An accurate description of the surface elevation of the Earth is of fundamental importance to many branches of Earth science. Continental topographic data are required for studies of hydrology, ecology, glaciology, geomorphology, and atmospheric circulation. For example, in hydrologic and terrestrial ecosystem studies, topography exerts significant control on intercepted solar radiation, water runoff and subsurface water inventory, microclimate, vegetation type and distribution, and soil development. The topography of the polar ice caps and mountain glaciers directly reflects ice-flow dynamics and is closely linked to global climate and sea level change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95EO00128","usgsCitation":"Farr, T., Evans, D., Zebker, H., Harding, D., Bufton, J., Dixon, T., Vetrella, S., and Gesch, D.B., 1995, The global topography mission gains momentum: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 76, no. 21, p. 213-216, https://doi.org/10.1029/95EO00128.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"216","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340029,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8dbe4b0b7ea54524111","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farr, Tom","contributorId":24903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farr","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Diane","contributorId":191175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Diane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zebker, Howard","contributorId":88072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zebker","given":"Howard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harding, David","contributorId":108018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bufton, Jack","contributorId":191176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bufton","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dixon, Timothy","contributorId":191178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dixon","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vetrella, S.","contributorId":48374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vetrella","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70187052,"text":"70187052 - 1995 - Mapping tide-water glacier dynamics in east Greenland using landsat data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:21:52","indexId":"70187052","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping tide-water glacier dynamics in east Greenland using landsat data","docAbstract":"Landsat multispectral scanner and thematic mapper images were co-registered For the Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord region in East Greenland and were used to map glacier drainage-basin areas, changes in the positions of tide-water glacier termini and to estimate surface velocities of the larger tide-water glaciers. Statistics were compiled to document distance and area changes to glacier termini. The methodologies developed in this study are broadly applicable to the investigation of tide-water glaciers in other areas. The number of images available for consecutive years and the accuracy with which images are co-registered are key factors that influence the degree to which regional glacier dynamics can be characterized using remotely sensed data.
Three domains of glacier state were interpreted: net increase in terminus area in the southern part of the study area, net loss of terminus area for glaciers in upper Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord and a slight loss of glacier terminus area northward from Ryberg Fjord. Local increases in the concentrations of drifting icebergs in the fjords coincide with the observed extension of glacier termini positions Ice-surface velocity estimates were derived for several glaciers using automated image cross-correlation techniques The velocity determined for Kangerdlugssuaq Gletscher is approximately 5.0 km a−1 and that for Kong Christian IV Gletscher is 0.9 km a−1. The continuous presence of icebergs and brash ice in front of these glaciers indicates sustained rates of ice-front calving.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022143000034900","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, J.L., 1995, Mapping tide-water glacier dynamics in east Greenland using landsat data: Journal of Glaciology, v. 41, no. 139, p. 584-595, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000034900.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"595","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000034900","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greenland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -34.16748046875,\n 67.34832460428412\n ],\n [\n -29.300537109374996,\n 67.34832460428412\n ],\n [\n -29.300537109374996,\n 68.83576865659356\n ],\n [\n -34.16748046875,\n 68.83576865659356\n ],\n [\n -34.16748046875,\n 67.34832460428412\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"139","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d7e4b0b7ea54524109","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896 dwyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":3481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"dwyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018932,"text":"70018932 - 1995 - Magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T14:25:09","indexId":"70018932","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3647,"text":"Transportation Research Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993","docAbstract":"The magnitude and frequency of the 1993 peak discharges in the upper Mississippi River Basin are characterized by applying Bulletin 17B and L-moment methods to annual peak discharges at 115 unregulated watersheds in the basin. The analysis indicated that the 1993 flood was primarily a 50-year or less event on unregulated watersheds less than about 50,000 km2 (20,000 mi2). Of the 115 stations analyzed, the Bulletin 17B and L-moment methods were used to identify 89 and 84 stations, respectively, having recurrence intervals of 50 years or less, and 31 and 26 stations, respectively, having recurrence intervals greater than 50 years for the 1993 peak discharges. The 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River Basin was significant in terms of (a) peak discharges with recurrence intervals greater than 50 years at approximately 25 percent of the stations analyzed, (b) peak discharges of record at 33 of the 115 stations analyzed, (c) extreme magnitude, duration, and areal extent of precipitation, (d) flood volumes with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years at many stations, and (e) extreme flood damage and loss of lives. Furthermore, peak discharges on several larger, regulated watersheds also exceeded the 100-year recurrence interval. However, for about 75 percent of the 115 unregulated stations in the analysis, the frequency of the 1993 peak discharges was less than a 50-year event.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","issn":"03611981","usgsCitation":"Thomas, W., and Eash, D.A., 1995, Magnitude and frequency of peak discharges for Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993: Transportation Research Record, no. 1483, p. 1-10.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4be9e4b0c8380cd6986d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, W.O. Jr.","contributorId":32133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1012861,"text":"1012861 - 1995 - Pattern of shoreline spawning by sockeye salmon in a glacially turbid lake: Evidence for subpopulation differentiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T16:42:04.828228","indexId":"1012861","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pattern of shoreline spawning by sockeye salmon in a glacially turbid lake: Evidence for subpopulation differentiation","docAbstract":"Alaskan sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka typically spawn in lake tributaries during summer (early run) and along clear‐water lake shorelines and outlet rivers during fall (late run). Production at the glacially turbid Tustumena Lake and its outlet, the Kasilof River (south‐central Alaska), was thought to be limited to a single run of sockeye salmon that spawned in the lakeˈs clear‐water tributaries. However. up to 40% of the returning sockeye salmon enumerated by sonar as they entered the lake could not be accounted for during lake tributary surveys, which suggested either substantial counting errors or that a large number of fish spawned in the lake itself. Lake shoreline spawning had not been documented in a glacially turbid system. We determined the distribution and pattern of sockeye salmon spawning in the Tustumena Lake system from 1989 to 1991 based on fish collected and radiotagged in the Kasilof River. Spawning areas and times were determined for 324 of 413 sockeye salmon tracked upstream into the lake after release. Of these, 224 fish spawned in tributaries by mid‐August and 100 spawned along shoreline areas of the lake during late August. In an additional effort, a distinct late run was discovered that spawned in the Kasilof River at the end of September. Between tributary and shoreline spawners, run and spawning time distributions were significantly different. The number of shoreline spawners was relatively stable and independent of annual escapement levels during the study, which suggests that the shoreline spawning component is distinct and not surplus production from an undifferentiated run. Since Tustumena Lake has been fully deglaciated for only about 2,000 years and is still significantly influenced by glacier meltwater, this diversification of spawning populations is probably a relatively recent and ongoing event.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0001:POSSBS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Burger, C.V., Finn, J., and Holland-Bartels, L., 1995, Pattern of shoreline spawning by sockeye salmon in a glacially turbid lake: Evidence for subpopulation differentiation: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0001:POSSBS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129684,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kasilof River, Tustumena Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.33438010935132,\n 60.395134369485106\n ],\n [\n -151.33438010935132,\n 60.23541437408804\n ],\n [\n -151.1349812366858,\n 60.23541437408804\n ],\n [\n -151.1349812366858,\n 60.395134369485106\n ],\n [\n -151.33438010935132,\n 60.395134369485106\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6886c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burger, C. V.","contributorId":58219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, J.E.","contributorId":8795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland-Bartels, L.","contributorId":11556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000824,"text":"1000824 - 1995 - Feeding rate of young-of-the-year ruffe on eggs of lake whitefish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T10:37:50","indexId":"1000824","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding rate of young-of-the-year ruffe on eggs of lake whitefish","docAbstract":"We measured the feeding rate of individual (0.6-12.2 g) young-of-the-year ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) on the live eggs of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) at 3, 5, and 9 degrees C in the laboratory. These temperatures were selected because they covered the range of lake temperatures over which eggs of most Great Lakes coregonines would be most vulnerable to predation by ruffe. Ruffe readily consumed lake whitefish eggs, and regression analysis showed consumption increased with ruffe size and water temperature. Mean daily egg consumption as a percent of mean ruffe body weight was 0.25% at 3 degrees C, 0.59% at 5 degrees C, and 1.00% at 9 degrees C.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663442","usgsCitation":"Desorcie, T.J., and Edsall, T.A., 1995, Feeding rate of young-of-the-year ruffe on eggs of lake whitefish: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 225-229, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663442.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"229","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":23480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019242,"text":"70019242 - 1995 - Precipitation depth-duration characteristics, Antelope Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019242","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Precipitation depth-duration characteristics, Antelope Valley, California","docAbstract":"To document the changes in runoff characteristics of basins subject to urbanization, streamflow and precipitation data were collected at eight small basins in Antelope Valley, California, for the period 1990-93. The data collected at U.S. Geological Survey stations were supplemented by data collected at 35 long-term precipitation stations. These data will be used to calibrate and verify rainfall-runoff models for the eight basins and for estimating basin runoff characteristics throughout Antelope Valley. Annual precipitation in Antelope Valley varies from more than 50 cm in the mountains to less than 10 cm on the valley floor. Most precipitation in the valley occurs during the winter months, December through March, but cyclonic storms in the fall and convectional storms in the summer sometimes occur.","largerWorkTitle":"International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., and Nasseri, I., 1995, Precipitation depth-duration characteristics, Antelope Valley, California, in International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v. 1, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995, p. 274-278.","startPage":"274","endPage":"278","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8116e4b0c8380cd7b367","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","contributorId":128391,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","id":536447,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, James C.","contributorId":82348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nasseri, Iraj","contributorId":85333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nasseri","given":"Iraj","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007878,"text":"1007878 - 1995 - Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:46:26","indexId":"1007878","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry","docAbstract":"Foraging behavior was studied in 38 sea otters (Enhydra lutris) implanted with radio transmitters. The observed foraging behavior of instrumented individuals was similar to that of uninstrumented otters observed in previous studies: dive duration varied with prey type but not with prey size, dive success was highest for small prey, and the length of surface intervals increased with prey size. However, telemetry revealed that some otters foraged farther offshore and made longer dives than was indicated by visual observations. Individuals within age–sex classes varied in several aspects of foraging behavior, including the duration of dives and length of surface intervals. There were no overall differences between the dive durations or surface intervals during the day and during the night, though some individuals had longer dives or surface intervals during either the day or the night. There were differences in the foraging behavior of the various age–sex classes, the most striking being those between juvenile males and females. Juvenile males foraged much farther offshore (x̄ = 1280 m) in deeper water (x̄ = 30.1 m) than other otters and made long dives during both the day (x̄ = 104.4 s) and the night (x̄ = 122.7 s). Juvenile females fed for longer periods than other otters.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z95-060","usgsCitation":"Ralls, K., Hatfield, B.B., and Siniff, D.B., 1995, Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 73, no. 3, p. 523-531, https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-060.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralls, Katherine","contributorId":37900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ralls","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Brian B. 0000-0003-1432-2660 brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660","contributorId":127457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Brian","email":"brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siniff, Donald B.","contributorId":175050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siniff","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018732,"text":"70018732 - 1995 - The Uwekahuna Ash Member of the Puna Basalt: product of violent phreatomagmatic eruptions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, between 2800 and 2100 14C years ago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:12:01","indexId":"70018732","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Uwekahuna Ash Member of the Puna Basalt: product of violent phreatomagmatic eruptions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, between 2800 and 2100 14C years ago","docAbstract":"Kilauea volcano's reputation for relatively gentle effusive eruptions belies a violent geologic past, including several large phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions that are recorded by Holocene pyroclastic deposits which mantle Kilauea's summit area and the southeast flank of adjacent Mauna Loa volcano. The most widespread of these deposits is the Uwekahuna Ash Member, a basaltic surge and fall deposit emplaced during two or more eruptive episodes separated by a few decades to several centuries. It is infered that the eruptions which produced the Uwekahuna were driven by water interacting with a fluctuating magma column. The volume, extent and character of the Uwekahuna deposits underscore the hazards posed by relatively infrequent but potentially devastating explosive eruptions at Kilauea, as well as at other basaltic volcanoes. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00062-L","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Lockwood, J.P., Casadevall, T.J., and Rubin, M., 1995, The Uwekahuna Ash Member of the Puna Basalt: product of violent phreatomagmatic eruptions at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, between 2800 and 2100 14C years ago: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 66, no. 1-4, p. 163-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00062-L.","startPage":"163","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269359,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00062-L"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba970e4b08c986b32228b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockwood, J. P.","contributorId":104473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019254,"text":"70019254 - 1995 - How wet is wet? Precipitation constraints on late Quaternary climate in the southern Arabian Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T11:41:41","indexId":"70019254","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How wet is wet? Precipitation constraints on late Quaternary climate in the southern Arabian Peninsula","docAbstract":"It is generally recognized that the southern Arabian Peninsula has had two wet periods in the late Quaternary. To quantify ‘wet’ a 28 000 year old capillary surface associated with a paleowater-table was mapped and used as a surrogate for the water table in a ground-water model. Analysis of this model suggests 1.4 mm year−1 of recharge is necessary to support the water table at the mapped elevations during the wet period. Climatic relations between rainfall and recharge in arid areas infer that annual rainfall during this wet period was approximately 200 ± 50 mm year−1 or approximately five times the present rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02551-L","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Imes, J.L., 1995, How wet is wet? Precipitation constraints on late Quaternary climate in the southern Arabian Peninsula: Journal of Hydrology, v. 164, no. 1-4, p. 263-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02551-L.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"268","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a326de4b0c8380cd5e7cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imes, Jeffrey L. jimes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jimes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":382145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018933,"text":"70018933 - 1995 - Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T14:22:17","indexId":"70018933","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of herbicide active and inactive ingredients (primarily volatile organic compounds) at four selected sites in Iowa representing drain tiles, observation wells, or lysimeters. Water samples were collected monthly and bi-monthly before and after herbicide applications in 1991, respectively. They were analyzed for seven herbicides and 32 volatile organic compounds using methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Commercially available herbicide formulations also were obtained and analyzed for volatile organic compounds.
\nHerbicides were detected in 50% of water samples, ranging from 78% of water samples from the Ames site to 25% from the Walnut Creek site. Among herbicides detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were atrazine > alachlor > cyanazine > metolachlor > metribuzin. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 11% of water samples. Among the compounds detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were xylene > toluene > acetone. One sample contained a detectable amount of aliphatic compound(s), with the empirical formula of C8H18. Results from the Deer Creek site showed that herbicides were detected primarily in the top layer (1.2 m), whereas xylene and other alkylbenzenes were detected at 2.1 m or deeper. Apparently, physico-chemical and other factors are separating herbicides and volatile organic compounds in the shallow unsaturated zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00482591","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Liszewski, M., Buchmiller, R., and Cherryholmes, K., 1995, Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00482591.","startPage":"21","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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\"}}]}","volume":"83","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6bc7e4b0c8380cd748a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, W.","contributorId":76003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liszewski, M.","contributorId":41156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchmiller, R.","contributorId":12988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cherryholmes, K.","contributorId":67672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherryholmes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1012876,"text":"1012876 - 1995 - Some tests of the \"migration hypothesis\" for anadromous Dolly Varden (southern form)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:08:47","indexId":"1012876","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some tests of the \"migration hypothesis\" for anadromous Dolly Varden (southern form)","docAbstract":"Some aspects of a previously described migratory paradigm for the southern form of anadromous Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma were investigated with seven 3‐year mark–recapture experiments on fish that used lakes in eight watersheds as their winter residence. Weirs on Kodiak Island, around Prince William Sound, and near Juneau, Alaska, were used to capture Dolly Varden as they emigrated to the sea each spring. Dolly Varden (≥200 mm fork length) were individually marked during the first year of each experiment (1989 or 1990), and log‐linear models of their capture histories were used to estimate probabilities of capture during the second year (1990 or 1991). Our observations on timing of spring emigration and dispersal of Dolly Varden at sea confirm observations from earlier studies. Our results support the paradigm that Dolly Varden home to the same lacustrine watershed when overwintering in fresh water, as more than 98% of the recaptured fish did so. Our results contradicted the paradigm that Dolly Varden return to lakes each fall, for across study populations, 14–58% failed to return. The most probable explanation for this anomalous behavior is that some Dolly Varden spend the winter at sea. Differences in maturity, size, and growth of Dolly Varden and timing of their entrance into salt water during spring emigration were excluded as causes of this anomalous behavior.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0297:STOTMH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bernard, D.R., Hepler, K.R., Jones, J.D., Whalen, M.E., and McBride, D.N., 1995, Some tests of the \"migration hypothesis\" for anadromous Dolly Varden (southern form): Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 3, p. 297-307, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0297:STOTMH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e591","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernard, David R.","contributorId":53333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernard","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hepler, Kelley R.","contributorId":23882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hepler","given":"Kelley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, J. Douglas","contributorId":65037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whalen, Mary E. 0000-0003-2820-5158 mwhalen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2820-5158","contributorId":203717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"Mary","email":"mwhalen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McBride, Douglas N.","contributorId":21109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McBride","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1014753,"text":"1014753 - 1995 - Increases in gill cytosolic corticosteroid receptor abundance and saltwater tolerance in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) treated with growth hormone and placental lactogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T21:22:36.748886","indexId":"1014753","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Increases in gill cytosolic corticosteroid receptor abundance and saltwater tolerance in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) treated with growth hormone and placental lactogen","title":"Increases in gill cytosolic corticosteroid receptor abundance and saltwater tolerance in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) treated with growth hormone and placental lactogen","docAbstract":"Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were injected with one of two recombinant bovine hormones, growth hormone (bGH; 5.0 and 0.5 μg · g-1 body wt) or placental lactogen (bPL; 5.0, 0.5, μg · g-1 body wt) to determine the effect on growth, plasma cortisol concentration, cytosolic corticosteroid receptors (CR) in the gills, and the development of hypoosmoregulatory ability. One week following a single injection or six weekly injections of bGH or bPL, the first were measured and samplest for CR concentration and Na+, K+. ATPase activity in the gills. Fish were also challenged with salt water (salinity 25%) for 24 hr to determine saltwater tolerance at the end of the 6-week treatment. Treatment with bPL and bGH significantly increased weight and length of the fish. The 0.05-μg bPL dose significantly elevated plasma cortisol concentration, whereas all other hormone treatments did not affect cortisol levels. bPL and bGH also significantly increased CR concentration and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the gills. The perturbation in plasma sodium concentration was least in animals receiving the highest dose bPL and the bGH-treated animals following transfer to seawater. An increase in cytosolic CR by bGH and bPL may increase responsiveness of the gills to cortisol and partially accout for the increase in Na+, K+-ATPase activity and greater ability to regulate plasma sodium in seawater as exhibited by the experimental groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/gcen.1995.1039","usgsCitation":"Shrimpton, J., Devlin, R., McLean, E., Byatt, J., Donaldson, E., and Randall, D., 1995, Increases in gill cytosolic corticosteroid receptor abundance and saltwater tolerance in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) treated with growth hormone and placental lactogen: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 98, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1995.1039.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129556,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f537c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shrimpton, J. M.","contributorId":10362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrimpton","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Devlin, R.H.","contributorId":67042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devlin","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLean, E.","contributorId":40930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byatt, J.C.","contributorId":38930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byatt","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donaldson, E.M.","contributorId":33665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donaldson","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Randall, D.J.","contributorId":7656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018729,"text":"70018729 - 1995 - Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by a natural aluminum- and iron-bearing surface coating on an aquifer sand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:41:42","indexId":"70018729","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by a natural aluminum- and iron-bearing surface coating on an aquifer sand","docAbstract":"Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption was studied in batch experiments with material collected from a shallow, unconfined aquifer of glacial outwash sand and gravel in Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA. The aquifer solids contain primarily quartz (95% w/w), with minor amounts of alkali feldspars and ferromagnetic minerals. Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption experiments with various grain size and mineral fractions of the aquifer solids showed that (1) Zn2+ adsorption was independent of grain size, but Pb2+ was preferentially adsorbed by the <64 μm size fraction and (2) Pb2+adsorption decreased after removal of the paramagnetic, Fe-bearing mineral fraction, but Zn2+ adsorption was unaffected. Pb2+ and Zn2+adsorption on mineral separates from the aquifer material compared with metal adsorption on a purified quartz powder indicated that adsorption of both metal ions was dominated by coatings on the quartz fraction of the sediment. Characterization of the coatings by AES, SEM-EDS, and TOF-SIMS demonstrated that the natural quartz grains were extensively coated with Al- and Fe-bearing minerals of variable composition. Thin sections of quartz grains examined by TEM showed that the coatings contained both polycrystalline regions and single mineral crystals. The coating thickness varied from <10 nm up to 30 μm. The coatings were mostly resistant to dissolution by an extraction protocol designed to dissolve noncrystalline phases. The effect on metal adsorption of dissolving surface coatings from the sediment by chemical extraction was also measured. A hydroxylamine-HC] extraction designed to dissolve crystalline Fe oxide phases decreased Pb2+ and Zn2+adsorption relative to untreated sediment (extracted Fe/Al ∼ 1), but Pb2+and Zn2+ adsorption were not appreciably changed after sediment was extracted with dithionite-citrate (extracted Fe/Al ∼ 5). Overall, the results suggest that Pb2+ preferred to form complexes with iron hydroxyl sites, while aluminol sites were more important for Zn2+ adsorption. However, a definitive understanding of adsorption reactions in groundwaters will require detailed studies of the extensive coatings formed at mineral-water interfaces by chemical weathering processes.
In July 1994, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) served as a nexus for coalescing scientific information and management issues related to worldwide floodplain river ecosystems. The objective of the conference ‘Sustaining the Ecological Integrity of Large Floodplain Rivers: Application of Ecological Knowledge to River Management’, was to provide presentations of current ideas from the scientific community. To translate the many lessons learned on other river systems to operational decisions on the UMR, a companion workshop for managers and the general public was held immediately after the conference.
An immediate local need for such sharing has existed for several years, as the U.S. Corps of Engineers is currently planning commercial navigation activities that will influence the ecological integrity of the river over the next half century. Recently, other equally important management issues have surfaced, including managing the river as an element of the watershed, and assessing its ecological value as a system instead of a collection of parts (Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, 1993). Regional and state natural resource agencies are becoming more convinced that they need to address these issues within their own authorities, however spatially limited, rather than relying on the U.S. Corps of Engineers to manage the ecosystem as an adjunct to its purpose of navigation support.
Two coal zones, the San Pedro and the overlying Santo Tomas, are present for nearly 35 km in outcrop, surface and underground mines, and shallow drill holes along the strike of the middle part of the Claiborne Group (Eocene) in Webb County, Texas. A sandstone-dominated interval of 25 to 35 m separates the two coal zones, which range up to 3 m in thickness. Each coal zone contains carbonaceous shales, thin (<0.75 m) impure coal beds, and thin (<0.85 m) but commercially significant nonbanded coal beds. The nonbanded coals are different from other Tertiary coals of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain: unlike lignites that are typical of the older Wilcox Group (Paleocene-Eocene) and younger Jackson Group (Eocene), nonbanded coals of the Claiborne Group have high vitrinite-reflectance values (0.53 Rmax) and high calorific yields (average 6670 kcal/kg or 12,000 Btu, dry basis). The coals are weakly agglomerating (free-swelling index is 1.5–2.0) and have an apparent rank of high-volatile bituminous.
The coal-bearing portion of the middle Claiborne Group in the Rio Grande area represents a fining-upward transition from sandstone-dominated, marine-influenced, lower delta plain depositional environments to more inland, mudstone-rich, predominantly freshwater deltaic settings. Discontinuities within the San Pedro coal zone are attributed mainly to the influence of contemporaneous deposition of distributary mouth-bar sand bodies. The less variable nature of the Santo Tomas coal zone reflects its origin in the upper part of an interlobe basin that received only minor clastic influx.
Petrographic attributes of the nonbanded coals indicate that they formed subaqueously in fresh to possibly brackish waters. A highly degraded groundmass composed of eugelinite is the main petrographic component (approximately 71%, mineral-matter-free basis). An enriched liptinite fraction (approximately 23%) probably accounts for unusually high calorific values. There is negligible inertinite. Petrographic study of polished blocks indicates that approximately 10 percent of the nonbanded coal from both coal zones is composed of green algae fructifications, which also occur in clastic rocks of the coal-bearing interval. Such algal material cannot be identified or quantified by conventional coal petrographic techniques that utilize particle pellets or by palynological analyses that include acid preparation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(95)00022-4","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., and Hook, R.W., 1995, Petrography, geochemistry, and depositional setting of the San Pedro and Santo Tomas coal zones: Anomalous algae-rich coals in the middle part of the Claiborne Group (Eocene) of Webb County, Texas: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 28, no. 2-4, p. 303-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00022-4.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"342","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77b2e4b0c8380cd78562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hook, Robert W.","contributorId":26006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018900,"text":"70018900 - 1995 - Investigation of aquifer-system compaction in the Hueco basin, El Paso, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018900","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Investigation of aquifer-system compaction in the Hueco basin, El Paso, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"The Pleistocene geologic history of the Rio Grande valley in the Hueco basin included a cycle of sediment erosion and re-aggradation, resulting in unconformable stratification of sediment of contrasting compressibility and stress history. Since the 1950s large groundwater withdrawals have resulted in significant water-level declines and associated land subsidence. Knowledge of the magnitude and variation of specific storage is needed for developing predictive models of subsidence and groundwater flow simulations. Analyses of piezometric and extensometric data in the form of stress-strain diagrams from a 16 month period yield in situ measurements of aquifer-system compressibility across two discrete aquifer intervals. The linear elastic behaviour of the deeper interval indicates over-consolidation of basin deposits, probably resulting from deeper burial depth before the middle Pleistocene. By contrast, the shallow aquifer system displays an inelastic component, suggesting pre-consolidation stress not significantly greater than current effective stress levels for a sequence of late Pleistocene clay. Harmonic analyses of the piezometric response to earth tides in two water-level piezometers provide an independent estimate of specific storage of aquifer sands.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 5th International Symposium on Land Subsidence","conferenceDate":"16 October 1995 through 20 October 1995","conferenceLocation":"Hague, Neth","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Heywood, C., 1995, Investigation of aquifer-system compaction in the Hueco basin, El Paso, Texas, USA, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 234, Hague, Neth, 16 October 1995 through 20 October 1995.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"234","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e81e4b0c8380cd63e2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heywood, Charles","contributorId":18916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heywood","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014597,"text":"1014597 - 1995 - Assessment of water quality in the upper Pine Creek, Pennsylvania watershed following a sewage plant upgrade","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:30","indexId":"1014597","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2565,"text":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of water quality in the upper Pine Creek, Pennsylvania watershed following a sewage plant upgrade","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"96-049/PY96/NF","usgsCitation":"Meyer, K., and Rottiers, D.V., 1995, Assessment of water quality in the upper Pine Creek, Pennsylvania watershed following a sewage plant upgrade: Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, v. 69, no. 3, p. 93-99.","productDescription":"p. 93-99","startPage":"93","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, K.A.","contributorId":65813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rottiers, D. V.","contributorId":49301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"D.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019047,"text":"70019047 - 1995 - The role of palynology in paleoecological analyses of Tertiary coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T13:13:47.34068","indexId":"70019047","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of palynology in paleoecological analyses of Tertiary coals","docAbstract":"Pollen, spores, and other plant microfossils are important constituents of Tertiary coals, both as petrographic components (the maceral sporinite) and as distinctive indicators of the nature of the depositional environment in which the coal-forming peat accumulated. Palynological analyses, which have been conducted on Tertiary coals since the 1930's, play an increasingly important role in modern paleoecological analyses of coals.
Among the most important factors controlling the petrographic composition and facies characteristics of coal deposits are the types and relative abundances of plants that composed the peat. At present, wetland environments in which peat accumulates (mires) range from marshes and bogs to forested swamps; each is inhabited by distinctive plant communities. These plant communities are associated with varied conditions of climate, water depth, chemistry, and nutrient supply, and the floras can be indicative of these conditions. In the Tertiary Period, plant communities of mires were also highly diverse and specialized (especially as compared with those of the Carboniferous). The dominant species in some Paleocene mire floras were gymnosperms, but continuing a trend begun in Late Cretaceous time, angiosperms became increasingly prominent through the Tertiary. The diverse: angiosperm-dominated mire floras produced coals that vary significantly in facies and hence in quality. Such contrasts are evident in contemporaneous coals from different paleolatitudes, as well as among, coals of different ages within the Tertiary, as exemplified by selected deposits in the western United. States. The palynofloras of these coals reflect the floristic composition of the plant communities of the ancient mires.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2532964","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Conroy, M., and Brakhage, D., 1995, Efficiency of adaptive cluster sampling for estimating density of wintering waterfowl: Biometrics, v. 51, p. 777-788, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532964.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"788","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679ce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brakhage, D.H.","contributorId":7664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakhage","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000953,"text":"1000953 - 1995 - Lake trout spawning habitat in the Great Lakes - a review of current knowledge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T12:06:31.98064","indexId":"1000953","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake trout spawning habitat in the Great Lakes - a review of current knowledge","docAbstract":"We review existing information on lake trout spawning habitat, which might indicate whether habitat is now a limiting factor in lake trout reproductive success. Lake trout spawning habitat quality is defined by the presence or absence of olfactory cues for homing, reef location with respect to the shoreline, water depth, proximity to nursery areas, reef size, contour, substrate size and shape, depth of interstitial spaces, water temperature at spawning time, water quality in interstitial spaces, and the presence of egg and fry predators. Data on factors which attracted native spawners to spawning reefs are lacking, due to the absence of historic data on egg deposition. No direct evidence of egg deposition has been collected from sites deeper than 18 m. Interstitial space and, therefore, substrate size and shape, appear to be critical for both site selection by adults and protection of eggs and fry. Water quality is clearly important for egg incubation, but the critical parameters which define water quality have not yet been well determined in the field. Exposure to wave energy, dictated in part by reef location, may maintain high water quality but may also damage or dislodge eggs. The importance of olfactory cues, water temperature, and proximity to nursery habitat to spawning trout is unclear. Limited data suggest that egg and fry predators, particularly exotic species, may critically affect fry production and survival. Although availability of physical spawning habitat is probably not limiting lake trout reproduction, changes in water quality and species composition may negatively affect early life stages. This review of habitat factors that affect early life stages of lake trout suggests several priorities for research and management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71120-0","usgsCitation":"Marsden, J., Casselman, J.M., Edsall, T.A., Elliott, R., Fitzsimons, J.D., Horns, W.H., Manny, B.A., McAughey, S.C., Sly, P.G., and Swanson, B.L., 1995, Lake trout spawning habitat in the Great Lakes - a review of current knowledge: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 21, p. 487-497, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71120-0.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"497","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133580,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsden, J. Ellen","contributorId":10367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsden","given":"J. Ellen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casselman, John M.","contributorId":66646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casselman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, Robert F.","contributorId":71917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Robert F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzsimons, John D.","contributorId":94267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzsimons","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Horns, William H.","contributorId":40946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horns","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McAughey, Scott C.","contributorId":69108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAughey","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sly, Peter G.","contributorId":58607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sly","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swanson, Bruce L.","contributorId":105660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70018849,"text":"70018849 - 1995 - Partition of nonpolar organic pollutants from water to soil and sediment organic matters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T08:04:30","indexId":"70018849","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partition of nonpolar organic pollutants from water to soil and sediment organic matters","docAbstract":"The partition coefficients (Koc) of carbon tetrachloride and 1,2-dichlorobenzene between normal soil/sediment organic matter and water have been determined for a large set of soils, bed sediments, and suspended solids from the United States and the People's Republic of China. The Koc values for both solutes are quite invariant either for the soils or for the bed sediments; the values on bed sediments are about twice those on soils. The similarity of Koc values between normal soils and between normal bed sediments suggests that natural organic matters in soils (or sediments) of different geographic origins exhibit comparable polarities and possibly comparable compositions. The results also suggest that the process that converts eroded soils into bed sediments brings about a change in the organic matter property. The difference between soil and sediment Koc values provides a basis for identifying the source of suspended solids in river waters. The very high Koc values observed for some special soils and sediments are diagnostic of severe anthropogenic contamination.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00005a037","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., Chiou, C.T., and Zhou, H., 1995, Partition of nonpolar organic pollutants from water to soil and sediment organic matters: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1401-1406, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00005a037.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1401","endPage":"1406","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a753be4b0c8380cd77a65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, Daniel E. dekile@usgs.gov","contributorId":1286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"Daniel","email":"dekile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhou, H.","contributorId":71309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018842,"text":"70018842 - 1995 - Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-23T11:38:58","indexId":"70018842","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00006a039","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Capel, P.D., Ma, L., Schroyer, B., Larson, S., and Gilchrist, T., 1995, Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1702-1705, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00006a039.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1702","endPage":"1705","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaf5e4b0c8380cd48b16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ma, Lin","contributorId":205169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Lin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroyer, B. R.","contributorId":54226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroyer","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, Steven J.","contributorId":29845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gilchrist, T.A.","contributorId":70127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilchrist","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018937,"text":"70018937 - 1995 - Anomalous gold, antimony, arsenic, and tungsten in ground water and alluvium around disseminated gold deposits along the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T12:13:59.842911","indexId":"70018937","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous gold, antimony, arsenic, and tungsten in ground water and alluvium around disseminated gold deposits along the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Ground-water, alluvium, and bedrock samples were collected from drill holes near the Chimney Creek, Preble, Summer Camp, and Rabbit Creek disseminated gold deposits in northern Nevada to determine if Au and ore-related metals, such as As, Sb, and W, are being hydromorphically mobilized from buried mineralized rock, and, if they are, to determine whether the metal-enriched ground water is reacting with the alluvial material to produce a geochemical anomaly within the overburden.
Results of chemical analyses of drill-hole water samples show the presence of hydromorphic dispersion anomalies of Au, As, Sb, and W in the local ground-water systems associated with these deposits. Background concentrations for Au in the ground water up-gradient from the buried deposits was less than 1 nanogram per liter (ng/L), near the deposits the Au values ranged from 1 to 140 ng/ L, and in drill holes penetrating mineralized rock, concentrations of Au in the ground water were as high as 4700 ng/L. Highest concentrations of Au were found in ground-water samples where the measured Eh and the distribution of arsenic species, arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)], indicated oxidizing redox potentials. Similarly, As, Sb, and W concentrations in the ground water near the deposits were significantly enriched relative to concentrations in the ground water up-gradient from the deposits. In general, however, the highest concentrations of As, Sb, and W occurred in ground-water samples where the measured Eh and the distribution of arsenic species indicated reducing conditions. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 9 to 710 micrograms per liter (μg/L); Sb, from less than 0.1 to 250 μg/L; and W, from 1 to 260 μg/L.
In addition, analysis of sequential dissolution and extraction solutions of drill cuttings of alluvium and bedrock indicate geochemical anomalies of gold and ore-related metals in the overburden at depths corresponding to the location of the present-day water table. This relationship suggests that water-rock reactions around these buried deposits are active and that this information could be very useful in exploration programs for concealed disseminated gold deposits.