We assess the predictive accuracy of Glover's (1974) stream-aquifer analytical solutions, which are commonly used in administering water rights, and evaluate the impact of the assumed idealizations on administrative and management decisions. To achieve these objectives, we evaluate the predictive capabilities of the Glover stream-aquifer depletion model against the MODFLOW numerical standard, which, unlike the analytical model, can handle increasing hydrogeologic complexity. We rank-order and quantify the relative importance of the various assumptions on which the analytical model is based, the three most important being: (1) streambed clogging as quantified by streambed-aquifer hydraulic conductivity contrast; (2) degree of stream partial penetration; and (3) aquifer heterogeneity. These three factors relate directly to the multidimensional nature of the aquifer flow conditions. From these considerations, future efforts to reduce the uncertainty in stream depletion-related administrative decisions should primarily address these three factors in characterizing the stream-aquifer process. We also investigate the impact of progressively coarser model grid size on numerically estimating stream leakage and conclude that grid size effects are relatively minor. Therefore, when modeling is required, coarser model grids could be used thus minimizing the input data requirements.
Electric logs provide a means of estimating ground-water quality in areas where water analyses are not available. Most of the methods for interpreting these logs have been developed for the petroleum industry and are most reliable in saline aquifers (concentration of dissolved solids as sodium chloride greater than about 50,000 mg/l). The resistivity-porosity and spontaneous-potential methods were evaluated to determine if they could be applied to identify zones of fresh water (concentration of dissolved solids as sodium chloride less than 1,000 mg/l) in three potential aquifers in central Wyoming. The potential aquifers have different lithologies–sandstone, clayey sandstone, and carbonate. The two methods generally were reliable predictors of water quality in the sandstone and carbonate potential aquifers. In the clayey sandstone potential aquifer, predictions of the dissolved-solids concentration using the two methods differed by more than an order of magnitude in several cases. When the resistivity values are corrected for the presence of clay and shale as identified on a natural gamma log, the agreement between the results of the two methods improved by an average of 58 percent.
Condensate samples were collected in 1992 from a high-temperature (300° C) fumarole on the floor of the Halemaumau Pit Crater at Kilauea. The emergence about two years earlier of such a hot fumarole was unprecedented at such a central location at Kilauea. The condensates have hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions which indicate that the waters emitted by the fumarole are composed largely of meteoric water, that any magmatic water component must be minor, and that the precipitation that was the original source to the fumarole fell on a recharge area on the slopes of Mauna Loa Volcano to the west. However, the fumarole has no tritium, indicating that it taps a source of water that has been isolated from atmospheric water for at least 40 years. It is noteworthy, considering the unstable tectonic environment and abundant local rainfall of the Kilauea and Mauna Loa regions, that waters which are sources to the hot fumarole remain uncontaminated from atmospheric sources over such long times and long transport distances. As for the common, boiling point fumaroles of the Kilauea summit region, their 18O, D and tritium concentrations indicate that they are dominated by recycling of present day meteoric water. Though the waters of both hot and boiling point fumaroles have dominantly meteoric sources, they seem to be from separate hydrological regimes. Large concentrations of halogens and sulfur species in the condensates, together with the location at the center of the Kilauea summit region and the high temperature, initially suggested that much of the total mass of the emissions of the hot fumarole, including the H2O, might have come directly from a magma body. The results of the present study indicate that it is unreliable to infer a magmatic origin of volcanic waters based solely on halogen or sulfur contents, or other aspects of chemical composition of total condensates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00298706","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Quick, J.E., Gregory, R.T., and Gerlach, T., 1995, Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of waters from fumaroles at Kilauea summit, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 1, p. 44-51, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298706.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205762,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298706"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea summit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.44296062654318\n ],\n [\n -155.23029327392578,\n 19.39050559875186\n ],\n [\n -155.30393600463867,\n 19.39050559875186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3347e4b0c8380cd5ee99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gregory, R. T.","contributorId":101394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gregory","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019061,"text":"70019061 - 1995 - Evaluation of frequency distributions for flood hazard analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019061","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of frequency distributions for flood hazard analysis","docAbstract":"Many different frequency distributions and fitting methods are used to determine the magnitude and frequency of floods and rainfall. Ten different combinations of frequency distributions and fitting methods are evaluated by summarizing the differences in the 0.002 exceedance probability quantile (500-year event), presenting graphical displays of the 10 estimates of the 0.002 quantile, and performing statistical tests to determine if differences are statistically significant. This evaluation indicated there are some statistically significant differences among the methods but, from an engineering standpoint, these differences may not be significant.","largerWorkTitle":"International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Thomas, W.O., Kuriki, M., and Suetsugi, T., 1995, Evaluation of frequency distributions for flood hazard analysis, in International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v. 1, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995, p. 124-128.","startPage":"124","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c75e4b0c8380cd52b68","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","contributorId":128391,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","id":536444,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Wilbert O. Jr.","contributorId":35300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Wilbert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuriki, Minoru","contributorId":63180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuriki","given":"Minoru","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suetsugi, Tadashi","contributorId":75701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suetsugi","given":"Tadashi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":94716,"text":"94716 - 1995 - Increased avian diseases with habitat change","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":94716,"text":"94716 - 1995 - Increased avian diseases with habitat change","indexId":"94716","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Increased avian diseases with habitat change"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T11:05:13","indexId":"94716","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Increased avian diseases with habitat change","docAbstract":"Changes in disease patterns and trends reflect changing relationships between the affected species (host) and the causes of disease (agent). Host-agent interactions are closely linked to environmental factors that either enhance or reduce the potential for disease to occur. As a result, wildlife disease patterns and trends are, to a substantial extent, indicators of environmental quality and changing host-agent interactions within the environment being evaluated. The types, distribution, and frequency of diseases causing major avian die-offs have changed greatly during the 20th century. Too little is known to assess the changes of most avian diseases that result in chronic attrition rather than major die-offs, or about those that affect reproductive success, reduce body condition, or affect survival in other indirect ways. Nevertheless, the changing patterns and trends in highly visible avian diseases provide notice of problems needing attention.
Information on the status of disease in wild birds was obtained from National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) evaluations of the cause of death for more than 30,000 carcasses from across the United States during the past two decades, reports of avian mortality received from collaborators, the scientific literature, and NWHC field investigations of bird mortality. Comprehensive assessments of causes of wild bird mortality, magnitude of losses, and geographic distribution of specific diseases are not possible from these data, although we can identify general relationships for waterfowl and some other species.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1995, Increased avian diseases with habitat change, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 401-405.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14755,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4208.000000000000000","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7721","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505292,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505295,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":505293,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505294,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505291,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019087,"text":"70019087 - 1995 - Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:20:46","indexId":"70019087","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","docAbstract":"Chloride was highly concentrated relative to seawater in matrix porewater but was comparatively dilute in macropores. Concentration differences in pore-size classes declined with depth until indistinguishable below 10 cm. The segregated chloride distribution can be explained if recharge to the sediment occurred by downward infiltration in macropores and discharge occurred by an upward flux in matrix pores to satisfy evapotranspiration. Without disturbance by the downward infiltration flux in macropores, upward advection of chloride in matrix pores and evapoconcentration increased chloride concentrations in matrix pores to a level well above the concentration in seawater. The resulting high concentrations of chloride in matrix pores induced a large diffusive efflux of chloride into surface water that was sufficient to balance new input of chloride by infiltration of seawater in macropores (0.085 mmol Cl cm -2 day-1). Transport models that were constrained by water balance measurements at the field site explained both the exponential form of the vertical distribution of chloride in matrix pores and the rate of change in storage of chloride in sediment porewater over a one month period.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., and Nuttle, W., 1995, Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 164, no. 1-4, p. 109-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12a8e4b0c8380cd543ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuttle, W.K.","contributorId":76268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuttle","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019112,"text":"70019112 - 1995 - Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T12:22:42.070171","indexId":"70019112","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds","docAbstract":"Climatic effects on chemical weathering are evaluated by correlating variations On solute concentrations and fluxes with temperature, precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET) for a worldwide distribution of sixty-eight watersheds underlain by granitoid rock types. Stream solute concentrations are strongly correlated with proportional ET loss, and evaporative concentration makes stream solute concentrations an inappropriate surrogate for chemical weathering. Chemical fluxes are unaffected by ET, and SiO2 and Na weathering fluxes exhibit systematic increases with precipitation, runoff, and temperature. However, warm and wet watersheds produce anomalously rapid weathering rates. A proposed model that provides an improved prediction of weathering rates over climatic extremes Os the product of linear precipitation and Arrhenius temperature functions. The resulting apparent activation energies based on SiO2 and Na fluxes are 59.4 and 62.5 kJ · mol-1, respectively. The coupling between temperature and precipitation emphasizes the importance of tropical regions On global silicate weathering fluxes, and suggests it is not representative to use continental averages for temperature and precipitation On the weathering rate functions of global carbon cycling and climatic change models.
Fluxes of K, Ca, and Mg exhibit no climatic correlation, implying that other processes, such as ion exchange, nutrient cycling, and variations On lithology, obscure any climatic signal. The correlation between yearly variations On precipitation and solute fluxes within individual watersheds Os stronger than the correlation between precipitation and solute fluxes of watersheds with different climatic regimes. This underscores the significance of transport-induced variability On controlling stream chemistry, and the importance of distinguishing between short-term and long-term climatic trends. No correlation exists between chemical fluxes and topographic relief or the extent of recent glaciation, implying that physical erosion rates do not have a critical influence on chemical weathering rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00078-E","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., and Blum, A., 1995, Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, no. 9, p. 1729-1747, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00078-E.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1729","endPage":"1747","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06afe4b0c8380cd5138b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, A.E.","contributorId":100514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177041,"text":"70177041 - 1995 - Acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3-N) in sewage effluent to Chironomus riparius: II. Using a generalized linear model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:44:09","indexId":"70177041","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3-N) in sewage effluent to Chironomus riparius: II. Using a generalized linear model","docAbstract":"Toxicity of un-ionized ammonia (NH3-N) to the midge, Chironomus riparius was compared, using laboratory culture (well) water and sewage effluent (≈0.4 mg/L NH3-N) in two 96-h, static-renewal toxicity experiments. A generalized linear model was used for data analysis. For the first and second experiments, respectively, LC50 values were 9.4 mg/L (Test 1A) and 6.6 mg/L (Test 2A) for ammonia in well water, and 7.8 mg/L (Test 1B) and 4.1 mg/L (Test 2B) for ammonia in sewage effluent. Slopes of dose-response curves for Tests 1A and 2A were equal, but mortality occurred at lower NH3-N concentrations in Test 2A (unequal intercepts). Response ofC. riparius to NH3 in effluent was not consistent; dose-response curves for tests 1B and 2B differed in slope and intercept. Nevertheless, C. riparius was more sensitive to ammonia in effluent than in well water in both experiments, indicating a synergistic effect of ammonia in sewage effluent. These results demonstrate the advantages of analyzing the organisms entire range of response, as opposed to generating LC50 values, which represent only one point on the dose-response curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00213117","usgsCitation":"Monda, D., Galat, D., Finger, S., and Kaiser, M., 1995, Acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3-N) in sewage effluent to Chironomus riparius: II. Using a generalized linear model: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 385-390, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213117.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"390","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monda, D.P.","contributorId":68909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monda","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galat, D.L.","contributorId":54546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, S.E.","contributorId":29769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaiser, M.S.","contributorId":37836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70177024,"text":"70177024 - 1995 - A survey of recent results in passive sampling of water and air by semipermeable membrane devices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T14:52:13","indexId":"70177024","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A survey of recent results in passive sampling of water and air by semipermeable membrane devices","docAbstract":"A survey is presented of some recent results for passive sampling of water and air for trace organic contaminants using lipid-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Results of water sampling for trace organochlorine compounds using simultaneously exposed SPMDs and the most universally applied biomonitor (bivalves) are discussed. In general, the total amounts of accumulated analytes available for analysis in bivalves and SPMDs were comparable. However, SPMD controls typically had negligible levels of contamination, which was not always the case for transplanted bivalves, even after prolonged depuration prior to exposure. In surveys of the spatial trends of organochlorines at a series of sites, data from bivalves and SPMDs provided the same picture of contaminant distribution and severity. An exception was ionizable contaminants such as the chlorinated phenolic compounds and their transformation products found in pulp mill effluents. In these cases the two monitoring approaches compliment each other, i.e. what is not found in bivalves appears in SPMDs and vice versa. SPMDs have also been applied in environments where biomonitoring is not feasible. SPMDs have shown their utility in studies of trace levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by locating and characterizing point sources. An example is given of their application to the calculation of contaminant half-lives from aqueous SPMD residues, a direct measurement of the persistence of contaminants in an environmental compartment. Similarly, results of air sampling with SPMDs in a relatively pristine coastal location are cited which reveal a tremendous enhancement in p,p′-DDE relative to open ocean values.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(95)00146-E","usgsCitation":"Prest, H.F., Huckins, J.N., Petty, J.D., Herve, S., Paasivirta, J., and Heinonen, P., 1995, A survey of recent results in passive sampling of water and air by semipermeable membrane devices: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 31, no. 4-12, p. 306-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(95)00146-E.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"306","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329615,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eec0e4b0824b2d18c43b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prest, Harry F.","contributorId":175401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prest","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huckins, James N.","contributorId":83454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petty, Jimmie D.","contributorId":175402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petty","given":"Jimmie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herve, Sirpa","contributorId":175403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herve","given":"Sirpa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paasivirta, Jaakko","contributorId":175404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paasivirta","given":"Jaakko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heinonen, Pertti","contributorId":175405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heinonen","given":"Pertti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70184397,"text":"70184397 - 1995 - Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T12:44:37","indexId":"70184397","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific","docAbstract":"We examined gut contents of 1799 seabirds comprising 24 species collected in 1988-1990 to assess the types and quantities of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic waters of Alaska. Of the 15 species found to ingest plastic, most were surface-feeders (shearwaters, petrels, gulls) or plankton-feeding divers (auklets, puffins). Of 4417 plastic particles examined, 76% were industrial pellets and 21% were fragments of ‘user’ plastic. Ingestion rates varied geographically, but no trends were evident and rates of plastic ingestion varied far more among species within areas than within species among areas. Comparison with similar data from 1968 seabirds comprising 37 species collected in 1969-1977 revealed that plastic ingestion by seabirds has increased significantly during the 10–15-year interval between studies. This was demonstrated by: (i) an increase in the total number of species ingesting plastic; (ii) an increase in the frequency of occurrence of plastic particles within species that ingested plastic; and, (iii) an increase in the mean number of plastic particles ingested by individuals of those species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(94)00121-O","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Piatt, J.F., and Wohl, K.D., 1995, Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 30, no. 2, p. 151-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)00121-O.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d3527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wohl, Kenton D.","contributorId":77896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wohl","given":"Kenton","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":95298,"text":"95298 - 1995 - Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":95298,"text":"95298 - 1995 - Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","indexId":"95298","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T11:19:36","indexId":"95298","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","docAbstract":"Acidic deposition, or \"acid rain,\" describes any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, and fog, with a pH of 5.5 or below (Note: pH values below 7 are acidic; vinegar has a pH of 3). It often results when the acidity of normal precipitation is increased by sulfates and nitrates that are emitted into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. This form of airborne contamination is considered harmful, both directly and indirectly, to a host of plant and animal species.
Although acid rain can fall virtually anywhere, ecological damages in environmentally sensitive areas downwind of industrial and urban emissions are a major concern. This includes areas that have a reduced capacity to neutralize acid inputs because of low alkalinity soils and areas that contain species with a low tolerance to acid conditions. To determine the distribution of acidic deposition and evaluate its biological effects, research and monitoring are being conducted by the federal government with support from states, universities, and private industry.
The national extent of the acid rain problem has been estimated by sampling water from 3,000 lakes and 500 streams (Irving 1991), representing more than 28,000 lakes and 56,000 stream reaches with a total of 200,000 km (125,000 mi). Some particularly sensitive areas, such as the Adirondack Mountain region, have been more intensively sampled and the biota examined in detail for effects from acidity.
To identify trends in aquatic ecosystems, present and historical survey data on water chemistry and associated biota are compared. In lakes, the chemical and biological history and pH trends may be inferred or reconstructed in some cases by examining assemblages of fossil diatoms and aquatic invertebrates in the sediment layers. In terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation damage is surveyed and effects of acidic deposition to plants and animals are determined from laboratory and field exposure experiments. Natural variation in populations and the complex interactions between acidity and other ecosystem components make it difficult to extend many of the research findings to populations or communities. Acidity can also modify ecosystem processes such as decomposition and the flow of nutrients. Therefore, models are often used to predict such effects by combining information on individual species' effects, population distributions, and the patterns and amounts of acidic deposition.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Schreiber, R.K., 1995, Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\"), chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 418-420.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"420","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a350b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505506,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505509,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":505507,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505508,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505505,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Schreiber, R. Kent","contributorId":58145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013312,"text":"1013312 - 1995 - GIS for mapping waterfowl density and distribution from aerial surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1013312","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GIS for mapping waterfowl density and distribution from aerial surveys","docAbstract":"We modified standard aerial survey data collection to obtain the geographic location for each waterfowl observation on surveys in Alaska during 1987-1993. Using transect navigation with CPS (global positioning system), data recording on continuously running tapes, and a computer data input program, we located observations with an average deviation along transects of 214 m. The method provided flexibility in survey design and data analysis. Although developed for geese nesting near the coast of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, the methods are widely applicable and were used on other waterfowl surveys in Alaska to map distribution and relative abundance of waterfowl. Accurate location data with GIS analysis and display may improve precision and usefulness of data from any aerial transect survey.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Butler, W., Stehn, R., and Balogh, G., 1995, GIS for mapping waterfowl density and distribution from aerial surveys: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 23, p. 140-147.","productDescription":"pp. 140-147","startPage":"140","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b468f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, W.I.","contributorId":96647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, R.A.","contributorId":107642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Balogh, G.R.","contributorId":74349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balogh","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85750,"text":"85750 - 1995 - Waterborne recreation and the Florida manatee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:00","indexId":"85750","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Waterborne recreation and the Florida manatee","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., 1995, Waterborne recreation and the Florida manatee, chap. of Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research., p. 297-311.","productDescription":"p. 297-311","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad7a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Knight, R.L.","contributorId":105661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutzwiller, K.J.","contributorId":78124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutzwiller","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1017188,"text":"1017188 - 1995 - Diet study of Atlantic sturgeon in marine waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:34","indexId":"1017188","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"seriesTitle":{"id":490,"text":"Sturgeon Notes","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":18}},"title":"Diet study of Atlantic sturgeon in marine waters","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sturgeon Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"96-017/PY96/TL/NF","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J., and Dropkin, D., 1995, Diet study of Atlantic sturgeon in marine waters, in Sturgeon Notes, v. 3, p. 5-5.","startPage":"5","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J.","contributorId":31719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dropkin, D.","contributorId":83071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180340,"text":"70180340 - 1995 - Index of predation on juvenile salmonids by northern squawfish in the lower and middle Columbia River and in the lower Snake River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:57:54","indexId":"70180340","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Index of predation on juvenile salmonids by northern squawfish in the lower and middle Columbia River and in the lower Snake River","docAbstract":"We developed a predation index to describe the relative magnitude of predation on juvenile salmonids by northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis throughout the lower and middle Columbia River and lower Snake River. The predation index was the product of an abundance index and a consumption index. We evaluated various catch indices and found that catch per unit effort best reflected differences among northern squawfish abundances. Northern squawfish abundance was higher in the lower Columbia River than in the middle Columbia or lower Snake rivers and was highest in Bonneville Reservoir and the Columbia River downstream from Bonneville Dam. The consumption index was based on the concept of meal turnover time for a sample of northern squawfish. Variables needed to calculate the consumption index (CI) were water temperature (T), mean weight of the northern squawfish (W), mean number of salmonids in each gut (S), and mean weight of the gut contents (GW): CI = 0.0209·T 1.60·W 0.27·(S·GW−0.61). Generally, northern squawfish consumption of juvenile salmonids was highest in tailraces downstream from dams and higher in the Columbia River than in the Snake River. Predation on juvenile salmonids was much higher in the lower Columbia River than in the middle Columbia or lower Snake rivers and was usually higher in summer than in spring. Predation was highest in the Columbia River downstream from Bonneville Dam and in John Day Reservoir. The predation index identified areas where predator control efforts can be most effective. Angling for northern squawfish at dams should be concentrated in tailraces. Removal efforts concentrated in the lower Columbia River would have the greatest effect on predation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0321:IOPOJS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.L., Petersen, J.H., and Loch, J.J., 1995, Index of predation on juvenile salmonids by northern squawfish in the lower and middle Columbia River and in the lower Snake River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 3, p. 321-334, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0321:IOPOJS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p. 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petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":23231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loch, John J.","contributorId":178844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loch","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185378,"text":"70185378 - 1995 - Mantle helium in ground waters of eastern North America: Time and space constraints on sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-19T14:38:01.584799","indexId":"70185378","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal 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The latest episodes of volcanism in northeastern North America are the track of the New England hotspot (95–190 Ma) and the closure of the Iapetus sea (before 300 Ma). Thus, the identification of mantle helium in young ground waters of central New England is counter to the conventional wisdom. On the basis of evaluation of helium evolution in emplaced magmas, we postulate an “aged” mantle source for the excess helium component in ground waters of central New England that is either (1) a local, near-surface–emplaced, gas-rich magma that has retained significant volatiles (e.g., in fluid inclusions) or (2) a deeply emplaced gas-rich magma with high initial 2He/4He (10−5) and helium transport (with dispersion) through the crust over time. This gas-rich initial condition may support the concept of a volatile-enriched mantle wedge and thus explain the increased buoyancy flux of the New England hotspot as it traversed eastern North America, as has been suggested by others.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0675:MHIGWO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Torgersen, T., Drenkard, S., Stute, M., Schlosser, P., and Shapiro, A., 1995, Mantle helium in ground waters of eastern North America: Time and space constraints on sources: Geology, v. 23, no. 8, p. 675-678, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0675:MHIGWO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"678","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b95e4b0236b68f8294a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torgersen, T.","contributorId":83297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drenkard, S.","contributorId":89292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenkard","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stute, M.","contributorId":67234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stute","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schlosser, P.","contributorId":106656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shapiro, A.","contributorId":8268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018933,"text":"70018933 - 1995 - Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T14:22:17","indexId":"70018933","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of herbicide active and inactive ingredients (primarily volatile organic compounds) at four selected sites in Iowa representing drain tiles, observation wells, or lysimeters. Water samples were collected monthly and bi-monthly before and after herbicide applications in 1991, respectively. They were analyzed for seven herbicides and 32 volatile organic compounds using methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Commercially available herbicide formulations also were obtained and analyzed for volatile organic compounds.
\nHerbicides were detected in 50% of water samples, ranging from 78% of water samples from the Ames site to 25% from the Walnut Creek site. Among herbicides detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were atrazine > alachlor > cyanazine > metolachlor > metribuzin. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 11% of water samples. Among the compounds detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were xylene > toluene > acetone. One sample contained a detectable amount of aliphatic compound(s), with the empirical formula of C8H18. Results from the Deer Creek site showed that herbicides were detected primarily in the top layer (1.2 m), whereas xylene and other alkylbenzenes were detected at 2.1 m or deeper. Apparently, physico-chemical and other factors are separating herbicides and volatile organic compounds in the shallow unsaturated zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00482591","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Liszewski, M., Buchmiller, R., and Cherryholmes, K., 1995, Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00482591.","startPage":"21","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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\"}}]}","volume":"83","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6bc7e4b0c8380cd748a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, W.","contributorId":76003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liszewski, M.","contributorId":41156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchmiller, R.","contributorId":12988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cherryholmes, K.","contributorId":67672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherryholmes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000824,"text":"1000824 - 1995 - Feeding rate of young-of-the-year ruffe on eggs of lake whitefish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T10:37:50","indexId":"1000824","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding rate of young-of-the-year ruffe on eggs of lake whitefish","docAbstract":"We measured the feeding rate of individual (0.6-12.2 g) young-of-the-year ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) on the live eggs of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) at 3, 5, and 9 degrees C in the laboratory. These temperatures were selected because they covered the range of lake temperatures over which eggs of most Great Lakes coregonines would be most vulnerable to predation by ruffe. Ruffe readily consumed lake whitefish eggs, and regression analysis showed consumption increased with ruffe size and water temperature. Mean daily egg consumption as a percent of mean ruffe body weight was 0.25% at 3 degrees C, 0.59% at 5 degrees C, and 1.00% at 9 degrees C.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663442","usgsCitation":"Desorcie, T.J., and Edsall, T.A., 1995, Feeding rate of young-of-the-year ruffe on eggs of lake whitefish: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 225-229, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663442.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"229","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":23480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44891,"text":"wri954146 - 1995 - Louisiana ground-water map no. 6: Potentiometric surface, 1990, and water-level changes, 1974-90, of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T19:01:49.115823","indexId":"wri954146","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4146","title":"Louisiana ground-water map no. 6: Potentiometric surface, 1990, and water-level changes, 1974-90, of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Louisiana","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River alluvial aquifer is the largest source of fresh ground water in northeastern Louisiana. In 1990, an average of 170 million gallons per day was withdrawn from the aquifer in 12 northeast Louisiana parishes. Additional knowledge about ground-water flow and the effects of withdrawals on the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer is needed for future ground-water development and protection of the resource. Generalized contours of the altitude of water levels in September 1990 and changes of water levels from 1974 to 1990 in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Louisiana are shown on maps. Water-level trands in the aquifer are shown in hydrographs of selected wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954146","usgsCitation":"Seanor, R.C., and Smoot, C.W., 1995, Louisiana ground-water map no. 6: Potentiometric surface, 1990, and water-level changes, 1974-90, of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4146, 2 Plates: 28.00 x 27.79 inches and 28.00 x 27.81 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954146.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 28.00 x 27.79 inches and 28.00 x 27.81 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415858,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49267.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82246,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4146/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82245,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4146/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.2111,\n 33.0167\n ],\n [\n -92.2111,\n 31.1306\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 31.1306\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 33.0167\n ],\n [\n -92.2111,\n 33.0167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644605","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seanor, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5735-5580 rcseanor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-5580","contributorId":3731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seanor","given":"Ronald","email":"rcseanor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smoot, Charles W.","contributorId":88398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007878,"text":"1007878 - 1995 - Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:46:26","indexId":"1007878","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry","docAbstract":"Foraging behavior was studied in 38 sea otters (Enhydra lutris) implanted with radio transmitters. The observed foraging behavior of instrumented individuals was similar to that of uninstrumented otters observed in previous studies: dive duration varied with prey type but not with prey size, dive success was highest for small prey, and the length of surface intervals increased with prey size. However, telemetry revealed that some otters foraged farther offshore and made longer dives than was indicated by visual observations. Individuals within age–sex classes varied in several aspects of foraging behavior, including the duration of dives and length of surface intervals. There were no overall differences between the dive durations or surface intervals during the day and during the night, though some individuals had longer dives or surface intervals during either the day or the night. There were differences in the foraging behavior of the various age–sex classes, the most striking being those between juvenile males and females. Juvenile males foraged much farther offshore (x̄ = 1280 m) in deeper water (x̄ = 30.1 m) than other otters and made long dives during both the day (x̄ = 104.4 s) and the night (x̄ = 122.7 s). Juvenile females fed for longer periods than other otters.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z95-060","usgsCitation":"Ralls, K., Hatfield, B.B., and Siniff, D.B., 1995, Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 73, no. 3, p. 523-531, https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-060.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralls, Katherine","contributorId":37900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ralls","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Brian B. 0000-0003-1432-2660 brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660","contributorId":127457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Brian","email":"brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siniff, Donald B.","contributorId":175050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siniff","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54860,"text":"wdrNY942 - 1995 - Water resources data, New York, water year 1994. Volume 2. Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T19:23:59.537356","indexId":"wdrNY942","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-94-2","title":"Water resources data, New York, water year 1994. Volume 2. Long Island","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1994 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This volume contains records for water discharge at 20 gaging stations; water quality at 19 gaging stations, and 32 wells; and water levels at 754 observation wells. Also included are data for 78 low-flow partial record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data, together with the data in Volume 1 and 3 represent that part of the National Water Data system operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Federal, and other agencies in New York
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY942","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Spinello, A.G., Pena-Cruz, G., McGrath, K., and Eagen, V.K., 1995, Water resources data, New York, water year 1994. Volume 2. Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-94-2, vii, 240 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY942.","productDescription":"vii, 240 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1994/ny-94-2/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":483392,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1994/ny-94-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.14672851562499,\n 40.47620304302563\n ],\n [\n -71.751708984375,\n 40.47620304302563\n ],\n [\n -71.751708984375,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -74.14672851562499,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -74.14672851562499,\n 40.47620304302563\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb17a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinello, A. G.","contributorId":19983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinello","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pena-Cruz, G.","contributorId":26747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pena-Cruz","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGrath, K.","contributorId":33175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eagen, V. K.","contributorId":20353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}