329","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"228","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f546e4b0c8380cd4c14d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Albert, M.R.","contributorId":21825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albert","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardy, J.P.","contributorId":64954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018861,"text":"70018861 - 1995 - Chemistry and petrography of calcite in the KTB pilot borehole, Bavarian Oberpfalz, Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:29:48","indexId":"70018861","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry and petrography of calcite in the KTB pilot borehole, Bavarian Oberpfalz, Germany","docAbstract":"The KTB pilot borehole in northeast Bavaria, Germany, penetrates 4000 m of gneiss, amphibolite, and subordinate calc-silicate, lamprophyre and metagabbro. There are three types of calcite in the drilled section: 1) metamorphic calcite in calc-silicate and marble; 2) crack-filling calcite in all lithologies; and 3) replacement calcite in altered minerals. Crack-filling and replacement calcite postdate metamorphic calcite. Multiple calcite generations in individual cracks suggest that different generations of water repeatedly flowed through the same cracks. Crack-filling mineral assemblages that include calcite originally formed at temperatures of 150-350??C. Presently, crack-filling calcite is in chemical and isotopic equilibrium with saline to brackish water in the borehole at temperatures of ???120??C. The saline to brackish water contains a significant proportion of meteoric water. Re-equilibration of crack-filling calcite to lower temperatures means that calcite chemistry tells us little about water-rock interactions in the crystal section of temperatures higher than ~120??C. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(95)00063-R","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1995, Chemistry and petrography of calcite in the KTB pilot borehole, Bavarian Oberpfalz, Germany: Chemical Geology, v. 124, no. 3-4, p. 199-215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00063-R.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"215","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266050,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00063-R"}],"volume":"124","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5a6e4b0c8380cd4c342","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019215,"text":"70019215 - 1995 - Biotic and abiotic processes controlling water chemistry during snowmelt at rabbit ears pass, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70019215","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Biotic and abiotic processes controlling water chemistry during snowmelt at rabbit ears pass, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of snowmelt, groundwater, and streamwater was monitored during the spring of 1991 and 1992 in a 200-ha subalpine catchment on the western flank of the Rocky Mountains near Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Most of the snowmelt occurred during a one-month period annually that began in mid-May 1991 and mid-April 1992. The average water quality characteristics of individual sampling sites (meltwater, streamwater, and groundwater) were similar in 1991 and 1992. The major ions in meltwater were differentially eluted from the snowpack, and meltwater was dominated by Ca2+, SO4/2-, and NO3/-. Groundwater and streamwater were dominated by weathering products, including Ca2+, HCO3/- (measured as alkalinity), and SiO2, and their concentrations decreased as snowmelt progressed. One well had extremely high NO3/- concentrations, which were balanced by Ca2+ concentrations. For this well, hydrogen ion was hypothesized to be generated from nitrification in overlying soils, and subsequently exchanged with other cations, particularly Ca2+. Solute concentrations in streamwater also decreased as snowmelt progressed. Variations in groundwater levels and solute concentrations indicate thai most of the meltwater traveled through the surficial materials. A mass balance for 1992 indicated that the watershed retained H+, NH4/+, NO3/-, SO4/2- and Cl- and was the primary source of base cations and other weathering products. Proportionally more SO4/2- was deposited with the unusually high summer rainfall in 1992 compared to that released from snowmelt, whereas NO3/- was higher in snowmelt and Cl- was the same. The sum of snowmelt and rainfall could account for greater than 90% of the H+ and NH4/+ retained by the watershed and greater than 50% of the NO3/-.The chemical composition of snowmelt, groundwater, and streamwater was monitored during the spring of 1991 and 1992 in a 200-ha subalpine catchment on the western flank of the Rocky Mountains near Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The major ions in meltwater were differentially eluted from the snowpack, and meltwater was dominated by Ca2+, SO42-, and NO3-. Groundwater and streamwater were dominated by weathering products and their concentrations decreased as snowmelt progressed. Solute concentrations in streamwater also decreased as snowmelt progressed. A mass balance for 1992 showed that the watershed retained H+, NH4+, NO3-, SO42- and Cl- and was the primary source of base cations and other weathering products.","largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecosystem Behaviour: Evaluation of Integrated Monitoring in Small Catchments","conferenceDate":"18 September 1993 through 20 September 1993","conferenceLocation":"Prague, Czech Repub","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF01100436","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Leavesley, G., 1995, Biotic and abiotic processes controlling water chemistry during snowmelt at rabbit ears pass, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A., in Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v. 79, no. 1-4, Prague, Czech Repub, 18 September 1993 through 20 September 1993, p. 171-190, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01100436.","startPage":"171","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205784,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01100436"},{"id":226777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1a2e4b0c8380cd4ad5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":93733,"text":"93733 - 1995 - Baseline risk assessment for aquatic life for the Buffalo River, New York, Area of Concern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"93733","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Baseline risk assessment for aquatic life for the Buffalo River, New York, Area of Concern","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes National Program Office of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program to address concerns of environmental degradation at 43 Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes. In our first report (Passino-Reader et al. 1992), we developed a generic approach for baseline hazard evaluation of aquatic life in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. In this report, we demonstrate the application of the generic approach to the Buffalo River (New York) Area of Concern. Using available historical data on residues in sediments, water, and biota, we evaluated exposure for 41 contaminants from the Buffalo River for eight taxa of fish and invertebrates representing the major trophic levels in the Buffalo River. By comparing exposure concentrations with reference toxicities, we calculated risk to the eight receptor organisms for typical and worst cases of exposure to the 41 contaminants. For mixtures of the contaminants present at the Buffalo River, primarily metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, we compared sediment concentrations with effects range-low (EL-R) values as reference values for toxicity of mixtures to estimate risk to aquatic biota.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","usgsCitation":"Passino-Reader, D.R., Hudson, P.L., and Hickey, J.P., 1995, Baseline risk assessment for aquatic life for the Buffalo River, New York, Area of Concern, 112 p.","productDescription":"112 p.","startPage":"112","numberOfPages":"112","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Passino-Reader, Dora R.","contributorId":50839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino-Reader","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickey, James P.","contributorId":83460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185510,"text":"70185510 - 1995 - Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:26:30","indexId":"70185510","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5329,"text":"USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","docAbstract":"We began a three year study in 1987 to test the feasibility of using sonar in the Togiak River to estimate salmon escapements. Current methods rely on periodic aerial surveys and a counting tower at river kilometer 97. Escapement estimates are not available until 10 to 14 days after the salmon enter the river. Water depth and turbidity preclude relocating the tower to the lower river and affect the reliability of aerial surveys. To determine whether an alternative method could be developed to improve the timeliness and accuracy of current escapement monitoring, Bendix sonar units were operated during 1987, 1988, and 1990. Two sonar stations were set up opposite each other at river kilometer 30 and were operated 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Catches from gill nets with 12, 14, and 20 cm stretch mesh, a beach seine, and visual observations were used to estimate species composition. Length and sex data were collected from salmon caught in the nets to assess sampling bias.
In 1987, sonar was used to select optimal sites and enumerate coho salmon. In 1988 and 1990, the sites identified in 1987 were used to estimate the escapement of five salmon species. Sockeye salmon escapement was estimated at 512,581 and 589,321, chinook at 7,698 and 15,098, chum at 246,144 and 134,958, coho at 78,588 and 28,290, and pink at 96,167 and 131,484. Sonar estimates of sockeye salmon were two to three times the Alaska Department of Fish and Game's escapement estimate based on aerial surveys and tower counts. The source of error was probably a combination of over-estimating the total number of targets counted by the sonar and by incorrectly estimating species composition.
Total salmon escapement estimates using sonar may be feasible but several more years of development are needed. Because of the overlapped salmon run timing, estimating species composition appears the most difficult aspect of using sonar for management. Possible improvements include using a larger beach seine or selecting gill net mesh sizes evenly spaced between 10 and 20 cm stretch mesh.
Salmon counts at river kilometer 30 would reduce the lag time between salmon river entry and the escapement estimate to 2-5 days. Any further decrease in lag time, however, would require moving the sonar operations downriver into less desirable braided portions of the river.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"King Salmon, AK","usgsCitation":"Irving, D.B., Finn, J.E., and Larson, J.P., 1995, Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990: USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report 31, v, 55 p.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/alaska/fisheries/fieldoffice/anchorage/field/pdf/reports/Togiak%20River%20Sonar%201987-1990%20TR%2031.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Togiak National Wildlife Refuge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ce4b0236b68f98eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irving, David B.","contributorId":189720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irving","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, James P.","contributorId":189721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019216,"text":"70019216 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of the North Platte River alluvial aquifer, Garden County, Western Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019216","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the North Platte River alluvial aquifer, Garden County, Western Nebraska","docAbstract":"In 1993, a 3-year study was begun to describe the geohydrology and water quality of the North Platte River alluvial aquifer near Oshkosh, Garden County, Nebraska. The study's objectives are to evaluate the geohydrologic characteristics of the alluvial aquifer and to establish a network of observation wells for long-term monitoring of temporal variations and spatial distributions of nitrate and major-ion concentrations. Monitor wells were installed at 11 sites near Oshkosh. The geohydrology of the aquifer was characterized based on water-level measurements and two short-term aquifer tests. Bimonthly water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, specific conductivity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients that included dissolved nitrate. Concentrations of major ions were defined from analyses of semiannual water samples. Analyses of the geohydrologic and water-quality data indicate that the aquifer is vulnerable to nitrate contamination. These data also show that nitrate concentrations in ground water flowing into and out of the study area are less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Concentration Level of 10 milligrams per liter for drinking water. Ground water from Lost Creek Valley may be mixing with ground water in the North Platte River Valley, somewhat moderating nitrate concentrations near Oshkosh.","largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Groundwater Management - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Groundwater Management","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Steele, G.V., and Cannia, J.C., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of the North Platte River alluvial aquifer, Garden County, Western Nebraska, in International Symposium on Groundwater Management - Proceedings, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995, p. 379-384.","startPage":"379","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a17fae4b0c8380cd55651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, Gregory V. gvsteele@usgs.gov","contributorId":783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Gregory","email":"gvsteele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannia, James C.","contributorId":94356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019054,"text":"70019054 - 1995 - Slug tests in unconfined formations: An assessment of the bouwer and rice technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T23:50:32.234855","indexId":"70019054","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slug tests in unconfined formations: An assessment of the bouwer and rice technique","docAbstract":"The slug test is one of the most common techniques for the in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivity in unconfined flow systems. Recently, a mathematical model describing the flow of ground water in response to a slug test in an unconfined flow system has been proposed. This model incorporates the effects of partial penetration, anisotropy, an upper constant-head boundary, and, in its most complete form, well skins of either higher or lower permeability than the formation itself. This model is useful in identifying conditions when conventional approaches (i.e., the Bouwer and Rice model) introduce large errors into parameter estimates. For slug tests performed in homogeneous, isotropic formations that would be classified as aquifers, the Bouwer and Rice model provides estimates within 30% of actual field values. In less-permeable, clay-rich formations, however, estimates may overpredict formation conductivity by more than 100%. The Bouwer and Rice model introduces the largest error (can easily exceed an order of magnitude) in the presence of a low-permeability skin. Uncertainty about anisotropy can also be the source of considerable error. The semianalytical solution to the mathematical model described here can be employed for parameter estimation under conditions when the Bouwer and Rice model introduces unacceptably large errors into parameter estimates. This solution can be rapidly evaluated, allowing easy incorporation into an automated well-test analysis package and/or ready generation of type curves.
Variations in the ratio of magnesium to calcium (Mg/Ca) in fossil ostracodes from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 607 in the deep North Atlantic show that the change in bottom water temperature during late Pliocene 41,000-year obliquity cycles averaged 1.5°C between 3.2 and 2.8 million years ago (Ma) and increased to 2.3°C between 2.8 and 2.3 Ma, coincidentally with the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. During the last two 100,000-year glacial-to-interglacial climatic cycles of the Quaternary, bottom water temperatures changed by 4.5°C. These results show that glacial deepwater cooling has intensified since 3.2 Ma, most likely as the result of progressively diminished deep-water production in the North Atlantic and of the greater influence of Antarctic bottom water in the North Atlantic during glacial periods. The ostracode Mg/Ca data also allow the direct determination of the temperature component of the benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope record from Site 607, as well as derivation of a hypothetical sea-level curve for the late Pliocene and late Quaternary. The effects of dissolution on the Mg/Ca ratios of ostracode shells appear to have been minimal.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.270.5240.1347","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, G., Cronin, T.M., Baker, P., Raymo, M., Buzas, J.S., and Correge, T., 1995, North Atlantic deepwater temperature change during late pliocene and late quaternary climatic cycles: Science, v. 270, no. 5240, p. 1347-1351, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5240.1347.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1347","endPage":"1351","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/6997","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"270","issue":"5240","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6825e4b0c8380cd7362a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, Gary S.","contributorId":67642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"Gary S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, P.A.","contributorId":55148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raymo, M.E.","contributorId":21702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymo","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buzas, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":86080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buzas","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Correge, T.","contributorId":6602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Correge","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70043738,"text":"70043738 - 1995 - Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T11:11:14","indexId":"70043738","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":378,"text":"Publications of the US Geological Survey","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995","docAbstract":"This catalog is a list of (1) books and maps1 that were published during 1995 and (2) articles by U.S. Geological Survey personnel in non-U.S. Geological Survey journals and books that came to our attention in 1995; it supplements the permanent catalogs \"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961,\" \"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970,\" and \"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971 through '1981.\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70043738","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1995: Publications of the US Geological Survey, v, 489 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70043738.","productDescription":"v, 489 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267726,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70043738/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272686,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70043738/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5124ad6ae4b0b6328103b51f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003058,"text":"1003058 - 1995 - Double-crested cormorants along the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T14:37:13.952602","indexId":"1003058","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Double-crested cormorants along the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The Upper Mississippi River is an important habitat corridor for migratory birds and other wildlife, and it supports an important commercial and sport fishery. A study was initiated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1991 to describe Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) distribution and abundance on the Upper Mississippi River throughout the year to better understand the possible impacts of cormorants on fish resources and populations of other piscivorous birds. Double-crested Cormorants were common breeders and abundant during migration on the Upper Mississippi River during the 1940s. Numbers of cormorants declined in the 1960s and 1970s along the Upper Mississippi River as they did in other parts of the United States. In 1992, 418 cormorant pairs were estimated to have nested in four colonies on the Upper Mississippi River, and less than 7,000 cormorants were estimated to have migrated along the river during the fall and spring of 1991 and 1992. Recent public concern for fish resources has grown with a perceived growth of the local cormorant population. Migrating cormorants collected on the Upper Mississippi River took Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) primarily, but chicks were fed a wide variety of fish species.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521532","usgsCitation":"Kirsch, E., 1995, Double-crested cormorants along the upper Mississippi River: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 18, no. Special Pub. 1, p. 131-136, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521532.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"Special Pub. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirsch, E.M.","contributorId":87486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirsch","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001757,"text":"1001757 - 1995 - Double-crested cormorants along the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T14:40:19.333377","indexId":"1001757","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Double-crested cormorants along the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The Upper Mississippi River is an important habitat corridor for migratory birds and other wildlife, and it supports an important commercial and sport fishery. A study was initiated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1991 to describe Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) distribution and abundance on the Upper Mississippi River throughout the year to better understand the possible impacts of cormorants on fish resources and populations of other piscivorous birds. Double-crested Cormorants were common breeders and abundant during migration on the Upper Mississippi River during the 1940s. Numbers of cormorants declined in the 1960s and 1970s along the Upper Mississippi River as they did in other parts of the United States. In 1992, 418 cormorant pairs were estimated to have nested in four colonies on the Upper Mississippi River, and less than 7,000 cormorants were estimated to have migrated along the river during the fall and spring of 1991 and 1992. Recent public concern for fish resources has grown with a perceived growth of the local cormorant population. Migrating cormorants collected on the Upper Mississippi River took Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) primarily, but chicks were fed a wide variety of fish species.
We conducted a relocation study of unionid mussels in Navigation Pool 7 of the upper Mississippi River (river mile 713.2) to evaluate survival after handling and aerial exposure. Two separate studies were conducted to compare seasonal differences in mussel survival; the first was initiated in June and the second in October. Amblema plicata plicata (subfamily Ambleminae) and Obliquaria reflexa (subfamily Lampsilinae) were studied. Mussels were marked, held out of water for either 0, 1, 4, or 8 h, and then placed into a 3 × 3 m grid (divided into nine 1-m2 units). The mussels were re-examined after four-five months to measure mortality in the control and treatment groups. Mussels of both species had >90% survival after aerial exposure up to 4 h in both studies. However, survival (number recaptured live/number recaptured live and dead) of mussels showed a decreasing trend with duration of exposure in the first study, but not in the second study. The overall recovery of marked mussels (number recaptured/number marked) was 91% in the first study and 87% in the second study. However, only 37% of O. reflexa mussels in the 8-h treatment were recovered in the first study; the adjusted survival (number live recaptured/number marked) of this treatment group was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (35%) than all other treatments.
Ship-based surveys conducted throughout Alaska during the 1970's and 1980's, and more recent small boat surveys conducted in the northern Gulf of Alaska, suggest that about 280,000 murrelets reside in Alaska during summer. Most Marbled Murrelets are concentrated offshore of large tracts of coastal coniferous forests in southeast Alaska, Prince William Sound, and the Kodiak Archipelago. About 1-3 percent of murrelets breed wholly outside of forested areas in Alaska, and these presumably all nest on the ground. At sea, murrelets tend to occupy sheltered waters of bays, fiords, and island straits, and often aggregate near large river outflows or tide rips. Small boat surveys of Prince William Sound and Christmas Bird Count trends suggest that Marbled Murrelet populations in Alaska declined by about 50 percent between 1972 and 1992. Population declines may have resulted from cumulative effects of oil pollution, gill netting, logging of old-growth breeding habitat, and natural changes in the marine environment. The Exxon Valdez oil spill killed an estimated 8,400 murrelets in 1989, or about 3 percent of the Alaska population. The toll from chronic pollution is unknown. About 3300 murrelets (89 percent adult) die annually in fishing nets in Alaska - a sustained adult mortality rate of 1.5 percent per annum. The extent or effect on murrelets of logging in Alaska are unknown. While only 7 percent of the old-growth has been harvested in the Tongass National Forest, about 40 percent of the highly productive old-growth in the forest has already been logged. A decline in forage fish populations in the Gulf of Alaska during the last 20 years may account for reduced breeding success and population size of several seabird species, including murrelets. Murrelet populations should be sensitive to small increases in adult mortality from the above factors because production by murrects is low and must therefore be balanced by a low annual adult mortality rate.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and conservation of the marbled Murrelet (USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-j52)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Albany, CA","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., and Naslund, N.L., 1995, Abundance, distribution and population status of Marbled Murrelets in Alaska, chap. 28 of Ecology and conservation of the marbled Murrelet (USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-j52), p. 285-294.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"294","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -175.78125,\n 51.6180165487737\n ],\n [\n -129.375,\n 51.6180165487737\n ],\n [\n -129.375,\n 74.54332982677906\n ],\n [\n -175.78125,\n 74.54332982677906\n ],\n [\n -175.78125,\n 51.6180165487737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e4a8ce4b0764e6c61b8bc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696995,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, George L. Jr.","contributorId":56953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696996,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raphael, Martin G.","contributorId":31322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raphael","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696997,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696998,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naslund, Nancy L.","contributorId":187851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naslund","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187940,"text":"70187940 - 1995 - Hazard assessment of inorganics to three endangered fish in the Green River, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:18:28","indexId":"70187940","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard assessment of inorganics to three endangered fish in the Green River, Utah","docAbstract":"Acute toxicity tests were conducted with three life stages of Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius), razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), and bonytail (Gila elegans) in a reconstituted water quality simulating the middle part of the Green River of Utah. Tests were conducted with boron, lithium, selenate, selenite, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. The overall rank order of toxicity to all species and life stages combined from most to least toxic was vanadium = zinc > selenite > lithium = uranium > selenate > boron. There was no difference between the three species in their sensitivity to the seven inorganics based on a rank-order evaluation at the species level. Colorado squawfish were 2-5 times more sensitive to selenate and selenite at the swimup life stage than older stages, whereas razorback suckers displayed equal sensitivity among life stages. Bonytail exhibited equal sensitivity to selenite, but were five times more sensitive to selenate at the swimup life stage than the older stages. Comparison of 96-hr LC50 values with a limited number of environmental water concentrations in Ashley Creek, Utah, which receives irrigation drainwater, revealed moderate hazard ratios for boron, selenate, selenite, and zinc, low hazard ratios for uranium and vanadium, but unknown ratios for lithium. These inorganic contaminants in drainwaters may adversely affect endangered fish in the Green River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.1995.1017","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S.J., 1995, Hazard assessment of inorganics to three endangered fish in the Green River, Utah: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 30, no. 2, p. 134-142, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1995.1017.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Green River","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd0e4b0b7ff9fb489c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187050,"text":"70187050 - 1995 - Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:21:14","indexId":"70187050","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho","docAbstract":"This study was initiated to determine the general effects of potential flow reductions in the middle Snake River (Swan Falls Dam downstream to the Idaho-Oregon border) on its riparian vegetation. Considerable water from the river is currently used to irrigate the adjacent Snake River Plain, and increased demand for water in the future is likely. The problem was subdivided into several research components including: field investigation of the existing riparian vegetation and river environment, hydrological modeling to calculate the effects of one flow scenario on hydrological regime, and integration of vegetation and hydrological modeling results with a Geographic Information System (GIs) to map the riverbed, island, and bank conditions under the scenario flow. Field work was conducted in summer 1990. Riparian vegetation along 40 U.S. Geological Survey cross-sections was sampled at approximately 1.25 mile intervals within the 50 mile long study area. Cross-section and flow data were provided by the U.S. Geological. Survey. GIs mapping of land/water cover using ARC/INFO was based on 1987 aerial photographs. Riverbed contour maps were produced by linking cross-section data, topographic contouring software (anudem), and GIs. The maps were used to spatially display shallow areas in the channel likely to become vegetated under reduced flow conditions. The scenario would reduce flow by approximately 20% (160 MAF) and lower the river an average of 0.5 ft. The scenario flow could cause a drop in the elevation of the riparian zone comparable to the drop in mean river level and expansion of the lower riparian zone into shallow areas of the channel. The GIs maps showed that the shallow areas of the channel more likely to become vegetated under the scenario flow are located in wide reaches near islands. Some possible ecological consequences of the scenario flow include a greater area of riparian habitat, reduced flow velocity and sedimentation in shallow channels leading to channel deactivation, increased island visitation and nest predation by predatory mammals due to loss of a water barrier between some islands and banks, and larger populations of alien plant species in the new riparian vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(95)00048-A","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W.C., Dixon, M.D., Simons, R.W., Jenson, S., and Larson, K., 1995, Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho: Geomorphology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 159-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00048-A.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.135065496929165\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 43.135065496929165\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 43.78299262890581\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.78299262890581\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.135065496929165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d8e4b0b7ea5452410b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":189219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dixon, Mark D.","contributorId":48055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simons, Robert W.","contributorId":33632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenson, Susan","contributorId":191180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larson, Kevin","contributorId":191179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000650,"text":"1000650 - 1995 - Flowing recirculated-water system for inducing laboratory spawning of sea lampreys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:30:45.452208","indexId":"1000650","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flowing recirculated-water system for inducing laboratory spawning of sea lampreys","docAbstract":"We describe a water‐recirculating system for inducing spawning of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) held under laboratory conditions. Water temperature in the system was gradually increased to and maintained at 18 ± 2°C, the optimal temperature for spawning. About 10% freshwater was added daily to prevent buildup of waste products. Sea lampreys were provided substrate (approximately 3–6 cm in diameter) to build nests, and a water velocity of 0.2–0.3 m!s was maintained with an electric trolling motor. Sea lampreys held in this system exhibited characteristic spawning behavior. Prolarvae produced from artificial fertilization of gametes developed according to the standard timeline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0297:FRWSFI%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fredricks, K., and Seelye, J.G., 1995, Flowing recirculated-water system for inducing laboratory spawning of sea lampreys: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 57, no. 4, p. 297-301, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0297:FRWSFI%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de79d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fredricks, Kim T. 0000-0003-2363-7891 kfredricks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-7891","contributorId":5163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredricks","given":"Kim T.","email":"kfredricks@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seelye, James G.","contributorId":69919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelye","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70181811,"text":"70181811 - 1995 - Pinyon-juniper woodlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T10:36:54","indexId":"70181811","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RM-GTR-268","chapter":"6","title":"Pinyon-juniper woodlands","docAbstract":"Pinyon-juniper woodlands are one of the largest ecosystems in the Southwest and in the Middle Rio Grande Basin (Fig. 1). The woodlands have been important to the region's inhabitants since prehistoric times for a variety of natural resources and amenities. The ecosystems have not been static; their distributions, stand characteristics, and site conditions have been altered by changes in climatic patterns and human use and, often, abuse. Management of these lands since European settlement has varied from light exploitation and benign neglect, to attempts to remove the trees in favor of forage for livestock, and then to a realization that these lands contain useful resources and should be managed accordingly.
Land management agencies are committed to ecosystem management. While there are several definitions of ecosystem management, the goal is to use ecological approaches to create and maintain diverse, productive, and healthy ecosystems (Kaufmann et al. 1994). Ecosystem management recognizes that people are an integral part of the system and that their needs must be considered. Ecological approaches are central to the concept, but our understanding of basic woodland ecology is incomplete, and there are different opinions and interpretations of existing information (Gottfried and Severson 1993). There are many questions concerning proper ecosystem management of the pinyon-juniper woodlands and how managers can achieve these goals (Gottfried and Severson 1993). While the broad concept of ecosystem management generally is accepted, the USDA Forest Service, other public land management agencies, American Indian tribes, and private landowners may have differing definitions of what constitutes desired conditions.
Key questions about the pinyon-juniper ecosystems remain unanswered. Some concern the basic dynamics of biological and physical components of the pinyon-juniper ecosystems. Others concern the distribution of woodlands prior to European settlement and changes since the introduction of livestock and fire control. This relates to whether tree densities have been increasing or whether trees are invading grasslands and, to a lesser extent, drier ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. In areas where woodlands were heavily used by American Indians for fuelwood prior to European contact, the advance of pinyon and juniper could represent the slow recovery from intensive use (Samuels and Betancourt 1982). There are numerous questions regarding declines in watershed condition related to changes in pinyon-juniper tree stand densities and to the density and composition of understory vegetation. There are different opinions about proper management of woodland ecosystems. Should these lands be managed for a single resource, such as forage for livestock production, or managed for sustained production of multiple resource products and amenities? Depending on site and stand conditions, the woodlands can produce variable quantities of fuelwood, pinyon nuts, wildlife habitat, forage for livestock, and cover for watershed protection. Management must also consider increasing recreational demands, threatened and endangered species, and protection of archeological sites. Many pinyon-juniper woodland watersheds in New Mexico have unsatisfactory soil and watershed conditions (USDA Forest Service 1993); managers must develop restoration procedures that recognize the value of woodland ecosystems.
The concerns, questions, and conflicts surrounding management of pinyon-juniper lands, as well as the ecological foundations of ecosystem management, require that all interested parties reevaluate attitudes toward the woodlands. Ecosystem management goals and concepts recognize diversity. Pinyonjuniper woodlands are diverse, and stand characteristics and site productivities vary. Management objectives and prescriptions must evaluate the potential of each site, and decisions must be based on sound scientific information. This information is often unavailable. Therefore, this paper describes what we do know about the characteristics, distribution, and ecology of pinyon-juniper woodlands, including the effects of natural and human factors, within the southwestern United States and particularly the Middle Rio Grande Basin. It also reviews some past and present management options in this widespread and important vegetation type. The review draws on research and management information from the Rio Grande Basin and from similar areas in the Southwest and adjacent regions. It does not attempt to review all of the relevant literature; additional sources can be found within the articles cited in the References.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology, diversity, and sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Gottfried, G.J., Swetnam, T., Allen, C.D., Betancourt, J.L., and Chung-MacCoubrey, A.L., 1995, Pinyon-juniper woodlands: General Technical Report RM-GTR-268, 138 p.","productDescription":"138 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/38860"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42548e4b0c825128ad4c9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Finch, Deborah M.","contributorId":59894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668683,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tainter, Joseph A.","contributorId":181574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tainter","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668684,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gottfried, Gerald J.","contributorId":181573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gottfried","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swetnam, Thomas W.","contributorId":90455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swetnam","given":"Thomas W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chung-MacCoubrey, Alice L.","contributorId":37680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung-MacCoubrey","given":"Alice","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}