Predicted and measured water-retention values,θ(ψ), were compared for repacked, stratified core samples consisting of either a sand with a stone-bearing layer or a sand with a clay loam layer in various spatial orientations. Stratified core samples were packed in submersible pressure outflow cells, then water-retention measurements were performed between matric potentials,ψ, of 0 to -100 kPa. Predictions ofθ(ψ) were based on a simple volume-averaging model using estimates of the relative fraction andθ(ψ) values of each textural component within a stratified sample. In general, predictedθ(ψ) curves resembled measured curves well, except at higher saturations in a sample consisting of a clay loam layer over a sand layer. In this case, the model averaged the air-entry of both materials, while the air-entry of the sample was controlled by the clay loam in contact with the cell's air-pressure inlet. In situ, avenues for air-entry generally exist around clay layers, so that the model should adequately predict air-entry for stratified formations regardless of spatial orientation of fine versus coarse layers. Agreement between measured and predicted volumetric water contents,θ, was variable though encouraging, with mean differences between measured and predictedθ values in the range of 10%. Differences inθ of this magnitude are expected due to variability in pore structure between samples, and do not indicate inherent problems with the volume averaging model. This suggets that explicit modeling of stratified formations through detailed characterization of the stratigraphy has the potential of yielding accurateθ(ψ) values. However, hydraulic-equilibration times were distinctly different for each variation in spatial orientation of textural layering, indicating that transient behavior during drainage in stratified formations is highly sensitive to the stratigraphic sequence of textural components, as well as the volume fraction of each textural component in a formation. This indicates that prolonged residence times of water, nutrients, and pollutants are likely within finer-textured layers, whenψ conditions have resulted in drainage of underlying coarser-textured strata.
","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer ","doi":"10.1007/BF00616932","issn":"01693913","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., 1995, Determination of water retention in stratified porous materials: Transport in Porous Media, v. 18, no. 3, p. 217-229, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00616932.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205792,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616932"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe8e4b0c8380cd4f47f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019022,"text":"70019022 - 1995 - Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of waters from fumaroles at Kilauea summit, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:17:28","indexId":"70019022","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of waters from fumaroles at Kilauea summit, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Condensate samples were collected in 1992 from a high-temperature (300° C) fumarole on the floor of the Halemaumau Pit Crater at Kilauea. The emergence about two years earlier of such a hot fumarole was unprecedented at such a central location at Kilauea. The condensates have hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions which indicate that the waters emitted by the fumarole are composed largely of meteoric water, that any magmatic water component must be minor, and that the precipitation that was the original source to the fumarole fell on a recharge area on the slopes of Mauna Loa Volcano to the west. However, the fumarole has no tritium, indicating that it taps a source of water that has been isolated from atmospheric water for at least 40 years. It is noteworthy, considering the unstable tectonic environment and abundant local rainfall of the Kilauea and Mauna Loa regions, that waters which are sources to the hot fumarole remain uncontaminated from atmospheric sources over such long times and long transport distances. As for the common, boiling point fumaroles of the Kilauea summit region, their 18O, D and tritium concentrations indicate that they are dominated by recycling of present day meteoric water. Though the waters of both hot and boiling point fumaroles have dominantly meteoric sources, they seem to be from separate hydrological regimes. Large concentrations of halogens and sulfur species in the condensates, together with the location at the center of the Kilauea summit region and the high temperature, initially suggested that much of the total mass of the emissions of the hot fumarole, including the H2O, might have come directly from a magma body. The results of the present study indicate that it is unreliable to infer a magmatic origin of volcanic waters based solely on halogen or sulfur contents, or other aspects of chemical composition of total condensates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00298706","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Quick, J.E., Gregory, R.T., and Gerlach, T., 1995, Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of waters from fumaroles at Kilauea summit, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 1, p. 44-51, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298706.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205762,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298706"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea summit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3347e4b0c8380cd5ee99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gregory, R. T.","contributorId":101394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gregory","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019011,"text":"70019011 - 1995 - Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T12:49:34","indexId":"70019011","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions","docAbstract":"Eruptions of gas or steam and non-juvenile debris are common in volcanic and hydrothermal areas. From reports of non-juvenile eruptions or eruptive sequences world-wide, at least three types (or end-members) can be identified: (1) those involving rock and liquid water initially at boiling-point temperatures (‘boiling-point eruptions’); (2) those powered by gas (primarily water vapor) at initial temperatures approaching magmatic (‘gas eruptions’); and (3) those caused by rapid mixing of hot rock and ground- or surface water (‘mixing eruptions’). For these eruption types, the mechanical energy released, final temperatures, liquid water contents and maximum theoretical velocities are compared by assuming that the erupting mixtures of rock and fluid thermally equilibrate, then decompress isentropically from initial, near-surface pressure (≤10 MPa) to atmospheric pressure. Maximum mechanical energy release is by far greatest for gas eruptions (≤∼1.3 MJ/kg of fluid-rock mixture)-about one-half that of an equivalent mass of gunpowder and one-fourth that of TNT. It is somewhat less for mixing eruptions (≤∼0.4 MJ/kg), and least for boiling-point eruptions (≤∼0.25 MJ/kg). The final water contents of crupted boiling-point mixtures are usually high, producing wet, sloppy deposits. Final erupted mixtures from gas eruptions are nearly always dry, whereas those from mixing eruptions vary from wet to dry. If all the enthalpy released in the eruptions were converted to kinetic energy, the final velocity (vmax) of these mixtures could range up to 670 m/s for boiling-point eruptions and 1820 m/s for gas eruptions (highest for high initial pressure and mass fractions of rock (mr) near zero). For mixing eruptions, vmax ranges up to 1150 m/s. All observed eruption velocities are less than 400 m/s, largely because (1) most solid material is expelled when mr is high, hence vmax is low; (2) observations are made of large blocks the velocities of which may be less than the average for the mixture; (3) heat from solid particles is not efficiently transferred to the fluid during the eruptions; and (4) maximum velocities are reduced by choked flow or friction in the conduit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00301399","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., 1995, Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 2, p. 85-98, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301399.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205729,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301399"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb281e4b08c986b325845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019003,"text":"70019003 - 1995 - Measured and predicted velocity and longitudinal dispersion at steady and unsteady flow, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to lake mead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:52:11","indexId":"70019003","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measured and predicted velocity and longitudinal dispersion at steady and unsteady flow, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to lake mead","docAbstract":"The effect of unsteadiness or dam releases on velocity and longitudinal dispersion of flow was evaluated by injecting a fluorescent dye into the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam and sampling for dye concentration at selected sites downstream. In Glen Canyon, average flow velocity through the study reach increased directly with discharge, but dispersion was greatest at the lowest of the three flows measured. In Grand Canyon, average flow velocity varied slightly from subreach to subreach at both steady and unsteady flow over the entire study reach. Also, longitudinal dispersion was not significantly different during steady and unsteady flow. Absence of tails on the curves shows that, at the measured flows, the eddies that are characteristic of the Grand Canyon reach do not trap water for a significant length of time. Data from the measurements were used to calibrate a one-dimensional now modeland a solute-transport model. The combined set of calibrated flow and solute-transport models was then used to predict velocity and dispersion at potential dam-release patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03379.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Graf, J., 1995, Measured and predicted velocity and longitudinal dispersion at steady and unsteady flow, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to lake mead: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 31, no. 2, p. 265-281, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03379.x.","startPage":"265","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267682,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03379.x"},{"id":226310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52bee4b0c8380cd6c64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graf, J.B.","contributorId":75928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018992,"text":"70018992 - 1995 - A chemodynamic approach for estimating losses of target organic chemicals from water during sample holding time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70018992","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A chemodynamic approach for estimating losses of target organic chemicals from water during sample holding time","docAbstract":"Minimizing the loss of target organic chemicals from environmental water samples between the time of sample collection and isolation is important to the integrity of an investigation. During this sample holding time, there is a potential for analyte loss through volatilization from the water to the headspace, sorption to the walls and cap of the sample bottle; and transformation through biotic and/or abiotic reactions. This paper presents a chemodynamic-based, generalized approach to estimate the most probable loss processes for individual target organic chemicals. The basic premise is that the investigator must know which loss process(es) are important for a particular analyte, based on its chemodynamic properties, when choosing the appropriate method(s) to prevent loss.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(94)00004-E","issn":"00456535","usgsCitation":"Capel, P., and Larson, S., 1995, A chemodynamic approach for estimating losses of target organic chemicals from water during sample holding time: Chemosphere, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1097-1107, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)00004-E.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1107","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205783,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)00004-E"},{"id":226766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e340e4b0c8380cd45ee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018980,"text":"70018980 - 1995 - Sewage contamination in the upper Mississippi River as measured by the fecal sterol, coprostanol","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:07:31","indexId":"70018980","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sewage contamination in the upper Mississippi River as measured by the fecal sterol, coprostanol","docAbstract":"The molecular sewage indicator, coprostanol, was measured in bed sediments of the Mississippi River for the purpose of determining sewage contamination. Coprostanol is a non-ionic, non-polar, organic molecule that associates with sediments in surface waters, and concentrations of coprostanol in bed sediments provide an indication of long-term sewage loads. Because coprostanol concentrations are dependent on particle size and percent organic carbon, a ratio between coprostanol (sewage sources) and cholestanol + cholesterol (sewage and non-sewage sources) was used to remove the biases related to particle size and percent organic carbon. The dynamics of contaminant transport in the Upper Mississippi River are influenced by both hydrologic and geochemical parameters. A mass balance model incorporating environmental parameters such as river and tributary discharge, suspended sediment concentration, fraction of organic carbon, sedimentation rates, municipal discharges and coprostanol decay rates was developed that describes coprostanol concentrations and therefore, expected patterns of municipal sewage effects on the Upper Mississippi River. Comparison of the computed and the measured coprostanol concentrations provides insight into the complex hydrologic and geochemical processes of contaminant transport and the ability to link measured chemical concentrations with hydrologic characteristics of the Mississippi River.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(94)00304-P","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Writer, J., Leenheer, J., Barber, L.B., Amy, G., and Chapra, S., 1995, Sewage contamination in the upper Mississippi River as measured by the fecal sterol, coprostanol: Water Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1427-1436, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00304-P.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1427","endPage":"1436","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205753,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)00304-P"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d87e4b08c986b318478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Writer, J.H.","contributorId":9780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Writer","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Amy, G.L.","contributorId":47098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amy","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chapra, S.C.","contributorId":11343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapra","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018958,"text":"70018958 - 1995 - Water management by early people in the Yucatan, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T06:39:38","indexId":"70018958","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water management by early people in the Yucatan, Mexico","docAbstract":"The Yucatan Peninsula is a coastal plain underlain by permeable limestone and receives abundant rainfall. Such hydrogeologic conditions should provide major supplies of water; however, factors of climate and hydrogeology have combined to form a hydrologic system with chemical boundaries that limits the amount of fresh water available. Management of water resources has long had a major influence on the cultural and economic development of the Yucatan. The Mayan culture of the northern Yucatan developed on extensive use of groundwater. The religion was water oriented and the Mayan priests prayed to Chac, the water god, for assistance in water management, primarily to decrease the severity of droughts. The Spaniards arrived in 1517 and augmented the supply by digging wells, which remained the common practice for more than 300 years. Many wells now have been abandoned because of serious problems of pollution. A historical perspective of a paper such as this provides insight into the attitudes concerning water of early people and perhaps provides insight into current attitudes concerning water. Hydrogeologists possess the expertise to generate relevant information required by water managers to arrive at management programs to achieve sustainable development. ?? 1995 Springer-Verlag.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00766752","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Back, W., 1995, Water management by early people in the Yucatan, Mexico: Environmental Geology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 239-242, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00766752.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"239","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766752"}],"country":"Mexico ","otherGeospatial":"Yucatan Peninsula ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 22.471954507739227\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 22.471954507739227\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 18.114529138838503\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc854e4b08c986b32c8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018951,"text":"70018951 - 1995 - How much velocity information is necessary to predict sediment suspension in the surf zone?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018951","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"How much velocity information is necessary to predict sediment suspension in the surf zone?","docAbstract":"Instantaneous horizontal water velocity, or velocity to a power, does not contain enough information to predict suspension in the surf zone. Unlike steady uniform flow, more one than one velocity is necessary to parameterize pick-up and mixing of sediment into the water column. Using a velocity history improves predictions of suspension by more carefully specifying flow conditions (including accelerations and changes in accelerations) responsible for suspension. Suspension in the future is better predicted than suspension at the same instant as velocity measurements. Incorporating such a lag between velocity and concentration improved predictions, with optimum lag time increasing with elevation above the sea bed. These lags are largely due to the time for an observed flow event to effect the bed and mix sediment upward.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Part 1 (of 3)","conferenceDate":"23 October 1994 through 28 October 1994","conferenceLocation":"Kobe, Jpn","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"08938717","usgsCitation":"Jaffe, B.E., Rubin, D.M., and Sallenger, A., 1995, How much velocity information is necessary to predict sediment suspension in the surf zone?, in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference, v. 2, Kobe, Jpn, 23 October 1994 through 28 October 1994, p. 2085-2099.","startPage":"2085","endPage":"2099","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3251e4b0c8380cd5e6f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, Asbury Jr.","contributorId":90479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"Asbury","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018948,"text":"70018948 - 1995 - Paleohydrologic record from lake brine on the southern High Plains, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T11:51:29","indexId":"70018948","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleohydrologic record from lake brine on the southern High Plains, Texas","docAbstract":"The timing of changes in the stage and salinity of Double Lakes of Lynn County, Texas, was estimated using dissolved-chloride profiles across an underlying shale layer. Lake conditions over the past 30 to 50 ka can be inferred from the chloride profiles by using the advective velocity of the pore water through the shale and an appropriate coefficient of molecular diffusion. The profiles suggest that net-evaporative conditions existed over the southern High Plains for the past 50 ka; a period of increasing salinity in the lake began at ∼20 ka and reached current levels at ∼5 ka. In addition, deflationary conditions were present for at least 4 ka, and likely began or were accelerated during the most recent altithermal period at ∼5 ka. This type of lake-brine record may also exist in many other saline lake environments throughout the Great Plains of North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0229:PRFLBO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., and Wood, W.W., 1995, Paleohydrologic record from lake brine on the southern High Plains, Texas: Geology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 229-232, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0229:PRFLBO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f6e4b0c8380cd7735a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":213533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018946,"text":"70018946 - 1995 - Use of electric logs to estimate water quality of pre-tertiary aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T23:55:57.903151","indexId":"70018946","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of electric logs to estimate water quality of pre-tertiary aquifers","docAbstract":"Electric logs provide a means of estimating ground-water quality in areas where water analyses are not available. Most of the methods for interpreting these logs have been developed for the petroleum industry and are most reliable in saline aquifers (concentration of dissolved solids as sodium chloride greater than about 50,000 mg/l). The resistivity-porosity and spontaneous-potential methods were evaluated to determine if they could be applied to identify zones of fresh water (concentration of dissolved solids as sodium chloride less than 1,000 mg/l) in three potential aquifers in central Wyoming. The potential aquifers have different lithologies–sandstone, clayey sandstone, and carbonate. The two methods generally were reliable predictors of water quality in the sandstone and carbonate potential aquifers. In the clayey sandstone potential aquifer, predictions of the dissolved-solids concentration using the two methods differed by more than an order of magnitude in several cases. When the resistivity values are corrected for the presence of clay and shale as identified on a natural gamma log, the agreement between the results of the two methods improved by an average of 58 percent.
We assess the predictive accuracy of Glover's (1974) stream-aquifer analytical solutions, which are commonly used in administering water rights, and evaluate the impact of the assumed idealizations on administrative and management decisions. To achieve these objectives, we evaluate the predictive capabilities of the Glover stream-aquifer depletion model against the MODFLOW numerical standard, which, unlike the analytical model, can handle increasing hydrogeologic complexity. We rank-order and quantify the relative importance of the various assumptions on which the analytical model is based, the three most important being: (1) streambed clogging as quantified by streambed-aquifer hydraulic conductivity contrast; (2) degree of stream partial penetration; and (3) aquifer heterogeneity. These three factors relate directly to the multidimensional nature of the aquifer flow conditions. From these considerations, future efforts to reduce the uncertainty in stream depletion-related administrative decisions should primarily address these three factors in characterizing the stream-aquifer process. We also investigate the impact of progressively coarser model grid size on numerically estimating stream leakage and conclude that grid size effects are relatively minor. Therefore, when modeling is required, coarser model grids could be used thus minimizing the input data requirements.
The record flood on the upper Mississippi River basin during the summer of 1993 provided a rare opportunity for collection of data on streambed scour at bridges and for testing of scour data collection equipment under extreme hydraulic conditions. Real-time scour measurements at bridges are categorized into one of three classes according to their objective: inspection measurements, limited-detail measurements, and detailed measurements. All three types of measurements were made during the 1993 flood. Recent advances in technology and improved application of existing technology allow hydraulic and channel bathymetry data to be collected more accurately, in greater detail, and more efficiently than previously possible. Two limited-detail and two detailed data sets are presented. The observed depths of scour are consistently less than the depths of pier scour estimated by use of recommended procedures. Additional data processing, analysis, and visualization are required to characterize and understand complex processes measured by use of state-of-the-art instrumentation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","issn":"03611981","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., Landers, M.N., and Fischer, E.E., 1995, Scour measurements at bridge sites during 1993 Upper Mississippi River Basin flood: Transportation Research Record, no. 1483, p. 47-55.","startPage":"47","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River basin","issue":"1483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b87abe4b08c986b3165d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, Edward E. edf@usgs.gov","contributorId":1063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Edward","email":"edf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018937,"text":"70018937 - 1995 - Anomalous gold, antimony, arsenic, and tungsten in ground water and alluvium around disseminated gold deposits along the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T12:13:59.842911","indexId":"70018937","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous gold, antimony, arsenic, and tungsten in ground water and alluvium around disseminated gold deposits along the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Ground-water, alluvium, and bedrock samples were collected from drill holes near the Chimney Creek, Preble, Summer Camp, and Rabbit Creek disseminated gold deposits in northern Nevada to determine if Au and ore-related metals, such as As, Sb, and W, are being hydromorphically mobilized from buried mineralized rock, and, if they are, to determine whether the metal-enriched ground water is reacting with the alluvial material to produce a geochemical anomaly within the overburden.
Results of chemical analyses of drill-hole water samples show the presence of hydromorphic dispersion anomalies of Au, As, Sb, and W in the local ground-water systems associated with these deposits. Background concentrations for Au in the ground water up-gradient from the buried deposits was less than 1 nanogram per liter (ng/L), near the deposits the Au values ranged from 1 to 140 ng/ L, and in drill holes penetrating mineralized rock, concentrations of Au in the ground water were as high as 4700 ng/L. Highest concentrations of Au were found in ground-water samples where the measured Eh and the distribution of arsenic species, arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)], indicated oxidizing redox potentials. Similarly, As, Sb, and W concentrations in the ground water near the deposits were significantly enriched relative to concentrations in the ground water up-gradient from the deposits. In general, however, the highest concentrations of As, Sb, and W occurred in ground-water samples where the measured Eh and the distribution of arsenic species indicated reducing conditions. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 9 to 710 micrograms per liter (μg/L); Sb, from less than 0.1 to 250 μg/L; and W, from 1 to 260 μg/L.
In addition, analysis of sequential dissolution and extraction solutions of drill cuttings of alluvium and bedrock indicate geochemical anomalies of gold and ore-related metals in the overburden at depths corresponding to the location of the present-day water table. This relationship suggests that water-rock reactions around these buried deposits are active and that this information could be very useful in exploration programs for concealed disseminated gold deposits.
The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of herbicide active and inactive ingredients (primarily volatile organic compounds) at four selected sites in Iowa representing drain tiles, observation wells, or lysimeters. Water samples were collected monthly and bi-monthly before and after herbicide applications in 1991, respectively. They were analyzed for seven herbicides and 32 volatile organic compounds using methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Commercially available herbicide formulations also were obtained and analyzed for volatile organic compounds.
\nHerbicides were detected in 50% of water samples, ranging from 78% of water samples from the Ames site to 25% from the Walnut Creek site. Among herbicides detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were atrazine > alachlor > cyanazine > metolachlor > metribuzin. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 11% of water samples. Among the compounds detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were xylene > toluene > acetone. One sample contained a detectable amount of aliphatic compound(s), with the empirical formula of C8H18. Results from the Deer Creek site showed that herbicides were detected primarily in the top layer (1.2 m), whereas xylene and other alkylbenzenes were detected at 2.1 m or deeper. Apparently, physico-chemical and other factors are separating herbicides and volatile organic compounds in the shallow unsaturated zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00482591","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Liszewski, M., Buchmiller, R., and Cherryholmes, K., 1995, Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00482591.","startPage":"21","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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\"}}]}","volume":"83","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6bc7e4b0c8380cd748a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, W.","contributorId":76003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liszewski, M.","contributorId":41156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchmiller, R.","contributorId":12988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cherryholmes, K.","contributorId":67672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherryholmes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018932,"text":"70018932 - 1995 - Magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T14:25:09","indexId":"70018932","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3647,"text":"Transportation Research Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993","docAbstract":"The magnitude and frequency of the 1993 peak discharges in the upper Mississippi River Basin are characterized by applying Bulletin 17B and L-moment methods to annual peak discharges at 115 unregulated watersheds in the basin. The analysis indicated that the 1993 flood was primarily a 50-year or less event on unregulated watersheds less than about 50,000 km2 (20,000 mi2). Of the 115 stations analyzed, the Bulletin 17B and L-moment methods were used to identify 89 and 84 stations, respectively, having recurrence intervals of 50 years or less, and 31 and 26 stations, respectively, having recurrence intervals greater than 50 years for the 1993 peak discharges. The 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River Basin was significant in terms of (a) peak discharges with recurrence intervals greater than 50 years at approximately 25 percent of the stations analyzed, (b) peak discharges of record at 33 of the 115 stations analyzed, (c) extreme magnitude, duration, and areal extent of precipitation, (d) flood volumes with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years at many stations, and (e) extreme flood damage and loss of lives. Furthermore, peak discharges on several larger, regulated watersheds also exceeded the 100-year recurrence interval. However, for about 75 percent of the 115 unregulated stations in the analysis, the frequency of the 1993 peak discharges was less than a 50-year event.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","issn":"03611981","usgsCitation":"Thomas, W., and Eash, D.A., 1995, Magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993: Transportation Research Record, no. 1483, p. 1-10.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4be9e4b0c8380cd6986d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, W.O. Jr.","contributorId":32133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018925,"text":"70018925 - 1995 - Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-03T15:12:47.938555","indexId":"70018925","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"The mechanisms that resuspend bottom sediments in Old Tampa Bay, a shallow, microtidal, subtropical estuary in west-central Florida, were determined by analysing data collected during several periods from 1988 to 1990. Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration data were collected at a relatively deep (4 m) site where a permanent platform was built and at a relatively shallow (1·5 m) site where a submersible instrument package was deployed. Bottom sediments were non-cohesive silts and fine sands. The primary sediment resuspension mechanism at both sites was wind waves, which were generated by strong and sustained winds associated with winter storms and tropical storms. At the platform, waves were depth-transitional, and estimated bottom shear stresses were most sensitive to wave period and water depth. Concentrations of suspended solids at this site corresponded well with wave motion, and non-linear wave-current interaction was small. At the shallow-water site, concentrations of suspended solids were elevated during periods of strong north-easterly winds and large bottom orbital velocities. At both sites, wind direction was an important factor in determining the occurrence and magnitude of sediment resuspension. Resuspended sediments settled within several hours as storm intensity diminished. Winds and waves generated by thunderstorms were more transient than those generated by winter storms and tropical storms. Based on the data collected during this study, thunderstorms are less likely to resuspend bottom sediment than winter storms and tropical storms. Maximum tidal currents at the study sites are usually less than 15 cm s−1and did not increase observed concentrations of suspended solids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1995.0041","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 1995, Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 40, no. 6, p. 603-620, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1995.0041.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Old Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.52908503011928,\n 27.842463075881383\n ],\n [\n -82.53898569165497,\n 27.84871611869343\n ],\n [\n -82.5382785015456,\n 27.861221122682508\n ],\n [\n -82.52625626968052,\n 27.876225223280002\n ],\n [\n -82.5276706498999,\n 27.882476318607175\n ],\n [\n -82.52696345979052,\n 27.91060178169785\n ],\n [\n -82.52201312902235,\n 27.933721685430825\n ],\n [\n -82.5361569312162,\n 27.946841593082354\n ],\n [\n -82.54747197297196,\n 27.966830768749787\n ],\n [\n -82.55030073341075,\n 27.97370119293504\n ],\n [\n -82.57222362681155,\n 27.983693756137043\n ],\n [\n -82.59202494988297,\n 27.983693756137043\n ],\n [\n -82.61182627295506,\n 27.99430984001468\n ],\n [\n -82.60758313229692,\n 28.00430049329593\n ],\n [\n -82.61324065317443,\n 28.011792875347226\n ],\n [\n -82.62314131471015,\n 28.02178190736211\n ],\n [\n -82.64223544767222,\n 28.029273073214696\n ],\n [\n -82.64860015865976,\n 28.02178190736211\n ],\n [\n -82.65991520041484,\n 28.01928473623147\n ],\n [\n -82.65991520041484,\n 28.006798011881486\n ],\n [\n -82.66415834107302,\n 28.016787507183167\n ],\n [\n -82.66132958063424,\n 28.031770012640706\n ],\n [\n -82.67971652348695,\n 28.03863629732622\n ],\n [\n -82.68537404436448,\n 28.033642679190493\n ],\n [\n -82.69881065644897,\n 28.044877994058297\n ],\n [\n -82.70446817732655,\n 28.042381358826475\n ],\n [\n -82.69456751579084,\n 28.026151817466484\n ],\n [\n -82.68820280480325,\n 28.018036128946818\n ],\n [\n -82.68537404436448,\n 28.008671112823237\n ],\n [\n -82.67971652348695,\n 28.00430049329593\n ],\n [\n -82.69173875535208,\n 27.989314166059003\n ],\n [\n -82.70800412787536,\n 27.9818202210579\n ],\n [\n -82.70871131798471,\n 27.976199420527166\n ],\n [\n -82.69951784655835,\n 27.976199420527166\n ],\n [\n -82.70729693776532,\n 27.964956940772822\n ],\n [\n -82.71366164875289,\n 27.961833821840997\n ],\n [\n -82.72639107072739,\n 27.956211980026808\n ],\n [\n -82.73063421138552,\n 27.944342685903422\n ],\n [\n -82.73275578171491,\n 27.929348028825274\n ],\n [\n -82.71649040919168,\n 27.929348028825274\n ],\n [\n -82.69951784655835,\n 27.918725554506295\n ],\n [\n -82.69244594546143,\n 27.919350434829852\n ],\n [\n -82.67405900260938,\n 27.90747709121173\n ],\n [\n -82.65496486964736,\n 27.904352310468497\n ],\n [\n -82.65001453887915,\n 27.887476935083313\n ],\n [\n -82.63516354657527,\n 27.88310140829614\n ],\n [\n -82.62738445536831,\n 27.88310140829614\n ],\n [\n -82.6174837938326,\n 27.875600093904765\n ],\n [\n -82.619605364162,\n 27.865597533300388\n ],\n [\n -82.60333999163875,\n 27.860595906739533\n ],\n [\n -82.60192561141936,\n 27.845589642350276\n ],\n [\n -82.592732139993,\n 27.829330512698263\n ],\n [\n -82.52908503011928,\n 27.842463075881383\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89bae4b08c986b316e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018924,"text":"70018924 - 1995 - The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area, California - An updated geophysical perspective of heat sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:00:58.3654","indexId":"70018924","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area, California - An updated geophysical perspective of heat sources","docAbstract":"The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area encompasses a large dry-steam production area in The Geysers field and a documented high-temperature, high-pressure, water-dominated system in the area largely south of Clear Lake, which has not been developed. Both systems have been extensively studied with geophysical techniques, drilling, and geological mapping during the past 20 years. An updated view is presented of the geological/geophysical complexities of the crust in The Geysers-Clear Lake region in order to address key unanswered questions about the heat source and tectonics. Early geophysical interpretations used a gravity low centered in the area between Clear Lake and The Geysers to suggest that a large magma chamber existed at depths starting at about 7 km. This first-order assumption of a large magma chamber expressed in the gravity data was used as a guide in subsequent geophysical and geological interpretations. Drill-hole temperature evidence is strongly suggestive of a shallow, hot-intrusive body, but in this paper the complexities are documented of the geological and geophysical data sets that make it difficult to pinpoint the location of “magma” or hot, solidified intrusive material. Forward modeling, multidimensional inversions, and ideal body analysis of the gravity data, new electromagnetic sounding models, and arguments made from other geophysical data sets suggest that many of the geophysical anomalies have significant contributions from rock property and physical state variations in the upper 7 km and not from ”magma“ at greater depths. Regional tectonic and magmatic processes are analyzed to develop an updated scenario for pluton emplacement that differs substantially from earlier interpretations. In addition, a rationale is outlined for future exploration for geothermal resources in The Geysers-Clear Lake area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(94)00048-H","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W.D., and Blakely, R., 1995, The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area, California - An updated geophysical perspective of heat sources: Geothermics, v. 24, no. 2, p. 187-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(94)00048-H.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba757e4b08c986b3214ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, W. D.","contributorId":86756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018919,"text":"70018919 - 1995 - Cooling, degassing and compaction of rhyolitic ash flow tuffs: A computational model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T08:37:18","indexId":"70018919","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cooling, degassing and compaction of rhyolitic ash flow tuffs: A computational model","docAbstract":"Previous models of degassing, cooling and compaction of rhyolitic ash flow deposits are combined in a single computational model that runs on a personal computer. The model applies to a broader range of initial and boundary conditions than Riehle's earlier model, which did not integrate heat and mass flux with compaction and which for compound units was limited to two deposits. Model temperatures and gas pressures compare well with simple measured examples. The results indicate that degassing of volatiles present at deposition occurs within days to a few weeks. Compaction occurs for weeks to two to three years unless halted by devitrification; near-emplacement temperatures can persist for tens of years in the interiors of thick deposits. Even modest rainfall significantly chills the upper parts of ash deposits, but compaction in simple cooling units ends before chilling by rainwater influences cooling of the interior of the sheet. Rainfall does, however, affect compaction at the boundaries of deposits in compound cooling units, because the influx of heat from the overlying unit is inadequate to overcome heat previously lost to vaporization of water. Three density profiles from the Matahina Ignimbrite, a compound cooling unit, are fairly well reproduced by the model despite complexities arising from numerous cooling breaks. Uncertainties in attempts to correlate in detail among the profiles may be the result of the non-uniform distribution of individual deposits. Regardless, it is inferred that model compaction is approximately valid. Thus the model should be of use in reconstructing the emplacement history of compound ash deposits, for inferring the depositional environments of ancient deposits and for assessing how long deposits of modern ash flows are capable of generating phreatic eruptions or secondary ash flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00301291","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Miller, T., and Bailey, R., 1995, Cooling, degassing and compaction of rhyolitic ash flow tuffs: A computational model: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 5, p. 319-336, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301291.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"319","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbe2e4b0c8380cd4e009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, T.F.","contributorId":8235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, R. A.","contributorId":87531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018918,"text":"70018918 - 1995 - Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:06:48","indexId":"70018918","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the distribution of pesticides in near-surface aquifers of the midwestern USA to be much more widespread than originally determined during a 1991 USGS study. The frequency of pesticide detection increased from 28.4% during the 1991 study to 59.0% during the 1992 study. This increase in pesticide detection was primarily the result of a more sensitive analytical method that used reporting limits as much as 20 times lower than previously available and a threefold increase in the number of pesticide metabolites analyzed. No pesticide concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPAs) maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water. However, five of the six most frequently detected compounds during 1992 were pesticide metabolites that currently do not have drinking water standards determined. The frequent presence of pesticide metabolites for this study documents the importance of obtaining information on these compounds to understand the fate and transport of pesticides in the hydrologic system. It appears that the 56 parent compounds analyzed follow similar pathways through the hydrologic system as atrazine. When atrazine was detected by routine or sensitive analytical methods, there was an increased likelihood of detecting additional parent compounds. As expected, the frequency of pesticide detection was highly dependent on the analytical reporting limit. The number of atrazine detections more than doubled as the reporting limit decreased from 0.10 to 0.01 µg/L. The 1992 data provided no indication that the frequency of pesticide detection would level off as improved analytical methods provide concentrations below 0.003 µg/L. A relation was determined between groundwater age and the frequency of pesticide detection, with 15.8% of the samples composed of pre-1953 water and 70.3% of the samples of post-1953 water having a detection of at least one pesticide or metabolite. Pre-1953 water is less likely to contain pesticides because it tends to predate the use of pesticides to increase crop production in the Midwest. Pre-1953 water was more likely to occur in the near-surface bedrock aquifers (50.0%) than in the near-surface unconsolidated aquifers (9.1%) sampled.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060011x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 1995, Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1125-1132, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060011x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1125","endPage":"1132","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7757e4b0c8380cd7848b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018916,"text":"70018916 - 1995 - Hydrochemical processes during snowmelt in a subalpine watershed, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018916","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1008,"text":"Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemical processes during snowmelt in a subalpine watershed, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Snowmelt is the primary hydrologic event in the studied subalpine watershed, generating streamflow for 3 months from a 1-month snowmelt period which commenced in mid-April 1992 and mid-May 1993. The melting rate of the snowpack varied diurnally and was asymmetrical, increasing rapidly to a maximum at the onset of daily melt followed by an attenuated decrease. Streamflow varied diurnally, displaying a similar pattern to that of snowmelt, but variations were much less marked. Groundwater levels also varied diurnally, but were more attenuated than that of streamflow, and the time of daily maximum coincided with the streamflow maximum, whereas the snowmelt maximum preceded them. The major ions in meltwater were preferentially eluted from the snowpack, and meltwater was dominated by calcium, sulfate, and nitrate. The concentration decreases observed in snowmelt are partially reflected in stream water. Groundwater was dominated by calcium and generally bicarbonate. Concentrations of weathering products (silica, alkalinity, and base cations) increased down gradient, consistent with an increase in water residence time. A watershed mass balance for 1992 and 1993 indicates that (1) a major percentage of the primarily atmospherically derived N-species are retained by the watershed, (2) the watershed is the major source of base cations and silica, and (3) for the 2 year combined, atmospheric deposition balances stream water transport of sulfate and chloride.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Leavesley, G., 1995, Hydrochemical processes during snowmelt in a subalpine watershed, Colorado, USA: Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow-covered catchments. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995, v. 228, p. 313-319.","startPage":"313","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"228","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3331e4b0c8380cd5ede1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018911,"text":"70018911 - 1995 - Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA: an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018911","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA: an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny","docAbstract":"Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous foreland shelf rocks in southeastern Kansas took place at temperatures as high as 100-150?? C at a depth of less than 2 km. High temperatures are the result of the long distance (hundreds of kilometers) advection of groundwater related to collisional orogeny in the Ouachita tectonic belt to the south. Orogenic activity in the Ouachita area was broadly Late Carboniferous, equivalent to the Variscan activity of Europe. Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits and oil and gas fields in the US midcontinent and elsewhere are commonly attributed to regional groundwater flow resulting from such collisional events. This paper describes the diagenesis and thermal effects in sandstone and limestone of Upper Carboniferous siliciclastic and limestone-shale cyclothems, the purported confining layer of a supposed regional aquifer. Diagenesis took place in early, intermediate, and late stages. Many intermediate and late stage events in the sandstones have equivalents in the limestones, suggesting that the causes were regional. The sandstone paragenesis includes siderite cement (early stage), quartz overgrowths (intermediate stage), dissolution of feldspar and carbonates, followed by minor Fe calcite, pore-filling kaolinite and sub-poikilotopic Ca ankerite (late stage). The limestone paragenesis includes calcite cement (early stage); megaquartz, chalcedony, and Fe calcite spar (intermediate stage); and dissolution, Ca-Fe dolomite and kaolinite (late stage). The Rm value of vitrinite shows a regional average of 0.6-0.7%; Rock-Eval TmaX suggests a comparable degree of organic maturity. The Th of aqueous fluid inclusions in late stage Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates ranges from 90 to 160?? and Tmice indicates very saline water (>200000 ppm NaCl equivalent); ??18O suggests that the water is of basinal origin. Local warm spots have higher Rm, Tmax, and Th. The results constrain numerical models of regional fluid migration, which is widely viewed as an artesian flow from recharge areas in the Ouachita belt across the foreland basin onto the foreland shelf area. Such models must account for heating effects that extend at least 500 km from the orogenic front and affect both supposed aquifer beds and the overlying supposed confining layer. Warm spots indicate either more rapid or more prolonged flow locally. Th and Tmice data show the highest temperatures coincided with high salinity fluids. ?? 1995 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00284519","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Walton, A., Wojcik, K., Goldstein, R., and Barker, C., 1995, Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA: an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny: Geologische Rundschau, v. 84, no. 3, p. 535-551, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284519.","startPage":"535","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205814,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284519"},{"id":226938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0096e4b0c8380cd4f7df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton, A.W.","contributorId":16994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wojcik, K.M.","contributorId":86502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wojcik","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, R.H.","contributorId":18908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018903,"text":"70018903 - 1995 - Forest-killing diffuse CO2 emission at Mammoth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-09T13:21:17.166813","indexId":"70018903","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Forest-killing diffuse CO2 emission at Mammoth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest","title":"Forest-killing diffuse CO2 emission at Mammoth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest","docAbstract":"Mammoth Mountain, in the western United States, is a large dacitic volcano with a long history of volcanism that began 200 kyr ago and produced phreatic eruptions as recently as 500 ± 200 yr BP. Seismicity, ground deformation and changes in fumarole gas composition suggested an episode of shallow dyke intrusion in 1989–90. Areas of dying forest and incidents of near asphyxia in confined spaces, first reported in 1990, prompted us to search for diffuse flank emissions of magmatic CO2, as have been described at Mount Etna and Vulcano. Here we report the results of a soil-gas survey, begun in 1994, that revealed CO2 concentrations of 30–96% in a 30-hectare region of killed trees, from which we estimate a total CO2flux of ≥1,200 tonnes per day. The forest die-off is the most conspicuous surface manifestation of magmatic processes at Mammoth Mountain, which hosts only weak fumarolic vents and no summit activity. Although the onset of tree kill coincided with the episode of shallow dyke intrusion, the magnitude and duration of the CO2 flux indicates that a larger, deeper magma source and/or a large reservoir of high-pressure gas is being tapped.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/376675a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., Sorey, M., Evans, W.C., Howle, J., Kerr, B., Kennedy, B.M., King, C., and Southon, J.R., 1995, Forest-killing diffuse CO2 emission at Mammoth Mountain as a sign of magmatic unrest: Nature, v. 376, no. 6542, p. 675-678, https://doi.org/10.1038/376675a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"678","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mammoth Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.03235925891505,\n 37.617614450175026\n ],\n [\n -119.02612412287394,\n 37.61784416442083\n ],\n [\n -119.0116238064991,\n 37.62083038502831\n ],\n [\n -119.0056786767855,\n 37.6254243363675\n ],\n [\n -118.99567345848699,\n 37.630477354930846\n ],\n [\n -118.99509344583196,\n 37.637137627233955\n ],\n [\n -118.99523844899585,\n 37.643567668527055\n ],\n [\n -119.00074856921833,\n 37.644486200423245\n ],\n [\n -119.00002355339942,\n 37.649078689529304\n ],\n [\n -119.01278383180914,\n 37.6493083065309\n ],\n [\n -119.02380407225382,\n 37.6517192421839\n ],\n [\n -119.03148923993251,\n 37.654704101692275\n ],\n [\n -119.04047943608487,\n 37.65126002237916\n ],\n [\n -119.04975963856445,\n 37.64643804298963\n ],\n [\n -119.0568647935881,\n 37.6419602103787\n ],\n [\n -119.05628478093307,\n 37.63690797260989\n ],\n [\n -119.04845461009077,\n 37.63001800380289\n ],\n [\n -119.04627956263457,\n 37.623242244880004\n ],\n [\n -119.03235925891505,\n 37.617614450175026\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"376","issue":"6542","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a133ae4b0c8380cd5458c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howle, J. F. 0000-0003-0491-6203","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":66294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kerr, B.D.","contributorId":14131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy, B. M.","contributorId":97638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"King, C.-Y.","contributorId":81225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"C.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Southon, J. R.","contributorId":24895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ]}