This paper, dealing with the different kinds of host rocks and their alterations associated with uranium-bearing veins in the United States, is a chapter of a comprehensive report entitled , \"Geology of uranium-bearing vein deposits in the United States,\" in preparation by George W. Walker, Frank W. Osterwald, and others. The comprehensive report will include detailed information on tectonic and structural setting, kinds of host rocks, wall-rock alteration, mineralogy, physical characteristics, processes of deposition, and concepts of origin of uraniferous veins; but, because it will not be completed until sometime in the future, some chapters of the report are being transmitted as they are finished. Part of an introductory chapter to the comprehensive report entitled, \"Classification and distribution of uranium-bearing veins in the United States\" (Walker and Osterwald, 1956) has already been transmitted; several of the terms used herein are defined in the introductory chapter.
\nData included in this chapter demonstrate that uranium-bearing veins are: 1) in rocks of nearly all textural, chemical, and mineralogic types; 2) most abundant in holocrystalline, commonly equigranular, igeneous and metamorphic rocks characterized by a moderate to high silica content and and by similar physical properties. Although some of the physiochemical properties of the host rocks are discussed in terms of favorability or nonfavoribility for uranium deposition, the principal purpose of this chapter is to establish the petroloic environment in which uranium-bearing veins have been found. Because favorability or nonfavorability of host rocks is related complexly to the chemistry of ore solutions and to methods or uranium transport and deposition, several hypothetical processes of transport and deposition have been referred to briefly; these and other hypotheses will be outlines and discussed in greater detail in a subsequent chapter.
\nThe compilation of data leading to this report and its preparation by a member of the Uranium Research and Resource Section, U.S. Geological Survey, was done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. The report is based on both published and unpublished information collected principally by personnel of the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission or its predecessor organization, the Manhattan Engineer District, and to a lesser extent by staff members of other Federal or State agencies and by geologists in private industry. Information concerning foreign uranium-bearing vein deposits has been extracted almost exclusively from published reports; references to these and other data are included at appropriate places.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei638","collaboration":"The report concerns works done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Walker, G.W., 1956, Host rocks and their alterations as related to uranium-bearing veins in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 638, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei638.","productDescription":"59 p.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290076,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0638/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, George W.","contributorId":101308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15449,"text":"ofr5695 - 1956 - Geologic investigations of proposed Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake power sites, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15449,"text":"ofr5695 - 1956 - Geologic investigations of proposed Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake power sites, Alaska","indexId":"ofr5695","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic investigations of proposed Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake power sites, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35492,"text":"b1031F - 1962 - Geologic investigations of proposed powersites at Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake, Alaska","indexId":"b1031F","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Geologic investigations of proposed powersites at Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35492,"text":"b1031F - 1962 - Geologic investigations of proposed powersites at Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake, Alaska","indexId":"b1031F","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic investigations of proposed powersites at Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-31T20:49:19.712777","indexId":"ofr5695","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-95","title":"Geologic investigations of proposed Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake power sites, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geologic conditions at Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake are discussed in relation to possible plans for hydroeletric power development. The proposed sites are on the rugged mainland of Southeastern Alaska along Gastineau Channel and Taku Inlet near Juneau. Bedrock in the area consists of a coastal strip of northwestward-trending foliated metamorphic rocks with steep northeasterly dips. This belt of rocks is adjacent to the Coast Range batholith on the northeast, with a 2 to 3 mile wide zone of injection gneiss between the main batholith and the metamorphic rocks. Unconsolidated glacial and post-glacial deposits of Quaternary age mantle the bedrock over large parts of the area. The valleys of Sheep and Carlson Creeks have been modified by glaciers of Pleistocene age and Turner Lake occupies a rock basin formed by glacial scour.
There is an excellent site in greenstone bedrock at Sheep Creek for either a concrete or a rock fill dam. A conduit from the dam to a powerhouse along Gastineau Channel would be on bedrock for most of the distance. Slate bedrock suitable for a powerhouse site is exposed near the mouth of Sheep Creek. To the northwest along Gastineau Channel, bedrock is concealed by a mantle of glacial deposits of unknown thickness. The reservoir is in essentially impermeable bedrock; however, a main haulage adit of the Alaska-Juneau gold mine would probably have to be sealed off to prevent flooding of the mine workings or possible loss of water from the reservoir.
The dam, diversion tunnel, and powerhouse at Carlson Creek are all in bedrock consisting of fresh injection gneiss. This rock is well suited as the foundation of a concrete or rock fill dam, but foundation treatment would be required to seal off closely spaced open joints trending perpendicular to the proposed dam axis. The diversion tunnel would stand unsupported except possibly where it would intersect two zones of closely spaced joints. The reservoir would be in essentially impermeable bedrock.
Both the main dam and auxiliary structure at Turner Lake would be on an excellent foundation of granitic rock (granodiorite). Loose landslide debris would have to be removed at the dam site to expose fresh, sound bedrock. There is a powerhouse site in bedrock along Turner Creek at a stream elevation of 16 feet. Foundation conditions for a powerhouse at tidewater, near the mouth of Turner Creek were not studied. The conduit would be on sound granitic rock throughout its length, and the reservoir is entirely in relatively tight granitic bedrock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5695","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., 1956, Geologic investigations of proposed Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, and Turner Lake power sites, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-95, Report: 37 p.; 3 Plates: 21.80 x 26.79 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5695.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; 3 Plates: 21.80 x 26.79 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":425179,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0095/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425178,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0095/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425177,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0095/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425176,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Carlson Creek, Sheep Creek, Turner Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -134.55931309956082,\n 58.53883347149653\n ],\n [\n -134.55931309956082,\n 58.1955967884052\n ],\n [\n -133.88300839367312,\n 58.1955967884052\n ],\n [\n -133.88300839367312,\n 58.53883347149653\n ],\n [\n -134.55931309956082,\n 58.53883347149653\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a5008","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39149,"text":"pp288 - 1956 - Surficial geology and geomorphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-31T20:22:47.985301","indexId":"pp288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"288","title":"Surficial geology and geomorphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Potter County is located in the Appalachian Plateaus of north-central Pennsylvania and contains the headwaters of the Genesee River, the Allegheny River, and the Susquehanna River. Drift of Wisconsin age covers the northeastern part of the county. This study includes a detailed survev of the surficial deposits of the Genesee quadrangle in north-central Potter County and a reconnaissance of the remainder of the county; a soil survey and a botanical survey were carried on concurrently. The region is a deeply dissected plateau having extensive areas of steeply sloping land separated by narrow ridges and valleys; there is very little level land. Near the junction of the three watersheds the uplands rise to altitudes of more than 2,500 feet. The maximum relief in the Susquehanna drainage is more than 1,500 feet; in the Genesee and Allegheny drainage it. is about 800 feet. Valley walls are steep (15° to 30°), and the uplands have gentle slopes (0.5° to 10°). The drainage pattern is trellised. The climate is continental. Temperatures range from about -30° F. to more than 100° F. The average annual precipitation ranges approximately from 34 to 42 inches. Floods may occur at any season of the year. The large volumes of water from rain or melting snow carried by small streams come from springs. There is little precise data on frost in the ground, but it is probable that the ground seldom freezes in forested areas. The soils of Potter County have relatively immature profiles with poorly developed horizons that commonly have many characteristics inherited from their parent materials. At the great soil group level, the zonal soils are divided into Podzol soils and Brown Podzolic soils. Many soils have a high silt content in the upper part of the profile, apparently derived (at least partly) from a mantle of eolian silt. Mos~ of Potter County is covered by second-growth forests consisting of 40- to 60-year-old hardwood stands. The present forests growing on slopes and summits are composed approximately of 25 species of trees. The northern hardwood region includes most of the county, with an oak-forest region near the borders, principally along its southern margin. Potter County is underlain by sandstone, siltstone, shale, conglomerate, and minor amounts of coal and calcareous rock that range in age from Late Devonian to Pennsylvanian. These rocks form broad open folds that strike northeast. South of the border of the Wisconsin drift, and possibly at two localities inside the drift border, are scattered remnants of ancient soils (here called paleosol), that were formed in preWisconsin time-probably during the Sangamon interglacial stage. This paleosol ranges in texture from clay loam to silt loam, ranges in color from yellowish red to red, includes a few percent to more than 25 percent of rock fragments, and apparently contains a small percentage of gibbsite and varying amounts of kaolinite. Known thicknesses range from 1 to 33 feet. Paleosol was developed on diverse kinds of parent material, such as till, stratified drift, colluvium, and residuum, at altitudes ranging from a few hundred to 2,400 feet. The climatic conditions under which the paleosol formed are uncertain; however, these ancient soils may record an episode of subtropical climatic conditions during which lateritic soils were formed. Perhaps these soils are analogous to the Red-Yellow Podzolic soils of southeastern United States. Except for one possible remnant, no pre-Wisconsin drift has been recognized in Potter County. The Wisconsin glacial deposits of Potter County belong to either the Iowan or Tazewell substages and are dominantly till with minor amounts of glaciofluvial deposits. Erratics of igneous or metamorphic rock comprise less than 0.1 percent of the total number of rock fragments. The till is slightly weathered to depths ranging from 3 to about 12 feet. The drift border is indefinite and has been drawn at the southern limit of erratics or well-rounded or striated pebbles and is only locally marked by a terminal moraine or by a distinct change in the surficial deposits. The drift border is relatively straight and crosses the Genesee quadrangle in a northwesterly direction with little regard for the major topographic features, thus suggesting that the Wisconsin ice sheet had a relatively straight and steep front. Over most of the unglaciated part of Potter County, the bedrock is concealed beneath rubble that probably was formed during the Iowan or Tazewell substage, almost contemporaneously with the adjacent drift. In general, the rubble is thickest and most extensive within about 10 miles of the drift border, becoming thinner and less continuous farther away. The apparent parallelism between a belt of thick periglacial deposits and the drift border suggests that the deposits result from climatic factors in operation while the Wisconsin ice sheet was nearby. Ancient soil structures or patterned ground occur at, or near, the surface of both the periglacial deposits and the adjacent drift. These ancient soil structures are so similar to modern forms in arctic or alpine environments that they are considered to be the result of vigorous frost action. Many of the structures are believed to be a result of down-slope movement of debris by solifluction, facilitated by a frozen subsoil as much as 10 feet deep. Perennially frozen ground may have been present, but this is not a prerequisite. The periglacial deposits underlie long smooth slopes that extend from ridge crest to valley bottom. Flood plains are absent near the headwaters of many streams, the valley walls forming a V-shaped profile. While frost action was in progress, forests probably were restricted to flood plains, lower slopes, and scattered upland areas. Large parts of the upland were bare or partly covered by tundra vegetation; elsewhere, there were scattered trees but no dense forest. 1 2 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF POTTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Recent alluvium and alluvial fans include sand and sandy loams, 1 to 3 feet thick, that overlie gravel. The alluvium contains organic matter and lenses of finer materials. Thickness ranges from a few to more than 100 feet. Along the principal streams the alluvium probably overlies Pleistocene deposits. Most of the alluvial fans are composed of unstratified rubbly, pebbly, cobbly. or bouldery sandy loams to silty clay loams with local lenses of stratified sand and gravel. The alluvial fans mapped in the Genesee quadrangle probably include both Wisconsin stage and Recent deposits. The summits of the A.ppalachian Plateaus in north-central Pennsylvania have long been recognized as the remnants or traces of one or more peneplains. To test this hypothesis, a restored contour map was prepared to show the configuration of a supposed peneplain on the assumption that the plateau tops are remnants of such an old erosion surface. The restored contours delineate a surface that corresponds roughly to rock structure. In general, the uplands slope parallel to the dip of the bedrock. The major streams, such as the West Branch Susquehanna River, cross the ridges and valleys of the restored surface in such a way that it is difficult to suppose that the restored surface was ever graded to these streams. On the contrary, it is probable that the restored surface never existed and that the plateau tops are structurally controlled surfaces held up by sandstone and conglomerate beds in the Pottsville and Pocono formations. The plateau tops may have been lowered by erosion as much as 200 feet during the Pleistocene-in other words, after the major streams were incised. If this portion of the Appalachian Plateaus was ever reduced to a peneplain, such a hypothetical surface must have lain many hundreds of feet above the uplands of the present day. The only alternative that might involve peneplanation is the improbable hypothesis that the plateau tops are remnants of a slightly deformed peneplain and that the peneplain was folded along the axes of the Appalachian orogeny. This remote possibility is not supported by any known evidence. The geomorphic analysis yields no new data on the origin of the cross-axial drainage. Regardless of whether the plateaus are peneplain remnants or are structurally controlled surfaces, the beginning of the major southeastward-flowing streams long antedates the existing landscape. The geomorphic history of Potter County begins with an assumed long interval of erosion during the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic eras, for which no record remains in this area. The southeast master drainage was established by the latter part of the Tertiary period (perhaps at a much earlier date), probably as the result of the northwestward migration of the Atlanticinterior divide. In late Pliocene(?) time, areas adjacent to parts of the West Branch Susquehanna River-and probably elsewhere-had a moderate relief ranging from 300 to 700 feet. Some segments of the West Branch meandered across a broad valley that lay about 900 feet above the present streams. The landscape probably was covered by deep residual soils, perhaps by saprolite. The early Pleistocene history of Potter County is essentially unknown. No deposits of the Kansan stage are known except for a possible trace of pre-Illinoian drift on the uplands in central Potter County (Ayers Hill quadrangle). Some deposits in central and eastern Pennsylvania may be of Kansan age. It is probable that the assumed Aftonian regolith was removed by mass movements and other processes during the Kansan stage, thus resulting in a lowering of the plateau tops by as much as 10 feet. By the close of the Yarmouth(?) interglacial stage the major streams were incised to essentially their present depths. The climates of the Yarmouth interglacial stage probably produced deep residual soils over the landscape, parts of which may still be preserved in the paleosol remnants of the present day. No Illinoian drift is known in Potter County, but drift assigned to this stage occurs in areas to the northwest and to the southeast. Some valleys, such as Kettle Creek valley, were filled with sand and gravel alluvium to depths of as much as 150 feet above their present flood plains. It is assumed that the Yarmouth residual soils were removed by mass movements and other processes induced by a periglacial climate, thus lowering the plateau tops by as much as 10 feet. During the Sangamon interglacial stage, deep (10-to-20 foot) residual soils or paleosol were developed in Potter County and probably throughout much of Pennsylvania, perhaps as a result of lateritic weathering in a subtropical climate. It is possible that the paleosol was largely removed by mass movements and by running water during late Sangamon time. During either the Iowan or Tazewell substages of the Wisconsin (perhaps the Iowan), the ice sheet advanced into the northeastern part of Potter County. The drift is similar to the Olean drift (local usage). The paleosol was almost completely removed by mass movements and other processes induced· by a periglacial climate, prior to drift deposition. This removal probably resulted in a lowering of the plateau tops by as much as 10 feet since Sangamon time. Nearly contemporaneously with drift deposition, the periglacial deposits were formed by frost heaving, solifluction, and fluvial transport in areas outside the drift border. Soil structures or patterned ground were developed on both the drift and the periglacial deposits. It is probable that the forests in the periglacial area were greatly restricted and that large areas on the uplands were essentially treeless. Little is known about the history of Potter County in postOlean time. Presumably, forests completely covered the county by the onset of the next substage, during which the Binghamton drift of MacClintock and Apfel was deposited. This drift also is found in southern New York State. The formation of the alluvium and alluvial fans probably began in the Tazewell substage and continued during the Recent epoch. Since these deposits were formed there has been very little dissection. There is little, if any, difference between soils developed on periglacial deposits and soils developed on drift. The roots of fallen trees have disturbed the soil horizons, and it is unlikely that the existing soil profiles are more than 500 years old. The forested landscape of Potter County has a distinctive microrelief ranging from a few inches to a few feet of mounds and pits produced by the roots of fallen trees. Most mounds and pits range from 10 to 20 feet in length and from 6 to 15 feet in width. On level land, many mounds are oriented with their long axes trending northward, and in some areas the orientation is random. On slopes, the mounds are oriented with their long axes at right angles to the maximum slope as a result of trees falling downslope. The toppling of trees increases the permeability of surficial deposits and mixes and destroys the soil horizons. The microrelief is a factor in forest development. The toppling of trees on slopes is a significant agent of slope erosion. The process loosens, breaks up, or overturns the upper 2 to 3 feet of the forest soil, and it tends to make the surficial layer more stony and to produce features resembling soil structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp288","usgsCitation":"Denny, C.S., 1956, Surficial geology and geomorphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 288, Report: v, 72 p.; 8 Plates: 28.00 × 21.01 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp288.","productDescription":"Report: v, 72 p.; 8 Plates: 28.00 × 21.01 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397957,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4262.htm"},{"id":66655,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66654,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66653,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66652,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66651,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66650,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66649,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66648,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66656,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0288/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Potter County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.7513,41.999],[-77.7031,41.9991],[-77.6884,41.9992],[-77.6096,41.9998],[-77.6077,41.9211],[-77.6076,41.9174],[-77.6076,41.9015],[-77.6063,41.8402],[-77.6057,41.8334],[-77.6056,41.8121],[-77.6056,41.8093],[-77.605,41.8007],[-77.605,41.7944],[-77.6043,41.7558],[-77.6043,41.7499],[-77.6043,41.7472],[-77.603,41.7186],[-77.603,41.6999],[-77.6017,41.6518],[-77.6017,41.6437],[-77.601,41.6128],[-77.601,41.5987],[-77.5997,41.5497],[-77.5991,41.5424],[-77.5991,41.5256],[-77.5991,41.5211],[-77.5984,41.5002],[-77.5978,41.4784],[-77.6155,41.4784],[-77.664,41.4784],[-77.6977,41.4779],[-77.6989,41.4779],[-77.7093,41.4778],[-77.7498,41.4778],[-77.7645,41.4777],[-77.7774,41.4772],[-77.8006,41.4772],[-77.8123,41.4772],[-77.8282,41.4767],[-77.8454,41.4766],[-77.8742,41.4761],[-77.903,41.476],[-77.922,41.4755],[-77.9514,41.4754],[-77.9796,41.4757],[-77.9876,41.4757],[-78.0513,41.4768],[-78.0643,41.4881],[-78.0773,41.5003],[-78.094,41.5157],[-78.0958,41.5175],[-78.0977,41.5193],[-78.1107,41.5315],[-78.1119,41.5328],[-78.1243,41.5437],[-78.1379,41.5568],[-78.1769,41.5933],[-78.1831,41.5992],[-78.1862,41.6019],[-78.1992,41.6136],[-78.2035,41.6177],[-78.2054,41.619],[-78.2048,41.625],[-78.2062,41.6967],[-78.2065,41.7875],[-78.2065,41.7925],[-78.2066,41.8029],[-78.2068,41.8197],[-78.2071,41.8479],[-78.2073,41.866],[-78.2067,41.8697],[-78.2068,41.881],[-78.2075,41.8865],[-78.2078,41.9196],[-78.2078,41.9786],[-78.2085,41.9859],[-78.2086,42],[-77.9943,41.999],[-77.9662,41.9988],[-77.8686,41.9989],[-77.7513,41.999]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Potter\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denny, C. S.","contributorId":87530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3501,"text":"cir373 - 1956 - Water resources of the Mobile area, Alabama, with a section on salinity of the Mobile River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T18:09:23.935231","indexId":"cir373","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"373","title":"Water resources of the Mobile area, Alabama, with a section on salinity of the Mobile River","docAbstract":"Water is an abundant resource of the Mobile area. The Mobile River has an estimated average flow of 60, 000 cubic feet per second (cfs), or about 39,000 million gallons per day (mgd). It is the largest single source of water. Water is available in substantial quantities from the many local streams and extensive water-bearing formations almost anywhere in the area. \r\n\r\nSurface water is low in dissolved mineral matter and is extremely soft. Salt water moving up the Mobile River from Mobile Bay during periods of low river flow, however, limits the use of that stream as a source of supply. \r\n\r\nThe principal water-bearing formations are the alluvium and sediments of Miocene age. The Miocene strata dip toward the southwest, forming an artesian basin in the downtown area of Mobile. Small groundwater supplies can be developed practically everywhere, and supplies for industrial or other large-scale uses are available north of Mobile. \r\n\r\nThe average use of water from all sources in the area during 1954 was about 356 mgd, of which about 20 mgd was used for domestic supplies and 336 mgd was used by industry. An estimated 42 mgd of ground water is used in the Mobile area. The discharge from wells used by industry ranges from 10 to 1,500 gallons per minute (gpm}, and the specific capacity of the large-capacity wells ranges from less than 6 to about 6 3 gpm per foot of drawdown. \r\n\r\nConcentrated pumping in the downtown area of Mobile between 1941 and 1945 resulted in encroachment of salt water from the Mobile River into the alluvium. Because of a decrease in pumping in that vicinity, the sodium chloride content of the water has decreased substantially since 1945. \r\n\r\nThe quality of ground water is variable. Hardness of waters sampled ranged from 1 to 2, 190 parts per million (ppm}, the dissolved solids from 27 to 13, 000 ppm, and the chloride from 2.2 to 6,760 ppm. The water of best quality occurs between McIntosh and Prichard, and the water of poorest quality occurs in the downtown area of Mobile. \r\n\r\nThe water-supply systems presently developed in the metropolitan area could furnish a moderate increase without taxing their facilities; with some increase in plant and pumping facilities, they could support a substantial increase. Industries outside the metropolitan area must develop their own supplies from local streams or wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir373","usgsCitation":"Robinson, W., Powell, W.J., Brown, E., and Corps of Engineers, U.A., 1956, Water resources of the Mobile area, Alabama, with a section on salinity of the Mobile River: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 373, Report: iv, 45 p.; 2 Plates: 13.57 × 16.94 inches and 13.68 × 16.88 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir373.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 45 p.; 2 Plates: 13.57 × 16.94 inches and 13.68 × 16.88 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30511,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0373/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30513,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0373/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30512,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0373/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403192,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23842.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0373/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Mobile","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.4124755859375,\n 30.680439786468128\n ],\n [\n -87.8961181640625,\n 30.680439786468128\n ],\n [\n -87.8961181640625,\n 31.348945815579977\n ],\n [\n -88.4124755859375,\n 31.348945815579977\n ],\n [\n -88.4124755859375,\n 30.680439786468128\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f04b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, W.H.","contributorId":91478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, William J.","contributorId":62202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Eugene","contributorId":15187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Eugene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army","contributorId":29406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corps of Engineers","given":"U.S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Army","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","indexId":"wsp1330B","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T13:59:48","indexId":"wsp1330B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","docAbstract":"Carbon blacks include an important group of industrial carbons used chiefly as a reinforcing agent in rubber tires. In 1953 more than 1,610 million pounds of carbon black was produced, of which approximately 1,134 million pounds was consumed by the rubber industry. The carbon-black industry uses small quantities of water as compared to some industries; however, the water requirements of the industry are important because of the dependence of the rubber-tire industry on carbon black.
Two methods are used in the manufacture of carbon black - contact and furnace. The only process use of water in the contact method is that used in pelleting. Water is used also in the plant washhouse and for cleaning, and sometimes the company camp may be supplied by the plant. A survey made during the last quarter of 1953 showed that the average values of unit water use at contact plants for process use, all plant uses, and all uses including company camps are 0.08, 0.14, and 0.98 gallon of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
In addition to use in wet pelleting, large quantities of water are required in continuous and cyclic furnace methods to reduce the temperature of the gases of decomposition in order to separate and collect the entrained carbon black. The 22 furnace plants in operation in 1953 used a total of 12.4 million gallons per day for process use. Four furnace plants generate electric power for plant use; condenser-cooling water for one such plant may nearly equal the requirements of the entire industry for process use. The average values of unit water use at furnace plants for process use, all plant uses and all uses including company camps but excluding power generation are 3.26, 3.34, and 3.45 gallons of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
Carbon-black plants in remote, sparsely settled areas often must maintain company camps for employees. Twenty-one of twenty-seven contact plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps. These camps used large quantities of water: 0.84 gallon per pound of carbon black as compared to 0.14 gallon per pound used in the plants.
Furnace plants can generally be located near a labor supply and, therefore, do not require company camps. Ten of the twenty-two furnace plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps.
Because water used for pelleting and gas quenching is evaporated, leaving the dissolved minerals in the product as objectionable impurities, particular attention was paid to the quality of water available for use at the plants visited during the 1953 survey. Reports of chemical analyses of water samples were obtained at 23 plants. A study of these reports does not develop a pattern of the limits of tolerance of dissolved solids in water used in process or of the need for water treatment based on geographical location of the plant. However these analyses show that water used for quenching contains less dissolved solids than water used by the industry for any other purpose.
Based on trends in the industry it is expected that the quantity of water used by the carbon-black industry will increase more rapidly than will the quantity of carbon black produced because of the increasing percentage produced in furnace plants, and that selection of sites for modern furnace plants will be influenced more by quantity and quality of the available water supply than was the case in selecting sites for contact plants for which low-cost natural gas was the primary consideration.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330B","usgsCitation":"Conklin, H.L., 1956, Water requirements of the carbon-black industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330B.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26026,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"657.85 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conklin, Howard L.","contributorId":81883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1181,"text":"wsp1330C - 1956 - Water requirements of the aluminum industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":1181,"text":"wsp1330C - 1956 - Water requirements of the aluminum industry","indexId":"wsp1330C","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Water requirements of the aluminum industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T13:58:52","indexId":"wsp1330C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"C","title":"Water requirements of the aluminum industry","docAbstract":"Aluminum is unique among metals in the way it is obtained from its ore. The first step is to produce alumina, a white powder that bears no resemblance to the bauxite from which it is derived or to the metallic aluminum to which it is reduced by electrolytic action in a second step. Each step requires a complete plant facility, and the plants may be adjacent or separated by as much as the width of the North American continent. Field investigations sf every alumina plant and reduction works in the United States were undertaken to determine the industry's water use. Detailed studies were made of process and plant layout so that a water balance could be made for each plant to determine not only the gross water intake but also an approximation of the consumptive use of water.
Water requirements of alumina plants range from 0.28 to 1.10 gallons per pound of alumina; the average for the industry is 0.66 gallon. Water requirements of reduction works vary considerably more, ranging from 1.24 to 36.33 gallons per pound of aluminum, and average 14.62 gallons.
All alumina plants in the United States derive alumina from bauxite by the Bayer process or by the Combination process, a modification of the Bayer process. Although the chemical process for obtaining alumina from bauxite is essentially the same at all plants, different procedures are employed to cool the sodium aluminate solution before it enters the precipitating tanks and to concentrate it by evaporation of some of the water in the solution. Where this evaporation takes place in a cooling tower, water in the solution is lost to the atmosphere as water vapor and so is used consumptively. In other plants, the quantity of solution in the system is controlled by evaporation in a multiple-effect evaporator where practically all vapor distilled out of the solution is condensed to water that may be reused. The latter method is used in all recently constructed alumina plants, and some older plants are replacing cooling towers with multiple-effect evaporators.
All reduction works in the United States use the Hall process, but the variation in water requirements is even greater than the variation at alumina plants, and, further, the total daily water requirement for all reduction works is more than 9 times the total daily requirement of all alumina plants. Many reduction works use gas scrubbers, but some do not. As gas scrubbing is one of the principal water uses in reduction works, the manner in which wash water is used, cooled, and reused accounts in large measure for the variation in water requirements.
Although the supply of water for all plants but one was reported by the management to be ample for all plant needs, the economic factor of the cost of water differs considerably among plants. It is this factor that accounts in large measure for the widely divergent slant practices. Plant capacity alone has so little effect on plant water requirements that other conditions such as plant operation based on the cost of water, plant location, and the need for conservation of water mask any economy inherent in plant size.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330C","usgsCitation":"Conklin, H.L., 1956, Water requirements of the aluminum industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, v, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330C.","productDescription":"v, 137 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"139","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":26025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330c/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":138026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conklin, Howard L.","contributorId":81883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13942,"text":"ofr5648 - 1956 - The multi-slope model: A constructed stereoscopic model showing angles of slope from 2 to 90 degrees at different locations and sloping in different directions in the model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T14:23:11.639069","indexId":"ofr5648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-48","title":"The multi-slope model: A constructed stereoscopic model showing angles of slope from 2 to 90 degrees at different locations and sloping in different directions in the model","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5648","usgsCitation":"Hackman, R., 1956, The multi-slope model: A constructed stereoscopic model showing angles of slope from 2 to 90 degrees at different locations and sloping in different directions in the model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-48, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5648.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147080,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":489370,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6499e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackman, Robert J.","contributorId":30999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackman","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34013,"text":"b1030E - 1956 - Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70048589,"text":"tem629 - 1955 - A study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels and its possible application as a prospecting method","indexId":"tem629","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"A study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels and its possible application as a prospecting method"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34013,"text":"b1030E - 1956 - Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting","indexId":"b1030E","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-24T16:03:41","indexId":"b1030E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1030","chapter":"E","title":"Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1030E","usgsCitation":"Chew, R., 1956, Study of radioactivity in modern stream gravels as a method of prospecting: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1030, p.149-169, ill. (1 fold in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1030E.","productDescription":"p.149-169, ill. (1 fold in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1030e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247471,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1030e/plate-8.pdf","size":"927","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61935,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1030e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chew, Randall T.","contributorId":75203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"Randall T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2999,"text":"wsp1365 - 1956 - Saline-water resources of Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:43:42","indexId":"wsp1365","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1365","title":"Saline-water resources of Texas","docAbstract":"Large quantities of saline water are available in the world, both on the surface and underground; however, these waters have not been studied extensively as sources of potable water.
\nSaline water is defined herein as water containing more than 1,000 parts per million of dissolved solids, or, with certain mineralized irrigation waters whose exact dissolved solids content is not known, water containing more than 60 percent sodium.
\nSaline ground water occurs as connate water or other saline water that entered an aquifer in the geologic past and has not been flushed from the aquifer; as the result of solution of soluble materials in aquifers by percolating ground water; as a result of salt-water encroachment into aquifers which are in hydrologic connection with saline waters; or as the result of concentration by evaporation, especially in the vicinity of playa lakes.
\nSurface water may become saline as a result of seepage of highly mineralized ground water; solution of salts from rocks over which the streams flow; intrusion of sea water in tidal reaches of a stream; and discharge of saline wastes from industrial operations.
\nMost of the aquifers in Texas contain saline water in some parts, and a few are capable of producing large quantities of saline water. Of the early Paleozoic formations, the Hickory sandstone member of the Riley formation of Cambrian age and the Ellenburger group of Ordovician age are potential sources of small to moderate supplies of saline water in parts of central and west-central Texas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1365","usgsCitation":"Winslow, A.G., and Kister, L.R., 1956, Saline-water resources of Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1365, Report: v, 105 p.; 9 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1365.","productDescription":"Report: v, 105 p.; 9 Plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29780,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29781,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29782,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29783,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29784,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29785,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29786,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29787,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29788,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29789,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109938,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24346.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24346"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc05f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winslow, Allen George","contributorId":44522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winslow","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kister, Lester Ray","contributorId":107670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kister","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216345,"text":"70216345 - 1956 - Reflecting curved-crystal X-ray spectrograph; a device for the analysis of small mineral samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T19:36:06.869691","indexId":"70216345","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-12T13:27:49","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflecting curved-crystal X-ray spectrograph; a device for the analysis of small mineral samples","docAbstract":"A curved-crystal reflecting spectrometer of the type described by Birks and Brooks of the Naval Research Laboratories, but adapted for use in mineralogical studies, has been built in the Geological Survey. It has been successfully applied to the analysis of tiny crystals, zones in minerals, and individual grains in mixed-mineral specimens such as thin or polished sections, on grains or areas about 0.5 mm in diameter, X-ray diffraction spindles, and small samples of powder weighing a fraction of a milligram have also been analyzed without any loss or alteration of the sample. Of great value in thin- and polished-section work is the fact that this technique can be used to analyze selected areas without mutilating the specimen by digging out grains.A modification of the curved-crystal spectrometer has made it possible to traverse a standard polished section in synchronization with a recorder, automatically plotting the distribution of various elements along a selected line. This method was applied, for example, to a polished section containing a central core of pyrite intergrown with and surrounded by a marcasite-like mineral. Chemical analysis of a concentrate of these two minerals gave selenium, cobalt, and iron as major constituents. A clear relationship between the cobalt, selenium, and iron was established by the X-ray method, identifying the second mineral as an intermediate member of the FeSe 2 -CoSe 2 series.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.52.6.694","usgsCitation":"Adler, I., and Axelrod, J.M., 1956, Reflecting curved-crystal X-ray spectrograph; a device for the analysis of small mineral samples: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 6, p. 694-701, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.52.6.694.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"694","endPage":"701","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adler, I.","contributorId":13371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adler","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Axelrod, J. M.","contributorId":29796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axelrod","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216318,"text":"70216318 - 1956 - A preliminary report on model studies of magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional bodies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T19:12:48.167292","indexId":"70216318","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-11T13:06:25","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary report on model studies of magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional bodies","docAbstract":"Model experiments were made to devise a rapid method for calculating magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional structures. The magnetic fields of the models were determined using the equipment at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oaks, Md. An irregularly shaped mass was approximated by an array of prismatic rectangular slabs of constant thickness and varying horizontal dimensions. Contoured maps are being prepared for these magnetic models at different depths and for several magnetic inclinations. The fields of these three-dimensional structures are obtained by superimposing the appropriate contoured maps and adding numerically the effects at each point. The equipment and laboratory methods are described. Theoretical and practical examples are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1438277","usgsCitation":"Zietz, I., and Henderson, R., 1956, A preliminary report on model studies of magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional bodies: Geophysics, v. 21, no. 3, p. 794-814, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438277.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"794","endPage":"814","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zietz, Isadore","contributorId":82223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isadore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, Roland G.","contributorId":65139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"Roland G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216232,"text":"70216232 - 1956 - Forecasting the dry‐weather flow of Pond Creek, Oklahoma: A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T13:13:38.832974","indexId":"70216232","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-10T12:24:32","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting the dry‐weather flow of Pond Creek, Oklahoma: A progress report","docAbstract":"Pond Creek in west‐central Oklahoma drains an area of 319 sq mi above the gaging station near Fort Cobb, Caddo County. Ground water, contained in the Permian Rush Springs sandstone under water‐table conditions, moves toward the creek at an almost unchanging rate. The discharge of ground water into the creek as dry‐weather flow is modified by evapotranspiration and antecedent overland runoff. Multiple correlations have been computed relating the dry‐weather flow to the water level in a well and to a factor indicative of the rate of evapotranspiration. A method for forecasting the factor indicative of evapotranspiration and one for forecasting the water level in the well during dry weather are given; the result is a method for forecasting the dry‐weather flow of the Creek. Forecasts of dry‐weather flow for seven and 21 days compare favorably with observed flows. The technique may be utilized to extend a forecast for several months.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i004p00442","usgsCitation":"Clark, W.E., 1956, Forecasting the dry‐weather flow of Pond Creek, Oklahoma: A progress report: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 4, p. 442-450, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i004p00442.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Pond Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.8165283203125,\n 35.08620310578525\n ],\n [\n -98.41278076171875,\n 35.08620310578525\n ],\n [\n -98.41278076171875,\n 35.58808520476323\n ],\n [\n -98.8165283203125,\n 35.58808520476323\n ],\n [\n -98.8165283203125,\n 35.08620310578525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, William E.","contributorId":105365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216231,"text":"70216231 - 1956 - Silica in hot-spring waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-10T18:19:37.894704","indexId":"70216231","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-10T12:10:07","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silica in hot-spring waters","docAbstract":"The silica in hot-spring waters and in a few cold waters was studied by moans of the colorimetrie ammonium-molybdate method of analysis. Murata found in 1947 that only a part of the total silica in aged samples of high-silica waters was determinable by the colorimetric method. Weitz, franck And schuchard later showed that ammonium molybdate reacts readily with the monomeric form of silica (probably H4SiO4) but very slowly with polymeric silica. If the colorimetric measurement is completed in two or three minutes, only the monomer is determined.
Nearly all silica of hot springs is in the monomeric form. Solubility equilibrium exists between dissolved (monomeric) and amorphous silica. For the hot springs that were studied, the solubility is about 315 p.p.m. at 90°C and 110 p.p.m. at 25°C, which is very similar to Krauskopf's experimental data.
Monomeric silica polymerizes so slowly to colloidal silica that many waters are supersaturated with respect to amorphous silica. The rate of polymerization is influenced by pH, temperature, degree of supersaturation, presence of previously formed colloidal and gelatinous silica and contact with opal and other substances. Supersaturated acid waters and alkaline waters with less than 100% supersaturation tend to remain supersaturated almost indefinitely, with little or no change. Precipitation of colloidal silica is favoured by high temperature and contact with opal.
Many connate and other ground waters, including some thermal springs, are much below saturation with respect to amorphous silica, probably because low-solubility quartz and chalcedony have been precipitating.
Quartz is favoured by relatively high temperature, slow rale of precipitation, and low degree of supersaturation, and is believed to form by deposition of monomeric molecules. Chalcedony is probably deposited when the degree of supersaturation is moderately high and the rate of deposition is relatively fast. The ranges of temperature over which quartz and chalcedony deposit no doubt overlap, but, if other factors are equal, quartz is favoured by high temperature.
Opal is favoured by relatively low temperature and rapid rate of precipitation. Although opal has probably been deposited at temperatures as high as 140°C, it is unstable and is slowly converted to chalcedony or quartz. Water that is saturated with respect to opal is highly supersaturated with respect to quartz. Opal is probably formed from monomeric or more probably, the smaller polymeric molecules of silica, retaining some of their water content. Evidence is lacking for the direct conversion of gelatinous silica to opal. Some differences in solubility probably exist between amorphous opal and opal that shows X-ray patterns like that of cristobalite.
The suggestion is made that clay minerals form by combination of monomeric silica and a comparable form of monomeric alumina, which must have very low solubility in waters within the pH range of 5 to 9. Because of the abundance and relatively high solubility of silica, the proposed reaction, dissolved alumina + dissolved silica ⇌ clay, is ordinarily displaced strongly to the right in hydrothermal alteration and in ordinary soil formation. With removal of free silica, aided by tropical rainfall and temperatures, the reaction may be displaced to the left by dissolution and removal of silica from the system. Alumina, because of its very low solubility, remains as bauxite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(56)90010-2","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., Brannock, W.W., and Murata, K.J., 1956, Silica in hot-spring waters: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 27-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(56)90010-2.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brannock, W. W.","contributorId":74504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brannock","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70213489,"text":"70213489 - 1956 - Application of the modified Einstein procedure for computation of total sediment load","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T20:47:30.58128","indexId":"70213489","displayToPublicDate":"1956-04-01T15:44:31","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the modified Einstein procedure for computation of total sediment load","docAbstract":"A method that enables good estimates to be made of total sediment load has been tested with data from several western streams. The method, which uses both theoretical and empirical formulas, combines a modification of Einstein's procedure for computing bed‐material load and the usually available data from suspended‐sediment measurements. Basic data, including data from large natural and artificial turbulent flumes, and the results of computations are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i002p00197","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, K.B., and Hembree, C., 1956, Application of the modified Einstein procedure for computation of total sediment load: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 2, p. 197-212, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i002p00197.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"212","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, K. B.","contributorId":240920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroeder","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hembree, C. H.","contributorId":106866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hembree","given":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71235,"text":"tei137 - 1956 - Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:36:59","indexId":"tei137","displayToPublicDate":"1956-03-06T10:02:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"137","title":"Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States","docAbstract":"During the period from 1948 to 1950 the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a program of field\nand laboratory research w determine the mode of occurrence of beryllium in non-pegmatitic rocks and\nmineral deposits as part of the Beryllium Program of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic\nEnergy Commission. Approximately 23 man months were spent in the field collecting samples from 146\nlocalities in 15 states; a total of 680 samples were collected and analyzed for beryllium. Additional\nsamples collected by the Geological Survey. U.S. Bureau of Mines, various state Geological Surveys\nand other institutions. and private companies were analyzed for beryllium. In total, the beryllium\ncontent of 1,238 samples from about 600 localities in the United States is compiled in the final report\nwhich is being prepared for publication by the U.S. Geological Survey. The main topics discussed are:\nuses and properties of beryllium; methods of analysis and mineralogy of beryllium; occurrence of\nberyllium in igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, pyrometasomatic and related deposits, vein\ndeposits, and hot spring deposits; the genesis of beryllium deposits; and a description of the deposits\nexamined. This abstract and table 1 summarize the more pertinent economic data.\nBeryllium is more abundant than arsenic, gold, silver, and molybdenum in the lithosphere, but\nits chemical and physical properties prohibit its concentration in minerals which are common w large\ncommercial vein and replacement deposits. There are 29 minerals in which beryllium is an essential\nconstituent but of these only beryl, mined from granite pegmatites, is an ore of beryllium., Beryl also\noccurs disseminated in granites and high-temperature veins. The other 28 minerals occur as rare\nconstituents in syenite and granite pegmatites, granites, and pyrometasomatic deposits. Beryllium, as\na trace constituent, has been detected in 49 minerals but recovery of the beryllium requires metallurgical\nmethods as yet unknown.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tei137","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commissione","usgsCitation":"Warner, L.A., Holser, W., Wilmarth, V., and Cameron, E., 1956, Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 137, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei137.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284516,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0137/report.pdf"},{"id":283405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei137.png"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6928e4b0b2908510286c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Lawrence Allen","contributorId":25144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holser, W.T.","contributorId":81964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holser","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilmarth, V.R.","contributorId":20803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmarth","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cameron, E.N.","contributorId":63860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2618,"text":"wsp1360B - 1956 - Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-27T15:31:54.450981","indexId":"wsp1360B","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","chapter":"B","title":"Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the city of Louisville, Ky., the U. S. Geological Survey made a detailed investigation during the period February 1945 to March 1947 of the ground-water resources of a 3-square-mile area along the Ohio River north-east of Louisville. Test drilling shows that the principal aquifer consists of about 80 feet of glacial-outwash sands and gravels lying in an old river channel which was cut into rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age.
The total ground-water storage in the area is estimated as 7 billion gallons. The ground-water levels are affected by changes in river elevation, by rainfall, and by the effects of pumping in the downtown part of Louisville 3 miles to the southwest. In the northeastern part of the area the flow of ground water, as defined by contour maps, is toward the river, and in the southwestern part of the area it is from the river toward the downtown area of overpumping.
Ground water in the area has an average temperature of 56° F. The water, which is moderately hard, is suitable for domestic and industrial uses.
Analysis of a pumping test made during the investigation proves that infiltration supplies can be developed. Studies to determine the degree of connection between the river and aquifer were made on the basis of chemical analyses, sections showing temperature distribution in the aquifer during the pumping test, shapes of water-level profiles in the test area, and shapes of time-drawdown curves for a number of observation wells. Quantitative studies to evaluate the hydrologic constants of the aquifer were made by both graphical and mathematical methods. The transmissibility was determined as 121,000 gpd/ft in the test area; the distance to the line source, 400 feet; and the coefficient of storage, 0.0003. A comparison of river-level fluctuations and water-level fluctuations in observation wells shows that conditions along the 6.4-mile reach of river are not greatly different from those at the site of the pumping test.
It is estimated that under adverse temperature and river-stage conditions infiltration supplies could be developed to the extent of 280 million gpd in the entire 6.4-mile reach investigated; at average river-water temperature (59° F) about 400 million gpd could be developed. Diagrams were drawn showing the estimated yield of wells of different radii, at various distances from the river, and at various spacings. In making the computations allowance was made for screen losses, dewatering of the aquifer, partial penetration of wells, location wells, eccentricity of large wells, and interference among wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1360B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Louisville","usgsCitation":"Rorabaugh, M.I., 1956, Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360, Report: v, 69 p.; 17 Plates: 8 x 23.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1360B.","productDescription":"Report: v, 69 p.; 17 Plates: 8 x 23.81 inches or smaller","startPage":"101","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416093,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24337.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28927,"rank":19,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28926,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28925,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28924,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28923,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28917,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28916,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28914,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28911,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28920,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":279835,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/report.pdf"},{"id":28912,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28913,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28915,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28918,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28919,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28921,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28922,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","city":"Louisville","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.948441,37.9971 ], [ -85.948441,38.38051 ], [ -85.4051,38.38051 ], [ -85.4051,37.9971 ], [ -85.948441,37.9971 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rorabaugh, M. I.","contributorId":28221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rorabaugh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14397,"text":"ofr5669 - 1956 - Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T19:35:33.941884","indexId":"ofr5669","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-69","title":"Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho","docAbstract":"Deposits of minerals containing niobium (columbium), thorium, and rare earths occur in the Mineral Hill district, 30 miles northwest of Salmon, Lemhi County, Idaho. Monazite, thorite, allanite, and niobium-bearing rutile form deposits in metamorphic limestone layers less than 8 feet thick. The known deposits are small, irregular, and typically located in or near small folds. Minor faults are common.
Monazite generally is coarsely crystalline and contains less than one percent thorium. Rutile forms massive lumps up to 3 inches across; it contains between 5 and 10 percent niobium. Rutile occurs in the northwestern half of the district, thorite in the central and southeastern parts. Monazite occurs in all deposits. Allanite is locally abundant and contains several percent thorium. Magnetite and ilmenite are also locally abundant.
A major thrust fault trending northwest across the map-area separates moderately folded quartzite and phyllitic rocks of Belt age, on the northeast, from more intensely metamorphosed and folded rocks on the southwest. The more metamorphosed rocks include amphibolite, porphyroblastic feldspar gneiss, quartzite, and limestone, all probably of sedimentary origin, and probably also of Belt (late Precambrian) age. The only rocks of definite igneous origin are rhyolite dikes of probable Tertiary age.
The more metamorphosed rocks were formed by metasomatic metamorphism acting on clastic sediments, probably of Belt age, although they may be older than Belt. Metamorphism doubtless was part of the episode of emplacement of the Idaho batholith, but the history of that episode is not well understood.
The rare-element deposits show no evidence of fracture-controlled hydrothermal introduction, such as special fracture systems, veining, and gangue material. They may, however, be of hydrothermal type. More likely they are metamorphic segregations or secretions, deposited in favorable stratigraphic and structural positions during regional metamorphism.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5669","usgsCitation":"Kaiser, E.P., 1956, Preliminary report on the geology and deposits of monazite, thorite, and niobium-bearing rutile of the Mineral Hill district, Lemhi County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-69, Report: 43 p.; 3 Figures: 46.45 x 28.93 inches or smaller; 2 Companion Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5669.","productDescription":"Report: 43 p.; 3 Figures: 46.45 x 28.93 inches or smaller; 2 Companion Files","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415099,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7907.htm"},{"id":43079,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":335687,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-3_explanation_1.pdf","text":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 1","size":"633.12 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 1"},{"id":335688,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-3_explanation_2.pdf","text":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 2","size":"642.61 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3 Explanation Page 2"},{"id":335690,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-5.pdf","text":"Figure 5","size":"1.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 5"},{"id":335689,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","size":"3.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 4"},{"id":335686,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","size":"20.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3"},{"id":148317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/0069/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Lemhi County","otherGeospatial":"Mineral Hill district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.9337158203125,\n 45.69850658738846\n ],\n [\n -113.9666748046875,\n 45.70426120956251\n ],\n [\n -113.99414062499999,\n 45.71001523943372\n ],\n [\n -114.01885986328125,\n 45.673563046842524\n ],\n [\n -114.005126953125,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -114.07379150390625,\n 45.63132556313632\n ],\n [\n -114.09027099609375,\n 45.592900208269825\n ],\n [\n -114.11773681640625,\n 45.58713413436411\n ],\n [\n -114.136962890625,\n 45.56406391514301\n ],\n [\n -114.1644287109375,\n 45.55444852652113\n ],\n [\n -114.20562744140625,\n 45.54675503088241\n ],\n [\n -114.24407958984375,\n 45.54675503088241\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 45.4947963896697\n ],\n [\n -114.29901123046875,\n 45.47554027158593\n ],\n [\n -114.33197021484375,\n 45.46205707250824\n ],\n [\n -114.378662109375,\n 45.50249699389715\n ],\n [\n -114.41436767578124,\n 45.51019654498558\n ],\n [\n -114.444580078125,\n 45.4890202453737\n ],\n [\n -114.46105957031249,\n 45.39266395850033\n ],\n [\n -114.44732666015625,\n 45.24782097102814\n ],\n [\n -114.46380615234375,\n 45.1394300814679\n ],\n [\n -114.42260742187499,\n 45.11811475546806\n ],\n [\n -114.1534423828125,\n 45.116176603574864\n ],\n [\n -113.895263671875,\n 45.116176603574864\n ],\n [\n -113.71673583984375,\n 45.114238385850854\n ],\n [\n -113.67828369140625,\n 45.14524196975275\n ],\n [\n -113.7030029296875,\n 45.222677199620094\n ],\n [\n -113.6810302734375,\n 45.26715476332791\n ],\n [\n -113.70849609375,\n 45.31546044422575\n ],\n [\n -113.73596191406249,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -113.72772216796875,\n 45.37916094640917\n ],\n [\n -113.7469482421875,\n 45.408092022812276\n ],\n [\n -113.7579345703125,\n 45.44471679159555\n ],\n [\n -113.7579345703125,\n 45.51789504294005\n ],\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 45.51789504294005\n ],\n [\n -113.79638671875,\n 45.56214096905609\n ],\n [\n -113.818359375,\n 45.60443057901899\n ],\n [\n -113.88427734374999,\n 45.625563438215984\n ],\n [\n -113.89251708984374,\n 45.63516665067313\n ],\n [\n -113.9337158203125,\n 45.69850658738846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c918","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaiser, Edward Peck","contributorId":46506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Peck","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010477,"text":"70010477 - 1956 - Abundances of the elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:21","indexId":"70010477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3285,"text":"Reviews of Modern Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundances of the elements","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of Modern Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53","issn":"00346861","usgsCitation":"Suess, H.E., and Urey, H.C., 1956, Abundances of the elements: Reviews of Modern Physics, v. 28, no. 1, p. 53-74, https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53.","startPage":"53","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.28.53"},{"id":219146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1956-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e662e4b0c8380cd473ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suess, H. E.","contributorId":69292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suess","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urey, H. C.","contributorId":44284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urey","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185477,"text":"70185477 - 1956 - Floods in relation to the river channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:39:11","indexId":"70185477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5272,"text":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floods in relation to the river channel","docAbstract":"Among the rivers studied by us two broad types may be distinguished. Channels in the semi-arid areas scour at high discharges so that the bed lowers nearly as much as the water surface rises. Detailed data on the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in New Mexico during the spring floods of 1948 and 1952 indicate that the bed aggrades to nearly its pre-flood level as the flood recedes. Channel banks may move rapidly by undercutting during periods of scour and levees are liable to failure not from overtopping but by undercutting.
In Connecticut, a sub-humid area, the repetitive processes of scour and fill in the semi-arid region were not demonstrated by the great floods of 1955. In a few reaches fresh sand was deposited over gravel beds subsequently to be removed by lower flows. Boulders four to six feet in diameter were moved in places over undisturbed beds of one-inch gravel. Channel widening occurred primarily in rivers in narrow valleys which confined the flow within the channel. Scour and deposition on flood plains adjacent to the rivers was irregular. Most deposits could be traced to local sources. In general, flood waters modified but did not vastly alter the prevailing configuration of the channel and structure of the flood plain.
","conferenceTitle":"Symposium Darcy: Floods","conferenceDate":"September 20-26, 1956","conferenceLocation":"Dijon, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1956, Floods in relation to the river channel: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, p. 85-98.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News/","text":"Publisher's Website","linkHelpText":"Back issues of this publication are available using the search function"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2515,"text":"wsp1109 - 1956 - Ground-water geology of the coastal zone, Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T19:42:34.164567","indexId":"wsp1109","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1109","title":"Ground-water geology of the coastal zone, Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California","docAbstract":"This paper is the first chapter of a comprehensive report on the ground-water features in the southern part of the coastal plain in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, Calif., with special reference to the effectiveness of the so-called coastal barrier--the Newport-Inglewood structural zone--in restraining landwar,-1 movement of saline water. The coastal plain in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, which covers some 775 square miles, sustains a large urban and rural population, diverse industries, and intensive agricultural developments. The aggregate ground-water withdrawal in 1945 was about 400,000 acre-feet a year, an average of about 360 million gallons a day. The dominant land-form elements are a central lowland plain with tongues extending to the coast, bordering highlands and foothills, and a succession of low hills and mesas aligned northwestward along the coastal edge of the central low- land plain. These low hills and mesas are the land-surface expression of geologic structure in the Newport-Inglewood zone. The highland areas that border the inland edge of the coastal plain are of moderate altitude and relief; most of the ridge crests range from 1,400 to 2,500 feet in altitude, but Santiago Peak in the Santa Ana Mountains attains a height of 5,680 feet above sea level. From these highlands the land surface descends across foothills and aggraded alluvial aprons to the central lowland, Downey Plain, here defined as the surface formed by alluvial aggradation during the post-Pleistocene time of rising base level. The Newport-Inglewood belt of hills and plains (mesas) has a maximum relief of some 500 feet but is widely underlain at a depth of about 30 feet by a surface of marine plantation. As initially formed in late Pleistocene time that surface was largely a featureless plain. Thus the present land-surface forms within the Newport-Inglewood belt measure the earth deformation that has occurred there since late Pleistocene time and so are pertinent with respect to structural features that influence the watertightness of the so-called coastal barrier. The hills and mesas of the Newport-Inglewood belt are cut by six gaps through which tongues of the central lowland extend to the coast. The gaps are trenched in the deformed late Pleistocene surface and are floored with alluvium that is highly permeable in its lower part. The Long Beach-Santa Ana area, with which this report is concerned, encompasses the central and eastern segments of the coastal plain, and includes five of the gaps in succession from northwest to south- east: Dominguez, Alamitos, Sunset, Bolsa, and Santa Ana Gaps. In the Long Beach-Santa Ana area a thick sequence of Quaternary and Tertiary sedimentary rocks has been deposited on a basement of metamorphic and crystalline rocks of pre-Tertiary age. In the broad syncline underlying tl e central part of Downey Plain these sediments probably exceed 20,000 feet in thickness. This report pertains chiefly to the geology and water-bearing character of the rocks that underlie the coastal zone of the Long Beach-Santa Ana area. This area extends some 27 miles from Dominguez Hill on the northwest to Newport Beach on the southeast, has an average width of about 6 miles, includes some 180 square miles, and borders the Pacific Ocean. Of the Quaternary deposits the youngest are of Recent age and comprise silt, sand, gravel, and clay, chiefly of fluvial origin; they are the latest contributions to the alluvial cones of the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana Rivers; their thickness is as much as 175 feet. The upper division of the Recent deposits, largely fine sand and silt of low permeability, commonly furnishes water only to a few wells of small yield; the lower division is coarse sand and gravel deposited chiefly in two tongues extending respectively, from Whittier Narrows through Dominguez Gap and from Santa Ana Canyon through Santa Ana Gap.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1109","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Piper, A.M., 1956, Ground-water geology of the coastal zone, Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1109, Report: v, 162 p.; 8 Plates: 61.10 x 16.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1109.","productDescription":"Report: v, 162 p.; 8 Plates: 61.10 x 16.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414038,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25580.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28705,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28704,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28703,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28702,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28701,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28700,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28699,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28698,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28697,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1109/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach-Santa Ana area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.29,\n 33.875\n ],\n [\n -118.29,\n 33.583\n ],\n [\n -117.848,\n 33.583\n ],\n [\n -117.848,\n 33.875\n ],\n [\n -118.29,\n 33.875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, J. 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Most of the early industries were so located that their increasing requirements for transportation, raw materials, market, labor, and water supply could be satisfied economically. Many of these original plant locations have continued as modern industrial centers and their output has increased manyfold in meeting the demands of our growing Nation. The recent and current industrial expansion and the trend toward the growth of chemical industries, many Of which are heavy users of water, has resulted in a tremendous increase in the total withdrawal of water for industrial use as well as a large increase in the per capita use of water. This increase in industrial water requirement has strained the capacity of the developed water supplies in many areas, and in some instances the adequacy of the potential water supplies is questionable.
The Geological Survey is engaged in preparing and publishing a series of reports describing the developed and undeveloped water resources of many important industrial areas. This work was started initially at the request of the National Securities Resources Board as a means to insure that water supplies are adequate for our rapidly expanding industrial development. Although many factors contribute to establishing the feasibility or even the limits of future industrial development, the one relating to available water supply is extremely important. A knowledge of the water requirements of various industries is valuable therefore in planning the logical development in any area where water supply is a critical factor. Thus far very little suitable information on the water requirements of our major industries is available for general planning. An inventory of unit water-use values in industry therefore would be generally helpful and also might tend to stimulate water-conservation methods. To obtain such information, investigations
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, Mussey, O., Conklin, H.L., Durfor, C.N., Otts, L.E., and Walling, F.B., 1955, Water requirements of selected industries: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"tableOfContents":"(A) Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry
(B) Water requirements of the carbon-black industry
(C) Water requirements of the aluminum industry
(D) Water requirements of the rayon- and acetate-fiber industry
(E) Water requirements of the copper industry
(F) Water requirements of the styrene, butadiene, and synthetic-rubber industries
(G) Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry
(H) Water requirements of the iron and steel industry
This study of the channel of Brandy wine Creek, Pennsylvania, consists of three parts. The first is an analysis of the changes which take place in the width, depth, velocity, slope of the water surface, suspended load, and roughness factor with changing discharge below the bankfull stage at each of several widely separated cross sections of the channel. Expressed as functions of the discharge, it is found that the variables behave systematically. In every section studied, as the discharge increases, the velocity increases to about the 0.6 power, depth to the 0.4, and load to the 2.0 power of the discharge. The roughness decreases to the 0.2 power of the discharge. The relative magnitudes and the direction of these variations are similar to those which have been observed in other rivers in the United States, primarily in the West. Some modifications of the hypotheses applicable to the western rivers are probably required because on Brandywine Creek the difference between the materials on the bed and in the banks is considerably greater than it is on most of the western rivers studied. In the second part of the paper the progressive changes of the same variables in the downstream direction with increasing discharge at a given frequency are described. Despite the disorderly appearance of the stream, it is found that the variables display a progressive, orderly change in the downstream direction when traced from the headwater tributaries through the trunk stream of Brandywine Creek. At a given frequency of flow, width increases with discharge to about the 0.5 power. Depth increases downstream somewhat less rapidly, while the slope and roughness both decrease in the downstream direction. Despite a decrease in the size of the material on the bed, both the mean velocity and the mean bed velocity increase downstream. The rates of change of these variables are in close accord with the changes observed on rivers flowing in alluvium and in stable irrigation canals. These relationships hold for all flows up to the bankfull stage. Analysis of the streamflow records indicates that the annual maximum discharge equals or exceeds the bankfull stage roughly once every 2 years. The regularity in the behavior of the variables with changing discharges both at-a-station and in the downstream direction and the similar rates of change of the variables on Brandywine Creek and in stable irrigation canals suggest the existence of a quasi-equilibrium in the channel of the creek. Part three of this study is concerned with this concept of equilibrium in streams. By analogy with canals and with several rivers in diverse regions of the United States it may be concluded that this quasi-equilibrium is closely related to the discharge, and to the concentration of the suspended load. The shape and longitudinal profile of the channel are determined by these two independent factors which operate within the limits set by the local geology. The latter determines the initial size, shape, and resistance of the material provided to the channel. The existence of a quasi-equilibrium among the variables studied suggests that most reaches on Brandywine Creek are at grade. This is true if the term \"grade,\" when applied to natural rivers, is synonymous with quasi-equilibrium. The adjustability of the variables in the channel rather than the stability of any particular shape or longitudinal profile of the channel is emphasized when t
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp271","usgsCitation":"Wolman, M., 1955, The natural channel of Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 271, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp271.","productDescription":"56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0271/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66699,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0271/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3702,40.062],[-75.3732,40.0602],[-75.3811,40.0572],[-75.4012,40.0475],[-75.4025,40.0471],[-75.4086,40.0436],[-75.4128,40.0418],[-75.4106,40.0373],[-75.4076,40.0336],[-75.406,40.0295],[-75.4139,40.0242],[-75.4207,40.0202],[-75.4311,40.0118],[-75.4508,39.9958],[-75.452,39.9949],[-75.4532,39.994],[-75.4521,39.9926],[-75.4455,39.9925],[-75.4437,39.9925],[-75.4412,39.9933],[-75.4401,39.9915],[-75.4372,39.9865],[-75.4385,39.9842],[-75.4398,39.9811],[-75.4399,39.9793],[-75.4423,39.9788],[-75.4446,39.9807],[-75.4726,39.968],[-75.4993,39.9557],[-75.5024,39.9544],[-75.5079,39.9518],[-75.5152,39.9483],[-75.5224,39.9452],[-75.5243,39.9443],[-75.5202,39.9397],[-75.5191,39.9374],[-75.5306,39.9322],[-75.526,39.9239],[-75.5315,39.9218],[-75.5366,39.9305],[-75.5427,39.9274],[-75.5398,39.9242],[-75.5447,39.922],[-75.5424,39.9183],[-75.5502,39.9152],[-75.5468,39.9093],[-75.5553,39.9058],[-75.5576,39.9086],[-75.5601,39.9072],[-75.5583,39.904],[-75.562,39.9023],[-75.5711,39.897],[-75.573,39.8943],[-75.5714,39.8879],[-75.5799,39.8835],[-75.5822,39.8854],[-75.5834,39.8849],[-75.5852,39.8863],[-75.5888,39.8846],[-75.5842,39.8804],[-75.5981,39.8747],[-75.5952,39.8724],[-75.5934,39.8697],[-75.5935,39.8683],[-75.5959,39.8652],[-75.599,39.862],[-75.6003,39.8602],[-75.6015,39.858],[-75.601,39.8562],[-75.5975,39.8539],[-75.5939,39.8515],[-75.5946,39.8488],[-75.5965,39.8457],[-75.5978,39.8416],[-75.5973,39.8379],[-75.6146,39.835],[-75.6308,39.8314],[-75.6464,39.827],[-75.647,39.8268],[-75.6661,39.82],[-75.6775,39.8156],[-75.6928,39.8074],[-75.7056,39.7991],[-75.7177,39.7912],[-75.724,39.7866],[-75.7268,39.7845],[-75.7378,39.775],[-75.7476,39.7653],[-75.7551,39.756],[-75.7611,39.7478],[-75.7662,39.7393],[-75.77,39.731],[-75.7723,39.7231],[-75.7875,39.7231],[-76.0148,39.7228],[-76.1392,39.7223],[-76.1373,39.7262],[-76.1337,39.728],[-76.1307,39.728],[-76.1266,39.7265],[-76.1236,39.7242],[-76.1188,39.726],[-76.1187,39.7301],[-76.1205,39.7333],[-76.1198,39.7364],[-76.1144,39.7368],[-76.1115,39.735],[-76.1121,39.7318],[-76.1134,39.7287],[-76.1104,39.7268],[-76.1051,39.7254],[-76.0996,39.7285],[-76.0965,39.7326],[-76.0959,39.7362],[-76.0988,39.738],[-76.1018,39.7399],[-76.1018,39.7421],[-76.1011,39.7449],[-76.0957,39.7448],[-76.0909,39.7452],[-76.0873,39.7474],[-76.0842,39.7537],[-76.0841,39.7592],[-76.0804,39.7609],[-76.0678,39.7626],[-76.066,39.7644],[-76.0654,39.7671],[-76.0659,39.7708],[-76.0628,39.7734],[-76.0616,39.7752],[-76.0615,39.7789],[-76.0567,39.7802],[-76.0537,39.7819],[-76.0506,39.7846],[-76.0481,39.79],[-76.0444,39.7963],[-76.0377,39.8026],[-76.0352,39.808],[-76.0303,39.813],[-76.0308,39.8175],[-76.032,39.8207],[-76.0265,39.8247],[-76.0253,39.826],[-76.0252,39.8301],[-76.0234,39.831],[-76.0191,39.8319],[-76.0191,39.8337],[-76.0202,39.8378],[-76.023,39.8464],[-76.0217,39.8518],[-76.0211,39.8537],[-76.0181,39.8545],[-76.0163,39.854],[-76.0127,39.8531],[-76.0103,39.8531],[-76.0091,39.8544],[-76.007,39.8666],[-76.0051,39.8712],[-76.0039,39.873],[-76.0015,39.8738],[-75.9991,39.8734],[-75.9974,39.8715],[-75.9956,39.8701],[-75.9932,39.8697],[-75.9926,39.8706],[-75.9908,39.8719],[-75.9877,39.8732],[-75.9871,39.8746],[-75.9877,39.8768],[-75.9912,39.8801],[-75.9905,39.8828],[-75.9899,39.8868],[-75.9879,39.8927],[-75.9885,39.895],[-75.9902,39.8977],[-75.9943,39.901],[-75.9961,39.9028],[-75.9957,39.9236],[-75.9962,39.9259],[-75.998,39.9273],[-75.9968,39.9282],[-75.9938,39.9277],[-75.9926,39.9268],[-75.9914,39.9272],[-75.9902,39.9286],[-75.98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M. G.","contributorId":39789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13231,"text":"ofr5533 - 1955 - Gravel and sand resources of the New England-New York region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T13:39:48","indexId":"ofr5533","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-33","title":"Gravel and sand resources of the New England-New York region","docAbstract":"Deposits of sand and gravel are widespread in the New England-New York regions and constitute one of its principal mineral resources. Most of the pits are operated intermittently to supply local needs. Because of the great number and variety of known deposits, and because they have been worked at countless points it is impracticable to describe in detail either the deposits or the individual pits. On the other hand, a broad description of the geologic modes of occurrence with relation to the regional geology will serve adequately to indicate the importance of the resource in the regional economy and development. Except for some special sands, such as \"glass sand\", certain molding and foundry sands, et. al., for which restrictive textural, compositional and physical properties are required, sand and gravel are used chiefly for local construction and are not commonly transported for long distances.
\nSand and gravel deposits of the region fall into four principal genetic categories - e.g., glacial, alluvial, marine, and aeolian. Of these, deposits of glacial origin are by far the most widespread and important.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5533","usgsCitation":"Currier, L.W., 1955, Gravel and sand resources of the New England-New York region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-33, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5533.","productDescription":"23 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289662,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0033/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.5 ], [ -79.76,47.46 ], [ -66.95,47.46 ], [ -66.95,40.5 ], [ -79.76,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67230b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Currier, Louis W.","contributorId":14793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currier","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2845,"text":"wsp1298 - 1955 - Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:11:18","indexId":"wsp1298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1298","title":"Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"The area described in this report is the flood plain of the Grand River and the bordering benchlands in Perkins and Corson Counties, S. Dak., from a point about 6 miles west of the town of Shadehill to the confluence of the Grand and Missouri Rivers near Mobridge.
\nThe exposed bedrock formations include the Pierre shale, the Fox Hills sandstone, and the Hell Creek formation of Late Cretaceous age, and-the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) age. Some stringers of the Cannonball formation probably interfinger with beds of the Ludlow member but none of the former was identified during the field investigations. The Pierre shale is exposed from the mouth of the Grand River to approximately the center of the area. Although a few wells in the area obtain water from this formation, it is not generally considered to be a source of supply. The Fox Hills sandstone, the Hell Creek formation, and the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation are exposed successively upstream and, where saturated, yield small to moderate quantities of water to wells.
\nUnconsolidated deposits of silt, sand, and gravel occur in several physiographic positions; they underlie the high benchland on both sides of the river, the poorly defined terraces along the river, and the flood plain throughout its entire length. Possibly all these unconsolidated deposits are water bearing; however, where the deposits on the benchland and in the terraces are dissected by streams, they probably contain little or no water.
\nThe average depth to ground water along the lower Grand River valley is about 17 feet. Probably, the flow of ground water in the bottom lands is nearly parallel to and slightly toward the surface stream. The measurements of the water level in observation wells for the period 1946-48 indicate that the fluctuations of the water table are small.
\nThe results of analyses of 13 samples of ground water from the alluvium and the Hell Creek formation show that the suitability of the ground water for use varies because of the considerable range in mineralization and composition. Dissolved solids ranged from 343 to 4,250 parts per million (ppm), hardness from 11 to 1,130 ppm, and percentage of sodium from 25 to 98. Concentrations of some of the individual constituents exceed standards of the United States Public Health Service. The water is moderately hard and contains undesirable amounts of iron and moderate to large amounts of dissolved solids. In general, the water quality ranges from excellent to unsuitable for irrigation use. The result of the mixing of the ground water with recharge water from Shadehill Reservoir cannot be predicted on the basis of available data.
\nThe geologic and hydrologic data in this report were obtained from earlier reports and from field observations during the period 1946-48. The report includes a geologic map and tabulated well records.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1298","usgsCitation":"Tychsen, P.C., Vorhis, R., and Jochens, E.R., 1955, Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1298, Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29415,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29416,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Grand River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tychsen, Paul C.","contributorId":82683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tychsen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vorhis, R.C.","contributorId":32512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1162,"text":"wsp1357 - 1955 - Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp1357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1357","title":"Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska","docAbstract":"A natural chute in the Niobrara River near Cody, Nebr., constricts the flow of the river except at high stages to a narrow channel in which the turbulence is sufficient to suspend nearly the total sediment discharge. Because much of the flow originates in the sandhills area of Nebraska, the water discharge and sediment discharge are relatively uniform. \r\n\r\nSediment discharges based on depth-integrated samples at a contracted section in the chute and on streamflow records at a recording gage about 1,900 feet upstream are available for the period from April 1948 to September 1953 but are not given directly as continuous records in this report. Sediment measurements have been made periodically near the gage and at other nearby relatively unconfined sections of the stream for comparison with measurements at the contracted section. \r\n\r\nSediment discharge at these relatively unconfined sections was computed from formulas for comparison with measured sediment discharges at the contracted section. A form of the Du Boys formula gave computed tonnages of sediment that were unsatisfactory. Sediment discharges as computed from the Schoklitsch formula agreed well with measured sediment discharges that were low, but they were much too low at measured sediment discharges that were higher. The Straub formula gave computed discharges, presumably of bed material, that were several times larger than measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. All three of these formulas gave computed sediment discharges that increased with water discharges much less rapidly than the measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. \r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure when applied to a reach that included 10 defined cross sections gave much better agreement between computed sediment discharge and measured sediment discharge than did anyone of the three other formulas that were used. This procedure does not compute the discharge of sediment that is too small to be found in the stream bed in appreciable quantities. Hence, total sediment discharges were obtained by adding computed discharges of sediment larger than 0.125 millimeter to measured discharges of sediment smaller than 0.125 millimeter. The size distributions of the computed sediment discharge compared poorly with the size distributions of sediment discharge at the contracted section. Ten sediment discharges computed from the Einstein procedure as applied to a single section averaged several times the measured sediment discharge for the contracted section and gave size distributions that were unsatisfactory.\r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure was modified to compute total sediment discharge at an alluvial section from readily measurable field data. The modified procedure uses measurements of bed-material particle sizes, suspended-sediment concentrations and particle sizes from depth-integrated samples, streamflow, and water temperatures. Computations of total sediment discharge were made by using this modified procedure, some for the section at the gaging station and some for each of two other relatively unconfined sections. The size distributions of the computed and the measured sediment discharges agreed reasonably well. Major advantages of this modified procedure include applicability to a single section rather than to a reach of channel, use of measured velocity instead of water-surface slope, use of depth-integrated samples, and apparently fair accuracy for computing both total sediment discharge and approximate size distribution of the sediment. Because of these advantages this modified procedure is being further studied to increase its accuracy, to simplify the required computations, and to define its limitations. \r\n\r\nIn the development of the modified procedure, some relationships concerning theories of sediment transport were reviewed and checked against field data. Vertical distributions of suspended sediment at relatively unconfined sections did not agree well with theoretical dist","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; for sale by U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1357","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Colby, B.R., and Hembree, C., 1955, Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1357, vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1357.","productDescription":"vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25989,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25990,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25991,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25992,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25993,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25994,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25995,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25996,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hembree, C. H.","contributorId":106866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hembree","given":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}