Uranium and rare-earth minerals are common accessory minerals in pegmatite deposits. No domestic pegmatites have been found that are rich enough to support an economic mining operation for uranium alone; however, small quantities of uranium minerals may be recovered as by-products of feldspar or mica mining. Madagascar is the only country that has produced appreciable tonnages of uranium minerals from pegmatites.A review of the literature and observations in the domestic pegmatite districts show that the uranium and rare earth minerals generally occur in pegmatites or pegmatite units rich in potash feldspar. Recent mineralogical and structural studies of pegmatites by the U. S. Geological Survey indicate that, on the basis of geologic mapping, these units can be projected laterally and in depth with reasonable accuracy. In most places the mineral content of these units can be estimated with sufficient accuracy for development purposes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.45.1.12","usgsCitation":"Page, L., 1950, Uranium in pegmatites: Economic Geology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 12-34, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.45.1.12.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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Lincoln R.","contributorId":63367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Lincoln R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":802226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215330,"text":"70215330 - 1950 - Summary of Kinoshita's kuroko deposits of Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T18:00:04.383385","indexId":"70215330","displayToPublicDate":"1950-10-15T12:44:29","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of Kinoshita's kuroko deposits of Japan","docAbstract":"Summarized translation of a report by Kameki Kinoshita, published in Japanese in 1943, on kuroko deposits (black ore deposits) of Japan. \"Kuroko means two things. One is the common mixture of sphalerite, galena, and barite which is ordinarily black to grayish white, depending on the proportion of barite. The other meaning is the unusual assemblage of separate bodies of: 1, sphalerite-galena-barite; 2, massive pyrite; 3, disseminated chalcopyrite in silicified rock; and 4, massive gypsum. Rarely are all four of these ore bodies present in any one mine, yet the assemblage is still called kuroko, regardless of color.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.45.4.363","usgsCitation":"Collins, J.J., 1950, Summary of Kinoshita's kuroko deposits of Japan: Economic Geology, v. 45, no. 4, p. 363-376, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.45.4.363.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Hokkaido, Honshu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 130.78125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n 142.11914062499997,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n 146.6015625,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n 145.1513671875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n 141.240234375,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n 139.1748046875,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n 138.33984375,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n 135,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n 130.0341796875,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n 128.0126953125,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n 129.990234375,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n 130.78125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1950-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, John J. jcollins@whoi.edu","contributorId":91049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"John","email":"jcollins@whoi.edu","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215624,"text":"70215624 - 1949 - Hawaiian petrographic province ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T17:27:31.887356","indexId":"70215624","displayToPublicDate":"1949-10-26T12:21:03","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hawaiian petrographic province ","docAbstract":"The lavas of the Hawaiian Islands range from mafic picrite-basalts and melilite-nepheline basalts to salic trachytes. Olivine basalt, by far the most abundant type, is regarded as representing the parent magma of the Hawaiian province. Closely associated with the olivine basalts are basalts, and picrite-basalts with many large phenocrysts of olivine. Further differentiation results in eruption of andesine andesite, oligoclase andesite, picritebasalt with abundant large augite phenocrysts, and more rarely trachyte. Following a long period of quiescence there have been erupted on some islands nepheline basanite, nepheline basalt, melilite-nepheline basalt, “linosaite,” and a third type of picrite-basalt. The mineral and chemical composition of the various rock types, and their distribution on the individual islands, are described.
Starting with olivine basalt as the parent magma means of deriving the other rock types are considered. It is concluded that crystal differentiation has been the principal process, although assimilation of limestone may also have been important. The parts played by gaseous transfer and selective remelting are difficult to evaluate, though both probably operated to some extent.
Comparison of the types of igneous rocks in the Hawaiian province with those recorded from other Pacific islands shows that the rocks throughout the true Pacific Basin are, for the most part, closely similar, and suggests essential uniformity of parent magma and petrogenic processes throughout the Pacific Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[1541:HPP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Hawaiian petrographic province : GSA Bulletin, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1541-1596, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[1541:HPP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"1541","endPage":"1596","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, G. A.","contributorId":86824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215754,"text":"70215754 - 1948 - Submarine geology of Bikini atoll ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-29T12:34:05.344607","indexId":"70215754","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-28T13:23:35","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine geology of Bikini atoll ","docAbstract":"The program of investigations made in connection with the atomic bomb tests in the summer of 1946 at Bikini Atoll provided a rare opportunity for obtaining information on the physiography and sediments of atolls. The outer slopes around Bikini Atoll rise from a depth of about 2500 fathoms in a long gradually steepening curve. Between 0 and 200 fathoms the average slope is 25°. On the windward side, the reef at the top of the slope is bordered by a narrow 15-fathom terrace, but on the leeward side by a steep, locally vertical, cliff extending to 35 fathoms. Contours of the outer slopes reveal that a flat-topped mass having nearly the area of Bikini lagoon but below 700 fathoms extends to the northwest. The lagoon itself is saucer-shaped and has a maximum depth of 34 fathoms. Around the lagoon and bordering the inner side of the reef and islands is a 12-fathom terrace. Coral knolls rise abruptly from the lagoon floor, and some of them reach to within a few fathoms of the surface. The middle of the lagoon is floored chiefly by algal debris, whereas the shallow edges are covered by algal and foraminiferal sand. Coral comprises a relatively small percentage of the bottom materials. The outer slopes consist of algal debris grading outward to fine sand and finally to Globigerina sand.
Standard chemical tests and spectroscopic analyses of altered Tertiary lavas that occur above blind ore bodies in the East Tintic district, Utah, have failed to show any evidence of the mineralization in the underlying dolomites. A new technique involving dithizone was used in the field to test ammonium acetate extracts of crushed samples of the lava for soluble heavy metals, with significant results. Concentrations of heavy metals, believed to be chiefly zinc, with some lead and rarely copper (?), were found in pyritized rhyolite above and up-rake from known blind ore bodies, and were lacking in similarly altered rhyolite underlain by barren rocks. An incompletely prospected area of pyritic alteration shows a definite pattern of positive tests and seems worthy of further exploration. The theory and practice of the dithizone method as used in the field is described briefly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., Sokoloff, V., and Morris, H., 1948, Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 5, p. 384-399, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"East Tintic District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, Thomas Seward","contributorId":17227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"Seward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P.","contributorId":7346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Hal T.","contributorId":71960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Hal T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161795,"text":"70161795 - 1947 - Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Niihau, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T10:43:35","indexId":"70161795","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Niihau, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Niihau lies 171/2 miles southwest of Kauai. Its area is 72 square miles, and its highest point has an altitude of 1,281 feet. The population is about 180, chiefly Hawaiians. The annual rainfall at Kiekie, the ranch headquarters, generally ranges between 18 and 26 inches. The chief industries are the raising of sheep and cattle and production of honey. The island is privately owned.
The main mass of the island is composed of a deeply weathered remnant of a basalt dome of Tertiary age, cut by a dike complex trending NE-SW. These Tertiary rocks are herein named the Paniau volcanic series. The central vent lay about 2 miles out to sea to the east of the present island. The dome, after deep gulches were cut into it by stream erosion and it was cliffed all around by the sea, was partly submerged. During Pleistocene time a broad wave-cut platform on the north, west, and south sides was built above sea level and widened by the eruption of lavas and tuffs, from 9 vents now visible and other vents now buried, to form a low coastal plain. These Pleistocene volcanic rocks are named the Kiekie volcanic series. Ash from Lehua Island, a Pleistocene tuff cone, has been drifted into duties on the north end of Niihau. Lithified dunes that extend below sea level, and the small outcrops of emerged fossiliferous limestone above sea level, indicate the plus 100-foot, minus 60-foot, plus 25-foot, and plus 5-foot eustatic stands of the sea correlative with changes in the volume of the polar ice caps and concurrent changes in the configuration of ocean basins.
Calcareous dune and beach deposits, short stretches of nullipore reef and beach rock, and playa and alluvial deposits constitute the Recent rocks.
No perennial streams exist on the island but about a dozen playa lakes, fresh or brackish during rainy weather, lie on the plain. The domestic water supply is rain caught from roofs. Only three wells on the island yield water with less than 25 grains of salt per gallon (260 parts per million of chloride). Typically, water holes for stock are about 15 feet across, 5 feet deep, and 8 feet wide. They have been dug in the lowlands where the depth to water is usually less than 5 feet. Forty-six dug wells and water holes exist, the water of some of which has become too salty for stock. Two or three deep wells were drilled 500 to 1,000 feet below sea level, but they encountered salty water. Three wells, not yet used, have been excavated in the Tertiary basalts. One of them has an infiltration tunnel at the bottom. Two seeps perched on vitric tuff beds more than 500 feet above sea level carry large quantities of salt leached from spray that falls on their recharge areas. Several sites are recommended for developing additional water for stock. The island, however, will always be short of domestic water because of aridity, unfavorable geologic structures, continuous deposition of salt spray, and abundant authigenic salts in the lake beds.
Among the lavas of the Paniau volcanic series, of Tertiary age, olivine basalts probably predominate but ordinary basalts are abundant. Picrite-basalt of the primitive type, containing abundant olivine phenocrysts, also occurs. Andesites are probably present but are rare. Most of the lavas of the Kiekie volcanic series, of Pleistocene age, are olivine basalt, but one is transitional between olivine basalt and picrite-basalt. In many of the Pleistocene lavas the late-crystallized augite is titanian. A single occurrence of melilite-nepheline basalt has been reported. Chemical analyses of five rocks are listed.
The peak production of Brazilian quartz crystal was reached in 1943 when 2411 metric tons were exported. Minas Gerais, Goiaz, and Bahia are the principal producing states. Minor quantities are obtained from Espirito Santo and Northeastern Brazil.
Primary veins and pegmatites yield secondary deposits of eluvial, colluvial, and alluvial origin. The veins range in form from tabular or lenticular bodies, pipes, and pockets to composite lodes and bedded masses. The mineralogy is simple; accessory minerals are few and rare. A small proportion of clear crystals, occurring in vein masses of milky quartz, furnishes the commercial product. Filling, rather than replacement, is believed to be the dominant emplacement process. Pegmatites yield a little commercial quartz. Both residual (eluvial) and water-laid (alluvial) quartz deposits are economically important.
Crystals range up to 40 metric tons in weight; those of 1 to 5 tons occur in many deposits. Quartz from every locality studied is twinned on both the Brazil and Dauphiné laws. Phantoms are abundant.
Field studies reveal little difference between the final quartz from some pegmatites and that from veins. It is inferred that the veins may grade into pegmatites at depth and that both are products of the same mineralogenic epoch. Present evidence does not justify a closer dating for the formation of the veins and pegmatites than the early Paleozoic.
There are few large quartz mines in Brazil. The impressive quartz production during the war years came from many small, scattered workings. Mining methods are primitive, and mechanization was feasible in relatively few areas. The ratio of mine-clean crystal to the total quantity of excavated material varies between 1:1000 and 1:100,000, with an over-all average for the best mines of the order of 1:10,000. Cost of mining ranges from $2 to $10 a kilogram. The average export value during 1944 was $12.50 per kilogram.
The potential reserves of quartz crystal in Brazil are large, but actual or visual reserves in known districts are small. Future production capacity will be determined by economic factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[601:QCIB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnston, W.D., and Butler, R., 1946, Quartz crystal in Brazil: GSA Bulletin, v. 57, no. 7, p. 601-650, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[601:QCIB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"50 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"650","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379097,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Brazil","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-57.62513,-30.21629],[-56.2909,-28.85276],[-55.16229,-27.88192],[-54.49073,-27.47476],[-53.64874,-26.92347],[-53.62835,-26.12487],[-54.13005,-25.54764],[-54.62529,-25.73926],[-54.42895,-25.16218],[-54.29348,-24.5708],[-54.29296,-24.02101],[-54.65283,-23.83958],[-55.0279,-24.00127],[-55.40075,-23.95694],[-55.51764,-23.572],[-55.61068,-22.65562],[-55.79796,-22.35693],[-56.47332,-22.0863],[-56.88151,-22.28215],[-57.93716,-22.09018],[-57.87067,-20.73269],[-58.16639,-20.1767],[-57.8538,-19.97],[-57.95,-19.4],[-57.67601,-18.96184],[-57.49837,-18.17419],[-57.73456,-17.55247],[-58.2808,-17.27171],[-58.38806,-16.87711],[-58.24122,-16.29957],[-60.15839,-16.25828],[-60.54297,-15.09391],[-60.25115,-15.07722],[-60.26433,-14.64598],[-60.4592,-14.35401],[-60.5033,-13.77595],[-61.08412,-13.47938],[-61.7132,-13.4892],[-62.12708,-13.19878],[-62.80306,-13.00065],[-63.1965,-12.62703],[-64.31635,-12.46198],[-65.40228,-11.56627],[-65.3219,-10.89587],[-65.44484,-10.51145],[-65.33844,-9.76199],[-66.64691,-9.93133],[-67.1738,-10.30681],[-68.04819,-10.71206],[-68.27125,-11.01452],[-68.78616,-11.03638],[-69.52968,-10.95173],[-70.09375,-11.12397],[-70.54869,-11.00915],[-70.48189,-9.49012],[-71.30241,-10.07944],[-72.18489,-10.0536],[-72.56303,-9.52019],[-73.22671,-9.46221],[-73.01538,-9.03283],[-73.57106,-8.42445],[-73.98724,-7.52383],[-73.7234,-7.341],[-73.72449,-6.9186],[-73.12003,-6.62993],[-73.21971,-6.08919],[-72.96451,-5.74125],[-72.89193,-5.27456],[-71.74841,-4.59398],[-70.92884,-4.40159],[-70.79477,-4.25126],[-69.89364,-4.29819],[-69.4441,-1.55629],[-69.42049,-1.12262],[-69.57707,-0.54999],[-70.02066,-0.18516],[-70.01557,0.54141],[-69.4524,0.70616],[-69.25243,0.60265],[-69.21864,0.98568],[-69.8046,1.08908],[-69.81697,1.71481],[-67.86857,1.69246],[-67.53781,2.03716],[-67.26,1.72],[-67.06505,1.13011],[-66.87633,1.25336],[-66.32577,0.72445],[-65.54827,0.78925],[-65.35471,1.09528],[-64.61101,1.32873],[-64.19931,1.49285],[-64.08309,1.91637],[-63.36879,2.2009],[-63.42287,2.41107],[-64.27,2.49701],[-64.40883,3.12679],[-64.36849,3.79721],[-64.81606,4.05645],[-64.62866,4.14848],[-63.88834,4.02053],[-63.0932,3.77057],[-62.80453,4.00697],[-62.08543,4.16212],[-60.96689,4.53647],[-60.60118,4.9181],[-60.73357,5.20028],[-60.21368,5.24449],[-59.98096,5.01406],[-60.111,4.57497],[-59.76741,4.4235],[-59.53804,3.9588],[-59.81541,3.6065],[-59.97452,2.75523],[-59.71855,2.24963],[-59.64604,1.78689],[-59.03086,1.3177],[-58.54001,1.26809],[-58.42948,1.46394],[-58.11345,1.5072],[-57.66097,1.68258],[-57.33582,1.94854],[-56.7827,1.86371],[-56.53939,1.89952],[-55.9957,1.81767],[-55.9056,2.022],[-56.07334,2.22079],[-55.97332,2.51036],[-55.56976,2.42151],[-55.09759,2.52375],[-54.52475,2.31185],[-54.08806,2.10556],[-53.77852,2.3767],[-53.55484,2.3349],[-53.41847,2.05339],[-52.93966,2.12486],[-52.55642,2.50471],[-52.24934,3.24109],[-51.6578,4.15623],[-51.31715,4.20349],[-51.06977,3.6504],[-50.50888,1.90156],[-49.97408,1.73648],[-49.9471,1.04619],[-50.69925,0.22298],[-50.38821,-0.07844],[-48.62057,-0.23549],[-48.5845,-1.23781],[-47.82496,-0.58162],[-46.56658,-0.94103],[-44.9057,-1.55174],[-44.41762,-2.13775],[-44.58159,-2.69131],[-43.41879,-2.38311],[-41.47266,-2.91202],[-39.97867,-2.87305],[-38.50038,-3.70065],[-37.22325,-4.82095],[-36.45294,-5.1094],[-35.5978,-5.1495],[-35.23539,-5.46494],[-34.89603,-6.73819],[-34.72999,-7.34322],[-35.12821,-8.9964],[-35.63697,-9.64928],[-37.04652,-11.04072],[-37.68361,-12.17119],[-38.42388,-13.03812],[-38.67389,-13.05765],[-38.95328,-13.79337],[-38.8823,-15.66705],[-39.16109,-17.20841],[-39.26734,-17.86775],[-39.58352,-18.2623],[-39.76082,-19.59911],[-40.77474,-20.90451],[-40.94476,-21.93732],[-41.75416,-22.37068],[-41.98828,-22.97007],[-43.0747,-22.96769],[-44.64781,-23.35196],[-45.35214,-23.79684],[-46.47209,-24.08897],[-47.64897,-24.8852],[-48.49546,-25.87702],[-48.641,-26.6237],[-48.47474,-27.17591],[-48.66152,-28.18613],[-48.88846,-28.67412],[-49.58733,-29.22447],[-50.69687,-30.98447],[-51.57623,-31.7777],[-52.25608,-32.24537],[-52.7121,-33.19658],[-53.37366,-33.76838],[-53.65054,-33.202],[-53.20959,-32.72767],[-53.78795,-32.04724],[-54.57245,-31.49451],[-55.60151,-30.85388],[-55.97324,-30.88308],[-56.97603,-30.10969],[-57.62513,-30.21629]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Brazil\"}}]}","volume":"57","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, W. D. Jr.","contributorId":27193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, R.D.","contributorId":242663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70215036,"text":"70215036 - 1946 - Activity of Parícutin volcano from April 12 to May 3, 1946","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T17:11:41.236949","indexId":"70215036","displayToPublicDate":"1946-10-06T12:04:17","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Activity of Parícutin volcano from April 12 to May 3, 1946","docAbstract":"The activity of Parícutin varied greatly during the period April 12 to May 3. The strong eruptive activity that began in mid‐March, marked on March 17 by the formation of a new boca with a short‐lived volcancito and by external changes in the form of the cone, continued until April 18, The period April 12–18 was marked by bomb‐showers and explosive blasts at the rate of ten to 15 a minute, mostly from the south vent of the double crater. Most of the bombs fell into the north crater and on the north flank of the cone. From April 19 to 26 the activity was, in general, very weak, and little ash and few bombs were projected beyond the rim of the cone, Explosions were very rare, and the weak vapor column from the Volcano was accompanied by a dull surf‐like roar. Most of the vapor emerged from a small vent near the center of the divide between the two coalescing craters. A heavy ash column, at times approaching in intensity that of 1943, emerged from the Volcano from April 27 to 29. The ash was erupted from both the north and south vents of the crater, though the south vent is believed to have contributed the most. From April 30 to May 3 the activity was again very weak, and only a feeble column rose above the cone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR027i003p00410","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, G.C., 1946, Activity of Parícutin volcano from April 12 to May 3, 1946: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 27, no. 3, p. 410-411, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR027i003p00410.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"411","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Michoacan","otherGeospatial":"Parícutin volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.535400390625,\n 19.17111285978146\n ],\n [\n -102.0355224609375,\n 19.17111285978146\n ],\n [\n -102.0355224609375,\n 19.694314241825747\n ],\n [\n -102.535400390625,\n 19.694314241825747\n ],\n [\n -102.535400390625,\n 19.17111285978146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, George C.","contributorId":19201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160867,"text":"70160867 - 1946 - Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T22:07:12.867365","indexId":"70160867","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"9","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"Hawaii, the largest island in the Hawaiian group, is 93 miles long, 76 miles wide, and covers 4,030 square miles. Mauna Loa Volcano is 13,680 feet high and Mauna Kea is 13,784 feet high. Plate 1 shows the geology, wells, springs, and water-development tunnels. Plate 2 is a map and description of points of geologic interest along the main highways. Plate 3 (same sheet as plate 2) shows highways and points of geologic interest in Hawaii National Park area. The volcanic terms used in the report are defined.
\nHawaii was built by five volcanoes. All the rocks are volcanic, except for minor amounts of sedimentary rock derived from them. Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes erupt often; Hualalai Volcano last erupted in 1801; Mauna Kea has had Recent but no historic eruptions; Kohala Mountain has long been extinct.
\nKohala Mountain constitutes the northern end of the island. It is built largely of rocks of the Pololu volcanic series which are dominantly olivine basalt with a few thin intercalated beds of vitric basaltic ash. After the eruption of this series, Kohala Volcano was deeply eroded on the windward (northeastern) side, and a deep soil formed on its other slopes. Later, oligoclase andesite and trachyte lava flows, named the Hawi volcanic series, were erupted. They rest on soil at the top of the Pololu series, and lie in the valleys cut into the Pololu lavas on the windward slope. Both the Pololu and Hawi volcanics were erupted from three rift zones trending N. 35° W., S. 65° E., and S. 50° W. from the summit of the mountain. The rift zones are marked at the surface by rows or cinder cones, and beneath the surface by innumerable dikes. A caldera occupied the summit of the mountain at the beginning of the eruption of the Hawi lavas, and for a time confined the flows. It was gradually filled and the lava escaped northeastward into the large valleys. Some of the caldera faults can still be traced. A shallow graben indents the summit now.
\nSouth of Kohala Mountain lies the much larger volcano of Mauna Kea. The early rocks of Mauna Kea constitute the Hamakua volcanic series. The lower member of this series consists chiefly of olivine basalt flows with intercalated thin beds of vitric basaltic ash. The olivine basalt of the lower member changes gradationally into the upper member, in which basalt and olivine basalt arc still abundant, but andesite also is present. Lavas of the upper member interfinger with Hawi lavas of Kohala Mountain. The Hamakua volcanic series is mantled with Pahala ash 5 to 20 feet thick, above which lie the rocks of the Laupahoehoe volcanic series. Locally the two series are separated by erosional unconformity, The Laupahoehoe lavas are dominantly andesite. The andesites erupted after the last glacial epoch are mapped separately on plate 1. The Laupahoehoe volcanic series, and probably also the Hamakua volcanic series, were erupted principally from three rift zones, trending west, northeast and south-southeast from the summit of the mountain. The upper slopes are studded with many large cinder cones, lying principally along the rift zones. Late in its geologic history, Mauna Kea was capped by a small glacier, presumably contemporaneous with the Wisconsin stage of glaciation in North America, which left conspicuous terminal, lateral, and ground moraines. Deposits exposed in canyons on the southern slope, formerly believed to be of glacial origin, are now believed to be volcanic explosion breccias.
\nThe main bulk of Hualalai Volcano is built of basalts of the Hualalai volcanic series. One flow of andesite has been found. The cinder and spatter cones lie principally along three rift zones which trend northwest, north, and southeast from the summit. On the northern slope of Hualalai Volcano lies the large trachyte pumice cone of Puu Waawaa, and its thick flow of trachyte. These are grouped together as the Waawaa volcanics. They are partly buried by later basalts from both Hualalai and Mauna Loa. The last eruption of Hualalai Volcano, in 1800–1801, produced olivine basalt.
\nThe earliest exposed rocks of Mauna Loa comprise the Ninole volcanic series. Several beds of altered vitric ash are intercalated with the lavas. Following eruption of the Ninole series, a long period or quiescence occurred, during which deep amphitheater-headed valleys were cut. This was followed by the eruption of the Kahuku volcanic series, consisting mostly of lavas with some thin beds of ash. The Rahuku series is overlain by the Pahala ash, which overlies also the Hilina volcanic series on Kilauea, the Hamakua volcanic series on Mauna Kea, and the Hawi volcanic series on Kohala, providing a rough datum for correlation of the lavas of the four mountains. Deposition of the Pahala ash was followed on Mauna Loa by eruption of the Kau volcanic series, which has continued until the present time. The historic and flaws of the Kau series are mapped separately on plate 1. The historic eruptions and volcanic activity of Mauna Loa are briefly described. The western and southern slopes of Mauna Loa are cut by normal faults along which the lower flanks of the mountain have slipped seaward.
\nThe Kau volcanic series and presumably also the Kahuku and Ninole volcanic series were erupted principally from vents along two rift zones which extend northeast and southwest from the summit caldera. The lavas of all three series are preponderantly olivine basalt. Many of the lavas contain small amounts of hypersthene.
\nThe Pahala ash on the northeastern and eastern slopes of Mauna Loa was derived largely from Mauna Kea. West and south of Kilauea Caldera, however, it was derived principally from Kilauea. Minor amounts were contributed by eruptions of Mauna Loa. It is a vitric basaltic ash, now generally altered to palagonite.
\nThe earliest exposed lavas and thin intercalated ash beds of Kilauea Volcano comprise the Hilina volcanic series. These are capped by the Pahala ash, which in turn, is overlain by the lavas and thin ash beds of the Puna volcanic series. The volcanics of both series were erupted along two rift zones, one extending southwestward from Kilauea Caldera, and the other extending southeastward for 5 miles and then bending sharply east by north. The lavas of both series are very largely olivine basalt. A few flows contain hypersthene. Augite phenocrysts are common in Mauna Loa lavas, but rare in those of Kilauea, indicating that crystallization has not progressed as far in the magma chamber of Kilauea Volcano as in that of Mauna Loa. Eruption of the Puna volcanic series has continued until the present time, the historic flows being separated from the prehistoric ones on plate 1. The historic eruptions and volcanic activity of Kilauea are briefly described.
\nKilauea Volcano originated on the southern slope of Mauna Loa where faults intersected the Eastern Fundamental Fissure of the Hawaiian Archipelago. The southern flank of Kilauea is cut by normal faults, along which the southern part is sliding seaward.
The volcanoes of the island of Hawaii are believed to have started their activity in the Tertiary period. The great erosional period which followed deposition of the Pololu and Ninole volcanic series is placed near the end of the Pliocene. The Hilina and Hamakua volcanic series were probably erupted in the late Pliocene and earlier Pleistocene. The Hawi volcanic series and the Waawaa volcanics are probably early or middle Pleistocene in age. The main period of deposition of the Pahala ash was probably late in the middle Pleistocene or early in the upper Pleistocene. The Laupahoehoe volcanic series is late Pleistocene and Recent in age, most of the flows antedating the Wisconsin glaciation. The Hualalai volcanic series probably extends from Tertiary to historic time, and the Kau and Puna volcanic series from late Pleistocene to the present. A chapter is devoted to the petrography of the rocks in which are listed all reliable chemical rock analyses.
The rocks of the island are highly permeable. Most of the rainfall sinks quickly into the ground. Perennial streams are present only on the windward slopes of Kohala Mountain and Mauna Kea. Most of the water sinks rapidly to the basal water table, where it floats on salt water according to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. Basal water escapes in springs at or near sea level all along the coast. Only a very small proportion of it is recovered in wells. Along the windward coasts the basal water is of good quality and large supplies await development. Along the leeward coasts most of the basal water is brackish.
\nIn Kohala Mountain, much water is perched on ash beds in the Pololu volcanic series and on ash and soil at the base of the Hawi volcanic series. It escapes in perched springs in the big valleys and along the windward sea cliff and is recovered in tunnels. Along the windward slope of Mauna Keu, small amounts of water are perched by ash beds and dense lava flows in the Hamakua volcanic series. Small perched springs issue from these structures and water is recovered by tunnels. In the Kau District ash beds perch considerable water, which is recovered by many tunnels. On the southern slope of Mauna Kea small springs are perched by beds of hill wash.
Dikes in the rift zones are relatively impermeable, but enclose masses of permeable rock. Water is confined at high level in the interdike compartments in Kohala Mountain, and probably in the other volcanoes. It escapes in high-level springs in the deep valleys on Kohala Mountain; some of it is recovered by tunnels.
It is estimated that an average of about 13,085 million gallons of water a day falls as rain over the whole island. Of this only about 2.5 percent is visibly discharged from wells, tunnels, and springs. Large supplies of basal groundwater await development. Projects for development of additional water for the city of Hilo and the Kona District are described.
\nChemical analyses of water, water supplies of towns and villages, descriptions of wells, springs, and tunnels, and discharge records of numerous springs and tunnels are given in tabulated form.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaii Division of Hydrography","publisherLocation":"Honolulu","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Stearns, H.T., and Macdonald, G., 1946, Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Hawaii: Bulletin 9, xiii, 363 p.","productDescription":"xiii, 363 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":221,"text":"Division of Hydrography","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426757,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19533.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":313178,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/stearns/Hawaii.pdf","text":"Report","size":"92.6 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A.","contributorId":52273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"Gordon A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55238,"text":"ofr4488 - 1944 - Zinc-copper deposits near Moth Bay, Revillagigedo Island, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55238,"text":"ofr4488 - 1944 - Zinc-copper deposits near Moth Bay, Revillagigedo Island, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr4488","publicationYear":"1944","noYear":false,"title":"Zinc-copper deposits near Moth Bay, Revillagigedo Island, southeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":36062,"text":"b963A - 1949 - Some mineral investigations in southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b963A","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Some mineral investigations in southeastern Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":36062,"text":"b963A - 1949 - Some mineral investigations in southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b963A","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"title":"Some mineral investigations in southeastern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-31T21:47:28.776521","indexId":"ofr4488","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1944","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"44-88","title":"Zinc-copper deposits near Moth Bay, Revillagigedo Island, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"Moth Bay is a narrow inlet on the north side of the entrance to Thorne Arm, a large bay near the southern end of Revillagigedo Island, southeastern Alaska (see insert, fig. 1). It is about 16 miles by water southeasterly from Ketchikan, the nearest port. Moth Bay is locally known as Maiden Bay. The zinc-copper deposits are about three-fifths of a mile north of the head of the bay, at altitudes ranging from 250 feet to 500 feet, and are accessible by a good trail from the bay. The deposits are near the southern end of a low northward-trending ridge which rises above a broad, swampy, lake-dotted muskeg. The muskeg is bordered on the east and west by smoothly rounded, densely wooded hills up to 2,300 feet high. Vegetation and glacial till cloak most of the surface and rock exposures are rare. Small timber and fresh water are available. The climate is mild and humid.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4488","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G.D., 1944, Zinc-copper deposits near Moth Bay, Revillagigedo Island, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 44-88, Report: 10 p.; 3 Plates: 19.23 x 19.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4488.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 3 Plates: 19.23 x 19.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417620,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1944/0088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":417598,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1944/0088/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":417596,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1944/0088/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":417597,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1944/0088/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174787,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1944/0088/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Moth Bay, Revillagigedo Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -131.71567909413847,\n 55.888657346691076\n ],\n [\n -131.71567909413847,\n 55.24989899339019\n ],\n [\n -130.87389861118214,\n 55.24989899339019\n ],\n [\n -130.87389861118214,\n 55.888657346691076\n ],\n [\n -131.71567909413847,\n 55.888657346691076\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dde60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, G. D.","contributorId":96669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215114,"text":"70215114 - 1944 - The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-07T18:11:32.300188","indexId":"70215114","displayToPublicDate":"1944-10-07T12:58:23","publicationYear":"1944","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland","docAbstract":"Fluorspar from Newfoundland, eighth ranking producer of the world, comes entirely from the St. Lawrence district. Here pre-Cambrian lavas and pyroclastics, Cambrian sedimentary rocks, Ordovician (?) volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and a Paleozoic alaskite-granite comprise the bedrock.Epithermal fluorite veins occupy steeply dipping fault fissures in granite, rhyolite porphyry, and lamprophyre. Eleven veins show walls bearing nearly horizontal striations; one vein bears only vertical striations; and the walls of three veins show both horizontal and vertical striations. The strikes of nearly all veins are within 45 degrees of the normal to the walls of the elongated granite mass. Some veins are more than a mile long and contain numerous workable lenses. Veins are of two types: high-grade containing over 95 per cent CaF 2 and averaging about 5 feet thick, and lower grade containing about 75 per cent CaF 2 and averaging between 15 and 20 feet thick.Sulphides, present in small quantities, include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and argentiferous galena. Non-metallic gangue minerals are quartz, calcite, and rarely barite. \"Blastonite,\" a local name for material composed of microcrystalline quartz and brecciated fluorite, in some places forms as much as 10 per cent of a vein. A nodular type of fluorspar probably formed by alternate rotation of fragments of breccia and deposition of fluorite.Regional zoning is shown by the distribution of barite and green fluorite. Barite shows a distinct zone of localization, and green fluorite predominates in veins both near the granite margins and farther from the granite body.This district will undoubtedly occupy a still more prominent position among producers of fluorspar.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.39.2.109","usgsCitation":"Van Alstine, R.E., 1944, The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland: Economic Geology, v. 39, no. 2, p. 109-132, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.39.2.109.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Newfoundland","otherGeospatial":"Saint Lawrence","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -56.129150390625,\n 46.79253827035982\n ],\n [\n -54.86572265625,\n 46.79253827035982\n ],\n [\n -54.86572265625,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -56.129150390625,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -56.129150390625,\n 46.79253827035982\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1944-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Alstine, Ralph Erskine","contributorId":12472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Alstine","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"Erskine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220112,"text":"5220112 - 1943 - Bachman's sparrow in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T13:06:36","indexId":"5220112","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:27","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bachman's sparrow in Maryland","docAbstract":"The Bachman's Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis bachmani) is known to be quite rare and irregular in distribution in the northern part of its range. Because of this the northern limits of its range have been rather ill-defined. According to the A. 0. U. Check-List, Fourth Edition: 343, 1931, this bird ranges north to central Virginia in the eastern part of its range and is casual near Washington, D. C. Its distribution in the north-central portion of its range, including the Appalachian Mountains, is discussed in detail by Brooks (Wilson Bull., 50: 86-109, 1938). The discovery in May, 1942, of three pairs of these birds nesting on the Beltsville Research Center, Prince George County, Maryland, considerably extends the northern limits of the known breeding range of this species in the Piedmont and coastal-plain region east of the Appalachian Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4079442","usgsCitation":"Stewart, R.E., and Meanley, B., 1943, Bachman's sparrow in Maryland: The Auk, v. 60, no. 4, p. 605-606, https://doi.org/10.2307/4079442.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"606","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4079442","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64adc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, R. E.","contributorId":93426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meanley, B.","contributorId":43867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220030,"text":"70220030 - 1941 - Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana: Part VI. Mineralogy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T19:06:00.053634","indexId":"70220030","displayToPublicDate":"1941-12-01T14:01:03","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana: Part VI. Mineralogy","docAbstract":"The minerals of the igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains are described. The primary hornblende of the quartz latites is basaltic and it has been partly replaced by a common green hornblende. Hornblende is rare in the alkalic rocks. Augite is an abundant mineral of the alkalic rocks; in the syenites it contains some acmite, especially on the borders of the crystals. Aegirite is a common metamorphic mineral. The olivine of the shonkinites contains from 12 to 22 mol per cent of fayalite, that of the syenite from Square Butte 50 per cent. Monticellite twinned into trillings on (031) is an abundant mineral in one small intrusive body. In the alkalic rocks barium sanidine is abundant and plagioclase rare; leucite, primary analcime, and pseudoleucite are common and sodalite rare. Natrolite, thomsonite, and other zeolites are widespread and very abundant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GSAB-52-1841","usgsCitation":"Larsen, E., Hurlbut, C., Buie, B.F., and Burgess, C., 1941, Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana: Part VI. Mineralogy: GSA Bulletin, v. 52, no. 12, p. 1841-1856, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-52-1841.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1841","endPage":"1856","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385176,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Highwood Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.73394775390625,\n 47.34812813983327\n ],\n [\n -110.37551879882812,\n 47.34812813983327\n ],\n [\n -110.37551879882812,\n 47.541309583656854\n ],\n [\n -110.73394775390625,\n 47.541309583656854\n ],\n [\n -110.73394775390625,\n 47.34812813983327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, E.S.","contributorId":77130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hurlbut, C.S.","contributorId":257513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hurlbut","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buie, Bennett Frank","contributorId":56095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buie","given":"Bennett","email":"","middleInitial":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burgess, C.H.","contributorId":257514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgess","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70274619,"text":"70274619 - 1939 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1939","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T14:19:06.987374","indexId":"70274619","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T10:16:47","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1939","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70274618,"text":"70274618 - 1938 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1938","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T14:12:30.808261","indexId":"70274618","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T10:09:45","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1938","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70274617,"text":"70274617 - 1937 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1937","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T14:05:31.253506","indexId":"70274617","displayToPublicDate":"1937-01-01T10:02:27","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1937","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70274616,"text":"70274616 - 1936 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1936","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T13:59:48.40707","indexId":"70274616","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T09:59:02","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1936","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70274615,"text":"70274615 - 1935 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1935","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T13:53:59.480146","indexId":"70274615","displayToPublicDate":"1935-01-01T09:51:07","publicationYear":"1935","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1935","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70221682,"text":"70221682 - 1934 - Rare chemical constituents of amelia (Virginia) pegmatite dikes, and their mineral sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T17:16:04.539947","indexId":"70221682","displayToPublicDate":"1934-06-01T12:10:12","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare chemical constituents of amelia (Virginia) pegmatite dikes, and their mineral sources","docAbstract":"Students of Igneous phenomena have long since become familiar with the occurrence of rare minerals in pegmatitic bodies. The great local concentration of rare elements in pegmatite minerals provides a remarkably good opportunity for the Investigation of deep-seated rock constituents, for it is reasonable to suppose that these same elements are widely distributed in minute amounts through the parent rocks to which they are genetically related; but their concentration in pegmatite bodies affords a record of their presence that is lacking in other rocks.
The unusual number of rare minerals of the Amelia, Virginia, pegmatites has long attracted attention, and the rare elements of the more abundant minerals which have been investigated in the laboratories of the United States Geological Survey afford an unusual opportunity to study the rare constituents of a pegmatite. This famous locality for rare minerals is situated 38 miles southwest of Richmond, just south of Appomattox River, on the Piedmont plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR015i001p00234","usgsCitation":"Glass, J.J., 1934, Rare chemical constituents of amelia (Virginia) pegmatite dikes, and their mineral sources: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 15, no. 1, p. 234-237, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR015i001p00234.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"234","endPage":"237","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, Jewell J.","contributorId":106948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"Jewell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70274614,"text":"70274614 - 1934 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1934","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T13:48:24.96657","indexId":"70274614","displayToPublicDate":"1934-01-01T09:41:47","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1934","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1934, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1934, 80 p.","productDescription":"80 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503162,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274614/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70010912,"text":"70010912 - 1934 - Determination of the common and rare alkalies in mineral analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-10T20:28:35.508554","indexId":"70010912","displayToPublicDate":"1934-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1982,"text":"Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of the common and rare alkalies in mineral analysis","docAbstract":"Methods are described which afford a determination of each member of the alkali group and are successful in dealing with the quantities of the rare alkalies found in rocks and minerals. The procedures are relatively rapid and based chiefly on the use of chloroplatinic acid, absolute alcohol and ether, and ammonium sulfate. The percentages of all the alkalies found in a number of minerals are given.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac50092a023","usgsCitation":"Wells, R.C., and Stevens, R., 1934, Determination of the common and rare alkalies in mineral analysis: Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, v. 6, no. 6, p. 439-442, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50092a023.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffd4e4b0c8380cd4f3fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, R. C.","contributorId":101300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, R.E.","contributorId":62954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":34167,"text":"b845 - 1933 - Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T18:33:24.56548","indexId":"b845","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"845","title":"Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles","docAbstract":"The Southern Pacific Railroad from New Orleans to Los Angeles, a distance of about 2,000 miles, passes through a region exhibiting a great variety of geographic and industrial conditions. The climate, especially the amount of precipitation, is the most influential factor in causing this variety.\r\n\r\nThe low Coastal Plain of southern Louisiana and eastern Texas, with ample rainfall and thick rich soils, is a province distinct in configuration, human occupations, and products. There are extensive swamps, prairies, and wooded areas, but a large part of the land is under cultivation, with sugarcane, cotton, and rice as the principal crops. The streams are wide and slow, the winter climate is mild, and the summer heat is tempered by breezes from the Gulf of Mexico. Flourishing towns occur at short intervals, and some of them are growing rapidly. The entire region is underlain by a great thickness of sand and clay of alluvial origin.\r\n\r\nIn central-eastern Texas the Coastal Plain is higher, the soil conditions are materially different, the streams run more swiftly, swamps become rare, and although much land is under cultivation, many areas are either in pasture or not cleared. The vegetation changes with change of soil and increase of altitude, and the crops are more diversified than in the lower parts of the Coastal Plain. The region is underlain by sandstone, shale, and other formations, which rise toward the west, cropping out in regular succession as they are crossed from east to west. Some of these formations are hard enough to make ridges and knobs, and there is general terracing at various levels. Parts of the highest lands are remnants of an old plain of former wide extent.\r\n\r\nBeyond San Antonio the traveler observes several changes in the general aspect of the country, for although the Coastal Plain extends west to Del Rio, there is both a gradual increase in elevation to about 1,000 feet and a marked diminution of rainfall to the west, which greatly affect landscape and industries. Cacti become larger and more abundant, and many special trees and plants are prevalent, notably the mesquite; forests diminish in density, and far to the west trees occur only in the bottom lands. Agriculture here depends largely on irrigation, and the raising of cattle, sheep, and goats is the dominant industry. The principal underlying rocks are shale, soft sandstone, and chalk, which do not make strong relief but produce hills and ridges of moderate height separated by wide valleys, which along the larger streams are bordered by bottom lands. Northwest of San Antonio the Coastal Plain gives place rather abruptly to the Edwards Plateau, owing to the rapid rise of hard limestones; from San Antonio to Del Rio this feature lies north of the railroad but is visible at many places.\r\n\r\nFor many miles west from Del Rio the railroad is on the plateau, which is floored by hard limestone and deeply trenched by the drainageways, notably by the canyons of the Devils River, the Rio Grande, and the Pecos River. In this district, where semiarid conditions prevail, vegetation is sparse and trees are mostly confined to valley bottoms except where the limestone supports a growth of juniper or live oak. The soil is thin, but it sustains grass and shrubs which afford good pasturage for many goats, sheep, and cattle. Owing to the gradual general rise of the strata to the west the land increases in elevation, and much of the plateau in south-central Texas is 2,000 feet above sea level in its eastern part and 3,000 feet in its western part. Near Sanderson this rise develops into the great dome of the Marathon uplift. The central part of this uplift is truncated, revealing a large area of closely folded Paleozoic rocks, making sharp ridges of the Appalachian type. The Edwards Plateau ends on the east side of this uplift. To the west is the Davis Mountain region, a wide province of volcanic rocks, characterized by rugged peaks and irregularly disposed ridges in great va","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Guidebook of the western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b845","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1933, Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 845, 304 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b845.","productDescription":"304 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114929.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":92611,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, Nelson Horatio","contributorId":78307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"Nelson","email":"","middleInitial":"Horatio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70274613,"text":"70274613 - 1933 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1933","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T13:39:35.020601","indexId":"70274613","displayToPublicDate":"1933-01-01T09:36:03","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1933","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1933, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1933, 49 p.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503159,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274613/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":39321,"text":"pp171 - 1932 - Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche district, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:21:43","indexId":"pp171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"171","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche district, Nevada","docAbstract":"LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES
The Bristol Range, Highland, and Ely Range quadrangles make up the larger part of a. rectangular area 35 miles north and south by 24 miles east and west, which lies 19 miles west of the Nevada-Utah line and about 250 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. The district lies within the Great Basin, a semiarid region of alternating mountain ranges and intermontane plains floored largely by outwash from the mountains.
The plain, which slopes away from the ranges, stands between 4,700 and 6,000 feet above the sea. The Bristol and Highland Ranges, which are separated only by a low gap, form an almost continuous north-south range that rises about 2,500 feet above the highest part of the surrounding plain, to general altitudes of 8,000 to 9,000 feet, though the highest point, Highland Peak, reaches 9,395 feet. A lower range, the Ely Range, with a northwesterly trend, lies farther east and nearly in touch with the Bristol-Highland Range. The town of Pioche lies midway on the. eastern foot of the Ely Range.
ROOKS OF THE PIOOHB REGION
The rocks of the ranges are Paleozoic sediments, Tertiary (?) lavas and intrusive rocks, and Pliocene (?) tuffs.
The Paleozoic sediments have a total thickness of nearly 18,000 feet. Over 8,000 feet of the Cambrian has been measured without reaching its base. The lowest Cambrian formation is a quartzite, of which only the upper 1,500 feet is exposed, and this is followed by 1,200 feet of shale, 400 feet of limestone, aoid 150 feet of shale. Above this second shale the upper three-fourths of the Cambrian consists of limestone and dolomitic limestone. It is in the quartzite and in the limestone interbedded in and bounding the shales that the main ore bodies of the district have been found. Above the Cambrian comes 1,795 feet of Ordovician limestone, with some interbedded dolomite and with a 50-foot quartzite a, third of the way down from the top; 75 feet of Silurian dolomite; 3,000 feet of Middle Devonian dolomite with thin interbedded quartzite near the top, followed by 550 feet of Upper Devonian limestone; 3,775 feet of Mississippian limestone with a heavy quartzitic sandstone just below the middle; then, at the top of the series, 700 feet of Pennsylvania n limestone.
The Paleozoic formations are tilted, bent, and faulted, but sharp folding is extremely rare. Dips between 10° and 30° are common, but there are few greater than 40°. The rocks are cut by many large and innumerable small normal faults, which in many parts of the area are difficult to recognize because they cut thick formations of similar rocks. A large thrust fault occurs along the west side of the Bristol-Highland Range.
A thick series of lavas with interbedded tuffs lies along the flanks of the ranges and makes up a large part of the hilly northwest corner of the Bristol quadrangle. The lavas lie unconformably on the Paleozoic sediments and consist mainly of dacite, latite, and andesite, with some basalt and a little rhyolite. About 6,000 feet of lavas and tuffs were measured in Condor Canyon, near the south end of the Ely Range. The age of the lavas is not sharply fixed; they may be early Tertiary or even late Mesozoic. It is not unlikely that they are the result of volcanic action extending over a long period. The lavas are tilted and faulted, though their average dip is less than that of the Paleozoic sediments.
At Blind Mountain, on the west side of the Bristol Range, stocks of quartz monzonite and dikes of similar composition cut an infaulted block consisting of sediments, chiefly Devonian, and lavas. Both the sediments and the lavas are metamorphosed, and a belt of marked metamorphism extends south along the west base of the Bristol-Highland Range for several miles. The quartz porphyry dikes of the region, including those near Pioche, are believed to have come in at the same time.
The plain west of the Bristol-Highland Range is a. valley of interior drainage floored with outwash from the mountains, coarser near the range but finer and making a clay flat along the west side of the Bristol Range and Highland quadrangles. The valley east of the Bristol-Highland Range, however, has outside drainage by way of Meadow Valley to the Virgin and Colorado Rivers. The stream in upper Meadow Valley and its tributaries have cut through the surface wash from the mountains and laid bare several hundred feet of white, yellow, and red water-laid Pliocene tuffs that lie in nearly the position in which they were laid down. This erosion has developed a striking badland topography in the Pliocene beds.
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
The general succession of events may be summarized as follows:
1. Sedimentation during most of Paleozoic time from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian.
2. Uplift, slight warping, and erosion.
3. Volcanism of perhaps late Mesozoic or early Tertiary time, producing lavas and tuffs. This period of volcanism may have lasted a long time and spanned one or more of the epochs of faulting.
4. Tilting and normal faulting.
5. Thrust faulting.
6. Quartz monzonite intrusions at Blind Mountain.
7. Normal block faulting of the Basin Range type.
8. Erosion of the faulted blocks to maturity and to essen-. tially the topography of to-day.
9. Outbursts of volcanic ash, probably in late Pliocene time, and the deposition of several hundred feet of water-laid tuffs in the valleys.
10. In Meadow Valley, valley cutting, which has produced a badland topography in the soft Pliocene tuffs and canyons where the streams cross the harder Paleozoic limestones.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
The Pioche district during four years in the early seventies was second only to the Comstock district in output of silver. The bonanza ore of those stirring times came from fissure veins in the Prospect Mountain quartzite, of Lower Cambrian age. In recent years the main interest has shifted to the bedded replacement deposits of silver-bearing lead-zinc sulphide ore occurring in the limestone members of the Pioche shale a type of ore body which was discovered accidentally during the prospecting of the fissure veins.
The ore deposits of the district comprise three groups (1) silver-bearing fissure veins in quartzite; (2) silver-bearing mineralized granite porphyry; (3) replacement deposits in limestone and dolomite. All of them appear to have been formed at about the same time, in the epoch of mineralization that occurred shortly after the intrusion of the granitic rocks and their allied dikes of granite porphyry and lamprophyre.
The entire present output of the district is coming from the replacement deposits in limestone and dolomite, but exploratory work is still in progress on the fissure veins and mineralized porphyry.
The replacement deposits include both replacement fissure veins and stratiform (\"bedded\") replacement deposits.
The replacement fissure veins dip steeply and cut across the bedding of the carbonate rocks in which they are inclosed. They are thoroughly oxidized, as deep at least as 1,100 feet, for on none of them have the mine workings penetrated to water level, and they are highly manganiferous and limonitic and low in silica. At-certain horizons stratiform replacement deposits extend out as lateral branches from the fissure veins. Deposits of this kind occur mainly in the Mendha limestone, Highland Peak limestone, and Lyndon limestone. The stratigraphic range is therefore at least 5,500 feet, and as some of the fissure veins extend down through the underlying Pioche shale the indicated range may exceed 6,500 feet. The most notable representatives of the replacement fissure veins are at the Bristol mine, where they yield silver-bearing copper-leadzinc ores. So far unique among the ore bodies of the district is the pipe of wad and pyrolusite ore at the Jackrabbit mine, the periphery of the pipe consisting of a girdle of extraordinarily coarse white calcite spar produced by the recrystallization of the surrounding limestones.
The stratiform replacement deposits that are attracting most attention occur at the intersections of steep fissures with the limestone members of the Pioche shale. In recent years the \" bedded \" ore of the Combined Metals mine has been of main interest. The ore is essentially a.n intimate intergrowth of pyrite, sphalerite, and galena. Although above water level, the ore is unoxidized. It extends on both sides of the mineralizing fissure as far as 100 feet. At the Prince mine ore beds were formed at seven successively higher horizons in the Pioche shale and the overlying Lyndon and Highland Peak limestones. The ore \" beds \" above water level in the Prince mine are thoroughly oxidized and consist of manganese-iron oxides low in silver, lead, and zinc. About 800,000 tons of ore carrying 2.5 to 3 ounces of silver to the ton, 3 per cent of lead, 35 per cent of iron, and 15 per cent of manganese has been shipped. The Prince mine was in 1915-1918 the premier producer of lead in Nevada. The ore \" bed \" that occurs here below water level consists of sphalerite, galena, and pyrite in a gangue of manganosiderite and minor quartz. This is the only locality in the district in which the primary source of the abundant oxidized manganese minerals (wad, pyrolusite, and braunite) has so far been found.
Some of the stratiform ore bodies the ore beds, as they are locally called were formed adjacent to exceedingly insignificant-looking fissures; and this dependence on inconspicuous mineralizing fissures is beyond doubt one of the most impressive features in the geology of the district. It opens the possibility that there may be many other bedded deposits which, like the Combined Metals ore bed, do not crop out. To find these ore bodies will be difficult, but their discovery will be aided primarily by applying skillfully a knowledge of the geologic column and by determining the faulting that has disturbed or changed the normal sequence of the strata.