This report describes analyses of available information on nutrients and suspended sediment collected in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin during water years 1975-90. Most of the analyses were applied to data collected during water years 1980-89. The report describes the spatial and temporal availability of nutrient and suspended-sediment data and presents a preliminary concept of the spatial and temporal patterns of concentrations and loads within the basin. Where data were available, total and dissolved forms of nitrogen and phosphorus species from precipitation, surface water, ground water, and springwater, and bottom material from streams and reservoirs were evaluated. Suspended-sediment data from streams also were evaluated. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS) database was selected as the primary database for the analyses. Precipitation-quality data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) and bottom-material-quality data from the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) were used to supplement the water-quality data from NWIS. Concentrations of nutrients were available from 3 precipitation sites established for longterm monitoring purposes, 883 wells (854 synoptic areal survey sites and 29 project and research sites), 23 springs (17 synoptic areal survey sites and 6 project and research sites), and 894 bottom-material sites (840 synoptic areal survey sites and 54 project and research sites). Concentrations of nutrients and (or) suspended sediment were available from 128 streams (36 long-term monitoring sites, 51 synoptic areal survey sites, and 41 project and research sites). Concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment in streams varied temporally and spatially and were related to land use, agricultural practices, and streamflow. A general north-to-south pattern of increasing median nitrate concentrations, from 2 to 5 mg/L, was detected in samples collected in study unit streams. In streams that drain areas dominated by agriculture, concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment tend to be elevated with respect to those found in areas of other land-use types and are related to the amount of commercial fertilizer and animal manure applied to the area drained by the streams. Animal manure is the dominant source of nitrogen for the streams in the lower, agricultural part of the basin. Concentrations of nutrients in samples from wells varied with season and well depth and were related to hydrogeologic setting. Median concentrations of nitrate were 2.5 and 3.5 mg/L for wells drawing water at depths of 0 to 100 ft and 101 to 200 ft, respectively. The lowest median concentrations for nitrate in ground water from wells were generally found in siliciclastic-bedrock, forested settings of the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province, and the highest were found in carbonate-bedrock agricultural settings of the Piedmont Physiographic Province. Twenty-five percent of the measurements from wells in carbonate rocks in the Piedmont Physiographic Province exceeded the Pennsylvania drinking-water standard. An estimate of mass balance of nutrient loads within the Lower Susquehanna River Basin was produced by combining the available information on stream loads, atmosphericdeposition loads, commercial-fertilizer applications, animal-manure production, privateseptic-system nonpoint-source loads, and municipal and industrial point-source loads. The percentage of the average annual nitrate load carried in base flow of streams in the study unit ranged from 45 to 76 percent, and the average annual phosphorus load carried in base flow ranged from 20 to 33 percent. Average annual yields of nutrients and suspended sediment from tributary basins are directly related to percentage of drainage area in agriculture and inversely to drainage area. Information required to compute loads of nitrogen and phosphorus were available for all sources except atmospheric deposition, for which only nitrogen data were available. Atmospheric deposition is the dominant source of nitrogen for the mostly forested basins draining the upper half of the study unit. The estimate of total annual nitrogen load to the study unit from precipitation is 98.8 million pounds. Nonpoint and point sources of nutrients were estimated. Nonpoint and point sources combined, including atmospheric deposition, provide a potential annual load of 390 million pounds of nitrogen and 79.5 million pounds of phosphorus. The range of percentages of the estimated nonpoint and point sources that were measured in the stream was 20 to 47 percent for nitrogen and 6 to 14 percent for phosphorus. On the average, the Susquehanna River discharges 141,000 pounds of nitrogen and 7,920 pounds of phosphorus to the Lower Susquehanna River reservoir system each year. About 98 percent of the nitrogen and 60 percent of the phosphorus passes through the reservoir system. Interpretations of available water-quality data and conclusions about the water quality of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin were limited by the scarcity of certain types of water-quality data and current ancillary data. A more complete assessment of the water quality of the basin with respect to nutrients and suspended sediment would be enhanced by the availability of additional data for multiple samples over time from all water environments; samples from streams in the northern and western part of the basin; samples from streams and springs throughout the basin during high base-flow or stormflow conditions; and information on current land-use, and nutrient loading from all types of land-use settings.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974209","usgsCitation":"Hainly, R., and Loper, C.A., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: sources, characteristics, analysis and limitations of nutrient and suspended-sediment data, 1975-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4209, xiii, 138 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974209.","productDescription":"xiii, 138 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56323,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390834,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48818.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehana River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.7333,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.8333,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.8333,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -78.7333,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -78.7333,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb586","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hainly, R.A.","contributorId":45732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainly","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loper, C. A.","contributorId":89571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27607,"text":"wri974212 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Summary and analysis of water-quality data for the basic-fixed-site network, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T22:42:39.515603","indexId":"wri974212","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4212","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Summary and analysis of water-quality data for the basic-fixed-site network, 1993-95","docAbstract":"The Rio Grande Valley study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program collected monthly water- quality samples at a network of surface-water sites from April 1993 through September 1995. This basic-fixed-site network consisted of nine main-stem sites on the Rio Grande, five sites on tributaries of the Rio Grande, two sites on streams in the Rio Grande Valley study unit that are not directly tributary to the Rio Grande, and one site on a conveyance channel. During each monthly sampling, field properties were measured and samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved solids, major constituents, nutrients, selected trace elements, and suspended-sediment concentrations. During selected samplings, supplemental samples were collected for the analysis of additional trace elements, organic carbon, and/or pesticides. Spatial variations of dissolved-solids, major-constituent, and nutrient data were analyzed. The report presents summary statistics for the monthly water-quality data by sampling site and background information on the drainage basin upstream from each site. Regression equations are presented that relate dissolved-solids, major-constituent, and nutrient concentrations to streamflow, selected field properties, and time. Median instantaneous streamflow at each basic-fixed site ranged from 1.4 to 1,380 cubic feet per second. Median specific conductance at each basic-fixed site ranged from 84 to 1,680 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, and median pH values ranged from 7.8 to 8.5. The water sampled at the basic-fixed sites generally was well oxygenated and had a median dissolved-oxygen percent of saturation range from 89 to 108. With the exception of Rio Grande above mouth of Trinchera Creek, near Lasauses, Colorado, dissolved-solids concentrations in the main stem of the Rio Grande generally increased in a downstream direction. This increase is from natural sources such as ground-water inflow and evapotranspiration and from anthropogenic sources such as irrigation- return flows, urban runoff, and wastewater-treatment plant discharges. The smallest median dissolved-solids concentration detected at a basic- fixed site was 58 milligrams per liter and the largest was 1,240 milligrams per liter. The spatial distribution of calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride was similar to the spatial distribution of dissolved solids. The spatial distribution of potassium and bicarbonate varied slightly from that of dissolved solids. Median silica concentrations generally decreased in a downstream direction. Of all cations, calcium and sodium had the largest concentrations at most basic-fixed sites. Bicarbonate and sulfate were the anions having the largest concentrations at most sites. The largest median silica concentration was at Rito de los Frijoles in Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, where silica composed approximately 50 percent of the dissolved solids. The largest concentrations and largest median concentrations of dissolved-nutrient analytes were detected at Santa Fe River above Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, and Rio Grande at Isleta, New Mexico. The relatively large dissolved-nutrient concentrations at these sites probably were due to discharges from wastewater-treatment plants and urban runoff. The largest concentrations and largest median concentrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen and total phosphorus were detected at Rio Puerco near Bernardo, New Mexico. The largest concentrations of these nutrients at this site were associated with runoff from summer thunderstorms. Dissolved-iron concentrations ranged from censored concentrations to 914 micrograms per liter. Median dissolved-iron concentrations ranged from 3 to 160 micrograms per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974212","usgsCitation":"Healy, D.F., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Summary and analysis of water-quality data for the basic-fixed-site network, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4212, viii, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974212.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":410752,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48821.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.3333,\n 38.3167\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 38.3167\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 31.7833\n ],\n [\n -105.3333,\n 31.7833\n ],\n [\n -105.3333,\n 38.3167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, D. F.","contributorId":97120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25946,"text":"wri974232 - 1997 - Evaluation of the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Data-Collection Program in Hawaii, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974232","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4232","title":"Evaluation of the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Data-Collection Program in Hawaii, 1992","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey ground-water data-collection program in the State of Hawaii consisted of 188 wells distributed among the islands of Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. Water-level and water-quality (temperature, specific conductance, and chloride concentration) data were collected from observation wells, deep monitoring wells that penetrate the zone of transition between freshwater and saltwater, free-flowing wells, and pumped wells. The objective of the program was to collect sufficient spatial and temporal data to define seasonal and long-term changes in ground-water levels and chloride concentrations induced by natural and human-made stresses for different climatic and hydrogeologic settings. Wells needed to meet this objective can be divided into two types of networks: (1) a water-management network to determine the response of ground-water flow systems to human-induced stresses, such as pumpage, and (2) a baseline network to determine the response of ground-water flow systems to natural stresses for different climatic and hydrogeologic settings. Maps showing the distribution and magnitude of pumpage and the distribution of proposed pumped wells are presented to identify areas in need of water-management networks. Wells in the 1992 U.S. Geological Survey ground-water data-collection program were classified as either water-management or baseline network wells. In addition, locations where additional water-management network wells are needed for water-level and water-quality data were identified.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974232","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S., 1997, Evaluation of the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Data-Collection Program in Hawaii, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4232, v, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974232.","productDescription":"v, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa44d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, Stephen S. santhony@usgs.gov","contributorId":2507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Stephen S.","email":"santhony@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29993,"text":"wri974163 - 1997 - Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:51:55","indexId":"wri974163","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4163","title":"Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of precipitation and flooding on water levels in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer and to evaluate the variations in water quality that are related to the precipitation and flooding. Water-level, streamflow, and water-quality data collected before July 1993 were assumed to be representative of pre-flood conditions, and data collected from July 1993 through May 1994 were used to evaluate the ground-water response.
Water levels in 49 wells were measured every 3 weeks, when possible, between November 1993 and May 1994. Water samples were collected from 16 of the wells during November 1993 and March, April, and May 1994 and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, selected trace elements, and pesticides. The water-level and water-quality data collected during the study, along with similar data collected during previous investigations and during the National Water-Quality Assessment study, provided the basis for describing the general characteristics of the hydrology and water quality of the Sheyenne Delta aquifer.
Generally, precipitation and flooding affect water levels in the aquifer. The largest water-level rise occurs in low-relief areas, and water subsequently moves down-gradient toward the river. Topography strongly affects the focus of recharge in the aquifer. During high stage in the river, ground-water flow gradients near the river can reverse, and water flows from the river into the aquifer. Water in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer before and after the 1993 flood generally was a calcium bicarbonate type. Little variation exists between pre-flood and post-flood water-quality conditions in the aquifer. Water quality in the aquifer is affected mainly by precipitation, evapotranspiration, inflow from adjacent ground water, and inflow from the Sheyenne River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974163","usgsCitation":"Strobel, M., and Radig, S., 1997, Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4163, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974163.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61097e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strobel, M.L.","contributorId":81945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobel","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radig, S.A.","contributorId":23591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radig","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28141,"text":"wri974107 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:44:04.466473","indexId":"wri974107","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4107","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94","docAbstract":"Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water were summarized using data from Federal, state, and local agencies as part of an analysis of historical water-quality data for the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses the drainage of the Mississippi River from the source to the outlet of Lake Pepin. This report focuses on a 19,500-square-mile study area in the eastern part of the study unit. The study area included the part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin from Royalton, Minnesota, to the outlet of Lake Pepin, located near Red Wing, Minnesota; the Minnesota River Basin from Jordan, Minnesota, to the confluence with the Mississippi River; and the entire drainage basins of the St. Croix, Cannon, and Vermillion Rivers. The Twin Cities metropolitan area, with a population of approximately 2.3 million people, is located in the south-central part of the study area.
\nFertilizers and livestock manure were the greatest sources of nitrogen and phosphorus applied to the land surface of the study unit. Approximately 60 percent of the fertilizer was applied to the Minnesota River Basin, which drains agricultural areas in the southern and western parts of the study unit.
\nConcentrations of total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in streams, generally were greatest in the tributaries to the Mississippi River draining agricultural areas in the western and southern part of the study area. Concentrations of these constituents generally were least in tributaries draining forested land. The greatest total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations generally occurred during the spring and summer in streams draining agricultural areas and in the winter in streams draining forested areas. Total phosphorus concentrations generally were greatest in the spring and summer for all streams.
\nTotal nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in the Mississippi River increased substantially downstream from the Minnesota River and downstream from wastewater discharges in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Total ammonia and dissolved orthophosphate concentrations generally were greatest at sites on the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers downstream from wastewater discharges from the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
\nTotal nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in streams generally were less than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg/L (as nitrogen) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Total phosphorus concentrations in streams generally were greater than the 0.1 mg/L concentration recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at sites located in agricultural areas and on the Mississippi River downstream from its confluence with the Minnesota River.
\nPhosphorus and nitrogen yields were greatest in watersheds primarily draining agricultural land. The majority of the nitrogen and phosphorus loading to the Mississippi River was from the Minnesota River. In the Minnesota River, the nitrogen load primarily was total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen.
\nDespite increases in fertilizer usage during 1982-91, most stream sites outside of the Twin Cities metropolitan area had no temporal trends in total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, or dissolved orthophosphate concentrations for water years 1984-93. Most sites had a decrease in total ammonia nitrogen concentrations, possibly a result of improvements in wastewater treatment. In the Twin Cities metropolitan area, decreases in total ammonia concentrations in the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers coincided with increases in total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations, probably a result of wastewater treatment plants initiating nitrification processes.
\nNitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in ground water reflect land uses and hydrogeologic settings of major aquifers in the study area. Unconfined sand and gravel, buried sand and gravel, and the Prairie du Chien-Jordan were the aquifers most frequently sampled for nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen because they are the principal sources of ground water in the study area. The greatest nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations reported by Federal and state agencies, some exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant level of 10 mg/L by a factor of four, were in water from shallow wells in agricultural and mixed forested and agricultural areas. Water sampled from buried sand and gravel aquifers, which are more shielded from substances leaching from the land surface by layers of clay or till, generally had lower nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations than water from unconfined sand and gravel aquifers. Nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in water samples from the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer were greatest in the Wisconsin part of the study area and in the vicinity of the Cannon River, where the aquifer is commonly unconfined, exposed at land surface, and overlain by agricultural or by mixed forested and agricultural land covers.
\nDissolved phosphorus concentrations in ground water in the study area generally were near detection limits of 0.01 mg/L or lower, indicating that surface-water eutrophication from phosphorus may be more likely to occur from overland runoff of phosphorus compounds and from direct discharges of treated wastewater than from ground-water base flow. The greatest concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in ground water generally were detected in water samples from wells in urban portions of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974107","usgsCitation":"Kroening, S.E., and Andrews, W.J., 1997, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4107, viii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974107.","productDescription":"viii, 61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56969,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49284.htm"},{"id":158635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4107/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.08489990234375, 46.22735299655779 ], [ -91.15631103515625, 46.23685258143992 ], [ -91.20574951171874, 46.23495279600417 ], [ -91.24420166015624, 46.200745411283094 ], [ -91.30462646484375, 46.18743678432541 ], [ -91.40625, 46.23495279600417 ], [ -91.46942138671875, 46.2824277013447 ], [ -91.52435302734375, 46.31848113932307 ], [ -91.54632568359375, 46.32796494040748 ], [ -91.63421630859374, 46.30330363797423 ], [ -91.74407958984375, 46.326068311712596 ], [ -91.84844970703125, 46.32796494040748 ], [ -91.93084716796874, 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], [ -91.50238037109375, 45.88809640024204 ], [ -91.461181640625, 45.94351068030587 ], [ -91.4227294921875, 45.97024259702345 ], [ -91.373291015625, 46.02557483126793 ], [ -91.33758544921874, 46.07132518308111 ], [ -91.28814697265625, 46.11132565729796 ], [ -91.24420166015624, 46.137976523476574 ], [ -91.1370849609375, 46.14939437647686 ], [ -91.0986328125, 46.1665167159516 ], [ -91.08489990234375, 46.22735299655779 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e71e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kroening, Sharon E.","contributorId":67868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27866,"text":"wri974182 - 1997 - Evaluation of bridge-scour data at selected sites in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri974182","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4182","title":"Evaluation of bridge-scour data at selected sites in Ohio","docAbstract":"Scour data collected during 1989-94 were evaluated to determine whether pier scour and contraction scour occurred at 22 bridge sites in Ohio. Pier-scour depths computed from selected pier-scour prediction equations were compared with measured pier-scour depths, and the accuracy of the prediction equations were evaluated. Observed pier-scour relations were compared to relations developed through laboratory research. Mean streambed elevations were evaluated to determine the depth of contraction scour. Channel stability was assessed by use of mean streambed elevations at the approach section. Ground-penetrating radar was used at all sites to investigate the presence of historical scour.\r\n\r\nPier scour was observed in 45 of 47 scour measurements made during floods; 84 cases of pier scour were documented, 83 at solid-wall piers and 1 at a capped-pile type pier. Estimated recurrence intervals for 27 of the 35 measured streamflows, all on unregulated streams, were less than 2 years. Seventeen pier-scour prediction equations were evaluated. The Froehlich Design equation was found to most closely meet the 'best design equation' criteria for all 84 cases of the observed data. The Larras equation was found to be the best design equation for the observed data where approach-flow attack angles were 10 degrees or less.\r\n\r\nObserved pier-scour depths and flow depths ranged from 0.5 to 6.1 feet and 3.0 to 19.8 feet, respectively. All pier-scour depths were less than 2.4 times the corresponding pier width. Selected factors were normalized by dividing by effective pier width. LOWESS curves were developed using the 84 cases of observed pier scour. Normalized scour depth increased with normalized flow depth; however, the rate of increase appeared to lessen as normalized flow depth exceeded 2.5. Normalized scour depths increased rapidly as flow intensity approached the threshold value of 1 and then decreased as flow intensities exceeded this threshold. Normalized scour depth was found to increase with Froude number, and a steeper slope was evident for Froude numbers exceeding 0.2. Normalized scour depth was found to increase with median grain size up to about 10 millimeters for bed material near the pier, then decrease for median grain sizes greater than 10 millimeters. Normalized scour depth was also found to decrease as sediment gradation of bed material near the pier increased. The observed pier-scour relations determined from the field measurements tend to support conclusions by previous researchers of streambed scour, except for the previous finding that normalized scour depth decreases consistently with increasing median grain size. Possible factors that may have influenced the observed trends in the relation between normalized scour depth and median grain size in this study are cohesion and scour measurements made at nonequilibrium conditions. LOWESS curves were developed for 45 of 84 cases of observed pier scour where approach-flow attack angles were less than or equal to 10 degrees. These curves were visually compared to LOWESS curves developed from all observations of pier scour. For three relations, differences in the trends of the LOWESS curves were of sufficient magnitude to warrant discussion.\r\n\r\nContraction scour was observed in 4 of the 47 scour measurements and ranged from 0.8 to2.3 feet in depth. Analysis of annual mean streambed approach-section elevations indicated that approach sections were generally stable at 18 of the 22 sites. Ground-penetrating radar, a geophysical method that enables subsurface exploration of the streambed when conditions are favorable, was used at all sites to determine whether historical scour had occurred. Results of the ground-penetrating radar surveys at 20 sites in 1990 indicated the presence of historical scour surfaces at 5 sites. At four of the five sites showing evidence of possible historical scour, differences between the estimated depth of historical scour and the maximum observed scour were w","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Branch of Information Services, [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri974182","usgsCitation":"Jackson, K., 1997, Evaluation of bridge-scour data at selected sites in Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4182, x, 84 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974182.","productDescription":"x, 84 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, K.S.","contributorId":59484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28937,"text":"wri974176 - 1997 - Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974176","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4176","title":"Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, steady-state, areal ground-water flow model was developed for the island of Molokai, Hawaii, to enhance the understanding of (1) the conceptual framework of the ground-water flow system, (2) the distribution of aquifer hydraulic properties, and (3) the regional effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels and coastal discharge. The model uses the finite-element code AQUIFEM-SALT, which simulates flow of fresh ground water in systems that may have a freshwater lens floating on denser underlying saltwater.\r\n\r\nModel results are in agreement with the general conceptual model of the flow system on Molokai, where ground water flows from the interior, high-recharge areas to the coast. The model-calculated ground-water divide separating flow to the northern and southern coasts lies to either the north or the south of the topographic divide but is generally not coincident with the topographic divide.\r\n\r\nOn the basis of model results, the following horizontal hydraulic conductivities were estimated: (1) 1,000 feet per day for the dike-free volcanic rocks of East and West Molokai, (2) 100 feet per day for the marginal dike zone of the East Molokai Volcano, (3) 2 feet per day for the West Molokai dike complex, (4) 0.02 feet per day for the East Molokai dike complex, and (5) 500 feet per day for the Kalaupapa Volcanics. \r\n\r\nThree simulations to determine the effects of proposed ground-water withdrawals on water levels and coastal discharge, relative to model-calculated water levels and coastal discharge for 1992-96 withdrawal rates, show that the effects are widespread. For a withdrawal rate of 0.337 million gallons per day from a proposed well about 4 miles southeast of Kualapuu and 3 miles north of Kamiloloa, the model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends 4 miles southeast and 6 miles northwest from the well. For a withdrawal rate of 1.326 million gallons per day from the same well, the model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends 6 miles southeast and 9 miles northwest from the well. In a third scenario, the withdrawal rate from an existing well near Kualapuu was increased by 0.826 million gallons per day. The model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends 6 miles southeast and 8 miles northwest from the well. In all scenarios, coastal discharge is reduced by an amount equal to the additional withdrawal.\r\n\r\nAdditional data needed to improve the understanding of the ground-water flow system on Molokai include: (1) a wider spatial distribution and longer temporal distribution of water-levels, (2) independent estimates of hydraulic conductivity, (3) improved recharge estimates, (4) information about the vertical distribution of salinity in ground water, (5) streamflow data at additional sites, and (6) improved information about the subsurface geology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 1997, Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Molokai, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4176, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974176.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.33333333333334,21 ], [ -157.33333333333334,21.25 ], [ -156.66666666666666,21.25 ], [ -156.66666666666666,21 ], [ -157.33333333333334,21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27031,"text":"wri954132 - 1997 - Effect of faulting on ground-water movement in the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-06T14:43:18","indexId":"wri954132","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4132","title":"Effect of faulting on ground-water movement in the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"This study characterizes the hydrogeologic system of the Death Valley region, an area covering approximately 100,000 square kilometers. The study also characterizes the effects of faults on ground-water movement in the Death Valley region by synthesizing crustal stress, fracture mechanics, and structural geologic data. The geologic conditions are typical of the Basin and Range Province; a variety of sedimentary and igneous intrusive and extrusive rocks have been subjected to both compressional and extensional deformation. Faulting and associated fracturing is pervasive and greatly affects ground-water flow patterns. Faults may become preferred conduits or barriers to flow depending on whether they are in relative tension, compression, or shear and other factors such as the degree of dislocations of geologic units caused by faulting, the rock types involved, the fault zone materials, and the depth below the surface.
\nThe current crustal stress field was combined with fault orientations to predict potential effects of faults on the regional groundwater flow regime. Numerous examples of faultcontrolled ground-water flow exist within the study area. Hydrologic data provided an independent method for checking some of the assumptions concerning preferential flow paths.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Faunt, C., 1997, Effect of faulting on ground-water movement in the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4132, Report: v, 42 p.; 1 Plate: 27.83 x 31.39 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954132.","productDescription":"Report: v, 42 p.; 1 Plate: 27.83 x 31.39 inches","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309693,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4132/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4132/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 35.28150065789119\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27116,"text":"wri954211B - 1997 - Stream habitat characteristics of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-23T15:03:31","indexId":"wri954211B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4211","chapter":"B","title":"Stream habitat characteristics of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Habitat characteristics of 11 fixed sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages were examined by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1993 through 1995 as part of the ecological assessment of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Evaluation of habitat consisted of more than 75 measurements at three spatial levels: drainage basin, stream segment between major tributaries (length from 1 to 14 kilometers), and stream reach (approximately 150 meters). The 11 fixed sites consisted of 8 \"indicator\" sites with drainage basins that differ in bedrock type, surficial deposits, and land use; and 3 \"integrator\" sites with drainage basins that contain a mixture of bedrock type, surficial deposits, and land use. Spatial and temporal variations in habitat characteristics are described and compared. Comparisons are limited to indicator sites except for comparisons amongbasin characteristics, which include all fixed sites. Two habitat classification schemes used in Wisconsin and Michigan were used to rank the quality of habitat in indicator streams. Reach-level data were collected at two additional reaches at three of the indicator sites to assess the representativeness of the reach for overall stream conditions.
\nAlthough the number of sites is small, statistical analyses indicate that spatial distribution of several characteristics can be related to land use, geology, topography, and width of the riparian zone. Land use and geology, in combination, appeared to be important factors in controlling flood magnitudes. Annual mean flow was correlated with basin shape and drainage density and low flow was correlated with permeability of soils in the basin.
\nAt the reach level, a wide variety of characteristics were observed at the eight indicator sites, with many of the characteristics significantly different between sites. Spatial differences in some reach characteristics can be attributed to the percentage of agriculture in the drainage basin, type of surficial deposits, and width of the riparian zone. Temporal variability in width, depth, and velocity can be attributed to variable flow conditions; whereas temporal variability in streambank measurements are attributed to problematic identification of the boundary between the flood plain and streambanks.
\nData from multiple-reach sites indicate that the primary reach adequately represented the variability found within the stream segment for depth, streambank stability index, and canopy angle. However, velocity, dominant substrate type, embeddedness, streambank height, streambank angle, and streambank vegetative stability differed among the multiple reaches at one or more of the three sites.
\nCorrelation analyses of habitat characteristics with median concentrations of four nutrients, pH, and specific conductance indicates that dissolved nitrate plus nitrite concentrations are related to percentage of agriculture in the basin and fine-grained sediment deposition in the reach. Geology and land use appear to be major influences on pH, but their influence on specific conductance, although expected, was not confirmed in this study. Habitat evaluation scores at the eight indicator sites ranged from poor to good. Scores were correlated to the percentage of agricultural or urban land in the drainage basins, width of the riparian zone, and streambank stability index.
\nResults from this study illustrate the need for collection of habitat data at multiple scales along with water-chemistry data for determining major influences on distribution of aquatic communities. These results also indicate the importance of collecting land use, geological, and geomorphic information at the drainage-basin level to adequately describe how natural and human factors influence local aquatic habitat conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954211B","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., and Giddings, E., 1997, Stream habitat characteristics of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4211, viii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954211B.","productDescription":"viii, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4211b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4211b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -86.9677734375,\n 46.09609080214316\n ],\n [\n -87.47314453125,\n 46.384833223492784\n ],\n [\n -87.703857421875,\n 46.61171462536894\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -88.24218749999999,\n 46.73233101286786\n ],\n [\n -88.516845703125,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -88.890380859375,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -89.40673828125,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -89.615478515625,\n 46.543749602738565\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -89.945068359375,\n 46.20264638061019\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -90.120849609375,\n 44.86365630540611\n ],\n [\n -89.923095703125,\n 43.73935207915473\n ],\n [\n -89.615478515625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -89.395751953125,\n 43.141078106345844\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -88.428955078125,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 42.4639928001706\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -87.659912109375,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -87.242431640625,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -86.890869140625,\n 45.205263456162385\n ],\n [\n -86.72607421875,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -86.9677734375,\n 45.54483149242463\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 45.84410779560204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a517d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giddings, E.M.","contributorId":59076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giddings","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24136,"text":"ofr97641 - 1997 - Results of soil, ground-water, surface-water, and streambed-sediment sampling at Air Force Plane 85, Columbus, Ohio, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"ofr97641","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-641","title":"Results of soil, ground-water, surface-water, and streambed-sediment sampling at Air Force Plane 85, Columbus, Ohio, 1996","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate, Restoration Division, prepared the Surface- and Ground- Water Monitoring Work Plan for Air Force Plant 85 (AFP 85 or Plant), Columbus, Ohio, under the Air Force Installation Restoration Program to characterize any ground-water, surface-water, and soil contamination that may exist at AFP 85. The USGS began the study in November 1996.\r\n\r\nThe Plant was divided into nine sampling areas, which included some previously investi gated study sites. The investigation activities included the collection and presentation of data taken during drilling and water-quality sampling. Data collection focused on the saturated and unsatur ated zones and surface water. Twenty-three soil borings were completed. Ten monitoring wells (six existing wells and four newly constructed monitoring wells) were selected for water-quality sam pling. Surface-water and streambed-sediment sampling locations were chosen to monitor flow onto and off of the Plant. Seven sites were sampled for both surface-water and streambed-sediment quality.\r\n\r\nThis report presents data on the selected inorganic and organic constituents in soil, ground water, surface water, and streambed sediments at AFP 85. The methods of data collection and anal ysis also are included. Knowledge of the geologic and hydrologic setting could aid Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate, Restoration Division, and its governing regulatory agencies in future remediation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97641","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Parnell, J.M., 1997, Results of soil, ground-water, surface-water, and streambed-sediment sampling at Air Force Plane 85, Columbus, Ohio, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-641, v, 107 p. : ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97641.","productDescription":"v, 107 p. : ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0641/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53288,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0641/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6056c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parnell, J. M.","contributorId":13656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29154,"text":"wri974152 - 1997 - Spring contributions to water quantity and nitrate loads in the Suwannee River during base flow in July 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T20:39:17.241338","indexId":"wri974152","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4152","title":"Spring contributions to water quantity and nitrate loads in the Suwannee River during base flow in July 1995","docAbstract":"The Suwannee River flows through an area of north-central Florida where ground water has elevated nitrate concentrations. A study was conducted to determine how springs and other ground-water inflow affect the quantity and quality of water in the Suwannee River. The study was done on a 33-mile (mi) reach of the lower Suwannee River from just downstream of Dowling Park, Fla., to Branford, Fla. Water samples for nitrate concentrations (dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen) and discharge data were collected at 11 springs and 3 river sites during the 3-day period in July 1995 during base flow in the river. \r\n\r\nIn the study reach, all inflow to the river is derived from ground water. Measured springs and other ground-water inflow, such as unmeasured springs and upward diffuse leakage through the riverbed, increased the river discharge 47 percent over the 33-mi reach. The 11 measured springs contributed 41 percent of the increased discharge and other ground-water inflow contributed the remaining 59 percent. River nitrate loads increased downstream from 2,300 to 6,000 kilograms per day (kg/d), an increase of 160 percent in the 33-mi study reach. Measured springs contributed 46 percent of this increase and other ground-water inflow contributed the remaining 54 percent. \r\n\r\nThe study reach was divided at Luraville, Fla., into an 11-mi upper segment and a 22-mi lower segment to determine whether the ground-water inflows and nitrate concentrations were uniform throughout the entire study reach (fig. 1). The two segments were dissimilar. The amount of water added to the river by measured springs more than tripled from the upper to the lower segment. Even though the median nitrate concentration for the three springs in the upper segment (1.7 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) was similar to the median for the eight springs in the lower segment (1.8 mg/L), nitrate concentrations in the river almost doubled from 0.46 to 0.83 mg/L in the lower segment. Only 11 percent of the increase in nitrate load for the study reach occurred in the upper segment; the remaining 89 percent occurred in the lower segment. Measured springs were the major source of nitrate load in the upper reach and other ground-water inflow was the major source in the lower segment. \r\n\r\nDifferences in nitrate loads between the upper and lower river segments are probably controlled by such factors as differences in the magnitude of the spring discharges, the size and location of spring basins, and the hydrologic characteristics of ground water in the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974152","usgsCitation":"Pittman, J.R., Hatzell, H.H., and Oaksford, E., 1997, Spring contributions to water quantity and nitrate loads in the Suwannee River during base flow in July 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4152, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974152.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58028,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391883,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48768.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.25,\n 29.9444\n ],\n [\n -82.9167,\n 29.9444\n ],\n [\n -82.9167,\n 30.25\n ],\n [\n -83.25,\n 30.25\n ],\n [\n -83.25,\n 29.9444\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4814e4b07f02db4db248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pittman, J. R.","contributorId":71571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatzell, H. H.","contributorId":7732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzell","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oaksford, E. T.","contributorId":64284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28388,"text":"wri974146 - 1997 - Nitrate in ground water and stream base flow in the lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T18:14:03.955789","indexId":"wri974146","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4146","title":"Nitrate in ground water and stream base flow in the lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","docAbstract":"High concentrations of nitrate in both ground and surface water have been identified as a significant water-quality issue in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin. This report uses data collected by the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in the basin and compares nitrate concentrations found in ground water and surface water on both a spatial and temporal basis and relates nitrate concentrations to land use. Nitrate concentrations in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland were higher in ground water than in surface water in agricultural areas underlain by carbonate bedrock and agricultural areas underlain by crystalline bedrock. Nitrate concentrations were higher in surface water than in ground water in urban areas underlain by carbonate bedrock. Nitrate concentrations also were higher in surface water than ground water in both agricultural and forested areas underlain by sandstone and shale. Nitrate concentrations in ground water vary in areas with different land use and bedrock type. Ground-water nitrate concentrations were highest in agricultural areas underlain by carbonate bedrock, where 45 percent of the samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter as N). Waters from 36 percent of the wells in agricultural areas underlain by crystalline bedrock also had nitrate concentrations greater than 10 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations in water from wells in urban areas underlain by carbonate bedrock and in forested and agricultural areas underlain by sandstone and shale seldom exceeded the MCL. Nitrate concentrations were generally higher in surface water in areas underlain by carbonate bedrock than in areas underlain by noncarbonate bedrock; however, when an agricultural area underlain by carbonate bedrock and an agricultural area underlain by sandstone and shale with similar manure application rates were compared, nitrate concentrations in surface water were not significantly different. A comparison of three agricultural areas underlain by carbonate bedrock shows that the manure application rate is strongly correlated with nitrate concentration. Nitrate concentrations in stream base flow at seven sites where samples were collected throughout the year were commonly higher in the winter months than in the summer months. A statistically significant correlation between streamflow and nitrate concentration existed for six of the seven sites, indicating that seasonal variability in precipitation may be the cause of some of the seasonal variation in concentration. Other possible explanations for this variation include the seasonal cycle in plant uptake of nitrogen and seasonal fluctuations in uptake of nitrate by algae in streams. Because no information was available about the traveltime for ground water, interpretation of this temporal variation was not conclusive. Estimates of base-flow loads and yields of nitrate showed that agricultural areas underlain by carbonate bedrock provide the highest yield of nitrate when compared with the other areas studied. Agricultural areas underlain by sandstone and shale and crystalline bedrock also provide large amounts of nitrate to the river. The large amount of nitrate in the water from these areas cause a significant increase in nitrate loads transported by the Susquehanna River to the Chesapeake Bay. Urban areas underlain by carbonate bedrock had a high yield of nitrate but comprise such a small part of the basin that the nitrate load from these areas was small. In contrast, forested areas underlain by sandstone and shale bedrock had low base-flow nitrate yields, but these areas comprise a large percentage of the basin, making the overall nitrate load from these areas high.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974146","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., Loper, C.A., and Hainly, R.A., 1997, Nitrate in ground water and stream base flow in the lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4146, x, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974146.","productDescription":"x, 66 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48765.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57189,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4146/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehanna River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.0312802515173,\n 39.37654998254354\n ],\n [\n -75.59025216167541,\n 40.31544220390941\n ],\n [\n -77.37130977847079,\n 41.40120076932351\n ],\n [\n -79.21229001212207,\n 40.40739063616559\n ],\n [\n -78.94800356446362,\n 39.908606716896145\n ],\n [\n -77.16646073899273,\n 39.6554483262851\n ],\n [\n -76.0312802515173,\n 39.37654998254354\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loper, Connie A.","contributorId":62243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"Connie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hainly, Robert A. rahainly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainly","given":"Robert","email":"rahainly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23746,"text":"ofr97566 - 1997 - Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"ofr97566","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-566","title":"Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona, 1996","docAbstract":"The Black Mesa monitoring program is designed to document long-term effects of ground-water pumping from the N aquifer by industrial and municipal users. The N aquifer is the major source of water in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area, and the ground water occurs under confined and unconfined conditions. Monitoring activities include continuous and periodic measurements of (1) ground-water pumpage from the confined and unconfined parts of the aquifer, (2) ground-water levels in the confined and unconfined areas of the aquifer, (3) surface-water discharge, and (4) chemistry of the ground water and surface water. In 1996, ground-water withdrawals for industrial and municipal use totaled about 7,040 acre-feet, which is less than a 1-percent decrease from 1995. Pumpage from the confined part of the aquifer decreased by about 3 percent to 5,390 acre-feet, and pumpage from the unconfined part of the aquifer increased by about 9 percent to 1,650 acre-feet. Water-level declines in the confined area during 1996 were recorded in 11 of 13 wells, and the median change was a decline of about 2.7 feet as opposed to a decline of 1.8 feet for 1995. Water-level declines in the unconfined area were recorded in 11 of 18 wells, and the median change was a decline of 0.5 foot in 1996 as opposed to a decline of 0.1 foot in 1995. The average low-flow discharge at the Moenkopi streamflow-gaging station was 2.3 cubic feet per second in 1996. Streamflow-discharge measurements also were made at Laguna Creek, Dinnebito Wash, and Polacca Wash during 1996. Average low-flow discharge was 2.3 cubic feet per second at Laguna Creek, 0.4 cubic foot per second at Dinnebito Wash, and 0.2 cubic foot per second at Polacca Wash. Discharge was measured at three springs. Discharge from Moenkopi School Spring decreased by about 2 gallons per minute from the measurement in 1995. Discharge from an unnamed spring near Dennehotso decreased by 1.3 gallons per minute from the measurement made in 1995; however, discharge increased slightly at Burro Spring. Regionally, long-term water-chemistry data for wells and springs have remained stable.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97566","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Littin, G.R., and Monroe, S.A., 1997, Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-566, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97566.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52980,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e480fe4b07f02db4d6d1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Littin, Gregory R. grlittin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littin","given":"Gregory","email":"grlittin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monroe, Stephen A.","contributorId":103313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monroe","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28928,"text":"wri974061 - 1997 - Water-quality trends for streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1983-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T09:23:36","indexId":"wri974061","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4061","title":"Water-quality trends for streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1983-95","docAbstract":"Water-quality and streamflow monitoring data, collected from 1983 to 1995, were analyzed for 34 stream and reservoir sites in a seven- county region within the upper Neuse and upper Cape Fear River Basins. Early data (1983-88) were compiled from U.S. Geological Survey water- quality studies and from the ambient water-quality monitoring network of the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. Analyses of major ions, nutrients, metals, trace elements, and synthetic organic compounds were compiled from samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1988 to 1995 as part of a continuing project to monitor the water quality of surface-water supplies in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, and from the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources ambient water-quality monitoring network.\r\n\r\nThis report presents the results of analysis of consistently increasing or decreasing trends in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species, suspended sediment, suspended solids, sodium, chloride, iron, manganese, zinc, and chlorophyll a from seasonal Kendall trend analysis on flow-adjusted concentrations for streams and concentrations in lakes. Total phosphorus concentrations also were tested for a step decrease in concentration (step trend) associated with the North Carolina phosphate-detergent ban of 1988. For some other constituents, insufficient data or values below laboratory detection limits precluded trend analysis.\r\n\r\nA regionwide decrease in total phosphorus, ranging from 25 to 81 percent was observed that coincided with increased phosphorus removal efforts at municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in the region and the statewide phosphate-detergent ban. Most sites had stable or decreasing trends in nitrogen concentrations; however, increasing trends occurred in the Neuse River near Clayton and at Smithfield, both of which are downstream from the developing Raleigh-Durham area. Chlorophyll a concentrations have increased by 17 to 52 percent per year at monitored reservoirs, except at Cane Creek Reservoir and Lake Michie where there was no trend. No significant trends in suspended- sediment concentrations were observed. Long-term sodium concentrations were available for only a few sites. Of these, decreasing concentrations were observed in the Neuse River at Smithfield and Cane Creek near Orange Grove, and an increasing concentration was observed in University Lake. At most sites, concentrations of manganese, iron, and zinc were stable. Decreasing iron trends were observed in Little River and Cane Creek Reservoirs and Lake Michie. Cane Creek Reservoir also had a decreasing manganese trend. Severn sites, all downstream from wastewater-treatment facilities, were analyzed for zinc trends. A decreasing trend was observed in two of these--Knap of Reeds Creek and Little Lick Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974061","usgsCitation":"Childress, C., and Bathala, N., 1997, Water-quality trends for streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1983-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4061, 18 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974061.","productDescription":"18 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2369,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974061","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4061/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Upper Cape Fear River Basin, Upper Neuse River 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C.J.","contributorId":88734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childress","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bathala, Neeti","contributorId":60274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bathala","given":"Neeti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23210,"text":"ofr97811 - 1997 - Low-flow water-quality and discharge data for lined channels in Northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1990 to 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr97811","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-811","title":"Low-flow water-quality and discharge data for lined channels in Northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1990 to 1994","docAbstract":"The water resources of the Albuquerque metropolitan area are under \r\nincreasing scrutiny by Federal and State regulators. Because of a lack \r\nof available low-flow data for use in addressing potential water-quality \r\nproblems, a project was established to collect low-flow water-quality \r\nand discharge data. The project was initiated under a current cooperative \r\nprogram between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Albuquerque Metropolitan \r\nArroyo Flood Control Authority. This report summarizes hydrologic data for \r\nthat project collected between October 31, 1990, and September 3, 1994, at \r\nthree sites in the lined channel network in northeast Albuquerque. \r\n The data collection network consisted of three sampling sites on \r\nCampus Wash, Embudo Arroyo, and the North Floodway Channel. The sites on \r\nCampus Wash and the North Floodway Channel were established at existing \r\ncontinuous-record streamflow-gaging stations; the Embudo Arroyo site was \r\nestablished at the site of an abandoned streamflow-gaging station. Data \r\npresented include site descriptions, instantaneous stream discharges \r\nmeasured at the time of sampling, and the results of the chemical analyses \r\nof the water-quality samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97811","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gold, R., and McBreen, R., 1997, Low-flow water-quality and discharge data for lined channels in Northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1990 to 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-811, iii, 60 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97811.","productDescription":"iii, 60 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0811/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52523,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0811/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gold, R.L.","contributorId":97918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBreen, Robert","contributorId":43226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBreen","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24831,"text":"ofr97416 - 1997 - Streamflow characteristics of streams in the Upper Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T13:45:18","indexId":"ofr97416","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-416","title":"Streamflow characteristics of streams in the Upper Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data for all active and inactive gaging stations for the Red River Basin upstream of and including Halstad, Minnesota, are presented in this report. The summaries for each streamflow-gaging station include (1) manuscript (station description), (2) graph of the annual mean discharge for the period of record, (3) statistics of monthly and annual mean discharges, (4) graph of the annual flow duration, (5) monthly and annual flow duration, (6) probability of annual high discharges, (7) probability of annual low discharges, (8) probability of seasonal low discharges, (9) annual peak discharge and corresponding gage height for the period of record, and (10) monthly and annual mean discharges for the period of record.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97416","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., and Williams-Sether, T., 1997, Streamflow characteristics of streams in the Upper Red River of the North basin, North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-416, v, 374 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97416.","productDescription":"v, 374 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0416/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53835,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0416/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams-Sether, Tara 0000-0001-6515-9416 tjsether@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-9416","contributorId":152247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams-Sether","given":"Tara","email":"tjsether@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27032,"text":"wri954016 - 1997 - A Hydrogeologic Map of the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California, Developed Using GIS Techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:08","indexId":"wri954016","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4016","title":"A Hydrogeologic Map of the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California, Developed Using GIS Techniques","docAbstract":"In support of Yucca Mountain site characterization studies, a hydrogeologic framework was developed, and a hydrogeologic map was constructed for the Death Valley region. The region, covering approximately 100,000 km 2 along the Nevada-California border near Las Vegas, is characterized by isolated mountain ranges juxtaposed against broad, alluvium-filled valleys. Geologic conditions are typical of the Basin and Range Province; a variety of sedimentary and igneous intrusive and extrusive rocks have been subjected to both compressional and extensional deformation. The regional ground-water flow system can best be described as a series of connected intermontane basins in which ground-water flow occurs in basin-fill deposits, carbonate rocks, clastic rocks, and volcanic rocks. Previous investigations have developed more site-specific hydrogeologic relationships; however, few have described all the lithologies within the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system.\r\n\r\nInformation required to characterize the hydrogeologic units in the region was obtained from regional geologic maps and reports. Map data were digitized from regional geologic maps and combined into a composite map using a geographic information system. This map was simplified to show 10 laterally extensive hydrogeologic units with distinct hydrologic properties. The hydraulic conductivity values for the hydrogeologic units range over 15 orders of magnitude due to the variability in burial depth and degree of fracturing. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954016","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Faunt, C., D’Agnese, F.A., and Turner, A.K., 1997, A Hydrogeologic Map of the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California, Developed Using GIS Techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4016, Report: iv, 18 p.; Plate: 32 x 30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954016.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; Plate: 32 x 30 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4016/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55910,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4016/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,35 ], [ -118,38 ], [ -115,38 ], [ -115,35 ], [ -118,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4959e4b0b290850ef155","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Agnese, Frank A.","contributorId":47810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, A. Keith","contributorId":39400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28105,"text":"wri974156 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and water chemistry of Montezuma Well in Montezuma Castle National Monument and surrounding area, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri974156","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4156","title":"Hydrogeology and water chemistry of Montezuma Well in Montezuma Castle National Monument and surrounding area, Arizona","docAbstract":"Increasing population and associated residential and commercial development have greatly increased water use and consumption in the Verde Valley near Montezuma Well, a unit of Montezuma Castle National Monument in central Arizona. Flow from Montezuma Well and water levels in eight wells that are measured annually do not indicate that the ground-water system has been affected by development. Additional data are needed to develop an adequate ground-water monitoring program so that future effects of development can be detected. Monitoring the ground-water system would detect changes in discharge from the Montezuma Well or changes in the ground-water system that might indicate a potential change of flow to the well.\r\nWater samples were collected, and field measurements of specific conductance, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were made throughout the pond at Montezuma Well during an exploration in May 1991. The exploration included two fissures in the bottom of the pond that were filled with sand. The sand in the fissures was kept in suspension by water entering the pond. Water chemistry indicates that the ground water from the area is a mixed combination of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate type water. The analyses for 18O/16O and 2H/1H show that the water from the wells and springs in the area, including Montezuma Well, has been exposed to similar environmental conditions and could have had similar flow paths. The MODFLOW finite-difference ground-water model was used to develop an uncalibrated interpretive model to study possible mechanisms for discharge of water at Montezuma Well. The study presents the hypothesis that ground water in the Supai Formation is the source of discharge to Montezuma Well because of the differences between the surface elevation of the pond at Montezuma Well and the stage in the adjacent Wet Beaver Creek. A series of simulations shows that upward flow from the Supai Formation is a possible mechanism for discharge to Montezuma Well, and that a geologic structure in the Supai Formation could play a role in the upward movement of water to Montezuma Well.\r\nThe mechanism for inflow from the Verde Formation is not understood; however, this study concludes that the Verde Formation, Supai Formation, and other underlying rock units are probably the sources of water to Montezuma Well.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974156","usgsCitation":"Konieczki, A.D., and Leake, S.A., 1997, Hydrogeology and water chemistry of Montezuma Well in Montezuma Castle National Monument and surrounding area, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4156, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974156.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56930,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6854f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konieczki, Alice D.","contributorId":69594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konieczki","given":"Alice","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27431,"text":"wri974133 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the Edwards aquifer saline-water zone, south-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T15:44:21","indexId":"wri974133","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4133","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the Edwards aquifer saline-water zone, south-central Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer supplies drinking water for more than 1 million people in south-central Texas. The saline-water zone of the Edwards aquifer extends from the downdip limit of freshwater to the southern and eastern edge of the Stuart City Formation. Water samples from 16 wells in the Edwards aquifer saline-water zone were collected during July–September 1990 and analyzed for major and minor dissolved constituents, selected stable isotopes, and radioisotopes. These data, supplemental data from an extensive water-quality data base, and data from other previous studies were interpreted to clarify the understanding of the saline-waterzone geochemistry.
\nMost of the isotope and geochemical data indicate at least two distinct hydrological and geochemical regimes in the saline-water zone of the Edwards aquifer. On the basis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and radiocarbon data, the shallower updip regime is predominantly meteoric water that has been recharged probably from the freshwater zone within recent geologic time (less than tens of thousands of years). Also, on the basis of hydrogen and oxygen isotope data, water in the hydrologically stagnant regime (downdip) has been thermally altered in reactions with the carbonate rocks of the zone. The deeper water probably is much older than water in the shallow zone and is nearly stagnant relative to that in the shallow zone.
\nThe geochemical grouping observed in the wellwater data from well samples in the saline-water zone indicates that the zone is hydrologically compartmentalized, in part because of faults that function as barriers to downdip flow of recharge water. These fault barriers also probably impede updip flow. Flow compartmentalization and the resulting disparity in geochemistry between the two regimes indicate that updip movement of substantial amounts of saline water toward the freshwater zone is unlikely.
\nEstimated in-place temperature of the samples collected indicates an increase with depth and (or) distance from the downdip limit of freshwater. The pH of the samples decreases with increasing distance from the downdip limit of freshwater, but the decrease is caused partly by the increase in temperature. Dissolved major ions and dissolved solids concentrations all indicate a progressive but monotonic increase in salinity from updip to downdip. The alkalinity of the water samples is predominantly bicarbonate because the low-molecular weight aliphatic-acid anion concentrations are small relative to the bicarbonate concentrations. The dissolved organic carbon concentrations also are lower than expected for an aquifer with economic amounts of oil and gas hydrocarbons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri974133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Edwards Aquifer Authority and San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G.E., and Buszka, P.M., 1997, Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the Edwards aquifer saline-water zone, south-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4133, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974133.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4133.jpg"},{"id":2112,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri97-4133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627cd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, George E.","contributorId":99132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buszka, Paul M. 0000-0001-8218-826X pmbuszka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-826X","contributorId":1786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"Paul","email":"pmbuszka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30379,"text":"wri974129 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic evaluation of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the southwestern Albany area, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T09:36:23","indexId":"wri974129","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4129","title":"Hydrogeologic evaluation of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the southwestern Albany area, Georgia","docAbstract":"A cooperative study by the Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission and the U.S. Geological Survey was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeology of the Upper Floridan aquifer in an area southwest of Albany and west of the Flint River in Dougherty County, Ga. The study area lies in the Dougherty Plain district of the Coastal Plain physiographic province. In this area, the Upper Floridan aquifer is comprised of the upper Eocene Ocala Limestone, confined below by the middle Eocene Lisbon Formation, and semiconfined above by the undifferentiated Quaternary overburden. The overburden ranges in thickness from about 30 to 50 feet and consists of fine to coarse quartz sand, clayey sand, sandy clay, and clay. The Upper Floridan aquifer has been subdivided into an upper water-bearing zone and a lower water-bearing zone based on differences in lithology and yield. In the study area, the upper water-bearing zone generally consists of dense, highly weathered limestone of low permeability and ranges in thickness from 40 to 80 feet. The lower water-bearing zone consists of hard, slightly weathered limestone that exhibits a high degree of secondary permeability that has developed along fractures and joints, and ranges in thickness from about 60 to 80 feet. Borehole geophysical logs and borehole video surveys indicate two areas of high permeability in the lower water-bearing zone-one near the top and one near the base of the zone. \r\n\r\nA wellfield consisting of one production well and five observation-well clusters (one deep, intermediate, and shallow well in each cluster) was constructed for this study. Spinner flowmeter tests were conducted in the production well between the depths of 110 and 140 feet below land surface to determine the relative percentages of water contributed by selected vertical intervals of the lower water-bearing zone. Pumping rates during these tests were 1,080, 2,200, and 3,400 gallons per minute. The results of these pumping tests show that the interval between 118 and 124 feet below land surface contributes a significant percentage of the total yield to the well.\r\n\r\nAn aquifer test was conducted by pumping the production well at a constant rate of 3,300 gallons per minute for about 49 hours. Time-dependent water-level data were collected throughout the pumping and recovery phases of the test in the pumped well and the observation wells. The maximum measured drawdown in the observation wells was about 2.6 ft. At about 0.5 mile from the pumped well, there was little measurable effect from pumping. Water levels increased during the test in wells located within about 3.75 miles of the Flint River (about 0.5 miles east of the pumping well). This water-level increase correlated with a 3.5-feet increase in the stage of the Flint River.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic characteristics of the Upper Floridan aquifer were evaluated using the Hantush-Jacob curve-matching and Jacob straight-line methods. Using the Hantush-Jacob method, values for transmissivity ranged from about 120,000 to 506,000 feet squared per day; values for storage coefficient ranged from 1.4 x 10-4 to 6.3 x 10-4; and values for vertical hydraulic conductivity of the overlying sediments ranged from 4.9 to 6.8 feet per day. Geometric averages for these values of transmissivity, storage coefficient, and vertical hydraulic conductivity were calculated to be 248,000 feet squared per day, 2.7 x 10-4, and 5.5 feet per day, respectively. If a dual porosity aquifer model (fracture flow plus matrix flow) is assumed instead of leakage, and the Jacob straight-line method is used with late time-drawdown data, the calculated transmissivity of the fractures ranged from about 233,000 to 466,000 feet squared per day; and storage coefficient of the fractures plus the matrix ranged from 5.1 x 10-4 to 2.9 x 10-2.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974129","usgsCitation":"Warner, D., 1997, Hydrogeologic evaluation of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the southwestern Albany area, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4129, v, 27 p. : ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974129.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. : ill., maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4129.jpg"},{"id":2497,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri97-4129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,31 ], [ -86,34 ], [ -82,34 ], [ -82,31 ], [ -86,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Debbie 0000-0002-5195-6657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-6657","contributorId":104106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6177,"text":"pp1583 - 1997 - Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T16:31:18","indexId":"pp1583","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1583","title":"Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming","docAbstract":"During 1973-79, bedload data were collected in a sophisticated trap on a river of moderate size, the East Fork. The transport rate was measured most days through a full snowmelt season, and the rate was determined separately for eight zones across the channel width. The quantitative data are unique and unlikely to be repeated. Nor need they be, because as a result of this effort a practical bedload sampler was adequately tested against full river measurement.
It was shown that bedload moves sporadically and randomly on the river bed. Therefore, transport rate is highly variable in short periods of time. There is also a wide variance from day to day. Yet, different rivers have transport rates, which are functions of discharge, depth, and sediment size, that are clearly distinct.
Comparison of computed and measured transport rates indicates that a major problem remains: What grain size is representative of the bedload when there is a wide or heterogeneous particle-size distribution? Size of the bedload in motion may be very different from the size of bed material obtained from samples of the streambed.
For general computation, the river channel slope may be averaged, and it may be assumed that water-surface slope does not change materially with changing discharge. Indeed, this generality is correct, in that, compared with depth, velocity, and width, slope is conservative at-a-station. However, in more detail, slope changes importantly with discharge in short reaches of channel, and those changes are very different in pool and riffle.
These local changes in slope are not merely an aspect of a detailed longitudinal profile but involve cross-channel as well as down-channel components. The pool and riffle sequence involves not only undulation of bed elevation and bar formation on alternate sides of the channel, but alternation of the zone of superovulation of the water surface, and changing relation of watersurface slope to discharge. These details can be seen only in the full topography of the water surface.
Riffles fill during high flow and scour at low flow. Changes in local water-surface slope illustrate this process. Pools are a storage zone for sediment in the low-flow season. Even though large volumes of sediment move, the distance moved is not large—in the East Fork River, sand of size 0.5-1 millimeter moved 650 meters during the 1979 snowmelt runoff season.
Bedload transport is greatest over or near bars and not in the deepest part of the channel. Direct observation of the locus of sediment transport indicates that this locus moves from one side of the channel to the other in concert with the occurrence of alternate bars. Separately, data indicate that at constant stream power, transport rate increases as depth decreases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1583","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Emmett, W.W., 1997, Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1583, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1583.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":33306,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1583/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1583/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"East Fork River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63dc61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, William W.","contributorId":68715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24662,"text":"ofr97350 - 1997 - Drainage-return, surface-water withdrawal, and land-use data for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, with emphasis on Twitchell Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"ofr97350","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-350","title":"Drainage-return, surface-water withdrawal, and land-use data for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, with emphasis on Twitchell Island, California","docAbstract":"Partial data on drainage returns and surface-water withdrawals are presented for areas of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, for March 1994 through February 1996. These areas cover most of the delta. Data are also presented for all drainage returns and some surface-water withdrawals for Twitchell Island, which is in the western part of the delta. Changes in land use between 1968 and 1991 are also presented for the delta.\r\nMeasurements of monthly drainage returns and surface-water withdrawals were made using flowmeters installed in siphons and drain pipes on Twitchell Island. Estimates of monthly returns throughout the delta were made using electric power-consumption data with pump-efficiency-test data. For Twitchell Island, monthly measured drainage returns for the 1995 calendar year totaled about 11,200 acre-feet, whereas drainage returns estimated from power-consumption data totaled 5 percent less at about 10,600 acre-feet. Monthly surface-water withdrawals onto Twitchell Island through 12 of the 21 siphons totaled about 2,400 acre-feet for 1995. For most of the delta, the monthly estimated drainage returns for 1995 totaled about 430,000 acre-feet. The area consisting of Bouldin, Brannan, Staten, Tyler, and Venice Islands had the largest estimated drainage returns for calendar year 1995.\r\nBetween 1968 and 1991, native vegetation in the delta decreased by 25 percent (about 40,000 acres), and grain and hay crops increased by 340 percent (about 71,000 acres). For Twitchell Island, native vegetation decreased about 77 percent (about 850 acres), while field crop acreage increased by about 44 percent (about 780 acres).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97350","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Templin, W.E., and Cherry, D.E., 1997, Drainage-return, surface-water withdrawal, and land-use data for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, with emphasis on Twitchell Island, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-350, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97350.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0350/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0350/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db62910d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Templin, William E.","contributorId":8509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Templin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Daniel E.","contributorId":95099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22443,"text":"ofr96450 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96450","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-450","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThe data sets in this report include digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma. The Enid isolated terrace aquifer covers approximately 82 square miles and supplies water for irrigation, domestic, municipal, and industrial use for the City of Enid and western Garfield County. The Quaternary-age Enid isolated terrace aquifer is composed of terrace deposits that consist of discontinuous layers of clay, sandy clay, sand, and gravel. The aquifer is unconfined and is bounded by the underlying Permian-age Hennessey Group on the east and the Cedar Hills Sandstone Formation of the Permian-age El Reno Group on the west. The Cedar Hills Sandstone Formation fills a channel beneath the thickest section of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in the midwestern part of the aquifer.\r\n\r\nAll of the data sets were digitized and created from information and maps in a ground-water modeling thesis and report of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer. The maps digitized were published at a scale of 1:62,500.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96450","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-450, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96450.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1495,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-450","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22445,"text":"ofr96452 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"ofr96452","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-452","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma. The Tillman terrace aquifer encompasses the unconsolidated terrace deposits and alluvium associated with the North Fork of the Red River and the Red River in the western half of Tillman County. These sediments consist of discontinuous layers of clay, sandy clay, sand, and gravel. The aquifer extends over an area of 285 square miles and is used for irrigation and domestic purposes. Granite and the Hennessey Formation outcrop in northern parts of the aquifer where alluvial deposits are absent. These outcrops were included as part of the aquifer in a thesis that modeled the ground-water flow in the aquifer.\r\n\r\nMost of the aquifer boundaries and some of the lines in the hydraulic conductivity and recharge data sets were extracted from a published digital surficial geology data set based on a scale of 1:250,000. Most of the lines in the hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and 1969 water-level elevation contour data sets, and one line in the aquifer boundary data set were digitized from a paper map published at a scale of 1:249,695 in a thesis in which the ground-water flow in the aquifer was modeled.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96452","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-452, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96452.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1497,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-452","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}