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By the 2050s, the human population is projected to grow to 9.1 billion. Over three-quarters of these people will be living in developing countries, in regions that already lack the capacity to feed their populations . Under current agricultural practices, the increased demand for food would require in excess of one billion hectares of new cropland, nearly equivalent to the land area of the United States, and would lead to significant increases in greenhouse gases (Tillman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). Since climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity, changes to it will influence not only crop yields, but also hydrologic balances and supplies of inputs to managed farming systems, and may lead to a shift in the geographic location of some crops . Therefore, not only must crop productivity (yield per unit of land; kg/m<sup>2</sup>) increase, but water productivity (yield per unit of water or \"crop per drop\"; kg/m<sup>3</sup>) must increase as well in order to feed a burgeoning population against a backdrop\nof changing dietary consumption patterns, a changing climate and the growing scarcity of water and land (Beddington, 2010). The impact from these changes wi ll affect the viability of both dryland subsistence and irrigated commodity food production (Knox, <i>et al.</i>, 2010a). Since climate is a primary determinant of agricultural productivity, any changes will influence not only crop yields, but also the hydrologic balances, and supplies of inputs to managed farming systems as well as potentially shifting the geographic location for specific crops . Unless concerted and collective action is taken, society risks worldwide food shortages, scarcity of water resources and insufficient energy. This has the potential to unleash public unrest, cross-border conflicts and migration as people flee the worst-affected regions to seck refuge in \"safe havens\", a situation that Beddington described as the \"perfect storm\" (2010).","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Thenkabail, P.S., Knox, J.W., Ozdogan, M., Gumma, M., Congalton, R., Wu, Z., Milesi, C., Finkral, A., Marshall, M., Mariotto, I., You, S., Giri, C., and Nagler, P., 2012, Assessing future risks to agricultural productivity, water resources and food security: How can remote sensing help?: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 78, no. 8, p. 773-782.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"782","ipdsId":"IP-035587","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"78","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d8412be4b0064e695a0a0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenkabail, Prasad S. 0000-0002-2182-8822 pthenkabail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-8822","contributorId":570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"Prasad","email":"pthenkabail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knox, Jerry W.","contributorId":26947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ozdogan, Mutlu","contributorId":32060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozdogan","given":"Mutlu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gumma, Murali Krishna","contributorId":50426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gumma","given":"Murali Krishna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Congalton, Russell G.","contributorId":84646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Congalton","given":"Russell G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wu, Zhuoting 0000-0001-7393-1832 zwu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-1832","contributorId":4953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Zhuoting","email":"zwu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":498,"text":"Office of Land Remote Sensing (Geography)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milesi, Cristina","contributorId":107590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milesi","given":"Cristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Finkral, Alex","contributorId":92947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkral","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marshall, Mike","contributorId":52473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mariotto, Isabella","contributorId":14140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariotto","given":"Isabella","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"You, Songcai","contributorId":71459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"You","given":"Songcai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Giri, Chandra cgiri@usgs.gov","contributorId":2403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giri","given":"Chandra","email":"cgiri@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":8748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70176442,"text":"70176442 - 2012 - Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-26T17:02:32.884896","indexId":"70176442","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley","docAbstract":"<p><span>Aquifer overexploitation could significantly impact crop production in the United States because 60% of irrigation relies on groundwater. Groundwater depletion in the irrigated High Plains and California Central Valley accounts for ∼50% of groundwater depletion in the United States since 1900. A newly developed High Plains recharge map shows that high recharge in the northern High Plains results in sustainable pumpage, whereas lower recharge in the central and southern High Plains has resulted in focused depletion of 330 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of fossil groundwater, mostly recharged during the past 13,000 y. Depletion is highly localized with about a third of depletion occurring in 4% of the High Plains land area. Extrapolation of the current depletion rate suggests that 35% of the southern High Plains will be unable to support irrigation within the next 30 y. Reducing irrigation withdrawals could extend the lifespan of the aquifer but would not result in sustainable management of this fossil groundwater. The Central Valley is a more dynamic, engineered system, with north/south diversions of surface water since the 1950s contributing to ∼7× higher recharge. However, these diversions are regulated because of impacts on endangered species. A newly developed Central Valley Hydrologic Model shows that groundwater depletion since the 1960s, totaling 80 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>, occurs mostly in the south (Tulare Basin) and primarily during droughts. Increasing water storage through artificial recharge of excess surface water in aquifers by up to 3 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;shows promise for coping with droughts and improving sustainability of groundwater resources in the Central Valley.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1200311109","usgsCitation":"Scanlon, B., Faunt, C., Longuevergne, L., Reedy, R., Alley, W.M., McGuire, V.L., and McMahon, P.B., 2012, Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 109, no. 24, p. 9320-9325, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200311109.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"9320","endPage":"9325","ipdsId":"IP-036663","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00710431","text":"External Repository"},{"id":328635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorago, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley, High Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.0478515625,\n              35.42486791930558\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.091796875,\n              36.421282443649496\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.68505859375,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.97021484374999,\n              39.9602803542957\n            ],\n           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Laurent","contributorId":83014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longuevergne","given":"Laurent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reedy, Robert C.","contributorId":92956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reedy","given":"Robert C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":648791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, Virginia L. 0000-0002-3962-4158 vlmcguir@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Virginia","email":"vlmcguir@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70188518,"text":"70188518 - 2012 - Characterizing post-drainage succession in Thermokarst Lake Basins on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska with TerraSAR-X Backscatter and Landsat-based NDVI data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T14:12:02","indexId":"70188518","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing post-drainage succession in Thermokarst Lake Basins on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska with TerraSAR-X Backscatter and Landsat-based NDVI data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Drained thermokarst lake basins accumulate significant amounts of soil organic carbon in the form of peat, which is of interest to understanding carbon cycling and climate change feedbacks associated with thermokarst in the Arctic. Remote sensing is a tool useful for understanding temporal and spatial dynamics of drained basins. In this study, we tested the application of high-resolution X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of the German TerraSAR-X satellite from the 2009 growing season (July–September) for characterizing drained thermokarst lake basins of various age in the ice-rich permafrost region of the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. To enhance interpretation of patterns identified in X-band SAR for these basins, we also analyzed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from a Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image acquired on July 2009 and compared both X-band SAR and NDVI data with observations of basin age. We found significant logarithmic relationships between (a) TerraSAR-X backscatter and basin age from 0 to 10,000 years, (b) Landat-5 TM NDVI and basin age from 0 to 10,000 years, and (c) TerraSAR-X backscatter and basin age from 50 to 10,000 years. NDVI was a better indicator of basin age over a period of 0–10,000 years. However, TerraSAR-X data performed much better for discriminating radiocarbon-dated basins (50–10,000 years old). No clear relationships were found for either backscatter or NDVI and basin age from 0 to 50 years. We attribute the decreasing trend of backscatter and NDVI with increasing basin age to post-drainage changes in the basin surface. Such changes include succession in vegetation, soils, hydrology, and renewed permafrost aggradation, ground ice accumulation and localized frost heave. Results of this study show the potential application of X-band SAR data in combination with NDVI data to map long-term succession dynamics of drained thermokarst lake basins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Remote Sensing","doi":"10.3390/rs4123741","usgsCitation":"Regmi, P., Grosse, G., Jones, M.C., Jones, B.M., and Walter Anthony, K., 2012, Characterizing post-drainage succession in Thermokarst Lake Basins on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska with TerraSAR-X Backscatter and Landsat-based NDVI data: Remote Sensing, v. 4, p. 3741-3765, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4123741.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"3741","endPage":"3765","ipdsId":"IP-041633","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4123741","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342501,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.4443359375,\n              66.46066349658045\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              66.23145747862573\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.3779296875,\n              66.12496236487968\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              66.16051056018838\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.42553717157787\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.65297740055279\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.35546875,\n              66.75724984139227\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.9375,\n              66.58321725728175\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.2119140625,\n              66.31986144668052\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.00292968749997,\n              66.01801815922045\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.7060546875,\n              65.4034447883078\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.6953125,\n              64.4348920430406\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.9814453125,\n              64.01449619484472\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              63.93737246791484\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.20214843749997,\n              64.35893097894458\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.3232421875,\n              64.60503753178527\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.0595703125,\n              64.77412531292873\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.4443359375,\n              65.164578884019\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.26855468749997,\n              65.56754970214311\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.048828125,\n              65.92855383515203\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.4443359375,\n              66.46066349658045\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59424b3de4b0764e6c65dc75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regmi, Prajna","contributorId":192910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regmi","given":"Prajna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":146182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12916,"text":"Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Miriam C. 0000-0002-6650-7619 miriamjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-7619","contributorId":4056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Miriam","email":"miriamjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walter Anthony, Katey","contributorId":192911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walter Anthony","given":"Katey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70040738,"text":"70040738 - 2012 - Expanded stream gauging includes groundwater data and trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T14:46:11","indexId":"70040738","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expanded stream gauging includes groundwater data and trends","docAbstract":"Population growth has increased water scarcity to the point that documenting current amounts of worldwide water resources is now as critical as any data collection in the Earth sciences. As a key element of this data collection, stream gauges yield continuous hydrologic information and document long-term trends, recording high-frequency hydrologic information over decadal to centennial time frames.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2012EO480002","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., Barlow, J.R., Eddy-Miller, C., Caldwell, R.R., and Wheeler, J.D., 2012, Expanded stream gauging includes groundwater data and trends: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 48, p. 497-497, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO480002.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"497","ipdsId":"IP-038889","costCenters":[{"id":441,"text":"National Research Program Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263445,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263444,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO480002"}],"volume":"93","issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dcb6cbe4b0d55926e3f32b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, James E. 0000-0002-4062-2096 jconstan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-2096","contributorId":1962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"James E.","email":"jconstan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Jeannie R. B. 0000-0002-0799-4656 jbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-4656","contributorId":3701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Jeannie","email":"jbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R. B.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eddy-Miller, Cheryl","contributorId":55305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddy-Miller","given":"Cheryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldwell, Rodney R. 0000-0002-2588-715X caldwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2588-715X","contributorId":2577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Rodney","email":"caldwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wheeler, Jerrod D. 0000-0002-0533-8700 jwheele@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0533-8700","contributorId":1893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Jerrod","email":"jwheele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70040956,"text":"ofr20121240 - 2012 - Geomorphic and hydrologic study of peak-flow management on the Cedar River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-27T16:26:42","indexId":"ofr20121240","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1240","title":"Geomorphic and hydrologic study of peak-flow management on the Cedar River, Washington","docAbstract":"Assessing the linkages between high-flow events, geomorphic response, and effects on stream ecology is critical to river management. High flows on the gravel-bedded Cedar River in Washington are important to the geomorphic function of the river; however, high flows can deleteriously affect salmon embryos incubating in streambed gravels. A geomorphic analysis of the Cedar River showed evidence of historical changes in river form over time and quantified the effects of anthropogenic alterations to the river corridor. Field measurements with accelerometer scour monitors buried in the streambed provided insight into the depth and timing of streambed scour during high-flow events. Combined with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the recorded accelerometer disturbances allowed the prediction of streambed disturbance at the burial depth of Chinook and sockeye salmon egg pockets for different peak discharges. Insight gained from these analyses led to the development of suggested monitoring metrics for an ongoing geomorphic monitoring program on the Cedar River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Seattle Public Utilities","usgsCitation":"Magirl, C.S., Gendaszek, A.S., Czuba, C.R., Konrad, C.P., and Marineau, M.D., 2012, Geomorphic and hydrologic study of peak-flow management on the Cedar River, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1240, Report: iv, 4p.; Slide Presentation: 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121240.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 4p.; Slide Presentation: 61 p.","numberOfPages":"69","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040808","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1240.jpg"},{"id":263426,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1240/"},{"id":263427,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1240/pdf/ofr20121240.pdf"},{"id":263428,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1240/pdf/ofr20121240_slidePresentation.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Renton","otherGeospatial":"Cedar River;Chester Morse Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.333333,47.333333 ], [ -122.333333,47.5 ], [ -121.5,47.5 ], [ -121.5,47.333333 ], [ -122.333333,47.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50de2214e4b0e31bb0295327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gendaszek, Andrew S. 0000-0002-2373-8986 agendasz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-8986","contributorId":3509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gendaszek","given":"Andrew","email":"agendasz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marineau, Mathieu D. 0000-0002-6568-0743 mmarineau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-0743","contributorId":4954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marineau","given":"Mathieu","email":"mmarineau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70182150,"text":"70182150 - 2012 - Soil-water dynamics and unsaturated storage during snowmelt following wildfire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-17T10:02:03","indexId":"70182150","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil-water dynamics and unsaturated storage during snowmelt following wildfire","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many forested watersheds with a substantial fraction of precipitation delivered as snow have the potential for landscape disturbance by wildfire. Little is known about the immediate effects of wildfire on snowmelt and near-surface hydrologic responses, including soil-water storage. Montane systems at the rain-snow transition have soil-water dynamics that are further complicated during the snowmelt period by strong aspect controls on snowmelt and soil thawing. Here we present data from field measurements of snow hydrology and subsurface hydrologic and temperature responses during the first winter and spring after the September 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire in Colorado, USA. Our observations of soil-water content and soil temperature show sharp contrasts in hydrologic and thermal conditions between north- and south-facing slopes. South-facing burned soils were ∼1–2 °C warmer on average than north-facing burned soils and ∼1.5 °C warmer than south-facing unburned soils, which affected soil thawing during the snowmelt period. Soil-water dynamics also differed by aspect: in response to soil thawing, soil-water content increased approximately one month earlier on south-facing burned slopes than on north-facing burned slopes. While aspect and wildfire affect soil-water dynamics during snowmelt, soil-water storage at the end of the snowmelt period reached the value at field capacity for each plot, suggesting that post-snowmelt unsaturated storage was not substantially influenced by aspect in wildfire-affected areas. Our data and analysis indicate that the amount of snowmelt-driven groundwater recharge may be larger in wildfire-impacted areas, especially on south-facing slopes, because of earlier soil thaw and longer durations of soil-water contents above field capacity in those areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"European Geophysical Society","publisherLocation":"Katlenburg-Lindau","doi":"10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012","usgsCitation":"Ebel, B.A., Hinckley, E., and Martin, D.A., 2012, Soil-water dynamics and unsaturated storage during snowmelt following wildfire: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 16, p. 1401-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1401","endPage":"1417","ipdsId":"IP-034382","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":335802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a819b8e4b025c46429afd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinckley, E.S.","contributorId":181852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinckley","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Deborah A. 0000-0001-8237-0838 damartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-0838","contributorId":168662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Deborah","email":"damartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040843,"text":"70040843 - 2012 - Reference hydrologic networks I. The status and potential future directions of national reference hydrologic networks for detecting trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-20T20:15:49","indexId":"70040843","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reference hydrologic networks I. The status and potential future directions of national reference hydrologic networks for detecting trends","docAbstract":"Identifying climate-driven trends in river flows on a global basis is hampered by a lack of long, quality time series data for rivers with relatively undisturbed regimes. This is a global problem compounded by the lack of support for essential long-term monitoring. Experience demonstrates that, with clear strategic objectives, and the support of sponsoring organizations, reference hydrologic networks can constitute an exceptionally valuable data source to effectively identify, quantify and interpret hydrological change—the speed and magnitude of which is expected to a be a primary driver of water management and flood alleviation strategies through the future—and for additional applications. Reference hydrologic networks have been developed in many countries in the past few decades. These collections of streamflow gauging stations, that are maintained and operated with the intention of observing how the hydrology of watersheds responds to variations in climate, are described. The status of networks under development is summarized. We suggest a plan of actions to make more effective use of this collection of networks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02626667.2012.728706","usgsCitation":"Whitfield, P., Burn, D., Hannaford, J., Higgins, H., Hodgkins, G.A., Marsh, T., and Looser, U., 2012, Reference hydrologic networks I. The status and potential future directions of national reference hydrologic networks for detecting trends: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 57, no. 8, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.728706.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","ipdsId":"IP-030088","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.728706","text":"External Repository"},{"id":263334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263333,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.728706"}],"volume":"57","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50aca690e4b0ae6a8f88bbb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitfield, Paul H.","contributorId":39264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitfield","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burn, Donald H.","contributorId":66139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burn","given":"Donald H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hannaford, Jamie","contributorId":41305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannaford","given":"Jamie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Higgins, Helene","contributorId":53670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Helene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marsh, Terry","contributorId":86657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Looser, Ulrich","contributorId":14274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Looser","given":"Ulrich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70040844,"text":"70040844 - 2012 - Reference hydrologic networks II. Using reference hydrologic networks to assess climate-driven changes in streamflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-20T20:02:57","indexId":"70040844","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reference hydrologic networks II. Using reference hydrologic networks to assess climate-driven changes in streamflow","docAbstract":"Reference hydrologic networks (RHNs) can play an important role in monitoring for changes in the hydrological regime related to climate variation and change. Currently, the literature concerning hydrological response to climate variations is complex and confounded by the combinations of many methods of analysis, wide variations in hydrology, and the inclusion of data series that include changes in land use, storage regulation and water use in addition to those of climate. Three case studies that illustrate a variety of approaches to the analysis of data from RHNs are presented and used, together with a summary of studies from the literature, to develop approaches for the investigation of changes in the hydrological regime at a continental or global scale, particularly for international comparison. We present recommendations for an analysis framework and the next steps to advance such an initiative. There is a particular focus on the desirability of establishing standardized procedures and methodologies for both the creation of new national RHNs and the systematic analysis of data derived from a collection of RHNs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02626667.2012.728705","usgsCitation":"Burn, D., Hannaford, J., Hodgkins, G.A., Whitfield, P., Thorne, R., and Marsh, T., 2012, Reference hydrologic networks II. Using reference hydrologic networks to assess climate-driven changes in streamflow: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 57, no. 8, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.728705.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-030086","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.728705","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263331,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2012.728705"}],"volume":"57","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50aca694e4b0ae6a8f88bbb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burn, Donald H.","contributorId":66139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burn","given":"Donald H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hannaford, Jamie","contributorId":41305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannaford","given":"Jamie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitfield, Paul H.","contributorId":39264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitfield","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorne, Robin","contributorId":93789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"Robin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marsh, Terry","contributorId":86657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040846,"text":"sir20125245 - 2012 - Evaluation of streambed scour at bridges over tidal waterways in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-21T13:39:55","indexId":"sir20125245","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5245","title":"Evaluation of streambed scour at bridges over tidal waterways in Alaska","docAbstract":"The potential for streambed scour was evaluated at 41 bridges that cross tidal waterways in Alaska. These bridges are subject to several coastal and riverine processes that have the potential, individually or in combination, to induce streambed scour or to damage the structure or adjacent channel. The proximity of a bridge to the ocean and water-surface elevation and velocity data collected over a tidal cycle were criteria used to identify the flow regime at each bridge, whether tidal, riverine, or mixed, that had the greatest potential to induce streambed scour. Water-surface elevations measured through at least one tide cycle at 32 bridges were correlated to water levels at the nearest tide station. Asymmetry of the tidal portion of the hydrograph during the outgoing tide at 12 bridges indicated that riverine flows were stored upstream of the bridge during the tidal exchange. This scenario results in greater discharges and velocities during the outgoing tide compared to those on the incoming tide. Velocity data were collected during outgoing tides at 10 bridges that experienced complete flow reversals, and measured velocities during the outgoing tide exceeded the critical velocity required to initiate sediment transport at three sites. The primary risk for streambed scour at most of the sites considered in this study is from riverine flows rather than tidal fluctuations. A scour evaluation for riverine flow was completed at 35 bridges. Scour from riverine flow was not the primary risk for six tidally-controlled bridges and therefore not evaluated at those sites. Field data including channel cross sections, a discharge measurement, and a water-surface slope were collected at the 35 bridges. Channel instability was identified at 14 bridges where measurable scour and or fill were noted in repeated surveys of channel cross sections at the bridge. Water-surface profiles for the 1-percent annual exceedance probability discharge were calculated by using the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System model, and scour depths were calculated using methods recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. Computed contraction-scour depths were greater than 2.0 feet at five bridges and computed pier-scour depths were 4.0 feet or greater at 15 bridges. The potential for streambed scour by both coastal and riverine processes at the bridges considered in this study were evaluated, ranked, and summed to determine a cumulative risk factor for each bridge. Possible factors that could mitigate the scour risks were investigated at 22 bridges that had high individual or cumulative rankings. Mitigating factors such as piers founded in bedrock, deep pier foundations relative to scour depths, and lack of observed scour during field measurements were documented for 13 sites, but additional study and monitoring is needed to better quantify the streambed scour potential for nine sites. Three bridges prone to being affected by storm surges will require more data collection and possibly complex hydrodynamic modeling to accurately quantify the streambed scour potential. Continuous monitoring of water-surface and streambed elevation at one or more piers is needed for two bridges to better understand the tidal and riverine influences on streambed scour.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125245","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","usgsCitation":"Conaway, J.S., and Schauer, P.V., 2012, Evaluation of streambed scour at bridges over tidal waterways in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5245, Report: vi, 38 p.; Appendixes A and B, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125245.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 38 p.; Appendixes A and B","numberOfPages":"48","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5245.jpg"},{"id":263323,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/"},{"id":263324,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/pdf/sir20125245.pdf"},{"id":263325,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/sir20125245_AppendixA.xlsx"},{"id":263326,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5245/sir20125245_AppendixB.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170.0,51.0 ], [ -170.0,62.0 ], [ -130.0,62.0 ], [ -130.0,51.0 ], [ -170.0,51.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50aca678e4b0ae6a8f88bb9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schauer, Paul V. 0000-0001-5529-4649 pschauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-4649","contributorId":5779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schauer","given":"Paul","email":"pschauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040780,"text":"70040780 - 2012 - Concentrations, loads, and yields of organic carbon in streams of agricultural watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-19T12:26:46","indexId":"70040780","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations, loads, and yields of organic carbon in streams of agricultural watersheds","docAbstract":"Carbon is cycled to and from large reservoirs in the atmosphere, on land, and in the ocean. Movement of organic carbon from the terrestrial reservoir to the ocean plays an important role in the global cycling of carbon. The transition from natural to agricultural vegetation can change the storage and movement of organic carbon in and from a watershed. Samples were collected from 13 streams located in hydrologically and agriculturally diverse watersheds, to better understand the variability in the concentrations and loads of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in the streams, and the variability in watershed yields. The overall annual median concentrations of DOC and POC were 4.9 (range: 2.1–6.8) and 1.1 (range: 0.4–3.8) mg C L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The mean DOC watershed yield (± SE) was 25 ± 6.8 kg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>. The yields of DOC from these agricultural watersheds were not substantially different than the DOC yield from naturally vegetated watersheds in equivalent biomes, but were at the low end of the range for most biomes. Total organic carbon (DOC + POC) annually exported from the agricultural watersheds was found to average 0.03% of the organic carbon that is contained in the labile plant matter and top 1 m of soil in the watershed. Since the total organic carbon exported from agricultural watersheds is a relatively small portion of the sequestered carbon within the watershed, there is the great potential to store additional carbon in plants and soils of the watershed, offsetting some anthropogenic CO2 emissions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq2012.0045","usgsCitation":"Kronholm, S., and Capel, P., 2012, Concentrations, loads, and yields of organic carbon in streams of agricultural watersheds: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1874-1883, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0045.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1874","endPage":"1883","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-037239","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263267,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0045"},{"id":263268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Indiana;Iowa;Maryl;Mississippi;Nebraska;Washington","volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50abfb66e4b0afbc75eb97f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kronholm, Scott","contributorId":22211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kronholm","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul","contributorId":26018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70189923,"text":"70189923 - 2012 - Dissolved organic matter composition of winter flow in the Yukon River basin: Implications of permafrost thaw and increased groundwater discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-31T14:16:28","indexId":"70189923","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved organic matter composition of winter flow in the Yukon River basin: Implications of permafrost thaw and increased groundwater discharge","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater discharge to rivers has increased in recent decades across the circumpolar region and has been attributed to thawing permafrost in arctic and subarctic watersheds. Permafrost-driven changes in groundwater discharge will alter the flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rivers, yet little is known about the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of groundwater in permafrost settings. Here, we characterize DOM composition of winter flow in 60 rivers and streams of the Yukon River basin to evaluate the biogeochemical consequences of enhanced groundwater discharge associated with permafrost thaw. DOC concentration of winter flow averaged 3.9 ± 0.5 mg C L<sup>−1</sup>, yet was highly variable across basins (ranging from 20 mg C L<sup>−1</sup>). In comparison to the summer-autumn period, DOM composition of winter flow had lower aromaticity (as indicated by specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, or SUVA<sub>254</sub>), lower hydrophobic acid content, and a higher proportion of hydrophilic compounds (HPI). Fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis indicated enrichment of protein-like fluorophores in some, but not all, winter flow samples. The ratio of DOC to dissolved organic nitrogen, an indicator of DOM biodegradability, was positively correlated with SUVA<sub>254</sub> and negatively correlated with the percentage of protein-like compounds. Using a simple two-pool mixing model, we evaluate possible changes in DOM during the summer-autumn period across a range of conditions reflecting possible increases in groundwater discharge. Across three watersheds, we consistently observed decreases in DOC concentration and SUVA254 and increases in HPI with increasing groundwater discharge. Spatial patterns in DOM composition of winter flow appear to reflect differences in the relative contributions of groundwater from suprapermafrost and subpermafrost aquifers across watersheds. Our findings call for more explicit consideration of DOC loss and stabilization pathways associated with changing subsurface hydrology in watersheds underlain by thawing permafrost.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2012GB004341","usgsCitation":"O’Donnell, J.A., Aiken, G.R., Walvoord, M.A., and Butler, K.D., 2012, Dissolved organic matter composition of winter flow in the Yukon River basin: Implications of permafrost thaw and increased groundwater discharge: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 26, no. GB0E06, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GB004341.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","ipdsId":"IP-036860","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gb004341","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":344468,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159.6533203125,\n              63.09475846224108\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              63.09475846224108\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              68.57644086491786\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.6533203125,\n              68.57644086491786\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.6533203125,\n              63.09475846224108\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"GB0E06","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5980419ee4b0a38ca2789378","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Donnell, Jonathan A. 0000-0001-7031-9808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7031-9808","contributorId":191423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, Kenna D. 0000-0001-9604-4603 kebutler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-4603","contributorId":178885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Kenna","email":"kebutler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70040735,"text":"fs20123118 - 2012 - Science to support the understanding of Ohio's water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-14T16:18:55","indexId":"fs20123118","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3118","title":"Science to support the understanding of Ohio's water resources","docAbstract":"Ohio’s water resources support a complex web of human activities and nature—clean and abundant water is needed for drinking, recreation, farming, and industry, as well as for fish and wildlife needs. The distribution of rainfall can cause floods and droughts, which affects streamflow, groundwater, water availability, water quality, recreation, and aquatic habitats. Ohio is bordered by the Ohio River and Lake Erie and has over 44,000 miles of streams and more than 60,000 lakes and ponds (State of Ohio, 1994). Nearly all the rural population obtain drinking water from groundwater sources.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) works in cooperation with local, State, and other Federal agencies, as well as universities, to furnish decisionmakers, policymakers, USGS scientists, and the general public with reliable scientific information and tools to assist them in management, stewardship, and use of Ohio’s natural resources. The diversity of scientific expertise among USGS personnel enables them to carry out large- and small-scale multidisciplinary studies. The USGS is unique among government organizations because it has neither regulatory nor developmental authority—its sole product is reliable, impartial, credible, relevant, and timely scientific information, equally accessible and available to everyone. The USGS Ohio Water Science Center provides reliable hydrologic and water-related ecological information to aid in the understanding of use and management of the Nation’s water resources, in general, and Ohio’s water resources, in particular. This fact sheet provides an overview of current (2012) or recently completed USGS studies and data activities pertaining to water resources in Ohio. More information regarding projects of the USGS Ohio Water Science Center is available at http://oh.water.usgs.gov/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123118","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, K., Kula, S., Bambach, P., and Runkle, D., 2012, Science to support the understanding of Ohio's water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3118, 6 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123118.","productDescription":"6 p.; maps (col.)","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3118.jpg"},{"id":263162,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3118/"},{"id":263163,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3118/pdf/fs2012-3118_web.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.8203,38.4034 ], [ -84.8203,41.9773 ], [ -84.5182,41.9773 ], [ -84.5182,38.4034 ], [ -84.8203,38.4034 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a4bd85e4b0fd76c78323ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, Kimberly kshaffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Kimberly","email":"kshaffer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kula, Stephanie","contributorId":11893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kula","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bambach, Phil","contributorId":24642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bambach","given":"Phil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runkle, Donna","contributorId":51317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70044973,"text":"70044973 - 2012 - Use of the continuous slope-area method to estimate runoff in a network of ephemeral channels, southeast Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-28T12:00:46","indexId":"70044973","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the continuous slope-area method to estimate runoff in a network of ephemeral channels, southeast Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"The continuous slope-area (CSA) method is an innovative gaging method for indirect computation of complete-event discharge hydrographs that can be applied when direct measurement methods are unsafe, impractical, or impossible to apply. This paper reports on use of the method to produce event-specific discharge hydrographs in a network of sand-bedded ephemeral stream channels in southeast Arizona, USA, for water year 2008. The method provided satisfactory discharge estimates for flows that span channel banks, and for moderate to large flows, with about 10–16% uncertainty, respectively for total flow volume and peak flow, as compared to results obtained with an alternate method. Our results also suggest that the CSA method may be useful for estimating runoff of small flows, and during recessions, but with increased uncertainty.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.022","usgsCitation":"Stewart, A.M., Callegary, J.B., Smith, C.F., Gupta, H.V., Leenhouts, J.M., and Fritzinger, R.A., 2012, Use of the continuous slope-area method to estimate runoff in a network of ephemeral channels, southeast Arizona, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 472-473, p. 148-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.022.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"158","ipdsId":"IP-019852","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272899,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.022"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.2,3.0175 ], [ -110.2,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -10.15,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -10.15,3.0175 ], [ -110.2,3.0175 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"472-473","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a5d1f0e4b0605bc571f025","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Anne M. astewart@usgs.gov","contributorId":3938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Anne","email":"astewart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Callegary, James B. 0000-0003-3604-0517 jcallega@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-0517","contributorId":2171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callegary","given":"James","email":"jcallega@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Christopher F. 0000-0002-8075-4763 cfsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-4763","contributorId":1338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Christopher","email":"cfsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":476539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gupta, Hoshin V.","contributorId":7597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gupta","given":"Hoshin","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leenhouts, James M. 0000-0001-5171-9240 leenhout@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-9240","contributorId":225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenhouts","given":"James","email":"leenhout@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fritzinger, Robert A.","contributorId":78229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritzinger","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040731,"text":"gip143 - 2012 - Stream ecosystems change with urban development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:31:36","indexId":"gip143","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"143","title":"Stream ecosystems change with urban development","docAbstract":"The healthy condition of the physical living space in a natural stream—defined by unaltered hydrology (streamflow), high diversity of habitat features, and natural water chemistry—supports diverse biological communities with aquatic species that are sensitive to disturbances.\n\nIn a highly degraded urban stream, the poor condition of the physical living space—streambank and tree root damage from altered hydrology, low diversity of habitat, and inputs of chemical contaminants—contributes to biological communities with low diversity and high tolerance to disturbance.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip143","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Bell, A.H., James, F.C., and McMahon, G., 2012, Stream ecosystems change with urban development: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 143, 1 p.: 17 x 11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip143.","productDescription":"1 p.: 17 x 11 inches","startPage":"1","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263150,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_143.jpg"},{"id":263148,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/143/"},{"id":263149,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/143/pdf/GIP143.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a4bd8fe4b0fd76c78323d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Amanda H. 0000-0002-7199-2145 ahbell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-2145","contributorId":1752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Amanda","email":"ahbell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, F. Coles","contributorId":58154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Coles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Gerard 0000-0001-7675-777X gmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-777X","contributorId":191488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Gerard","email":"gmcmahon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70040700,"text":"70040700 - 2012 - Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-13T12:40:33","indexId":"70040700","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2846,"text":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems","docAbstract":"Drylands constitute the most extensive terrestrial biome, covering more than one-third of the Earth's continental surface. In these environments, stress limits animal and plant life, so life forms that can survive desiccation and then resume growth following subsequent wetting assume the foremost role in ecosystem processes. In this Review, we describe how these organisms assemble in unique soil- and rock-surface communities to form a thin veneer of mostly microbial biomass across hot and cold deserts. These communities mediate inputs and outputs of gases, nutrients and water from desert surfaces, as well as regulating weathering, soil stability, and hydrological and nutrient cycles. The magnitude of regional and global desert-related environmental impacts is affected by these surface communities; here, we also discuss the challenges for incorporating the consideration of these communities and their effects into the management of dryland resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Reviews Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","publisherLocation":"London, U.K.","doi":"10.1038/nrmicro2854","usgsCitation":"Pointing, S.B., and Belnap, J., 2012, Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems: Nature Reviews Microbiology, v. 10, no. 8, p. 551-562, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2854.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"562","ipdsId":"IP-036400","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2854","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263105,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2854"}],"volume":"10","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a3b9dde4b0855e233c071a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pointing, Stephen B.","contributorId":8347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pointing","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040704,"text":"tm5B9 - 2012 - Determination of steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered and unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T14:56:07","indexId":"tm5B9","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5-B9","title":"Determination of steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered and unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"A new analytical method has been developed and implemented at the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory that determines a suite of 20 steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered water (using laboratory schedule 2434) and in unfiltered water (using laboratory schedule 4434). This report documents the procedures and initial performance data for the method and provides guidance on application of the method and considerations of data quality in relation to data interpretation. The analytical method determines 6 natural and 3 synthetic estrogen compounds, 6 natural androgens, 1 natural and 1 synthetic progestin compound, and 2 sterols: cholesterol and 3--coprostanol. These two sterols have limited biological activity but typically are abundant in wastewater effluents and serve as useful tracers. Bisphenol A, an industrial chemical used primarily to produce polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins and that has been shown to have estrogenic activity, also is determined by the method.\n\nA technique referred to as isotope-dilution quantification is used to improve quantitative accuracy by accounting for sample-specific procedural losses in the determined analyte concentration. Briefly, deuterium- or carbon-13-labeled isotope-dilution standards (IDSs), all of which are direct or chemically similar isotopic analogs of the method analytes, are added to all environmental and quality-control and quality-assurance samples before extraction. Method analytes and IDS compounds are isolated from filtered or unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction onto an octadecylsilyl disk, overlain with a graded glass-fiber filter to facilitate extraction of unfiltered sample matrices. The disks are eluted with methanol, and the extract is evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in solvent, passed through a Florisil solid-phase extraction column to remove polar organic interferences, and again evaporated to dryness in a reaction vial. The method compounds are reacted with activated -methyl--trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide at 65 degrees Celsius for 1 hour to form trimethylsilyl or trimethylsilyl-enol ether derivatives that are more amenable to gas chromatographic separation than the underivatized compounds. Analysis is carried out by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using calibration standards that are derivatized concurrently with the sample extracts.\n\nAnalyte concentrations are quantified relative to specific IDS compounds in the sample, which directly compensate for procedural losses (incomplete recovery) in the determined and reported analyte concentrations. Thus, reported analyte concentrations (or analyte recoveries for spiked samples) are corrected based on recovery of the corresponding IDS compound during the quantification process. Recovery for each IDS compound is reported for each sample and represents an absolute recovery in a manner comparable to surrogate recoveries for other organic methods used by the National Water Quality Laboratory. Thus, IDS recoveries provide a useful tool for evaluating sample-specific analytical performance from an absolute mass recovery standpoint. IDS absolute recovery will differ and typically be lower than the corresponding analyte’s method recovery in spiked samples. However, additional correction of reported analyte concentrations is unnecessary and inappropriate because the analyte concentration (or recovery) already is compensated for by the isotope-dilution quantification procedure.\n\nMethod analytes were spiked at 10 and 100 nanograms per liter (ng/L) for most analytes (10 times greater spike levels were used for bisphenol A and 100 times greater spike levels were used for 3--coprostanol and cholesterol) into the following validation-sample matrices: reagent water, wastewater-affected surface water, a secondary-treated wastewater effluent, and a primary (no biological treatment) wastewater effluent. Overall method recovery for all analytes in these matrices averaged 100 percent, with overall relative standard deviation of 28 percent. Mean recoveries of the 20 individual analytes for spiked reagent-water samples prepared along with field samples and analyzed in 2009–2010 ranged from 84–104 percent, with relative standard deviations of 6–36 percent. Concentrations for two analytes, equilin and progesterone, are reported as estimated because these analytes had excessive bias or variability, or both. Additional database coding is applied to other reported analyte data as needed, based on sample-specific IDS recovery performance.\n\nDetection levels were derived statistically by fortifying reagent water at six different levels (0.1 to 4 ng/L) and range from about 0.4 to 4 ng/L for 16 analytes. Interim reporting levels applied to analytes in this report range from 0.8 to 8 ng/L. Bisphenol A and the sterols (cholesterol and 3-beta-coprostanol) were consistently detected in laboratory and field blanks. The minimum reporting levels were set at 100 ng/L for bisphenol A and at 200 ng/L for the two sterols to prevent any bias associated with the presence of these compounds in the blanks. A minimum reporting level of 2 ng/L was set for 11-ketotestosterone to minimize false positive risk from an interfering siloxane compound emanating as chromatographic-column bleed, from vial septum material, or from other sources at no more than 1 ng/L.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm5B9","collaboration":"Book 5, Chapter B9 of U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods","usgsCitation":"Foreman, W., Gray, J.L., ReVello, R., Lindley, C.E., Losche, S.A., and Barber, L.B., 2012, Determination of steroid hormones and related compounds in filtered and unfiltered water by solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 5-B9, x, 118 p.; ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm5B9.","productDescription":"x, 118 p.; ill.","startPage":"i","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"131","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_5_B9.gif"},{"id":263089,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/5b9/TM5-B9.pdf"},{"id":263088,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/5b9/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a3b9c4e4b0855e233c0706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"ReVello, Rhiannon C. rcrevell@usgs.gov","contributorId":4128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ReVello","given":"Rhiannon C.","email":"rcrevell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindley, Chris E. clindley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindley","given":"Chris","email":"clindley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Losche, Scott A. salosche@usgs.gov","contributorId":4694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Losche","given":"Scott","email":"salosche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040694,"text":"sim3228 - 2012 - Flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-09T11:57:32","indexId":"sim3228","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3228","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 1.7-mile reach of the Leaf River were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of Hattiesburg, City of Petal, Forrest County, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency, Mississippi Department of Homeland Security, and the Emergency Management District. The Leaf River study reach extends from just upstream of the U.S. Highway 11 crossing to just downstream of East Hardy/South Main Street and separates the cities of Hattiesburg and Petal, Mississippi. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at <a href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/\" target=\"_blank\">http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/</a>, depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to selected water-surface elevations (stages) at the USGS streamgage at Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi (02473000). Current conditions at the USGS streamgage may be obtained through the National Water Information System Web site at <a href=\"http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ms/nwis/uv/?site_no=02473000&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060\" target=\"_blank\">http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ms/nwis/uv/?site_no=02473000&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060</a>. In addition, the information has been provided to the National Weather Service (NWS) for incorporation into their Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood-warning system (<a href=\"http://water.weather.gov/ahps/\" target=\"_blank\">http://water.weather.gov/ahps/</a>). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often collocated at USGS streamgages. The forecasted peak-stage information, available on the AHPS Web site, may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation. In this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated using the most current stage-discharge relations at the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi, streamgage and documented high-water marks from recent and historical floods. The hydraulic model was then used to determine 13 water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1.0-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from bankfull to approximately the highest recorded water-surface elevation at the streamgage. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model [derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data having a 0.6-foot vertical accuracy and 9.84-foot horizontal resolution] in order to delineate the area flooded at each 1-foot increment of stream stage. The availability of these maps, when combined with real-time stage information from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stage from the NWS, provides emergency management personnel and residents with critical information during flood-response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Hattiesburg, City of Petal, Forrest County, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency, Mississippi Department of Homeland Security, and the Emergency Management District","usgsCitation":"Storm, J.B., 2012, Flood-inundation maps for the Leaf River at Hattiesburg, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3228, Pamphlet: vi, 8 p.; 13 Sheets: 17 x 22 inches; Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3228.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 8 p.; 13 Sheets: 17 x 22 inches; Downloads directory","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3228.jpg"},{"id":263052,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/download/"},{"id":263053,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet1.pdf"},{"id":263054,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":263055,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":263056,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":263057,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet6.pdf"},{"id":263050,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/"},{"id":263051,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/pdf/sim_3228.pdf"},{"id":263058,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet5.pdf"},{"id":263059,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet7.pdf"},{"id":263060,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet8.pdf"},{"id":263061,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet9.pdf"},{"id":263062,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet10.pdf"},{"id":263063,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet11.pdf"},{"id":263064,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet12.pdf"},{"id":263065,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3228/sheets/sim_3228_sheet13.pdf"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983 and North American Vergical Datum of 1988","country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Forrest County","otherGeospatial":"Leaf River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.32,31.3 ], [ -89.32,31.37 ], [ -89.25,31.37 ], [ -89.25,31.3 ], [ -89.32,31.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e2601e4b0cbd9af3af70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storm, John B. 0000-0002-5657-536X jbstorm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-536X","contributorId":3684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"John","email":"jbstorm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040697,"text":"sir20125178 - 2012 - Bankfull-channel geometry and discharge curves for the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-09T14:45:25","indexId":"sir20125178","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5178","title":"Bankfull-channel geometry and discharge curves for the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region in Wyoming","docAbstract":"Regional curves relate bankfull-channel geometry and bankfull discharge to drainage area in regions with similar runoff characteristics and are used to estimate the bankfull discharge and bankfull-channel geometry when the drainage area of a stream is known. One-variable, ordinary least-squares regressions relating bankfull discharge, cross-sectional area, bankfull width, and bankfull mean depth to drainage area were developed from data collected at 35 streamgages in or near Wyoming. Watersheds draining to these streamgages are within the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region of Wyoming and neighboring states.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125178","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Region 2","usgsCitation":"Foster, K., 2012, Bankfull-channel geometry and discharge curves for the Rocky Mountains Hydrologic Region in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5178, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125178.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5178.gif"},{"id":263070,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5178/"},{"id":263071,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5178/sir2012-5178.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,45.5 ], [ -104.0,45.5 ], [ -104.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,40.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e25e7e4b0cbd9af3af6fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Katharine","contributorId":38664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Katharine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040698,"text":"sir20125187 - 2012 - Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-21T10:44:00","indexId":"sir20125187","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5187","title":"Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Groundwater is essential for water supply and plays a critical role in maintaining the environmental health of freshwater and estuarine ecosystems in the Atlantic Coastal basins of New Jersey. The unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system and the confined Atlantic City 800-foot sand are major sources of groundwater in the area, and each faces different water-supply concerns. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), conducted a study to simulate the effects of withdrawals in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, and the Rio Grande water-bearing zone and to evaluate potential scenarios. The study area encompasses Atlantic County and parts of Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Ocean, Cape May, and Cumberland Counties. The major hydrogeologic units affecting water supply in the study area are the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, a thick diatomaceous clay confining unit in the upper part of Kirkwood Formation; the Rio Grande water-bearing zone; and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation. Hydrogeologic data from 18 aquifer tests and specific capacity data from 230 wells were analyzed to provide horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifers. Groundwater withdrawals are greatest from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, and 65 percent of the water is used for public supply. Groundwater withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand are about half those from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. Ninety-five percent of the withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand is used for public supply. Data from six streamgaging stations and 51 low-flow partial record sites were used to estimate base flow in the area. Base flow ranges from 60 to 92 percent of streamflow. A groundwater flow model of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand was developed and calibrated using water-level data from 148 wells and base-flow data from 22 gaging or low-flow partial record stations. The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system within the Great Egg Harbor River and the Mullica River Basins was simulated on a monthly basis from 1998 through 2006. An existing regional model of the New Jersey Coastal Plain was revised to provide boundary conditions for the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basin model (referred to as the Great Egg-Mullica model). In the Great Egg-Mullica model, monthly groundwater recharge rates used in the model ranged from 10-15 inches per year in 2001 to 20-25 inches per year in 2005. The mean-absolute error for 10 of the 14 long-term hydrographs used in model calibration was less than 5 ft. Groundwater flow budgets for the Great Egg-Mullica model calibration periods, May 2005 and September 2006, and for the entire model calibration period 1998 to 2006, showed that nearly 70 percent of the water entering the Atlantic City 800-foot sand came from the horizontal connection with the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in updip areas. The groundwater flow model was used to simulate scenarios under three possible conditions: average 1998 to 2006 withdrawals (Average scenario), full-allocation withdrawals (Full Allocation scenario), and projected 2050-demand withdrawals (2050 Demand scenario). Withdrawals in the Full Allocation scenario are nearly twice the withdrawals from the Average scenario, primarily because of the potential for large agricultural withdrawals if all allocations are used. Withdrawals for the 2050 Demand scenario are about 50 percent greater than those for the Average scenario, primarily due to expected increases in withdrawals for public supply. Monthly base-flow depletion criteria were determined using the Low-Flow Margin method, currently under consideration by NJDEP, to estimate available water on an annual basis at the Hydrologic Unit Code 11 (HUC11) level and to determine whether a water-supply deficit exists. Simulations of various groundwater-withdrawal scenarios were made using the calibrated model, and results were compared with baseline conditions (no withdrawals) to determine where and when base-flow deficits may be occurring and may be expected to occur in the future. Scenarios were simulated to assess base-flow depletion that could occur from different groundwater-withdrawal situations. In the Average scenario, deficits occurred in 7 of the 14 subbasins. In the Full Allocation scenario, deficits occurred in 11 of the subbasins. In the 2050 Demand scenario, deficits occurred in 9 of the 14 subbasins. The largest deficits occurred in the Absecon Creek subbasin because the base-flow depletion criteria for this subbasin is small due to the surface-water diversions that are already occurring there and because existing groundwater withdrawals in the subbasin have resulted in base-flow depletion under current (1998-2006) conditions. Three adjusted scenarios, variations of the Average, Full Allocation, and 2050 Demand scenarios, were simulated; for the adjusted scenarios, the withdrawals were modified in stages with the intent to successively eliminate or minimize the base-flow deficits. Modifications included shifting withdrawals to a deeper part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, implementing seasonal conjunctive use of shallow and deep aquifers, and specifying reductions in withdrawals within a HUC11 subbasin in deficit. The adjusted scenarios are intended to show the relative effectiveness of each of the three approaches in reducing the deficits. Most of the deficits under the Average, Full Allocation, and 2050 Demand scenarios were eliminated by reductions in withdrawals or allocations. Shifting withdrawals to a deeper part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system or seasonal conjunctive use did not eliminate deficits for any subbasin. Reductions in withdrawals accounted for more than 95 percent of the total reduction of deficits in all but one subbasin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Pope, D.A., Carleton, G.B., Buxton, D.E., Walker, R.L., Shourds, J.L., and Reilly, P.A., 2012, Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5187, Report: x, 139 p.; Appendixes: 2-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125187.","productDescription":"Report: x, 139 p.; Appendixes: 2-3","numberOfPages":"153","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5187.png"},{"id":263086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187-appendix3.xls","text":"Appendix 3","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":263083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263084,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":263085,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187-appendix2.xls","text":"Appendix 2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":361403,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F70G3J3J","text":"MODFLOW-2000 model used to evaluate alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Great Egg Harbor;Mullica River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,39.0 ], [ -75.5,40.25 ], [ -73.75,40.25 ], [ -73.75,39.0 ], [ -75.5,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e2607e4b0cbd9af3af711","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carleton, Glen B. 0000-0002-7666-4407 carleton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-4407","contributorId":3795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carleton","given":"Glen","email":"carleton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buxton, Debra E. dbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Debra","email":"dbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, Richard L.","contributorId":38961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shourds, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-7631-9734 jshourds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-9734","contributorId":5821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shourds","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshourds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70040695,"text":"sir20125168 - 2012 - Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-09T12:15:41","indexId":"sir20125168","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5168","title":"Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER)","docAbstract":"Flow- and load-duration curves were constructed from the model outputs of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) application for streams in Kentucky. The WATER application was designed to access multiple geospatial datasets to generate more than 60 years of statistically based streamflow data for Kentucky. The WATER application enables a user to graphically select a site on a stream and generate an estimated hydrograph and flow-duration curve for the watershed upstream of that point. The flow-duration curves are constructed by calculating the exceedance probability of the modeled daily streamflows. User-defined water-quality criteria and (or) sampling results can be loaded into the WATER application to construct load-duration curves that are based on the modeled streamflow results. Estimates of flow and streamflow statistics were derived from TOPographically Based Hydrological MODEL (TOPMODEL) simulations in the WATER application. A modified TOPMODEL code, SDP-TOPMODEL (Sinkhole Drainage Process-TOPMODEL) was used to simulate daily mean discharges over the period of record for 5 karst and 5 non-karst watersheds in Kentucky in order to verify the calibrated model. A statistical evaluation of the model's verification simulations show that calibration criteria, established by previous WATER application reports, were met thus insuring the model's ability to provide acceptably accurate estimates of discharge at gaged and ungaged sites throughout Kentucky. Flow-duration curves are constructed in the WATER application by calculating the exceedence probability of the modeled daily flow values. The flow-duration intervals are expressed as a percentage, with zero corresponding to the highest stream discharge in the streamflow record. Load-duration curves are constructed by applying the loading equation (Load = Flow*Water-quality criterion) at each flow interval.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Unthank, M.D., Newson, J.K., Williamson, T., and Nelson, H.L., 2012, Construction of estimated flow- and load-duration curves for Kentucky using the <u>W</u>ater <u>A</u>vailability <u>T</u>ool for <u>E</u>nvironmental <u>R</u>esources (WATER): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5168, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125168.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5168.gif"},{"id":263067,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5168/"},{"id":263068,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5168/pdf/sir2012-5168_report_508_rev110612.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.5715,36.4972 ], [ -89.5715,39.1475 ], [ -81.965,39.1475 ], [ -81.965,36.4972 ], [ -89.5715,36.4972 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e3412e4b0cbd9af3af72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unthank, Michael D. 0000-0003-2483-0431 munthank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-0431","contributorId":3902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"Michael","email":"munthank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newson, Jeremy K. jknewson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newson","given":"Jeremy","email":"jknewson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047276,"text":"70047276 - 2012 - Characterizing the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: hydrology and geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T14:30:07","indexId":"70047276","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T14:23:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Characterizing the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: hydrology and geochemistry","docAbstract":"This hydrology and geochemistry volume is a companion volume to the 2007 Geological Society of America Memoir 199, <i>The Geology and Climatology of Yucca Mountain and Vicinity, Southern Nevada and California</i>, edited by Stuckless and Levich. The work in both volumes was originally reported in the U.S. Department of Energy regulatory document <i>Yucca Mountain Site Description</i>, for the site characterization study of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as the proposed U.S. geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste. The selection of Yucca Mountain resulted from a nationwide search and numerous committee studies during a period of more than 40 yr. The waste, largely from commercial nuclear power reactors and the government's nuclear weapons programs, is characterized by intense penetrating radiation and high heat production, and, therefore, it must be isolated from the biosphere for tens of thousands of years. The extensive, unique, and often innovative geoscience investigations conducted at Yucca Mountain for more than 20 yr make it one of the most thoroughly studied geologic features on Earth. The results of these investigations contribute extensive knowledge to the hydrologic and geochemical aspects of radioactive waste disposal in the unsaturated zone. The science, analyses, and interpretations are important not only to Yucca Mountain, but also to the assessment of other sites or alternative processes that may be considered for waste disposal in the future.\n\nGroundwater conditions, processes, and geochemistry, especially in combination with the heat from radionuclide decay, are integral to the ability of a repository to isolate waste. Hydrology and geochemistry are discussed here in chapters on unsaturated zone hydrology, saturated zone hydrology, paleohydrology, hydrochemistry, radionuclide transport, and thermally driven coupled processes affecting long-term waste isolation. This introductory chapter reviews some of the reasons for choosing to study Yucca Mountain as a repository site.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2012.1209(01)","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J.S., and Levich, R.A., 2012, Characterizing the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: hydrology and geochemistry, chap. <i>of</i> Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California, v. 209, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(01).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-002741","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278840,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278832,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(01)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.01,35.0 ], [ -120.01,42.0 ], [ -114.04,42.0 ], [ -114.04,35.0 ], [ -120.01,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a217fe4b051792d0194ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levich, Robert A.","contributorId":93374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levich","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047233,"text":"70047233 - 2012 - Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T14:19:10","indexId":"70047233","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-05T13:50:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain was investigated as a possible site for the nation's first high-level nuclear waste repository. Scientific investigations included infiltration studies, matrix properties testing, borehole testing and monitoring, underground excavation and testing, and the development of conceptual and numerical models of the hydrologic processes at Yucca Mountain. Infiltration estimates by empirical and geochemical methods range from 0.2 to 1.4 mm/yr and 0.2–6.0 mm/yr, respectively. Infiltration estimates from numerical models range from 4.5 mm/yr to 17.6 mm/yr. Rock matrix properties vary vertically and laterally as the result of depositional processes and subsequent postdepositional alteration. Laboratory tests indicate that the average matrix porosity and hydraulic conductivity values for the main level of the proposed repository (Topopah Spring Tuff middle nonlithophysal zone) are 0.08 and 4.7 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m/s, respectively. In situ fracture hydraulic conductivity values are 3–6 orders of magnitude greater. The permeability of fault zones is approximately an order of magnitude greater than that of the surrounding rock unit. Water samples from the fault zones have tritium concentrations that indicate some component of postnuclear testing. Gas and water vapor movement through the unsaturated zone is driven by changes in barometric pressure, temperature-induced density differences, and wind effects. The subsurface pressure response to surface barometric changes is controlled by the distribution and interconnectedness of fractures, the presence of faults and their ability to conduct gas and vapor, and the moisture content and matrix permeability of the rock units. In situ water potential values are generally less than −0.2 MPa (−2 bar), and the water potential gradients in the Topopah Spring Tuff units are very small. Perched-water zones at Yucca Mountain are associated with the basal vitrophyre of the Topopah Spring Tuff or the Calico Hills bedded tuff. Thermal gradients in the unsaturated zone vary with location, and range from ~2.0 °C to 6.0 °C per 100 m; the variability appears to be associated with topography. Large-scale heater testing identified a heat-pipe signature at ~97 °C, and identified thermally induced and excavation-induced changes in the stress field. Elevated gas-phase CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and a decrease in the pH of water from the condensation zone also were identified. Conceptual and numerical flow and transport models of Yucca Mountain indicate that infiltration is highly variable, both spatially and temporally. Flow in the unsaturated zone is predominately through fractures in the welded units of the Tiva Canyon and Topopah Spring Tuffs and predominately through the matrix in the Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units and Calico Hills Formation. Isolated, transient, fast-flow paths, such as faults, do exist but probably carry only a small portion of the total liquid-water flux at Yucca Mountain. The Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units act as a storage buffer for transient infiltration pulses. Faults may act as flow boundaries and/or fast pathways. Below the proposed repository horizon, low-permeability lithostratigraphic units of the Topopah Spring Tuff and/or the Calico Hills Formation may divert flow laterally to faults that act as conduits to the water table. Advective transport pathways are consistent with flow pathways. Matrix diffusion is the major mechanism for mass transfer between fractures and the matrix and may contribute to retardation of radionuclide transport when fracture flow is dominant. Sorption may retard the movement of radionuclides in the unsaturated zone; however, sorption on mobile colloids may enhance radionuclide transport. Dispersion is not expected to be a major transport mechanism in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. Natural analogue studies support the concepts that percolating water may be diverted around underground openings and that the percentage of infiltration that becomes seepage decreases as infiltration decreases.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/2012.1209(02)","usgsCitation":"LeCain, G.D., and Stuckless, J.S., 2012, Hydrology of the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, chap. <i>of</i> Hydrology and geochemistry of Yucca Mountain and vicinity, Southern Nevada and California, v. 209, p. 9-72, https://doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02).","productDescription":"64 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"64","ipdsId":"IP-009120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278774,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.1209(02)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Calico Hills Formation;Paintbrush Tuff;Tiva Canyon;Topopah Spring Tuff;Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2379,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,37.501 ], [ -115.4938,35.4976 ], [ -117.2379,35.4976 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a2188e4b051792d019550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeCain, Gary D.","contributorId":52207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCain","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048188,"text":"70048188 - 2012 - MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-16T12:24:24","indexId":"70048188","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T12:17:04","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring","docAbstract":"Abandoned hard-rock mines can be a significant source of acid mine drainage (AMD) and toxic metal pollution to watersheds. In Colorado, USA, abandoned mines are often located in remote, high elevation areas that are snowbound for 7–8 months of the year. The difficulty in accessing these remote sites, especially during winter, creates challenging water sampling problems and major hydrologic and toxic metal loading events are often under sampled. Currently available automated water samplers are not well suited for sampling remote snowbound areas so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed a new water sampler, the MiniSipper, to provide long-duration, high-resolution water sampling in remote areas. The MiniSipper is a small, portable sampler that uses gas bubbles to separate up to 250 five milliliter acidified samples in a long tubing coil. The MiniSipper operates for over 8 months unattended in water under snow/ice, reduces field work costs, and greatly increases sampling resolution, especially during inaccessible times. MiniSippers were deployed in support of an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) project evaluating acid mine drainage inputs from the Pennsylvania Mine to the Snake River watershed in Summit County, CO, USA. MiniSipper metal results agree within 10% of EPA-USGS hand collected grab sample results. Our high-resolution results reveal very strong correlations (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9) between potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) and specific conductivity at the Pennsylvania Mine site. The large number of samples collected by the MiniSipper over the entire water year provides a detailed look at the effects of major hydrologic events such as snowmelt runoff and rainstorms on metal loading from the Pennsylvania Mine. MiniSipper results will help guide EPA sampling strategy and remediation efforts in the Snake River watershed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083","usgsCitation":"Chapin, T.P., and Todd, A., 2012, MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring: Science of the Total Environment, v. 439, p. 343-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"353","ipdsId":"IP-038379","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277598,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.083"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0603,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,36.9924 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52382865e4b0c7d45ef06110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, Thomas P.","contributorId":96184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S.","contributorId":33162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040665,"text":"pp1789C - 2012 - Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:17:26","indexId":"pp1789C","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"C","title":"Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Puerto Rico lies directly in the path of the easterly trade winds, which deliver steady rainfall to the mountains and steer tropical wave systems toward the island. Hurricanes and tropical storms derived from these tropical waves differ in frequency and intensity, contributing to substantial interannual variation in precipitation and stream discharge. Puerto Rico's steep topography and small water-storage capacity leave the island's water supply and developed flood plains vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. This vulnerability may increase in the future owing to ongoing change, both local (such as land-cover shifts, water-supply projects, and construction of roads and other infrastructure) and regional (climate variability and change). Climate change, which could lead to more intense and prolonged droughts as well as an increase in the magnitude and frequency of destructive storms in the Caribbean, may alter temperature and affect the availability of water for human and ecosystem needs. Accurate assessment of hydrologic regimes and water budgets is therefore crucial for effective management of water resources. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets program, hydrologic and geomorphologic processes and stream chemistry of four small watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico, which differ in geology and land cover, have been studied since 1991. Spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation and stream discharge, along with water budgets, were determined for the watersheds for the period 1991 to 2005. The locations of the watersheds relative to the Luquillo Mountains and the range's associated rain shadow dominate hydrological processes, dwarfing influences of land cover. The influence of geology is reflected in recession characteristics of the rivers (recession is faster in soils overlying volcaniclastic bedrock) and in hillslope geomorphic processes (sediment is delivered at higher rates from soils overlying granitic bedrock).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789C","collaboration":"This report is Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., and Stallard, R.F., 2012, Hydrology and climate of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter C in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789C.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_C.jpg"},{"id":263003,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterC.pdf"},{"id":263002,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50deff4ae4b0dfbe79e68323","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509094,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509095,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70040652,"text":"pp1789A - 2012 - Physiography, geology, and land cover of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T14:18:16","indexId":"pp1789A","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1789","chapter":"A","title":"Physiography, geology, and land cover of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>","docAbstract":"Four watersheds with differing geology and land cover in eastern Puerto Rico have been studied on a long-term basis by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets. These watersheds are typical of tropical, island-arc settings found in many parts of the world. Two watersheds are located on coarse-grained granitic rocks that weather to quartz- and clay-rich, sandy soils, and two are located on fine-grained volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks that weather to quartz-poor, fine-grained soils. For each bedrock type, one watershed is covered with mature forest, and the other watershed, like most of Puerto Rico, has transformed from relatively undisturbed pre-European forest to intensive agriculture in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and further to ongoing reforestation that began in the middle of the 20th century. The comparison of water chemistry and hydrology in these watersheds allows an evaluation of the effects of land-use history and geology on hydrologic regimes and erosion rates. This chapter describes the physiography, geology, and land cover of the four watersheds and provides background information for the remaining chapters in this volume.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico (Professional Paper 1789)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1789A","collaboration":"This report is Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1789\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1789</a>.","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Stallard, R.F., Larsen, M.C., and Gould, W.A., 2012, Physiography, geology, and land cover of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico: Chapter A in <i>Water quality and landscape processes of four watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1789, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1789A.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1789_A.jpg"},{"id":262984,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/"},{"id":262985,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1789/pdfs/ChapterA.pdf"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9455,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9455,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e11a0ee4b0fec3206f312e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509085,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gould, William A.","contributorId":103535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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