This report is the result of studies made in the field during the seasons of 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1905. It relates to an area of about 9,000 square miles, situated mainly in the north-central portion of Wyoming and extending northward into Montana. Its location and general surroundings are shown on PL II. It covers the greater portion of the Bighorn uplift, together with an adjoining area of the Great Plains on the east. It also includes a small part of the Bighorn Basin and the eastern end of the Bridger Range. The report describes the various rocks, their structure, history, and mineral resources, including underground water, coal, gypsum, and various other products. It also contains information as to surface waters available for irrigation.
\nThroughout the work assistance has been rendered by Mr. C. A. Fisher, who mapped portions of the area, measured numerous sections, collected fossils, and examined most of the crystalline rocks; and the author is indebted to Mr. Albert Johannsen for some of the petrographic descriptions.
\nPrevious observers have given but little information regarding the geology of the Bighorn Mountains, though Dr. F. V. Hayden ascertained the general relations of the uplift in his exploration of the Northwest, and Mr. George H. Eldridge, who crossed the range near Bald Mountain and southwest of Buffalo during the summer of 1893, described 0 some of the broader features of the geologic succession and structure in a remarkably comprehensive manner, considering how small an area he had the opportunity to examine. The Bighorn region is very thinly settled, there being no permanent habitations among the mountains, and it is but little visited by others than hunters, prospectors, and herders. There have recently been established two summer resorts in the mountains, and each year a larger number of persons visit the region. Unfortunately the mineral prospects have proved disappointing to the prospectors, and there appears to be but little promise that the area will become important on account of its mineral resources. In the Bridger uplift promising prospects of gold and copper have recently been discovered, which may prove of value.
\nThere are extensive, forests in the mountains, which are now included in a Government forest reserve, but their timber is not of great value. Much of the area below timber line contains an abundance of luxuriant grasses and other plants, which afford excellent pasturage for stock, and large herds of sheep and cattle are ranged in the region during the short summer season. Game is moderately abundant, and most of the streams contain large numbers of trout. The region is one of great interest geologically on account of its variety of sedimentary rocks, interesting structure, and remarkably instructive glacial features. The central area, with its high peaks, presents alpine scenery of notable character. Doubtless in the future the region will be extensively visited by tourists, hunters, and geologists.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp51","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1906, Geology of the Bighorn Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 51, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp51.","productDescription":"129 p.","numberOfPages":"173","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411590,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.68798828125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -107.95166015624999,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -108.468017578125,\n 45.390735154248894\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -108.292236328125,\n 44.824708282300236\n ],\n [\n -107.830810546875,\n 44.535674532413196\n ],\n [\n -107.479248046875,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -107.391357421875,\n 43.82660134505384\n ],\n [\n -107.40234375,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -106.72119140625,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -106.72119140625,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -106.995849609375,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -107.68798828125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39496,"text":"pp36 - 1905 - The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-17T09:24:52","indexId":"pp36","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1905","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky","docAbstract":"Geography and distinctive characters. The fluorspar, lead, and zinc deposits that were the subject of the investigations reported in this paper are situated hi Livings ton, Crittenden, and Caldwell, and adjacent portions of Christian, Trigg, and Lyon counties, in western Kentucky, and in the counties immediately across the Ohio River, in the extreme southern portion of Illinois. This area, constituting what may be aptly termed the Kentucky-Illinois fluorite district, contains also lead, zinc, and other minerals in subordinate quantities and values. It is usually considered a minor division of the lead and zinc districts of the Mississippi Valley, but is in some ways rather sharply distinguished from the other districts of the valley. It differs from the other districts chiefly in the following respects: (1) In the presence of basic igneous dikes; (2) in the abundance of fluorite and its almost constant association with the lead and zinc ores; and (3) in the mode of occurrence of the ores, which are found principally in true fissure .veins that have resulted from fracturing and subsequent faulting. In the other districts the lead and zinc are of primary importance, while in this region the igneous dikes and the fluorite are the primary or predominant features and the lead and zinc are only incidental.
","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp36","usgsCitation":"Ulrich, E.O., and Smith, W., 1905, The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 36, 218 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp36.","productDescription":"218 p.","numberOfPages":"248","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":67106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 37.97884504049713\n ],\n [\n -82.85888671875,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -84.66064453125,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -85.80322265625,\n 38.34165619279593\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 36.756490329505155\n ],\n [\n -84.92431640625,\n 36.65079252503471\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 37.35269280367274\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64b045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulrich, E. O.","contributorId":90167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, W.S.T.","contributorId":79359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32878,"text":"pp31 - 1904 - Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-16T19:06:02.513093","indexId":"pp31","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1904","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Arbuckle Mountains consist of a moderately elevated table -land or plateau in the east-central part of the Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory. The plateau ranges in elevation from 1,300 feet above sea, in its contracted western part, to 750 feet, at the east end, where it coalesces with the bordering plain. Geologically the Arbuckle Mountain region consists of a great thickness of rocks, composed chiefly of limestones, which range in age from middle Cambrian to Devonian, and which are succeeded on the borders by an almost equal thickness of Carboniferous conglomerates, shales, and sandstones. In the central part of the district, unconformably beneath the Cambrian strata, there is a mass of granite, granite-porphyry, diabase, and associated crystalline rocks. The uplifting and folding of the region occurred previous to the deposition of the Permian \"Red Beds,\" which were deposited across it on the' west. The bearing of the Arbuckle uplift is approximately N. 70° W.
","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp31","usgsCitation":"Taff, J.A., and Bain, H.F., 1904, Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 31, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp31.","productDescription":"97 p.","numberOfPages":"117","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104426,"rank":699,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4292.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4292"},{"id":268926,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0031/report.pdf"},{"id":163542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0031/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arbuckle Mountains, Wichita Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 33.94335994657882\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c8ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taff, J. A.","contributorId":81467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bain, H. F.","contributorId":30309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bain","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39519,"text":"pp14 - 1903 - Chemical analyses of igneous rocks published from 1884 to 1900, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-15T10:44:14","indexId":"pp14","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Chemical analyses of igneous rocks published from 1884 to 1900, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses","docAbstract":"In the first two or three decades of the last century, when the study of rocks as such was being differentiated from that of minerals and of rock terranes that is, when the science of petrogaphy was in its infancy little attention was paid to their chemical features. It is true that a number had been analyzed, but these were for the most part rocks that were of such a character as to lead the investigator of those early days to consider them as minerals, as was the case with the first described Ihcrzolite and wehrlite. In contradistinction to the individually well-defined minerals, rocks were regarded as merely aggregates of minerals, in presumably fortuitous combinations, and lacking that definiteness or constancy of composition in one mass or in different masses which would justify their chemical study as a whole. As, however, they became more and more the subjects of special research, beginning with the earliest investigations of Cordiera, a knowledge of their chemical composition assumed gradually increasing interest. The great importance of this side of the study of rocks was first clearly recognized by Abich, who pointed out, as early as 1841, the, necessity of a knowledge of their chemical composition for the solution of such problems as their origin, mode of formation, and connection with the interior of the earth, as well as the value of a comparison of their analyses as a proper basis for their classification and nomenclature. To him, therefore, is due the credit, of introducing the chemical composition of rocks as a basis for their classification; though the good influence of this suggestion for their right understanding was largely nullified by the coincident use of the feldspars alone as one of the main factors of classification, an idea which has had a deplorably retarding influence on the development of systematic petrography for many years, and which, even at the present day, holds many systematists firmly in its grasp.
","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp14","usgsCitation":"Washington, H., 1903, Chemical analyses of igneous rocks published from 1884 to 1900, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 14, 495 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp14.","productDescription":"495 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67127,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Washington, H.S.","contributorId":90360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Washington","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39518,"text":"pp13 - 1903 - Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T19:29:40.413774","indexId":"pp13","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky","docAbstract":"The field work upon which this paper is based was carried on intermittently for several years. During the season of 1899 the work in Washington County, Ohio, was conducted under the direction of the Ohio State Academy of Science, the expenses being covered by a grant from the Emerson McMillin special research fund. The field work of the season of 1900 was done under the direction of Dr. T. C. Chamberlin, chief of the Division of Pleistocene Geology of the United States Geological Survey, and to him the author is greatly indebted for many valuable suggestions in relation to the work, and for an extended correspondence concerning the interpretations, during the preparation of this report. The study of this particular region was the natural result of earlier studies of drainage modifications in Ohio, in the region more nearly adjacent to the glaciated area. Until a few years ago but very little systematic study of the drainage features of Ohio had been made. It is not intended at present to make a complete review of the early literature, but to refer only to such portions of it as bear directly on the problem in hand. On account of the lack of good maps of Ohio it has not been possible to make the maps which accompany this paper as accurate as might be desired. They have been constructed from various published maps and from personal observations in the field; and, while they are not strictly accurate, it is hoped that they will set forth the facts with reference to the drainage modifications with sufficient clearness to enable anyone to follow the features in the field, or to serve for purposes of correlation. The map of Flatwoods and Teays valleys has been constructed from four topographic sheets of the United States Geological Survey Ironton, Kenova, Huntington, and Charleston. The author is under obligations to Mr. H. M. Wilson, geographer of the Survey, for data furnished from the unpublished map of the Kenova quadrangle. The photographs illustrating the report were all taken by the author.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp13","usgsCitation":"Tight, W.G., 1903, Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 13, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp13.","productDescription":"111 p.","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406260,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4142.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67126,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.75,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -83.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -83.75,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tight, W. G.","contributorId":83591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tight","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33157,"text":"b213 - 1903 - Contributions to economic geology, 1902","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T12:21:48","indexId":"b213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"213","title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1902","docAbstract":"This bulletin has been prepared primarily with a view to securing prompt publication of the economic results of investigations by the United States Geological Survey. It is designed to meet the wants of the busy man, and is so condensed that he will be able to obtain results and conclusions with a minimum expenditure of time and energy. It also affords a better idea of the work which the Survey as an organization is-carrying on for the direct advancement of mining interests throughout the country than can readily be obtained from the more voluminous reports. Should this bulletin be favorably received by those interested in the development of the mineral industries of the United States, it is proposed to publish early in each calendar year a similar bulletin containing the results of the last year's field work in economic geology.
In the preparation of the present volume, promptness of publication has been made secondary only to the economic utility of the material presented. The papers included are such only as have a direct economic bearing, all questions of purely scientific interest being excluded.
The papers represent three classes : (1) Preliminary discussions of the results of extended economic investigations, which will later be published by the Survey in more detailed form; (2) comparatively detailed descriptions of occurrences of economic interest, noted by geologists of the Survey in the course of their field work, but not of sufficient importance to necessitate a later and more extended description; (3) abstracts of certain economic papers which have appeared in Survey publications during the last year, chiefly such as give a general account of the distribution and mode of occurrence of particular mineral deposits throughout the United States.
The papers have been grouped according to the subjects treated. At the end of each section is given a list of previous publications on that subject by this Survey. These lists will be found serviceable by those who wish to ascertain what has been accomplished by the Survey in the investigation of any particular group of mineral products. They are generally confined to Survey publications, though a few titles of important papers published elsewhere by members of the Survey are included.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90128-1","usgsCitation":"Hillebrand, W.F., 1903, Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis: Journal of the Franklin Institute, v. 155, no. 3, p. 181-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90128-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c98e4b0c8380cd6fdee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hillebrand, W. F.","contributorId":44960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillebrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009950,"text":"70009950 - 1903 - Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T17:31:26.937489","indexId":"70009950","displayToPublicDate":"1903-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2544,"text":"Journal of the Franklin Institute","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90265-1","usgsCitation":"Hillebrand, W.F., 1903, Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis: Journal of the Franklin Institute, v. 155, no. 2, p. 109-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90265-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c99e4b0c8380cd6fdf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hillebrand, W. F.","contributorId":44960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillebrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58216,"text":"ar22_4 - 1902 - Twenty-second annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 1900-1901: Part IV - Hydrography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-21T10:06:27","indexId":"ar22_4","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1902","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"Twenty-second annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 1900-1901: Part IV - Hydrography","docAbstract":"I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript for a volume on hydrography, prepared for publication as Part IV of the Twenty-second Annual Report of the Survey. The data presented relate to the investigations carried on during the calendar year 1900.
The first part of the report discusses the results of measurements of streams in different parts of the United States, the facts being presented in diagrammatic form as well as by statistical tables. The arrangement adopted is that of preceding reports of this series, being a geographic order, beginning in the extreme northeastern part of the United States and ending in the southwestern portion. A number of papers, prepared independently, have been incorporated in this part of the report, with such modification as was necessary to bring them into accord with the general arrangement.
Following the report of stream measurements is a paper by Mr. Arthur Powell Davis, giving conclusions based upon his work while detailed to the Nicaraguan and Isthmian canal commissions. The original data have been incorporated in the reports of those bodies; but since this important investigation has been conducted by one of the members of the United States Geological Survey it is particularly appropriate that a brief recapitulation of the principal facts should appear in this volume. The resume here given contains the facts of chief interest to students of hydrography, thus rendering them available for consideration in connection with similar data obtained for the United States.
The last paper, \" The High Plains and their utilization,\" by Mr. Willard D. Johnson, is a continuation of that in the Twenty-first Annual Report, Part IV, the completion of which was unfortunately interrupted. Although this break in the sequence involves some inconvenience for reference, it will not detract from the value of the material.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ar22_4","usgsCitation":"Walcott, C.D., 1902, Twenty-second annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 1900-1901: Part IV - Hydrography: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 22, 690 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ar22_4.","productDescription":"690 p.","numberOfPages":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/22_4/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623cb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walcott, Charles D.","contributorId":7738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walcott","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2076,"text":"wsp31 - 1899 - Lower Michigan mineral waters, a study into the connection between their chemical composition and mode of occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp31","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1899","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Lower Michigan mineral waters, a study into the connection between their chemical composition and mode of occurrence","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp31","usgsCitation":"Lane, A.C., 1899, Lower Michigan mineral waters, a study into the connection between their chemical composition and mode of occurrence: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 31, 97 p. :illus., IV pl. (incl. maps) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp31.","productDescription":"97 p. :illus., IV pl. (incl. maps) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27636,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6488f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, Alfred C.","contributorId":91471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038967,"text":"70038967 - 1890 - Volume XIII: The tertiary insects of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T17:05:26","indexId":"70038967","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T14:36:40","publicationYear":"1890","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":371,"text":"Monograph","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"subseriesTitle":"U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories","title":"Volume XIII: The tertiary insects of North America","docAbstract":"That creatures so minute and fragile as insects, creatures which can so feebly withstand the changing seasons as to live, so to speak, but a moment, are to be found fossil, engraved, as it were, upon the rocks or embedded in their hard mass, will never cease to be a surprise to those unfamiliar with the fact. \"So fragile,\" says Quinet, \"so easy to crush, you would readily believe the insect one of the latest beings produced by nature, one of those which has least resisted the action of time; that its type, its genera, its forms, must have been ground to powder a thousand times, annihilated by the revolutions of the globe, and perpetually thrown into the crucible. For where is its defense? Of what value its antennae, its shield, its wings of gauze, against the commotions and the tempests which change the surface of the earth? When the mountains themselves are overthrown and the seas uplifted, when the giants of structure, the mighty quadrupeds, change form and habit under the pressure of circumstances, will the insect withstand them? Is it it which will display most character in nature? Yes! The universe flings itself against a gnat. Where will it find refuge? In its very diminutiveness, its nothingness.\"
\nThe pages and plates of the present volume bear testimony to the fact that our tertiary strata have preserved remnants of an ancient host, so varied in structure, so closely also resembling their brethren of to-day, that nearly or quite every prevalent family-group in the entire range of the insect-world has already been demonstrated to have then existed. While often fragmentary and crushed, sometimes beyond recognition, a not insignificant number are sufficiently preserved for us to repopulate the past; sometimes, too, are they preserved in such a wonderful manner that in tiny creatures with a spread of wings scarcely more than a couple of millimeters one may count under the microscope the hairs fringing the wings.
\nIn attempting thus to restore the past world of our insects, two or three general features have been forced upon my attention, which may well be mentioned here. One of them is the rernarkable fact that in hardly a single instance has the same species been found at two distinct localities. These localities, it is true, are in some instances separated by hundreds or even thousands of miles, and analogy with the present distribution of insects would lead us to expect more or less profound changes in passing from one to another. But at other times the distance is not great, or at any rate not great enough to make this a satisfactory reason. It is more probable that the beds in which they occur are not altogether synchronous; and we are led to believe that in the separation of horizons insects will give more precise and definite distinctions than may be gained by the study of the plant remains of the same beds. The data at our disposal are not yet sufficiently varied to enable us to speak with any confidence, but when the other groups of Florissant insects, not considered in the present volume, are worked out, and the new material that is at hand from the other principal localities have been fairly studied, it may be found that we are armed with a new weapon of attack in solving the immediate succession of the Tertiary series of the West in their finer subdivisions.
\nAnother point to which attention may be drawn is the very considerable number and quite extraordinary proportion of species which so far are represented by a single specimen. Leaving out of consideration certain marvelously prevalent forms in the beds of Florissant, such as certain Formicidae, Alydina, etc., one working these beds, from which many thousands of insects have already been taken, may confidently expect that every third or fourth specimen will prove something new. A quite similar statement can be made of all, or all but one, of the other localities where insects have been found in our Tertiary deposits: it surely indicates that with all the rich results of the explorations so far undertaken we are only upon the threshold of our possible knowledge. We find a richness of fauna far exceeding anything before supposed possible.
\nThe interest of the Tertiary fauna is further enhanced by the discovery that no inconsiderable proportion of the species in this fauna must be referred to genera not now extant. Granted that our knowledge of the subtropical forms of this continent (with which as a whole at least our Florissant fauna seems to be akin) is much too meager to be of great service; granted also that in many cases we are forced to establish new genera upon what would be regarded among recent animals as too slender grounds : it is nevertheless true that an unexpectedly large number of forms can not be forced into modern genera already established; in many cases, throughout whole groups, kindred differences from modern types are found which indicate considerable changes of structure in the intervening epochs along parallel lines. In illustration of this we would call special attention to the differences observed in the genera of plant-lice, and, in several places among other Hemiptera as well as among the Coleoptera, to the decided differences in the relative length of various members of the body. My own belief, which springs from the comparisons instituted in the study of this fauna, is that a much larger proportion of genera should really have been founded, and that, for every type which may turn up in Central American explorations of the near future identical with those now established upon the fossils alone, it will be necessary to separate from the familiar surroundings in which I have placed it some other of the insects from the same beds.
\nIt should be stated that the larger part of the plates in this volume were engraved before the insects were studied, except in a cursory manner to separate the species; the insects are therefore not always properly grouped, and the legends upon the plates are in part inaccurate.
\nIn the enumeration of the specimens at the end of the specific descriptions the numbers of the obverse and reverse of the same specimen are always connected by \"and\" without any intervening comma, and this typographical method is employed only for expressing this relation.
\nIn the study of these extinct insects much assistance has been received from friends, to whom my cordial thanks are due; for valuable suggestions from the late Dr. J. L. LeConte, from Baron R. von Osten Sacken, Edward Burgess, Esq., and Drs. G. H. Horn and H. A. Hagen; for the open collections of the late G. D. Smith, Esq., and of Messrs. E. P. Austin and Samuel Henshaw; and for important aid in obtaining typical series of modern insects in various groups by Messrs. E. P. Austin, P. R. Uhler, E. P. Van Duzee, Edward Burgess, Dr. A. Forel, and most especially Mr. Samuel Henshaw.
\n","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70038967","usgsCitation":"Scudder, S., 1890, Volume XIII: The tertiary insects of North America: Monograph, 734 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70038967.","productDescription":"734 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70038967.jpg"},{"id":312625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038967/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Colorado, Ontario, Utah, Wyoming","city":"Florissant, Fossil, Fort Kennedy, Quesnel, Scarboro","otherGeospatial":"Green River, Horse Creek, Lower White River, Nicola River, North Similkameen River, Nine Mile Creek, Tertiary Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.84015683604134\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 44.96479793033104\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 44.96479793033104\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 37.84015683604134\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.84015683604134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.0341796875,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -130.0341796875,\n 59.512029386502704\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953124998,\n 59.512029386502704\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953124998,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -130.0341796875,\n 48.980216985374994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.574462890625,\n 39.715638134796336\n ],\n [\n -77.574462890625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 39.715638134796336\n ],\n [\n -77.574462890625,\n 39.715638134796336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc361e4b08c986b32b12f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scudder, Samuel H.","contributorId":64082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"Samuel H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58134,"text":"ar8 - 1889 - Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T22:12:11.993248","indexId":"ar8","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey was organized, with Mr. Clarence King as Director, in March, 1879. In March, 1881, Mr. King resigned and the present Director was appointed. From its organization to the present time the Survey has steadily grown as Congress has enlarged its functions and increased its appropriations. During this time the scientific organization has gradually developed to the condition set forth in the last annual report. It seems advisable now to describe fully the business organization and methods of the Survey, which has heretofore been done only in part.\r\n\r\nUnder the act of July 7, 1884, a joint commission was created to consider the organization of certain scientific bureaus. In the volume of testimony prepared by that commission the business operations of the Geological Survey were in part set forth; but this partial presentation was unsystematic, the facts recorded being elicited in irregular order by interrogatories arising in the course of a long investigation. It is designed here to make a more thorough exposition oi the subject.\r\n\r\nThe business system of the Geological Survey is subordinate to the scientific organization and its character is dependent thereon. The development of the divisions of the Survey whose function is the transaction of business has therefore followed the development of the purely scientific divisions, and overy modification of plan for the scientific work may carry with it some modification of the business organization.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ar8","usgsCitation":"Powell, J.W., 1889, Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 8, 474 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ar8.","productDescription":"474 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88337,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ef18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, J. 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To understand the true force of the facts of paleobotany as arguments for geology it is essential that their full biologic significance be grasped. It has therefore been deemed proper, in this introduction to the several tabular and systematic statements which will make up the bulk of the volume and bear chiefly upon the geological aspect of the subject, to consider certain of the more important biologic questions, in addition to the specially geologic ones, and to discuss, from an historical and developmental standpoint, some of the leading problems of modern phytology.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fifth Annual Report of the Director, 1883-'84","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70159114","usgsCitation":"Ward, L.F., 1885, Sketch of paleobotany, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159114.","productDescription":"113 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"119","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159114.jpg"},{"id":311347,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159114/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620cea1e4b06217fc478b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Lester Frank","contributorId":16864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157321,"text":"70157321 - 1876 - I. Sexual, individual, and geographical variation in leucosticte tephrocotis, II.Geographical variation among North American mammals, especially in respect to size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T10:25:11","indexId":"70157321","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-05T05:00:00","publicationYear":"1876","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"I. Sexual, individual, and geographical variation in leucosticte tephrocotis, II.Geographical variation among North American mammals, especially in respect to size","docAbstract":"Having recently had an opportunity (through the kindness of Professor Baird) of studying with some care the magnificent series of skulls of the North American Mammalia belonging to the National Museum (amounting often to eighty or a hundred specimens of a single species), I have been strongly impressed with the different degrees of variability exhibited by the representatives of the species and genera of even the same family. The variation in size, for instance, with latitude, in the Wolves and Foxes is surprisingly great, amounting in some species (as will be shown later) to 25 per cent. of the average size of the species, while in other species of the Ferae it is almost nil. Contrary to the general supposition, the variation in size among representatives of the same species is not always a decrease with the decrease of the latitude of the locality, but is in some cases exactly the reverse, in some species there being a very considerable and indisputable increase southward. This, for instance, is very markedly true of some species of Felis and in Procyon lotor. Consequently, the very generally-received impression that in North America the species of Mammalia diminish in size southward, or with the decrease in the latitude (and altitude) of the locality, requires modification. While such is generally the case, the reverse of this too often occurs, with occasional instances also of a total absence of variation in size with locality, to be considered as forming \"the exceptions\" necessary to \"prove the rule\".
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Reliable prediction depends on identification of appropriate scales of effect for environmental data, and scale-optimization techniques are thus desirable to identify optimal scales for predictor variables. Recent statistical developments have also advanced methods of model selection based explicitly on predictive ability, which differ from commonly-used methods that regulate model structures via anticipated predictive performance. Such methods are beginning to permeate into species distribution models (SDMs), yet there remains no consensus methodology for developing optimally-predictive multi-scale SDMs when covariate data are collected over a range of scales. Thus, we compared the performance of common approaches for scale optimization and model selection in terms of their ability to produce optimally predictive multi-scale Bayesian occupancy models for predicting a species distribution, using models of the breeding distribution for King Rails (Rallus elegans) as a case study. Our results demonstrate sizable gains in predictive performance for hierarchical occupancy models selected explicitly via their ability to predict out-of-sample data using the logarithmic scoring rule, as compared to models selected using information criteria (DIC and WAIC). Information criteria commonly selected individual covariates, as well as scales of effect for those covariates, with suboptimal predictive performance. Performance of models selected using the logarithmic scoring rule was robust across method of scale optimization, which was not true for models selected using DIC and WAIC. Thus, we empirically demonstrate benefits of study designs that enable covariate and scale selection based explicitly on predictive ability. Our results also imply that more careful consideration of what constitutes an optimal scale is warranted in many ecological studies, as the meaning of optimal is not independent of the technique used for scale selection.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.2748","usgsCitation":"Stevens, B.S., and Conway, C.J., Predicting species distributions: unifying model selection and scale optimization for multi-scale occupancy models: Ecosphere, v. 10, no. 5, e02748, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2748.","productDescription":"e02748, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-099198","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2748","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395293,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Bryan S.","contributorId":171809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevens","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":832555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, Courtney J. 0000-0003-0492-2953 cconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-2953","contributorId":2951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Courtney","email":"cconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236057,"text":"70236057 - null - Characterizing the interface between wild ducks and poultry to evaluate the potential of transmission of avian pathogens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-26T16:20:23.390723","indexId":"70236057","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-15T11:12:57","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2050,"text":"International Journal of Health Geographics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing the interface between wild ducks and poultry to evaluate the potential of transmission of avian pathogens","docAbstract":"Characterizing the interface between wild and domestic animal populations is increasingly recognized as essential in the context of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) that are transmitted by wildlife. More specifically, the spatial and temporal distribution of contact rates between wild and domestic hosts is a key parameter for modeling EIDs transmission dynamics. We integrated satellite telemetry, remote sensing and ground-based surveys to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of indirect contacts between wild and domestic birds to estimate the risk that avian pathogens such as avian influenza and Newcastle viruses will be transmitted between wildlife to poultry. We monitored comb ducks (Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos) with satellite transmitters for seven months in an extensive Afro-tropical wetland (the Inner Niger Delta) in Mali and characterise the spatial distribution of backyard poultry in villages. We modelled the spatial distribution of wild ducks using 250-meter spatial resolution and 8-days temporal resolution remotely-sensed environmental indicators based on a Maxent niche modelling method.
Our results show a strong seasonal variation in potential contact rate between wild ducks and poultry. We found that the exposure of poultry to wild birds was greatest at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, when comb ducks disperse from natural water bodies to irrigated areas near villages.
Our study provides at a local scale a quantitative evidence of the seasonal variability of contact rate between wild and domestic bird populations. It illustrates a GIS-based methodology for estimating epidemiological contact rates at the wildlife and livestock interface integrating high-resolution satellite telemetry and remote sensing data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1186/1476-072X-10-60","usgsCitation":"Cappelle, J., Gaidet, N., Iverson, S.A., Takekawa, J.Y., Newman, S.H., Fofana, B., and Gilbert, M., Characterizing the interface between wild ducks and poultry to evaluate the potential of transmission of avian pathogens: International Journal of Health Geographics, v. 10, 60, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-10-60.","productDescription":"60, 9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-10-60","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":405689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mali","otherGeospatial":"Inner Niger Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.55108642578125,\n 14.98193315445839\n ],\n [\n -3.9166259765625,\n 14.98193315445839\n ],\n [\n -3.9166259765625,\n 15.493385656382307\n ],\n [\n -4.55108642578125,\n 15.493385656382307\n ],\n [\n -4.55108642578125,\n 14.98193315445839\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cappelle, Julien","contributorId":71440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cappelle","given":"Julien","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaidet, Nicolas","contributorId":37601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaidet","given":"Nicolas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, S. A.","contributorId":22556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":196611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":849880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newman, Scott H.","contributorId":199129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fofana, Bouba","contributorId":295743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fofana","given":"Bouba","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gilbert, Marius","contributorId":61148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Marius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70207642,"text":"70207642 - null - Using indirect methods to constrain symbiotic nitrogen fixation rates: A case study from an Amazonian rain forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-02T10:31:59","indexId":"70207642","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-31T10:15:44","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using indirect methods to constrain symbiotic nitrogen fixation rates: A case study from an Amazonian rain forest","docAbstract":"Human activities have profoundly altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle. Increases in anthropogenic N have had multiple effects on the atmosphere, on terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, and even on human health. Unfortunately, methodological limitations challenge our ability to directly measure natural N inputs via biological N fixation (BNF)-the largest natural source of new N to ecosystems. This confounds efforts to quantify the extent of anthropogenic perturbation to the N cycle. To address this gap, we used a pair of indirect methods-analytical modeling and N balance-to generate independent estimates of BNF in a presumed hotspot of N fixation, a tropical rain forest site in central Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Our objectives were to attempt to constrain symbiotic N fixation rates in this site using indirect methods, and to assess strengths and weaknesses of this approach by looking for areas of convergence and disagreement between the estimates. This approach yielded two remarkably similar estimates of N fixation. However, when compared to a previously published bottom-up estimate, our analysis indicated much lower N inputs via symbiotic BNF in the Rondônia site than has been suggested for the tropics as a whole. This discrepancy may reflect errors associated with extrapolating bottom-up fluxes from plot-scale measures, those resulting from the indirect analyses, and/or the relatively low abundance of legumes at the Rondônia site. While indirect methods have some limitations, we suggest that until the technological challenges of directly measuring N fixation are overcome, integrated approaches that employ a combination of model-generated and empirically-derived data offer a promising way of constraining N inputs via BNF in natural ecosystems.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10533-009-9392-y","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Cleveland, C., Houlton , B., Neill, C., Reed, S.C., Wang, Y., and Townsend, A., Using indirect methods to constrain symbiotic nitrogen fixation rates: A case study from an Amazonian rain forest: Biogeochemistry, v. 99, no. 1, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9392-y.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9392-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amazonian rain forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.8642578125,\n 8.624472107633936\n ],\n [\n -63.06152343750001,\n 7.013667927566642\n ],\n [\n -64.3359375,\n 7.36246686553575\n ],\n [\n -66.4453125,\n 7.449624260197816\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 5.090944175033399\n ],\n [\n -72.8173828125,\n 3.425691524418062\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 2.3723687086440504\n ],\n [\n -78.2666015625,\n -1.7575368113083125\n ],\n [\n -79.0576171875,\n -5.266007882805485\n ],\n [\n -76.552734375,\n -9.622414142924805\n ],\n [\n -73.6962890625,\n -13.025965926333539\n ],\n [\n -71.2353515625,\n -12.983147716796566\n ],\n [\n -68.3349609375,\n -16.003575733881313\n ],\n [\n -59.9853515625,\n -16.13026201203474\n ],\n [\n -55.06347656249999,\n -16.214674588248542\n ],\n [\n -50.625,\n -8.971897294083014\n ],\n [\n -48.8671875,\n -2.5040852618529215\n ],\n [\n -48.3837890625,\n -0.21972602392080884\n ],\n [\n -51.591796875,\n 4.477856485570586\n ],\n [\n -56.99707031249999,\n 6.053161295714067\n ],\n [\n -60.8642578125,\n 8.624472107633936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleveland, C.C.","contributorId":62387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houlton , B.Z. ","contributorId":221564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houlton ","given":"B.Z. ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neill, C","contributorId":221565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neill","given":"C","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wang, Y","contributorId":221568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Y","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Townsend, A.R.","contributorId":16631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70256005,"text":"70256005 - null - Simulation of the long term radiometric responses of the Terra MODIS and EO-1 ALI using Hyperion spectral responses over Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada (RVPN)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-12T14:32:29.122156","indexId":"70256005","displayToPublicDate":"2010-11-04T09:23:35","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simulation of the long term radiometric responses of the Terra MODIS and EO-1 ALI using Hyperion spectral responses over Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada (RVPN)","docAbstract":"The Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion instrument provides 220 spectral bands with wavelengths between 400 and 2500 nm at 30 m spatial resolution, which covers a 7.5 km by 100 km area on the ground. The EO-1 spacecraft has another multispectral sensor called the Advanced Land Imager (ALI), which has 10 spectral bands with wavelengths between 400 and 2350 nm at 30 m spatial resolution. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the Terra spacecraft was launched in Dec., 1999, and flies approximately 30 minutes behind EO-1. Nearsimultaneous observations from Terra MODIS, EO-1 ALI and Hyperion over a well characterized Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada (RVPN) target are chosen for this study. A uniform region of interest (ROI) within the playa within latitudes and longitudes of 38.48 and -115.71 to 38.53 and -115.66 was chosen for this analysis. A representation of the ground spectra during every near-simultaneous acquisition of MODIS and ALI is obtained using EO-1 Hyperion data. Using the EO-1 Hyperion derived top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance profile along with the ALI and MODIS relative spectral responses (RSR), simulated reflectance for the matching band pairs is calculated. The Hyperion simulated TOA reflectance results are compared to the measured TOA reflectance trends of ALI and MODIS. The long-term measured versus simulated reflectance results are used to examine the relationships and calibration differences between the ALI and MODIS sensors.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE 7862, Earth observing missions and sensors: Development, implementation, and characterization","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization","conferenceDate":"October 11-14, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Incheon, Republic of Korea","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)","doi":"10.1117/12.868963","usgsCitation":"Choi, T., Xiong, X., Angal, A., and Chander, G., Simulation of the long term radiometric responses of the Terra MODIS and EO-1 ALI using Hyperion spectral responses over Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada (RVPN), in Proceedings of SPIE 7862, Earth observing missions and sensors: Development, implementation, and characterization, v. 7862, Incheon, Republic of Korea, October 11-14, 2010, 78620H, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.868963.","productDescription":"78620H, 11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7862","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choi, Taeyoung","contributorId":146955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Choi","given":"Taeyoung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":906334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xiong, Xiaoxiong","contributorId":15088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiong","given":"Xiaoxiong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":906335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angal, Amit","contributorId":67394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angal","given":"Amit","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":906336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chander, Gyanesh gchander@usgs.gov","contributorId":3013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"Gyanesh","email":"gchander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":906337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70273254,"text":"70273254 - null - An empirical algorithm for estimating agricultural and riparian evapotranspiration using MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index and ground measurements of ET. II. Application to the lower Colorado River, U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:00:36.737075","indexId":"70273254","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-20T09:55:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical algorithm for estimating agricultural and riparian evapotranspiration using MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index and ground measurements of ET. II. Application to the lower Colorado River, U.S.","docAbstract":"Large quantities of water are consumed by irrigated crops and riparian vegetation in western U.S. irrigation districts. Remote sensing methods for estimating evaporative water losses by soil and vegetation (evapotranspiration, ET) over wide river stretches are needed to allocate water for agricultural and environmental needs. We used the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MODIS sensors on the Terra satellite to scale ET over agricultural and riparian areas along the Lower Colorado River in the southwestern U.S., using a linear regression equation between ET of riparian plants and alfalfa measured on the ground, and meteorological and remote sensing data, with an error or uncertainty of about 20%. The algorithm was applied to irrigation districts and riparian areas from Lake Mead to the U.S./Mexico border. The results for agricultural crops were similar to results produced by crop coefficients developed for the irrigation districts along the river. However, riparian ET was only half as great as crop coefficient estimates set by expert opinion, equal to about 40% of reference crop evapotranspiration. Based on reported acreages in 2007, agricultural crops (146,473 ha) consumed 2.2 × 109 m3 yr−1 of water. All riparian shrubs and trees (47,014 ha) consumed 3.8 × 108 m3 yr−1, of which saltcedar, the dominant riparian shrub (25,044 ha), consumed 1.8 × 108 m3 yr−1, about 1% of the annual flow of the river. This method could supplement existing protocols for estimating ET by providing an estimate based on the actual state of the canopy as determined by frequent-return satellite data.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs1041125","usgsCitation":"Murray, R.S., Nagler, P.L., Morino, K., and Glenn, E., An empirical algorithm for estimating agricultural and riparian evapotranspiration using MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index and ground measurements of ET. II. Application to the lower Colorado River, U.S.: Remote Sensing, v. 1, no. 4, p. 1125-1138, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1041125.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1125","endPage":"1138","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1041125","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"lower Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.8813192791255,\n 36.97080066185404\n ],\n [\n -116.96456312629869,\n 36.97080066185404\n ],\n [\n -116.96456312629869,\n 32.699643980926254\n ],\n [\n -110.8813192791255,\n 32.699643980926254\n ],\n [\n -110.8813192791255,\n 36.97080066185404\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, R. Scott","contributorId":64468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morino, Kiyomi","contributorId":78210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morino","given":"Kiyomi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glenn, Edward P.","contributorId":56542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Edward P.","affiliations":[{"id":13060,"text":"Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70236409,"text":"70236409 - null - New approaches to stability analysis of steep coastal bluffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T15:28:14.694506","indexId":"70236409","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-31T10:19:44","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New approaches to stability analysis of steep coastal bluffs","docAbstract":"We present a discussion on the limitations and needed improvements for existing slope stability analysis methods to accurately model steep coastal bluff failures resulting from both direct wave action at the toe in weakly cemented sands and precipitation-induced seepage failures in moderately cemented sands. Using a case-study detailing over 5 years of observations of coastal bluff erosion and landsliding in northern California, we show that existing analysis methods over-predict the observed crest retreat and mis-predict the field-measured failure geometry. In response, we propose new analysis methods for evaluating stability in these settings.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of geocongress 2008","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"GeoCongress 2008","conferenceDate":"Mar 9-12, 2008","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/40971(310)63","usgsCitation":"Collins, B.D., and Sitar, N., New approaches to stability analysis of steep coastal bluffs, in Proceedings of geocongress 2008, New Orleans, LA, Mar 9-12, 2008, p. 507-513, https://doi.org/10.1061/40971(310)63.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"513","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Brian D. 0000-0003-4881-5359 bcollins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-5359","contributorId":149278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian","email":"bcollins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sitar, Nicholas","contributorId":42253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sitar","given":"Nicholas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236406,"text":"70236406 - null - Modeling of wave driven circulation and water quality in nearshore environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T15:07:20.521719","indexId":"70236406","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-31T10:02:21","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling of wave driven circulation and water quality in nearshore environments","docAbstract":"In order to investigate the effects of nearshore discharges of water quality degrading substances and bacteria in coastal environments, models capable of predicting nearshore circulation due to local wave and tide conditions are required. One of the larger challenges to nearshore coastal modeling is accurately reproducing nearshore circulation due to wave action. Local wave action not only drives circulation through processes such as longshore transport and rip currents, but also contributes significantly to the mixing of water quality constituents. In the present work, a wave model was used to calculate radiation shear stresses and dissipation due to wave action. The shear stresses and dissipation were incorporated into a hydrodynamic model to force circulation in the nearshore environment. The model was applied to a site in Santa Cruz, CA where site specific current data was available. The model reproduces the nearshore current structure observed in the region and was used to study the transport of dredge disposal plumes in the region which could have deleterious effects on local beaches. This presentation will outline the nearshore circulation model development and application.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2008 world environmental and water resources congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008","conferenceDate":"May 12-16, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/9780784409763","usgsCitation":"Jones, C., and Angster, S.J., Modeling of wave driven circulation and water quality in nearshore environments, in Proceedings of the 2008 world environmental and water resources congress, Honolulu, HI, May 12-16, 2008, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784409763.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Craig","contributorId":208632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Craig","affiliations":[{"id":37853,"text":"Integral Constulting Inc., Santa Cruz, California, UNITED STATES","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angster, Stephen J. 0000-0001-9250-8415 sangster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-8415","contributorId":3885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angster","given":"Stephen","email":"sangster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":850909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70273251,"text":"70273251 - null - Relationship between remotely-sensed vegetation indices, canopy attributes and plant physiological processes: What vegetation indices can and cannot tell us about the landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:33:23.073849","indexId":"70273251","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-28T09:13:57","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3380,"text":"Sensors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between remotely-sensed vegetation indices, canopy attributes and plant physiological processes: What vegetation indices can and cannot tell us about the landscape","docAbstract":"Vegetation indices (VIs) are among the oldest tools in remote sensing studies. Although many variations exist, most of them ratio the reflection of light in the red and NIR sections of the spectrum to separate the landscape into water, soil, and vegetation. Theoretical analyses and field studies have shown that VIs are near-linearly related to photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by a plant canopy, and therefore to light-dependent physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, occurring in the upper canopy. Practical studies have used time-series VIs to measure primary production and evapotranspiration, but these are limited in accuracy to that of the data used in ground truthing or calibrating the models used. VIs are also used to estimate a wide variety of other canopy attributes that are used in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT), Surface Energy Balance (SEB), and Global Climate Models (GCM). These attributes include fractional vegetation cover, leaf area index, roughness lengths for turbulent transfer, emissivity and albedo. However, VIs often exhibit only moderate, non-linear relationships to these canopy attributes, compromising the accuracy of the models. We use case studies to illustrate the use and misuse of VIs, and argue for using VIs most simply as a measurement of canopy light absorption rather than as a surrogate for detailed features of canopy architecture. Used this way, VIs are compatible with “Big Leaf” SVAT and GCMs that assume that canopy carbon and moisture fluxes have the same relative response to the environment as any single leaf, simplifying the task of modeling complex landscapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/s8042136","usgsCitation":"Glenn, E.P., Huete, A.R., Nagler, P.L., and Nelson, S.G., Relationship between remotely-sensed vegetation indices, canopy attributes and plant physiological processes: What vegetation indices can and cannot tell us about the landscape: Sensors, v. 8, no. 4, p. 2136-2160, https://doi.org/10.3390/s8042136.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"2136","endPage":"2160","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8042136","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Havasu National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.46320466185165,\n 34.705992498069406\n ],\n [\n -114.398916590966,\n 34.73603912838132\n ],\n [\n -114.53190465917093,\n 34.97188700395952\n ],\n [\n -114.64409364561838,\n 34.905752361774034\n ],\n [\n -114.54892208969932,\n 34.76089704626571\n ],\n [\n -114.46320466185165,\n 34.705992498069406\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Edward P.","contributorId":19289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huete, Alfredo R","contributorId":243589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huete","given":"Alfredo","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":48742,"text":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Stephen G.","contributorId":174719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":952876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70259123,"text":"70259123 - null - Comparative analysis of GPP products estimated from an empirical model and MODIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-27T15:19:00.857652","indexId":"70259123","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T10:12:44","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparative analysis of GPP products estimated from an empirical model and MODIS","docAbstract":"Carbon-cycle models have uncertainties associated with data inputs, parameters, and model algorithms. The prerequisite for an applicable model is that it should perform at an acceptable level of accuracy and uncertainties should be documented. In this study, we validated the gross primary productivity (GPP) data from a piecewise regression (PWR) model and the MODIS GPP model at five grassland flux towers in the Northern Great Plains. The results showed a good agreement of GPP values (agreement coefficient d = 0.88–0.98) among PWR, MODIS, and tower measurements at Fort Peck, Mandan, and Cheyenne sites; but MODIS GPP did not agree well (d = 0.62–0.79) with tower measurements at Miles City and Lethbridge sites. Additionally, we compared PWR GPP and MODIS GPP for grasslands in the entire study area. We found that the PWR GPP was lower than or similar to the MODIS GPP in the east and higher in the west and south. We explored possible factors that may cause the GPP difference in spatial distribution between the two models.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global priorities in land remote sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, 16th","conferenceDate":"October 23-27, 2005","conferenceLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Zhang, L., Wylie, B.K., Loveland, T., and Ji, L., Comparative analysis of GPP products estimated from an empirical model and MODIS, in Global priorities in land remote sensing, Sioux Falls, SD, October 23-27, 2005, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Conference-Proceedings.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Li","contributorId":222540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":139587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70205983,"text":"70205983 - null - Characterizing the two-dimensional thermal conductivity distribution in a sand and gravel aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T14:38:34","indexId":"70205983","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-14T14:38:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing the two-dimensional thermal conductivity distribution in a sand and gravel aquifer","docAbstract":"Both hydrologic and thermal transport properties play a significant role in the movement of heat through permeable sedimentary material; however, the thermal conductivity is rarely characterized in detailed spatial resolution. As part of a study of the movement of thermal plumes through a sand and gravel aquifer, we have constructed a two-dimensional profile of thermal conductivity. This work consisted of: (i) measuring the thermal conductivity of the soil solids, λs, for the main stratigraphic units using the steady-state divided-bar apparatus and estimating conductivity from mineral composition; (ii) measuring the volumetric water content and porosity using crosshole ground-penetrating radar; (iii) evaluating four models used to predict the apparent thermal conductivity, λ, of variably saturated soils and selecting the best model using the information-theoretic approach, (iv) calculating the λ field on a 0.25-m square cell grid using measured data and the selected model, and (v) simulating thermal transport within the two-dimensional domain using a finite element numerical model. The apparent thermal conductivity in the saturated aquifer ranges from 2.14 to 2.69 W m−1 K−1 with a mean of 2.42 W m−1 K−1 Numerical simulations show that the heterogeneous thermal conductivity field results in increased thermal dispersion that is most pronounced at the plume front. Our values for λ and λs may be used for glacial soils with similar mineralogy and texture. Our methods may also be used at other sites to construct the thermal conductivity distribution.
","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2005.0293","usgsCitation":"Markle, J.M., Schincariol, R.A., Sass, J., and Molson, J.W., Characterizing the two-dimensional thermal conductivity distribution in a sand and gravel aquifer: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 70, no. 4, p. 1281-1294, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0293.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1294","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Tricks Creek Watershed ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 43.52266348752663\n ],\n [\n -81.6998291015625,\n 43.52266348752663\n ],\n [\n -81.6998291015625,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 43.52266348752663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markle, Jeff M.","contributorId":219782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Markle","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schincariol, Robert A.","contributorId":219783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schincariol","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":773166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molson, John W.","contributorId":219784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70248281,"text":"70248281 - null - Scouting craton’s edge in Paleo-Pacific Gondwana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-06T20:12:30.474783","indexId":"70248281","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T14:47:51","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4.1","title":"Scouting craton’s edge in Paleo-Pacific Gondwana","docAbstract":"The geology of the ice-covered interior of the East Antarctic shield is completely unknown; inferences about its composition and history are based on extrapolating scant outcrops from the coast inland. Although the shield is clearly composite in nature, a large part of its interior has been represented by a single Precambrian block, termed the Mawson block, that includes the Archean-Mesoproterozoic Gawler and Curnamona cratons of Australia. In Australia, the Mawson block is bounded on the east by Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks and the superimposed early Paleozoic Delamerian Orogen, marked by curvilinear belts of arc plutons, and on the west by the unexposed Coompana block and Mesoproterozoic Albany-Fraser mobile belt. In Antarctica, these crustal elements are inferred to extend across Wilkes Land and south to the Miller Range region. Aero- and satellite magnetic data provide a means to see through the ice, helping to elucidate the broad composition of the shield. Rocks of the Mawson block in Australia produce distinctive magnetic anomalies; Paleoproterozoic granites and Meso- to Neoproterozoic mafic igneous rocks are associated with high-amplitude, broad-wavelength positive aero- and satellite-magnetic anomalies. The same types of magnetic anomalies can be traced to ice-covered Wilkes Land, Antarctica, and are interpreted to signify similar rocks. However, the diagnostic satellite magnetic high ends ∼800 km south of the Antarctic coast, suggesting that the Mawson block is smaller than first proposed and that the remaining East Antarctic shield is composed of several Precambrian crustal blocks of largely undetermined composition and age. Nonetheless, the coincident eastern borders of these magnetic highs and high seismic-velocity anomalies characteristic of the Precambrian shield, together define the edge of thick cratonic lithosphere. East of this boundary, magnetic lows are explained by magnetite-poor upper Neoproterozoic and lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and their metamorphic equivalents, which crop out discontinuously along the Ross margin of Antarctica and in eastern Australia. These rocks are inferred to overlie a Neoproterozoic rift margin, which transects older basement provinces. The coincidence of this cratonic rift boundary with the western limit of Paleozoic and Jurassic magmatism suggests that, although tectonically modified by younger events, the composite Antarctic-Australian shield comprised thick lithosphere that was not penetrated by Paleozoic and younger convergent-margin magmas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: Contributions to global earth sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/3-540-32934-X_20","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., Goodge, J.W., Damaske, D., and Fanning, C.M., Scouting craton’s edge in Paleo-Pacific Gondwana, chap. 4.1 of Antarctica: Contributions to global earth sciences, p. 165-173, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32934-X_20.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Gondwana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 106.88469524334846,\n -57.49514229065598\n ],\n [\n 106.88469524334846,\n -78.93509637484914\n ],\n [\n 164.3416785133088,\n -78.93509637484914\n ],\n [\n 164.3416785133088,\n -57.49514229065598\n ],\n [\n 106.88469524334846,\n -57.49514229065598\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Futterer, Dieter Karl","contributorId":279857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Futterer","given":"Dieter","email":"","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882257,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kleinschmidt, Georg","contributorId":26968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinschmidt","given":"Georg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882258,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Hubert","contributorId":328909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Hubert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882259,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tessensohn, Franz","contributorId":27196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessensohn","given":"Franz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882260,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodge, John W.","contributorId":20414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodge","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Damaske, Detlef","contributorId":77384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"Detlef","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fanning, C. Mark","contributorId":193462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fanning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}