This study is based on 120 whitefish collected in northern Lake Champlain (Missisquoi Bay) in 1930 and on 175 whitefish taken in southern Lake Champlain in 1931. Since the whitefish population had not been exploited commercially after 1912 in United States waters and after 1915 in Canadian waters, its study should be of interest in showing the characteristics of a population practically untouched by man. Data have been presented on length frequencies, age composition, growth, coefficient of condition, sex ratio, standard length-total length relationship, and feeding habits. The data indicated that the Missisquoi Bay population was disturbed (probably by the early fall seining of 1930) before our samples were taken so that the original length distributions no longer existed. The southern Lake Champlain material, however, showed a consistency which indicated that the population had not been exploited to any extensive degree, if at all. When the northern population was compared with the southern the former was found to differ from the latter in the following respects, which differences pointed to some disturbance of the northern stock in the lake
\n| 1. | \n\n By possession of lower modes and smaller grand averages of length. \n | \n
| 2. | \n\n By absence of very old individuals. \n | \n
| 3. | \n\n By absence of a series of equally abundant age groups or, in other words, by the presence of a decided dominance of one or two age groups. \n | \n
| 4. | \n\n By a radical disagreement between the sexes in their age-frequency distribution. \n | \n
| 5. | \n\n By a disagreement between the sexes with respect to maximum lengths attained. \n | \n
All of the differences between the two collections could, however, not be attributed to exploitation. The following characteristics indicated the presence of two distinct populations in the lake
\n| 1. | \n\n Presence of a spawning ground at each end of the lake. \n | \n
| 2. | \n\n Differences in calculated lengths and increments of length (growth rates). \n | \n
| 3. | \n\n Differences in the actual lengths and weights of corresponding age groups at capture. \n | \n
| 4. | \n\n Differences in the coefficient of condition and the length-weight relationship. \n | \n
The discovery of the presence of apparently two separate populations of whitefish in Lake Champlain was wholly unexpected by us.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[152:TAGAFH]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., and Deason, H.J., 1939, The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchell), of Lake Champlain: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 68, no. 1, p. 152-162, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[152:TAGAFH]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"162","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48468e4b0cc79998053ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006906,"text":"70006906 - 1938 - Treat - think - and be wary, for tomorrow they may die","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T08:25:22","indexId":"70006906","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:12:56","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Treat - think - and be wary, for tomorrow they may die","docAbstract":"For some very strange reason it is easy to minimize the villian's role, played by disease-producing organisms, in the theater of modern fish culture. Much concern is felt over the food bills footed each month by the hatcheries, but very little is thought about the dead fish which are picked from the hatchery troughs during the same period.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1938)5[1:TTABWF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1938, Treat - think - and be wary, for tomorrow they may die: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 5, no. 39, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1938)5[1:TTABWF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1938)5[1:TTABWF]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb78ee4b08c986b327348","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70212724,"text":"70212724 - 1938 - Precipitation and vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-26T18:42:42.168712","indexId":"70212724","displayToPublicDate":"1938-08-26T13:42:11","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation and vegetation","docAbstract":"As time marches on, historians are usually quite faithful in recording the activities of man, and it will usually be found that Mother Nature is even more meticulous in reflecting and preserving her experiences, more especially with regard to climate and vegetation. Just how much the activities of man have done to modify the natural conditions of a virgin country may in some respects always remain a question. There is however, no longer the slightest doubt about the influence civilization may have had on the climate—which is none at all! And it is the purpose of the present paper to introduce a few trustworthy witnesses in support of the hypothesis that the activities of man have also been ineffective with respect to noteworthy changes in the general aspect of the native vegetation, outside the ranch‐fences of the West.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR019i002p00604","usgsCitation":"Woolley, R., and Alter, J., 1938, Precipitation and vegetation: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 19, no. 2, p. 804-807, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR019i002p00604.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"804","endPage":"807","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolley, Ralf R.","contributorId":45301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolley","given":"Ralf R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alter, J.C.","contributorId":239605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alter","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70212729,"text":"70212729 - 1937 - On the estimation of temperatures at moderate depths in the crust of the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-26T19:33:55.256933","indexId":"70212729","displayToPublicDate":"1937-08-26T14:22:19","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the estimation of temperatures at moderate depths in the crust of the Earth","docAbstract":"The modern deep well makes it possible to determine the temperatures of the rocks to depths exceeding two miles, and the rock‐samples obtained at these great depths enable the geologist to estimate the depths to the deeply buried basement‐rocks to a rather high degree of precision. The latter estimates are now being supplemented to a certain extent by the precision‐measurements of geophysicist, so that reliable data seem to be assured even in those areas in which the basement rocks are not reached by the drill. With these two sources of information at our disposal—accurate temperature‐measurements and reliable estimates or measurements of depths to bed‐rock—it should be possible to construct a rather accurate subsurface map showing the temperatures on the boundary‐surface between the sedimentaries and the basement floor. In this paper it is proposed chiefly to outline the method of procedure by making some rough calculations of the temperatures at great depths for a few locations in the United States and for one location near Carnarvon, Cape Province, South Africa.
","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00021","usgsCitation":"Van Orstrand, C.E., 1937, On the estimation of temperatures at moderate depths in the crust of the Earth: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 21-33, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00021.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Orstrand, C. E.","contributorId":37231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Orstrand","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207269,"text":"70207269 - 1937 - Mode of igneous intrusion in La Plata Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-15T12:32:05","indexId":"70207269","displayToPublicDate":"1937-07-31T12:27:20","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mode of igneous intrusion in La Plata Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"The La Plata Mountains, in southwestern Colorado, have long been known as an example of a mountain group of the laccolithic type, although it has been recognized that the igneous geology was much more complex than that of typical laccoliths. A restudy of the ore‐deposits of the District, now in progress, has thrown new light on the mode of intrusion of the igneous rocks (E. B. Eckel, Resurvey of the geology and ore‐deposits of the La Plata Mining District, Colorado, Proc. Colorado Sci. Soc, v. 13, No. 9, pp. 508–546, 1936). The Mountains, which include parts of La Plata and Montezuma Counties, are 8 to 18 miles northwest of Durango and occupy an oval area 10 to 15 miles in diameter. The altitude ranges from about 8000 to 13,225 feet above sea‐level. ©1937. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00258","issn":"00028606","usgsCitation":"Eckel, E., 1937, Mode of igneous intrusion in La Plata Mountains, Colorado: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 258-260, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00258.","productDescription":"3 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckel, E.B.","contributorId":22825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckel","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006903,"text":"70006903 - 1936 - Founders of fish culture - European origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T08:08:13","indexId":"70006903","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:47:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Founders of fish culture - European origins","docAbstract":"Just where true fish culture appeared in history depends entirely upon what one considers fish culture to be. If the transportation of fishes from regions of plenty to those of few is to be regarded as fish culture - as it is by some even today - then this story should start in remotest antiquity and deal with an amazing series of failures. However, fish culture to be classed as a science must include far more than mere transportation, it must include a deliberate effort on the part of man to master a technique of fish raising which will yield results far superior to Nature's. Accordingly, the wheel of history must be spun forward to the fifteenth century, A. D., when man first conceived the idea that with care and exactitude, he could improve upon Nature. The fish cultural efforts of the Chinese, the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans may be skipped over in a hurry, for they represented little more than the transportation and rearing of wild fish. With the renaissance of modern civilization in Europe came the birth of scientific fish culture.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1936)316[8:FOFCEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1936, Founders of fish culture - European origins: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 16, p. 8-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1936)316[8:FOFCEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258343,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1936)316[8:FOFCEO]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1391e4b0c8380cd546cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159187,"text":"70159187 - 1936 - Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the Atlantic City region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-12T13:46:31","indexId":"70159187","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":135,"text":"Special Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the Atlantic City region","docAbstract":"This report is the second progress report on the ground-water investigations in the Atlantic City region. Many important problems still remain to be solved, however, and it is in no sense a final report.
\nThe report covers the area immediately surrounding Atlantic City, extending from Brigantine to Sea Isle City along the coast and from Absecon to Somers Point on the mainland. In addition to this, a few data are presented bearing on the area along the coast as far south as Wildwood. The area lies in the southern part of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, and the water-bearing formations considered are all unconsolidated and of Miocene or more recent age. The major formations in the region dip gently toward the ocean and possibly extend out under the ocean to the edge of the Continental Shelf, about 100 miles from Atlantic City. The principal ground-water supplies in the area are derived from the so-called \"800-foot sand,\" a member of the Kirkwood formation, and from the overlying Cohansey sands. The 800-foot sand is of wide extent and apparently fairly uniform. The Cohansey sands, on the other hand, cover a wide area but are by no means uniform. At the Atlantic City Water Works two Cohansey sands are recognized-the so-called \"100-foot\" and \"200-foot\" sands. Neither of these sands can be differentiated from the other sands of the Cohansey formation over a distance greater than 4 or 5 miles in any direction.
\nIn addition to the supplies derived from ground water, some surface water is used at present by two of the public water supplies. The quality of the water from all the sources of supply now used is satisfactory. The total consumption of water in the region has increased gradually over the entire period of record, except for a moderate decline from 1929 to 1934. Additional water supplies can be obtained from either of two fairly large streams near the region, and possibly also from a more widespread development of the Cohansey sands. The 800-foot sand should not be counted upon as a source of additional water supply, in view of its liability to salt-water contamination. The same danger also exists in the Cohansey sands on the mainland near the shore, but farther inland it is not a serious menace to the supply from these sands
\nThe 100-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Work has been overdeveloped since 1930, with the result that the head of the water in it has been lowered materially and salt water has been drawn into it through holes in the overlying clay beneath the nearby salt marshes. Three of the five new large-capacity wells drilled to this sand in 1930 have been temporarily or permanently abandoned on account of salt-water intrusion, and the two others will probably have to be abandoned also, unless suitable remedial measures are promptly adopted. It is recommended that the wells to the 100-foot sand be used only when needed to supply the seasonal peak demand and that consideration be given to a project to transform the tidal marshes into a fresh-water pond by means of a suitable dam in order to protect the formation from further contamination. If detailed study proves that the dam and fresh-water pond would not be economically justified, a smaller pond and an embankment and tide gates on the main stream to keep the salt water from flooding the marshes are recommended as less effective but less expensive remedial measures. In view of the experience with the 100-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Works, it is further recommended that any additional development of the Cohansey sands be preceded by a comprehensive test-well program that will indicate not only the capacity of the sands, but the location of salt water in them and the possibility of its being drawn into existing wells or the proposed new wells.
\nThe salt-water intrusion into the 100-foot sand was effectively studied by means of driven-well points, which, it was found, could easily be driven to a depth of about 100 feet. The fact that the screen of these wells was driven with the casing and that no water was used in the drilling process made it possible to collect true samples of water from every sand encountered in them. This, in turn, made it possible to study the vertical distribution of salt water in each well. The interpretation of the vertical distribution of salt water in these wells was very helpful in arriving at a final decision as to the source of the salt water.
\nThe 200-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Works has also been subjected to a considerably increased draft since 1930. Although there is no evidence at present that this sand has been overdeveloped, a study of its characteristics suggests that it may not be capable of yielding permanently the capacity of the present wells that tap it. Three test wells have been installed between the well field and the source from which this sand might derive salt water, and they should be sampled regularly to determine the danger of salt-water intrusion into the sand. In a landward direction this sand merges into the other Cohansey sands. It is therefore advisable that any additional development of the Cohansey sands should be undertaken so far inland that the pumping from it will not affect the present wells to the 200-foot sand and thereby increase the danger of salt-water contamination in them.
\nAt present more potable water is taken from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand than from any other source of supply for the region. This sand is the sole source for some of the smaller communities on the barrier beaches. The original static head of the water in it at Atlantic City was between 20 and 25 feet above sea level. The head has been lowered more than 50 feet over much of the region, and in parts of Atlantic City it has been lowered considerably more than 100 feet. A consideration of the principles governing the relation between salt water and fresh water in water-bearing sands indicates that the 800-foot sand probably contained salt water at a distance of 5 or 10 miles out from Atlantic City before any water was pumped from it. The evidence collected in this investigation indicates that the cone of depression created by the pumping from this sand in the Atlantic City region has probably extended inland to the intake area of the sand, the nearest part of which is probably about 40 miles from Atlantic City. If this is so, the conclusion is almost inescapable that it has also extended oceanward for a distance considerably greater than the 5 or 10 miles to the original zone of contact between the fresh and salt waters, and that salt water is probably being drawn toward the Atlantic City region through this sand. The time of its arrival will depend primarily upon the rate of pumping in the region and upon how much of the fresh water that originally lay between the region and the zone of contact must be removed before the salt water can reach the region. It may arrive in the near future if it advances in the form of a narrow tongue. On the other hand, if it advances along a broader front; so that more of the intervening fresh water must be pumped out of the formation, its arrival may be delayed for some time.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of New Jersey State Water Policy Commission","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Barksdale, H.C., Sundstrom, R.W., and Brunstein, M.S., 1936, Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the Atlantic City region: Special Report 6, 150 p.","productDescription":"150 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159187.jpg"},{"id":311253,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159187/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic City, Brigantine, Somers Point, Sea Isle City, Absecon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.49554443359375,\n 39.528407312645825\n ],\n [\n -74.29229736328125,\n 39.49874248613119\n ],\n [\n -74.33624267578125,\n 39.4255858195144\n ],\n [\n -74.38842773437499,\n 39.37677199661635\n ],\n [\n -74.47219848632812,\n 39.31623792008409\n ],\n [\n -74.54360961914062,\n 39.299236474818194\n ],\n [\n -74.59854125976562,\n 39.24182610848299\n ],\n [\n -74.70840454101561,\n 39.118341154165186\n ],\n [\n -74.73175048828124,\n 39.11407918425643\n ],\n [\n -74.77294921875,\n 39.132190775931036\n ],\n [\n -74.77706909179688,\n 39.14603767446419\n ],\n [\n -74.63973999023438,\n 39.301361881349244\n ],\n [\n -74.5697021484375,\n 39.42346418978382\n ],\n [\n -74.49554443359375,\n 39.528407312645825\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5623712fe4b06217fc47deab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barksdale, Henry C.","contributorId":11463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundstrom, Raymond W.","contributorId":8080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundstrom","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunstein, Maurice S.","contributorId":149293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brunstein","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70212979,"text":"70212979 - 1936 - Mode of intrusion of pre‐Cambrian granites in Central Boulder County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-03T16:23:49.60499","indexId":"70212979","displayToPublicDate":"1936-09-02T11:24:05","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mode of intrusion of pre‐Cambrian granites in Central Boulder County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR017i001p00257-2","usgsCitation":"Goddard, E.N., 1936, Mode of intrusion of pre‐Cambrian granites in Central Boulder County, Colorado: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 17, no. 2, p. 257-257, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR017i001p00257-2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goddard, Edwin N.","contributorId":103305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000423,"text":"1000423 - 1936 - Net selectivity on the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:12","indexId":"1000423","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1846,"text":"Gold Medal Netting News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net selectivity on the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Two experiments, using 784 bobwhite quail chicks, were conducted at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Bowie, Maryland, to find a growing diet that would meet wartime restrictions. In 1941 a diet containing 14 per cent sardine fish meal was formulated and gave satisfactory results from the standpoints of survival and growth. Since fish meal now is scarce, search was made for a diet without war-restricted commodities yet equal to the above-mentioned diet in feeding value. Ten diets were compared.....In the present experiments, quail fed this same diet modified by the substitution of 0.12 per cent of D-activated sterol for vitamin A and D feeding oil fortified showed the highest survival and the best live weights at the end of both the sixth and tenth weeks. They also were among the top three groups in requiring the least quantity of feed per unit of gain in weight; however, they consumed the greatest quantity of feed.....Of the other nine diets, that which seemed most promising, considering survival, live weight, and efficiency of feed utilization, was as follows (parts by weight) : Yellow corn, ground 26.08...Millet, ground 10.00...Alfalfa leaf meal, dehydrated 7.50...Soybean oil meal, solvent-processed 50.00...Dried whey 3.00...Special steamed bonemeal 1.50...Limestone, ground 0.80...Salt mixture 1.OO...D-activated animal sterol 0.12....100.00.....At the end of ten weeks the results on this diet (Diet l l ) , as compared with that containing sardine meal (Diet 23), were as follows: Diet No. 11 Percentage survival 71, Average live weight per bird, grams 144,....Growing mash consumed, per bird-day, grams 6.8 Feed consumed per gram of gain in weight (grams) 3.8......Diet 23....Percentage survival, 80,...Avg live weight per bird, grams....145,....Growing mash consumed , per bird-day, grams...7.4...Feed consumed per gram of gain in weight (grams)....3.9. Results were unsatisfactory when expeller-processed soybean oil meal was used in this diet to replace solvent-processed meal. At the end of ten weeks only 60 per cent of the quail survived and the average live weight was only 138 grams.....When the level of dried whey was raised to 5 per cent to provide a margin of safety against abnormal feather growth (resulting partly from riboflavin deficiency), the number of survivals was nearly as high as on the diet containing 14 per cent sardine meal, but the average live weight per bird was only 139 grams. The difference between this weight and that for the birds on Diet 11 (3% dried whey) was not statistically significant.....The general rating for the diet was as high as that for Diet 11, when ground wheat replaced ground millet in the diet containing 3 per cent dried whey. Survival of birds was 5 per cent-units lower, the average live weight was about the same, and efficiency of feed utilization was higher.....Using D-activated animal sterol as a source of vitamin D and yellow corn and a good grade of alfalfa leaf meal as sources of vitamin A, fish oils were omitted from the diets without causing symptons of avitaminosis. However because of the instability of vitamin A in storage, it is advisable to include sufficient fish oil, if obtainable, in quail diets to supply at least 2,000 I. U. of vitamin A per pound of feed on a total feed basis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Gold Medal Netting News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1936, Net selectivity on the Great Lakes: Gold Medal Netting News, v. 10, no. July, p. 2-3.","productDescription":"p. 2-3","startPage":"2","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"July","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3870,"text":"cir7 - 1934 - Gold-quartz veins south of Libby, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T16:53:32.341271","indexId":"cir7","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Gold-quartz veins south of Libby, Montana","docAbstract":"The area described in this paper is one of rugged mountains, composed chiefly of folded and faulted sedimentary rocks of the Belt series. In the nearby region the beds are intruded by diorite sills and granitic stocks. Glacial drift, including silt deposited in a lake, covers much of the lower slopes of the mountains and partly fills the valleys.
Incomplete records show a production of $200,000 in gold, mostly from the oxidized free-milling parts of quartz veins. Except a few in the Wallace formation the veins are found in sandstone and shale of the Prichard formation. They partly replace the country rock along fractures that commonly follow bedding planes but also cut across them at moderate angles. The veins average between 1 and 2 feet in thickness and reach a maximum of 6 feet. They are cut by faults of small displacement, with which the ore bodies are commonly associated.
Quartz forms 95 percent or more of the veins. Of the remainder, one or more of the minerals pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and pyrrhotite are relatively abundant, and chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite, and scheelite are present sparingly. A little silver is present, and in some veins it exceeds the gold considerably.
In many veins an original quartz filling has been slightly brecciated or sheared by movement parallel to the walls. Sulphides and gold have been introduced along the shear planes, partly replacing the quartz and giving the vein a \"ribbon\" structure. The gold is closely associated with the sphalerite, and silver is more plentiful in the veins that carry galena.
As a rule oxidation has not extended far below the surface, and its chief product is limonite. Cerusite and anglesite are present in some veins, and a little malachite, azurite, pyromorphite, or manganese oxide occurs in a few. Native gold is present in both the oxidized and unoxidized ores.
Although mining of these veins in the past may have been unprofitable, that result was due partly, at least, to difficulties of transportation and milling. With improvement in roads and methods, not to mention appreciation in the value of gold, the deposits are believed to have a promising future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir7","usgsCitation":"Gibson, R., 1934, Gold-quartz veins south of Libby, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 7, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir7.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":384090,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0007/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","city":"Libby","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.66955566406249,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -115.44708251953125,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -115.44708251953125,\n 48.425555463221066\n ],\n [\n -115.66955566406249,\n 48.425555463221066\n ],\n [\n -115.66955566406249,\n 48.3416461723746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4993","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, Russell","contributorId":106101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34167,"text":"b845 - 1933 - Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T18:33:24.56548","indexId":"b845","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"845","title":"Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles","docAbstract":"The Southern Pacific Railroad from New Orleans to Los Angeles, a distance of about 2,000 miles, passes through a region exhibiting a great variety of geographic and industrial conditions. The climate, especially the amount of precipitation, is the most influential factor in causing this variety.\r\n\r\nThe low Coastal Plain of southern Louisiana and eastern Texas, with ample rainfall and thick rich soils, is a province distinct in configuration, human occupations, and products. There are extensive swamps, prairies, and wooded areas, but a large part of the land is under cultivation, with sugarcane, cotton, and rice as the principal crops. The streams are wide and slow, the winter climate is mild, and the summer heat is tempered by breezes from the Gulf of Mexico. Flourishing towns occur at short intervals, and some of them are growing rapidly. The entire region is underlain by a great thickness of sand and clay of alluvial origin.\r\n\r\nIn central-eastern Texas the Coastal Plain is higher, the soil conditions are materially different, the streams run more swiftly, swamps become rare, and although much land is under cultivation, many areas are either in pasture or not cleared. The vegetation changes with change of soil and increase of altitude, and the crops are more diversified than in the lower parts of the Coastal Plain. The region is underlain by sandstone, shale, and other formations, which rise toward the west, cropping out in regular succession as they are crossed from east to west. Some of these formations are hard enough to make ridges and knobs, and there is general terracing at various levels. Parts of the highest lands are remnants of an old plain of former wide extent.\r\n\r\nBeyond San Antonio the traveler observes several changes in the general aspect of the country, for although the Coastal Plain extends west to Del Rio, there is both a gradual increase in elevation to about 1,000 feet and a marked diminution of rainfall to the west, which greatly affect landscape and industries. Cacti become larger and more abundant, and many special trees and plants are prevalent, notably the mesquite; forests diminish in density, and far to the west trees occur only in the bottom lands. Agriculture here depends largely on irrigation, and the raising of cattle, sheep, and goats is the dominant industry. The principal underlying rocks are shale, soft sandstone, and chalk, which do not make strong relief but produce hills and ridges of moderate height separated by wide valleys, which along the larger streams are bordered by bottom lands. Northwest of San Antonio the Coastal Plain gives place rather abruptly to the Edwards Plateau, owing to the rapid rise of hard limestones; from San Antonio to Del Rio this feature lies north of the railroad but is visible at many places.\r\n\r\nFor many miles west from Del Rio the railroad is on the plateau, which is floored by hard limestone and deeply trenched by the drainageways, notably by the canyons of the Devils River, the Rio Grande, and the Pecos River. In this district, where semiarid conditions prevail, vegetation is sparse and trees are mostly confined to valley bottoms except where the limestone supports a growth of juniper or live oak. The soil is thin, but it sustains grass and shrubs which afford good pasturage for many goats, sheep, and cattle. Owing to the gradual general rise of the strata to the west the land increases in elevation, and much of the plateau in south-central Texas is 2,000 feet above sea level in its eastern part and 3,000 feet in its western part. Near Sanderson this rise develops into the great dome of the Marathon uplift. The central part of this uplift is truncated, revealing a large area of closely folded Paleozoic rocks, making sharp ridges of the Appalachian type. The Edwards Plateau ends on the east side of this uplift. To the west is the Davis Mountain region, a wide province of volcanic rocks, characterized by rugged peaks and irregularly disposed ridges in great va","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Guidebook of the western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b845","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1933, Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 845, 304 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b845.","productDescription":"304 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114929.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":92611,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, Nelson Horatio","contributorId":78307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"Nelson","email":"","middleInitial":"Horatio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35439,"text":"b842 - 1933 - Metalliferous deposits of the greater Helena mining region, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:00:43","indexId":"b842","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"842","title":"Metalliferous deposits of the greater Helena mining region, Montana","docAbstract":"The ore deposits described in this bulletin are distributed through a region of about 3,000 square miles surrounding the city of Helena, Mont. In general the surface of this region is mountainous, but it includes several large intermontane valleys. Large areas in the northern and eastern parts of the region sire underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Algonkian Belt series, and on the northeast and southwest the Belt rocks are overlain without any noticeable angular unconformity by Paleozoic and Mesozoic beds. Oligocene, Miocene, and possibly Pliocene sediments, composed chiefly of volcanic ash and land waste of local origin, occupy large areas in the intermontane valleys and lie unconformably upon Cretaceous and older rocks. A thin veneer of Pleistocene and Recent alluvium generally overspreads the Tertiary. In the extreme northern part of the region are large deposits of glacial drift that represent two stages of the Pleistocene.
The principal igneous body of the region is the northern part of the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous Boulder batholitb of quartz monzonite. The main exposure of this body occupies an area of nearly 1,200 square miles and extends southward beyond the limits of the particular region considered. Smaller areas of similar rocks are clustered around this exposure. Most of the exposures probably represent bodies that are connected in depth to form a single mass.
The late Cretaceous and older sedimentary rocks are involved in a series of northwestward-trending folds. Along the east side of the region overthrust faults related to the great Lewis overthrust of Glacier National Park cause Belt rocks to overlie rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages. Large normal faults occur near Marysville and faults of moderate displacement near Helena. The Tertiary beds are slightly deformed by folds and faults that are unrelated to the structure of the older rock. The geologic history of the region includes two contrasting periods, the earlier of which was characterized by the accumulation of marine sediments and the later by mountain building and erosion. The later period began with folding and elevation in late Cretaceous or early Eocene time, followed by overthrust faulting and the intrusion of the Boulder batholith. Next, there ensued a period of crustal stability, during which erosion reduced the region to a surface of low relief and cut away at least 10,000 feet of strata in the area north of Helena. In Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene (?) time sediments composed of land waste and volcanic ash were deposited, and this event was followed by warping and faulting that elevated the present mountains. During Pliocene and Pleistocene time the mountains were maturely dissected, and in middle and late Pleistocene time local glaciers formed in the higher mountains and large valley glaciers invaded the extreme northern part of the region.
The ore deposits include lodes and placers that have yielded gold, silver, lead, copper, and zinc to a value of at least $176,860,000. The placers were formed mostly during interglacial stages of the Pleistocene. They have been almost entirely exhausted. Most of the lodes are classified as regards age in two groups, an older and a younger. The older lodes are related in origin to the Boulder batholith or some of the neighboring intrusive granitic bodies and were probably formed during early Eocene time. The younger lodes were formed after dacite of probable Miocene age was erupted. They are possibly related in origin to some unexposed intrusive granitic rock.
For convenience in description the region is divided into three parts districts north of Helena, districts in the Belt Mountains, and districts south of Helena.
The districts north of Helena include a 50-mile stretch of the Continental Divide that forms a broad ridge surmounted with considerable areas of flat or gently sloping surface at a general altitude of 7,000 feet. Narrow valleys 1,000 to 2,000 feet deep are cut into this surface and lead out to the neighboring wide intermontane valleys. The area is underlain mostly by shale, sandstone, and limestone of the upper part of the Belt series. Beds of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age occur south of the Belt area and extend from Helena west and northwest. The igneous rocks of the area include diorite and gabbro sills and dikes of probable Cretaceous age, extrusive andesite that is probably Oligocene or Miocene, and stocks of quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and quartz diorite, probably of Oligocene or Miocene age.
The ore deposits of the northern districts are chiefly lodes that are valuable for gold and silver but contain some lead and copper. In the Ophir district bodies of gold and silver ore occur mainly in limestone near a body of quartz monzonite. In the Scratchgravel Hills and Grass Valley districts veins of gold quartz and veins containing lead-silver ore occur in quartz monzonite and in the adjoining metamorphic rocks. In the Austin district lodes containing gold; silver, lead, and copper are found in limestone near intrusive quartz monzonite. An unusual mineral in one of these lodes is corkite, a hydrous sulphate of lead containing arsenic. A small stock of quartz diorite in the Marysville district has invaded and domed Belt rocks. Marginal and radial fractures formed during the cooling and contraction of the igneous body became the receptacles of gold and silver veins, one of which, the Drumlummon, has produced $16,000,000. The veins filled open fractures and are characterized by a gangue of platy calcite and quartz. Lodes in Towsley Gulch in the western part of the district contain lead in addition to gold. In the Gould district a small stock of the granodiorite has invaded the Belt rocks and caused the deposition of veins similar to those near Marysville. In the Heddleston district lodes valuable for gold, silver, lead, and copper occur in Belt sedimentary rocks and diorite, some of them associated with porphyry dikes. In the Wolf Creek district veins in Belt rocks have produced copper ore composed mainly of chalcopyrite or chalcopyrite and tennantite accompanied by pyrite and a gangue of quartz and barite.
Placer deposits along the western slope of the Belt Mountains have produced $17,500,000 in gold. Sapphires were formerly obtained from some of these deposits. The central part of the Belt Mountains is a plateaulike area considered to be the remnant of a surface produced by erosion during Tertiary time. This surface was elevated and has been deeply trenched by narrow, transverse valleys that are bordered with remnants of low terraces in which most of the placer deposits occur. Most of the western slope of the mountains is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Belt series. At the foot of the mountains these give place to Paleozoic rocks, and these in turn are overlain unconformably in Townsend Valley by Tertiary and later deposits. The main structural feature is a great arch called the York anticline, which occupies most of the west side of the mountains. At the west foot of the mountains this fold is bordered by a series of small synclines that are tightly squeezed, faulted, and overturned as a result of pressure exerted from the west or southwest along a fracture described as the El Dorado overthrust On another fracture called1 the Scout Camp overthrust the Belt rocks composing the western slope of the mountains are thrust eastward over Paleozoic beds. Both faults are regarded as branches of the Lewis overthrust of Glacier Park. Igneous rocks that probably range in age from early Eocene to Pleistocene are widely but sparingly distributed.' They include sills and dikes of quartz dibrite, porphyry dikes, small stocks of quartz monzonite and quartz diorite, and surface flows of andesite and basalt.
The deposits in the Belt Mountains that are of most interest at the present time are lodes that are chiefly valuable for gold. Most of them are found in the vicinity of York and Confederate Gulch. Nearly all are small quartz veins formed along fractures in diorite dikes and stocks or on bedding planes in the adjoining Belt sedimentary rocks. An exception is the Golden Messenger, a replacement deposit of large size but low grade, formed along fractures in a quartz diorite dike. Other veins in the same dike belong to the rather uncommon class called ladder veins. Many of the small veins contain shoots and bunches of rich ore in their upper parts. Downward- enrichment in gold is indicated to have occurred in some of the veins near York that lie below an old erosion surface. Elsewhere the origin of the placer deposits from erosion o'f the lodes during interglacial stages of the Pleistocene is indicated. Lodes containing chalcopyrite occupy tension fractures in the Belt shales that were produced by lateral movements of the mass composing the mountain front.
In the districts south of Helena mining began with the discovery, on July 14, 1864, of rich placer deposits at the present site of the city of Helena, on Last Chance Creek. Since then the placer and lode deposits of these districts have produced metals worth $130,000,000 or more, of which about one-third was gold, the remainder chiefly lead and zinc. Sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Algonkian to Cretaceous underlie parts of the region, and other parts are underlain by a bedded series of andesite and latite tuffs, breccias, and flows. These rocks have been intruded and severely metamorphosed by the quartz monzonite of the Boulder batholith, the exposures of which occupy a large area. Rocks later than the intrusion of the batholith are chiefly a series of late Tertiary dacites and rhyolites.
The placers of the southern districts have been almost entirely worked out. The lodes have yielded metals worth $111,600,000, but many of them are still productive. They include veins and contact-metamorphic deposits. Some of the contact deposits contain copper ore, and others contain iron ore valuable for fluxing. The veins are of two ages. The older veins have yielded most of the metallic production of the region. Their ores in general are heavy sulphide aggregates composed mainly of galena, sphalerite, and pyrite. Arsenopyrite is generally present; tetrahedrite and chalcopyrite are less common. Many of the veins are distinguished from the usual type of ore body by the occurrence of abundant tourmaline. The, metals produced are chiefly silver, lead, gold, and zinc, with some copper. The younger veins are essentially precious-metal deposits. They are mainly fissure veins but include some disseminated deposits of low grade. They are widely distributed and include several productive bodies. A distinguishing feature is the occurrence in the gangue of cryptocrystalline quartz and lamellar calcite. A dominant eastward trend of the vein fractures of the older group indicates them to be tension cracks in the crust block lying west of the Lewis overthrust that were produced by stretching in a direction at right angles to the thrust.
This report is one of several setting forth the results of investigations as to the safe yield of the principal water-bearing formations in certain parts of New Jersey, carried on cooperatively by the New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development and the United States Geological Survey. Other areas in which similar studies have been made are the Atlantic City area; the Asbury Park area; the Runyon area, including the Perth Amboy well field; the area embracing the well fields of the Commonwealth-Water Co., the East Orange Water Department, and other municipalities near the Passaic River in the vicinity of Chatham; and the Garfield Water Department well field and those of several industries in the vicinity of East Paterson.
\nThe results of the study in the Camden area are of value for several reasons. The greater part of the water supply of Camden comes from wells in three fields with an estimated capacity of about 30 million gallons a day, distribute1 over a triangular area of less than one square mile. This is one of the largest developments of ground water in so small an area in the United States. During the investigation a number of new wells were drilled in this area, and the type of wells and methods of pumping were changed, and observations were possible that otherwise could seldom be obtained under such favorable circumstances. As a result of the building of the new bridge across the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Camden there has been a considerable increase in population and in consumption of water in the Camden area, and this investigation is valuable in showing the extent to which further development of ground water is possible.
\nThe observations on which the report is based were made in the period from July 1, 1923, to the date of writing the report, in the early part of 1928.1 The continuing observations have been confined essentially to the well fields of the Camden Water Department. Certain data in regard to other well fields within a radius of 10 miles of Camden, collected by F. Clark Rule under the direction of the writer in the summer of 1923, and other data obtained from the files of the Department of Conservation and Development are also included in so far as they bear on the problems under consideration. The City of Camden has cooperated heartily through C. P. Sherwood, formerly director of the Department of Streets and Public Improvements, his successor, W. D. Sayrs, Jr., James H. Long, maintenance engineer of the Water Department, and David B. Owen, chief engineer of the Morris pumping station. Much valuable information has been furnished by the Layne-New York Co., which, during the period of the investigation, replaced nearly all the old-type wells of the Camden system with those of the most modern type. The investigation was under the immediate supervision of H. T. Critchlow, then chief of the Division of Waters of the Department of Conservation and Development, and O.E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the Division of Ground Water of the United States Geological Survey. The late Dr. M. W. Twitchell, assistant State geologist, was consulted on phases relating to the stratigraphy. A number of analyses of water have been made by C. S. Howard, of the United States Geological Survey, and advice in regard to problems arising from the mineral character of the water has been given by W. D. Collins, chemist in charge of the Division of Quality of Water of the same organization. Thanks are also due to those of the other water departments and private well owners in the area who have furnished information.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development","collaboration":"In cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, Division of Ground Water","usgsCitation":"Thompson, D., 1932, Ground water supplies of the Camden area, New Jersey, iv, 80 p.","productDescription":"iv, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159324.jpg"},{"id":311211,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159324/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Camden County","city":"Camden","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.07095336914062,\n 39.9811978499522\n ],\n [\n -75.09550094604492,\n 39.97435761238716\n ],\n [\n -75.13172149658203,\n 39.959490889505346\n ],\n [\n -75.13687133789061,\n 39.93659244591381\n ],\n [\n -75.13292312622069,\n 39.92290236029078\n ],\n [\n -75.13275146484375,\n 39.907761097366105\n ],\n [\n -75.1332664489746,\n 39.89485546645595\n ],\n [\n -75.10374069213867,\n 39.893275018082456\n ],\n [\n -75.03250122070312,\n 39.910657945728\n ],\n [\n -75.03644943237305,\n 39.94172552213356\n ],\n [\n -75.05430221557617,\n 39.973436758888674\n ],\n [\n -75.05773544311523,\n 39.980145550276994\n ],\n [\n -75.07095336914062,\n 39.9811978499522\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5628b734e4b0d158f5926c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, David G.","contributorId":8443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"David G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25079,"text":"wsp638A - 1932 - A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":25079,"text":"wsp638A - 1932 - A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee","indexId":"wsp638A","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":3212,"text":"wsp638 - 1932 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931","indexId":"wsp638","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":3212,"text":"wsp638 - 1932 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931","indexId":"wsp638","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T21:04:52.046067","indexId":"wsp638A","displayToPublicDate":"1932-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"638","chapter":"A","title":"A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Memphis is located in the part of the Gulf Coastal Plain known as the Mississippi embayment. It is underlain by unconsolidated sand and clay formations of Tertiary and Cretaceous age. The Wilcox group, of Tertiary age, and the Ripley formation, of Cretaceous age, are excellent aquifers, and all the water consumed in Memphis is derived from them. The maximum pumpage from the Wilcox group was reached about 1920; in that year an estimated average of 37,575,000 gallons a day was pumped. In 1928 the average daily pumpage from the Wilcox group was about 33,984,000 gallons, and in addition to this the Memphis Artesian Water Department pumped an average of 4,616,000 gallons a day from the Ripley formation. \r\n\r\nThe static level at Memphis varies with the pumpage and the stage of the Mississippi River. The original static level was about 235 feet above mean sea level. In 1928 the average static level at the Auction Avenue plant was 202 feet above mean sea level, which was about 33 feet lower than the original level. The yield is therefore about a million gallons a day for each foot of drawdown. The drawdown is not excessive, and additional pumpage can be developed without undue lowering of head. \r\n\r\nThe water from both the Wilcox group and the Ripley formation is fairly soft and has a moderately low content of dissolved mineral matter. The iron content is sufficiently high to be objectionable, but the iron is easily removed by aeration followed by either settling or filtration for removal of sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp638A","usgsCitation":"Wells, F.G., 1932, A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 638, Report: ii, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 27.00 x 27.25 inches and 18.00 x 10.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp638A.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 27.00 x 27.25 inches and 18.00 x 10.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425404,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425403,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24615.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Memphis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.14340577783314,\n 35.321737717406265\n ],\n [\n -90.14340577783314,\n 34.87813900208256\n ],\n [\n -89.59500235683865,\n 34.87813900208256\n ],\n [\n -89.59500235683865,\n 35.321737717406265\n ],\n [\n -90.14340577783314,\n 35.321737717406265\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544819","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, F. G.","contributorId":7324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45361,"text":"b795B - 1927 - Potash brines in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45361,"text":"b795B - 1927 - Potash brines in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah","indexId":"b795B","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Potash brines in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":34986,"text":"b795 - 1927 - Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels","indexId":"b795","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":34986,"text":"b795 - 1927 - Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels","indexId":"b795","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-07T21:05:08.089579","indexId":"b795B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"795","chapter":"B","title":"Potash brines in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah","docAbstract":"During and immediately after the war the brines of the Salduro Marsh, in the Great Salt Lake Desert, were a source of considerable potash for the domestic supply. Although no potash has been produced from these brines in the last few years, a continued interest in the area has been shown by a large number of filings, in different parts of the desert, under the potash law of October 2, 1917 (40 Stat. 297), and the regulations issued under that law by the Department of the Interior on March 21, 1918, in Circular 594 (46 L. D. 323).
As the basis for appropriate action on these permit, lease, and patent filings the Department of the Interior required information concerning the mode of occurrence, distribution, and general characteristics of the potassium-bearing brines in this region. Field investigation was accordingly undertaken for the primary purpose of satisfying these requirements.
The work was done by the Geological Survey and the General Land Office in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines. The Bureau of Mines furnished an autotruck and a mechanic, who also assisted in the field work, and, for a period of a month, a mine rescue car, which permitted the establishment of headquarters in parts of the desert far from sources of supplies and water. The General Land Office surveyed the boundaries of townships over the desert and located the drill holes from which samples of brine were taken.
The writer directed the work for the Geological Survey, and the analyses of the samples of brine were made in the Survey's chemical laboratory. The greater part of the field work was done between April 17 and July 7, 1925, and the work was finished during the two periods August 17-26 and September 30 to October 2. Adverse weather throughout the season hindered the work.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels (Bulletin 795)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b795B","usgsCitation":"Nolan, T.B., 1927, Potash brines in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 795, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b795B.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485531,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20445.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":94022,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0795b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0795b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.1,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -114.1,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -114.1,\n 39.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698533","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, T. B.","contributorId":71610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"T.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39374,"text":"pp142B - 1926 - The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida, Part II, Astartacea, Carditacea, Chamacea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-07T10:23:47","indexId":"pp142B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1926","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"142","chapter":"B","title":"The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida, Part II, Astartacea, Carditacea, Chamacea","docAbstract":"The first of the series of papers upon the Mollusca of the Alum Bluff group covered the orders of the Prionodesmacea and the Anomalodesmacea. The Mollusca were by the beginning of Miocene time so far advances in development that the great majority are included under the highest of the three orders, the Teleodesmacea, characterized in the adult stages by the differentiation of the hinge teeth into distinct cardinals and laterals. This paper, the second of the series, covers the most primitive of the Teleodesmacea in the Alum Bluff group. All three of the superfamilies considered - the Astartacea, the Carditaeea, and the Chamacea-are included under Dall's group of the Diogenodonta, which is characterized in the normal forms by one or two laterals and not more than three cardinals. The Carditacea are very closely related to the Astartacea in hinge armature but differ in the development of a pronounced radial sculpture. The Chamacea have until recently been considered an offshooting group from the Carditacea that have been greatly modified by their sessile habit. Some doubt has been thrown upon this relationship by the late morphologic studies of Odhner.","language":"English","publisher":"Washington Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp142B","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., 1926, The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida, Part II, Astartacea, Carditacea, Chamacea: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 142, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp142B.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0142b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":268971,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0142b/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.6349,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,24.5211 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Julia","contributorId":53857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Julia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39371,"text":"pp140D - 1926 - Shore phases of the Green River formation in northern Sweetwater County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-13T12:04:11","indexId":"pp140D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1926","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"140","chapter":"D","title":"Shore phases of the Green River formation in northern Sweetwater County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"For the last two years the writer has been engaged in a detailed study of the Green River formation and its oil shale. In order to arrive at an intelligent interpretation of this great series of lacustrine beds, the field study has been focused upon the marginal phases of the deposits and the associated formations, to determine, first, so far as possible from the geologic and biologic evidence recorded there, the environmental conditions that prevailed when these beds \nwere laid down, such as the geologic history and physical configuration of the basin of deposition the mode of filling, the sources and nature of the materials,\nand the climatic conditions under which the deposits accumulated. From the same evidence the writer has also endeavored to determine the kinds and relative abundance of both plant and animal life that existed in the Green River lake and on the adjacent land. Such evidence is fragmentary, as was to be expected, but it serves well as a basis for fur her study and interpretation.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp140D","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1926, Shore phases of the Green River formation in northern Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 140, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp140D.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0140d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":271201,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0140d/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.016666666666666666,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.016666666666666666,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Wilmont H.","contributorId":80173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Wilmont","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34042,"text":"b770 - 1924 - The data of geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T21:34:48","indexId":"b770","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1924","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"770","title":"The data of geochemistry","docAbstract":"Upon the subject of geochemistry a vast literature exists, but it is widely scattered and portions of it are difficult of access. The general treatises, like the classical works of Bischof and of Koth, are not recent, and great masses of modern data are as yet uncorrelated. The American material alone is singularly rich, but most of it has been accumulated since Roth's treatise was published. The science of chemistry, moreover, has undergone great changes during the last 25 years, and many subjects now appear under new and generally unfamiliar aspects. The methods and principles of physical chemistry are being more and more applied to the solution of geochemical problems,1 as is shown by the well-known researches of Van't Hoff upon the Stassfurt salts and the magmatic studies of Vogt, Doelter, and others. The great work in progress at the geophysical laboratory of the Carnegie Institution is another illustration of the change now taking place in geochemical investigation. To bring some of the data together, to formulate a few of the problems and to present certain general conclusions in their modern form are the purposes of this memoir. It is not an exhaustive monograph upon geochemistry, but rather a critical summary of what is now known, and a guide to the more important literature of the subject. If it does no more than to make existing data available to the reader, its preparation will be justified.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b770","usgsCitation":"Clarke, F.W., 1924, The data of geochemistry (5th ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 770, 841 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b770.","productDescription":"841 p.","numberOfPages":"841","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92558,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0770/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0770/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"5th ed.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth","contributorId":88798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Wigglesworth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010974,"text":"70010974 - 1922 - Conservation and modern life","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T19:53:53.734591","indexId":"70010974","displayToPublicDate":"1922-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1922","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation and modern life","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.56.1455.559","usgsCitation":"Lees, J.H., 1922, Conservation and modern life: Science, v. 56, no. 1455, p. 559-562, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.56.1455.559.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1455","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d8e4b0c8380cd4d7fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lees, J. H.","contributorId":84903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lees","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047685,"text":"70047685 - 1920 - The preparation of illustrations for reports of the United States Geological survey : with brief descriptions of processes of reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T13:35:06","indexId":"70047685","displayToPublicDate":"1920-01-21T11:59:00","publicationYear":"1920","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"The preparation of illustrations for reports of the United States Geological survey : with brief descriptions of processes of reproduction","docAbstract":"There has been an obvious need in the Geological Survey o£ a paper devoted wholly to illustrations. No complete paper on the character, use, and mode of preparation of illustration has been published by the Survey, though brief suggestions concerning certain features of their use have been printed in connection wit other suggestions pertaining to publications. The present paper includes matter which it is hoped will be of service to authors in their work of making up original drafts of illustrations and to drafsmen who are using these originals in preparing more finished drawing but it is not a technical treatise on drafting.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70047685","usgsCitation":"Ridgway, J.L., 1920, The preparation of illustrations for reports of the United States Geological survey : with brief descriptions of processes of reproduction, 101 p., 6 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/70047685.","productDescription":"101 p., 6 sheets","numberOfPages":"126","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047685.jpg"},{"id":278734,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047685/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e39e4b0b08f44619939","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridgway, John L.","contributorId":43264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32911,"text":"pp98L - 1916 - The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32911,"text":"pp98L - 1916 - The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation","indexId":"pp98L","publicationYear":"1916","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":39465,"text":"pp98 - 1917 - Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916","indexId":"pp98","publicationYear":"1917","noYear":false,"title":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":39465,"text":"pp98 - 1917 - Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916","indexId":"pp98","publicationYear":"1917","noYear":false,"title":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T19:08:12.800854","indexId":"pp98L","displayToPublicDate":"1916-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1916","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98","chapter":"L","title":"The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation","docAbstract":"In the spring of 1910 the writer, working under the direction of T. Wayland Vaughan, geologist in charge of Coastal Plain investigations, undertook a study of the later Tertiary formations of the Gulf Coastal Plain. According to the plans outlined before the work was begun, the beds that had formerly been grouped under the names Lafayette formation and Grand Gulf formation were to be studied with a view to their possible separation into more satisfactory stratigraphic units that might be correlated with other formations which, on the basis of their fossils, had been assigned to their proper positions in the geologic time scale. The original plan included a study of the post-Vicksburgian Tertiary deposits from western Florida to Mississippi River and correlations with formations previously recognized in Florida, southern Alabama, and Louisiana. This plan was subsequently modified to extend the investigation as far west as Sabine River. The field work was interrupted and the office work was delayed by calls for geologic work in other areas, so that the preparation of the reports could not be begun until the spring of 1914.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp98L","usgsCitation":"Matson, G.C., and Berry, E.W., 1916, The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 98, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp98L.","productDescription":"57 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"208","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422854,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93335.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":271246,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0098l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0098l/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coastal Plain region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.41135317396393,\n 31.80909203185962\n ],\n [\n -93.70110001107685,\n 31.356495069000857\n ],\n [\n -93.48804934394559,\n 30.908543542204754\n ],\n [\n -93.75249900096804,\n 29.713533692336\n ],\n [\n -91.86698997829944,\n 29.58782813009485\n ],\n [\n -91.6202244807368,\n 29.750543111246074\n ],\n [\n -90.28159677109261,\n 29.322199044291636\n ],\n [\n -89.19510698334288,\n 29.26008814266808\n ],\n [\n -89.65635419643809,\n 29.845111799201717\n ],\n [\n -89.65841336633287,\n 30.254701672550922\n ],\n [\n -88.07645437983611,\n 30.446613184945164\n ],\n [\n -85.89100928588898,\n 30.25322567509741\n ],\n [\n -84.87737818248746,\n 29.759004217239664\n ],\n [\n -84.52771501366641,\n 30.546361017385294\n ],\n [\n -84.26045084529416,\n 31.725349600323398\n ],\n [\n -84.41135317396393,\n 31.80909203185962\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matson, George Charlton","contributorId":6021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Charlton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Edward Wilber","contributorId":36206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilber","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":889029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36206,"text":"b609 - 1915 - The fractional precipitation of some ore-forming compounds at moderate temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:41","indexId":"b609","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1915","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"609","title":"The fractional precipitation of some ore-forming compounds at moderate temperatures","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b609","usgsCitation":"Wells, R.C., 1915, The fractional precipitation of some ore-forming compounds at moderate temperatures: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 609, 46 p. :diagrs. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b609.","productDescription":"46 p. :diagrs. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93797,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0609/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0609/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65dac5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Roger Clark","contributorId":89193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Clark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39452,"text":"pp90A - 1915 - Geology of the pitchblende ores of Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T17:57:58.148095","indexId":"pp90A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1915","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90","chapter":"A","title":"Geology of the pitchblende ores of Colorado","docAbstract":"The large amount of public interest that has recently been manifested in radium because of the apparent cures of cancer effected by certain of its emanations makes it desirable to place before the public as promptly as possible all available information in regard to the occurrence of the minerals from which radium may be derived. The following account of the mode of occurrence of pitchblende at Quartz Hill, in Gilpin County, Colo., is therefore published in advance of a much larger report on the same region in which many other types of ore deposits will be considered. The field studies were made.in the fall of 1912. As the geologic relations at Quartz Hill differ in important particulars from those at foreign localities, a summary of the genetically important features of the principal European occurrences is included for purposes of comparison.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1914","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp90A","usgsCitation":"Bastin, E., 1915, Geology of the pitchblende ores of Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 90, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp90A.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":271181,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0090a/report.pdf"},{"id":165133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0090a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Quartz Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.51419441497958,\n 39.80444789952864\n ],\n [\n -105.53925863708677,\n 39.80513969904243\n ],\n [\n -105.54115518097501,\n 39.78219273233347\n ],\n [\n -105.51240462958131,\n 39.78293109808061\n ],\n [\n -105.51419441497958,\n 39.80444789952864\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bastin, Edson S.","contributorId":9562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bastin","given":"Edson S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39505,"text":"pp51 - 1906 - Geology of the Bighorn Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:14:23.549553","indexId":"pp51","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51","title":"Geology of the Bighorn Mountains","docAbstract":"This report is the result of studies made in the field during the seasons of 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1905. It relates to an area of about 9,000 square miles, situated mainly in the north-central portion of Wyoming and extending northward into Montana. Its location and general surroundings are shown on PL II. It covers the greater portion of the Bighorn uplift, together with an adjoining area of the Great Plains on the east. It also includes a small part of the Bighorn Basin and the eastern end of the Bridger Range. The report describes the various rocks, their structure, history, and mineral resources, including underground water, coal, gypsum, and various other products. It also contains information as to surface waters available for irrigation.
\nThroughout the work assistance has been rendered by Mr. C. A. Fisher, who mapped portions of the area, measured numerous sections, collected fossils, and examined most of the crystalline rocks; and the author is indebted to Mr. Albert Johannsen for some of the petrographic descriptions.
\nPrevious observers have given but little information regarding the geology of the Bighorn Mountains, though Dr. F. V. Hayden ascertained the general relations of the uplift in his exploration of the Northwest, and Mr. George H. Eldridge, who crossed the range near Bald Mountain and southwest of Buffalo during the summer of 1893, described 0 some of the broader features of the geologic succession and structure in a remarkably comprehensive manner, considering how small an area he had the opportunity to examine. The Bighorn region is very thinly settled, there being no permanent habitations among the mountains, and it is but little visited by others than hunters, prospectors, and herders. There have recently been established two summer resorts in the mountains, and each year a larger number of persons visit the region. Unfortunately the mineral prospects have proved disappointing to the prospectors, and there appears to be but little promise that the area will become important on account of its mineral resources. In the Bridger uplift promising prospects of gold and copper have recently been discovered, which may prove of value.
\nThere are extensive, forests in the mountains, which are now included in a Government forest reserve, but their timber is not of great value. Much of the area below timber line contains an abundance of luxuriant grasses and other plants, which afford excellent pasturage for stock, and large herds of sheep and cattle are ranged in the region during the short summer season. Game is moderately abundant, and most of the streams contain large numbers of trout. The region is one of great interest geologically on account of its variety of sedimentary rocks, interesting structure, and remarkably instructive glacial features. The central area, with its high peaks, presents alpine scenery of notable character. Doubtless in the future the region will be extensively visited by tourists, hunters, and geologists.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp51","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1906, Geology of the Bighorn Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 51, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp51.","productDescription":"129 p.","numberOfPages":"173","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411590,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.68798828125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -107.95166015624999,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -108.468017578125,\n 45.390735154248894\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -108.292236328125,\n 44.824708282300236\n ],\n [\n -107.830810546875,\n 44.535674532413196\n ],\n [\n -107.479248046875,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -107.391357421875,\n 43.82660134505384\n ],\n [\n -107.40234375,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -106.72119140625,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -106.72119140625,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -106.995849609375,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -107.68798828125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39501,"text":"pp45 - 1906 - The geography and geology of Alaska; a summary of existing knowledge, with a section on climate, and a topographic map and description thereof","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-12T12:56:33","indexId":"pp45","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"45","title":"The geography and geology of Alaska; a summary of existing knowledge, with a section on climate, and a topographic map and description thereof","docAbstract":"Alaska, the largest outlying possession of the United States, is that great land mass forming the northwestern extremity of the North American continent, whose western point is within 60 miles of the Asiatic coast (PI. II). About one-quarter of this area lies within the Arctic Circle, and from the standpoint of geographic position must be regarded as an arctic province; but the southern seaboard, exposed to the warm winds and waters of the Pacific, gives to the entire southern portion of the territory\" a comparatively warm climate. It is not generally realized that the range of climate in Alaska is greater than that between Florida and Maine. At the southernmost point of the Pacific coast the mean annual temperature is not far from that of the city of Washington, the winters being warmer and characterized by less snowfall; the Yukon Valley on the other hand has a winter climate similar to that of northern Montana and Dakota; while in the extreme northern part of the territory the meteorologic conditions are invariably arctic.
\nThough as yet only sparsely settled, Alaska's vast area and great resources make it one of the most important possessions of the United States and promise its rapid development. During the years 1890 to 1900 the population increased from 32,052* to 63,592. The mineral output, which in 1890 was valued at less than $800,000, exceeded $9,000,000 in 1904, and the fisheries show a corresponding growth. This rapid development has attracted public attention and led to urgent demand for explorations, surveys, and other investigations. So actively has this work been pushed, both by public and private enterprise, that exact knowledge of the geography, geology, and mineral resources of the interior has made greater strides within the last eight years than during the preceding thirty-one years since the acquisition of Alaska. The facts regarding the geography and geology, scattered as they are through the many books and reports of this period, are not always readily accessible, and the time seems ripe to present them in a summarized form.
\nThe topography of Alaska is varied and complex (see PI. I), and it is not easy to present briefly even the salient features. The limited number of pages here devoted to the subject precludes the possibility of detailed treatment, even if the facts were available. Much of the description has been taken from the results attained by other investigators, the writer being personally familiar with only a part of this large province. A list of the publications consulted is appended.
\nThe larger geographic features of Alaska are now fairly well known, though the detailed surveys which are demanded by the development of many localities have hardly been begun. Preliminary surveys have been completed of all but three 8 of the larger rivers. The most important mountain ranges have been at least outlined (fig. 3). Only three large areas remain almost entirely unmapped: One in southwestern Alaska, between Cook Inlet and the lower Kuskokwim, and the others in northern Alaska, embracing the Arctic watershed east and west of the Colville River. Nearly all the surveys of the interior, however, have been of a preliminary and exploratory character, and to meet the requirements of exact geography must be followed by more detailed mensuration.
\nThough the coast line has been fairly well known for more than half a century, knowledge of the interior has been gained chiefly within the last two decades. This has not yet found its way into text-books and has too often been entirely ignored by cartographers. If facts are presented which may seem elementary, it is because even well-informed people have been known to harbor misconceptions in regard to the orographic features, climate, and general character of Alaska. Those who read of the perils and privations of winter travel and explorations are apt to picture a region of ice and snow; others, again, who have personal knowledge of the tourist route of southeastern Alaska, regard the whole district as one of rugged mountains and glaciers. In point of fact, glaciers are now nearly limited to the ranges bordering the Pacific and to the two slopes of the Alaska range; and even during the greatest development of glaciers but a small portion of Alaska was under ice (see map, PI. XXII).
\nAs a treatise on geography would hardly be complete without some discussion of the climate, meteorologic data have been compiled by Mr. Cleveland Abbe, jr., but the discussion of this does not pretend to be more than a cursory treatment of the subject.
\nThe scope of the paper seems to require also a brief summary of the development of geographic knowledge of Alaska. This subject, with its many ramifications, is of fascinating interest and offers a magnificent field for the trained historian. If the accompanying sketch of discovery and exploration awakens any measure of popular interest the writer will feel amply rewarded for having attacked a theme which hardly falls within the scope of his investigations.
\nWhen this compilation was begun it was intended to be chiefly a description of the topography of Alaska, as illustrated by the accompanying map (PI. XXXIV, in pocket), which was compiled under the direction of the late R. U. Goode. In the course of the work there accumulated much geologic as well as geographic material which seemed worthy of inclusion in the report. As no comprehensive statement of the geology of Alaska has been made since the modern epoch of investigation was begun, an attempt will be made to give a summary of all results achieved. Since the writer has obtained much of his knowledge of the facts from the work of others, he disclaims any pretense of making an entirely original contribution to geologic science. He feels, however, that a personal familiarity with a considerable part of the province, gained during seven consecutive seasons of field work, will justify Mm in presenting conclusions which may in some cases be at variance with those in the reports on which he must draw for his facts.
\nThroughout this report attempt will be made to credit borrowed material to the source from which it is drawn. Where such matter has been obtained entirely from published reports there is no difficulty in so doing; but as regards investigators of the Geological Survey, with whom the writer has collaborated both in field and in office, the case is somewhat different, for it is not always possible to know whether this or that theory originated with the writer or with one of his colleagues. It will, then, perhaps suffice to state that this report could not have been prepared without the explorations and researches of the geologists, F. C. Schrader, Walter C. Mendenhall, Arthur J. Collier, J. E. Spurr, and Arthur C. Spencer; and the surveys of the topographers, T. G. Gerdine, D. C. Witherspoon, D. L. Reaburn, W. J. Peters, and E. C. Barnard. Each of these men, in the course of from two to six years of field work, has made important contributions to the knowledge of the geography and geology of Alaska, and not all of these results have yet been put in print. In the last season (1903) L. M. Prindle, C. W. Wright, Arthur Hollick, G. C. Martin, F. L. Hess, and Fred H. Moffit have carried on geologic work in Alaska, and the writer has made use of their work now in course of publication. He has also been fortunate in having access to the manuscript reports of Walter C. Mendenhall and F. C. Schrader on the Copper River basin, to which references will be made. The matter here presented should be credited in a measure to all of these investigators, but for many of the theories advanced the writer alone is responsible.
\nAs this manuscript goes to press there has been opportunity to incorporate some of the results of the field work of 1904. As far as possible these have been embodied in the text, but in some instances it has been found advisable to add them only as footnotes. During the past summer F. E. and C. W. Wright extended the geologic reconnaissance in southeastern Alaska. In southwestern Alaska G. C. Martin and T. W. Stanton have determined the general Mesozoic section, while F. H. Moffit has made a reconnaissance of the northern part of the Kenai Peninsula. A. J. Collier has mapped the geology of the Cape Lisburne region, and L. M. Prindle and F. L. Hess have made contributions to the knowledge of the metamorphic terranes of the Yukon-Tanana district.
\nIt is the writer's purpose to describe in nontechnical language the larger geographic features and discuss their relation as far as the data available will permit. In the treatment of the geology, however, less effort will be made to make the matter acceptable to the lay reader. It is hoped, however, that a brief summary of the salient features of the geologic history' may be not without interest to the general public. If this paper serves in some measure to dispel the popular fallacies regarding Alaska and to disseminate more accurate knowledge of its geographic and geologic features, the purpose of its publication will be accomplished.
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