{"pageNumber":"1636","pageRowStart":"40875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41062,"records":[{"id":1277,"text":"wsp1259 - 1954 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51009,"text":"ofr51111 - 1951 - Progress report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr51111","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1277,"text":"wsp1259 - 1954 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","indexId":"wsp1259","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-17T20:29:44.293329","indexId":"wsp1259","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1259","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation occupies about 1,000 square miles in west- central North Dakota. The Missouri and Little Missouri Rivers flow through the area and form part of its boundaries. Garrison Dam, which is under construction on the Missouri River 30 miles downstream from the east boundary of the reservation, will impound water in Garrison Reservoir and flood the valleys of both rivers throughout the area. The reservoir will divide the reservation into five parts, herein referred to as the eastern, northeastern, northern, western, and southern segments. \n\nRock formations ranging in age from Paleocene to Recent are exposed. The Fort Union formation of Paleocene age underlies the entire reservation, and it crops out along the Missouri and Little Missouri Rivers. Relatively thin glacial till and outwash deposits of late Pleistocene age mantle much of the upland in all of the segments. The glacial de. posits commonly are less than 10 feet thick; in many places they consist only of scattered boulders on the bedrock surface. The major valleys have terrace deposits of Pleistocene and Recent age and alluvium of Recent age. \n\nThe principal mineral resources of the reservation are lignite, sand, and gravel. The lignite beds range in thickness from a few inches to about 30 feet. At least four separate beds, which range in thickness from 4 feet to more than 7 feet, are mined locally. Although many mines will be flooded after Garrison Dam is completed, many suitable mine sites will remain above the proposed reservoir level. Sand and gravel deposits are found in glacial outwash and in stream-terrace deposits. \n\nOn upland areas of the reservation ground water is available principally from the lignite and the associated fine- to medium-grained sandstone beds of the Fort Union formation. Few wells on the reservation are known to produce water from glacial material, although the recessional moraines are possible sources of shallow-water supplies. Small quantities of ground water are available from thin alluvial deposits in some places on the upland. Most wells in the valleys produce water from the alluvium or the terrace deposits. However, several wells penetrate the underlying Fort Union formation. A few flowing wells in the Missouri River valley near Elbowoods produce water from either the lower part of the Fort Union formation or from the Cannonball formation, also of Paleocene age. The chemical character of water from the Fort Union formation and the outwash and river gravels was determined from analyses of 39 samples from wells and springs. Water from bedrock may be either hard or soft, and it is moderately to highly mineralized. Water from the surficial deposits is uniformly hard, but it is less mineralized. Shallow wells in the eastern and northeastern segments produce water of good quality. Wells in these segments, and several springs in the western segment, could be used satisfactorily as domestic supplies. Spring water from lignite deposits on the reservation generally is colored and contains objectionable amounts of iron. Treatment of the water would improve its quality for domestic use. \n\nThe filling of Garrison Reservoir will cause a rise of the water levels in wells that tap aquifers now discharging below the operating level of the reservoir. All the permeable strata below this level will become saturated, and ground-water bodies that are now separated will become hydraulically united. In addition to providing subsurface information, the drilling program of the U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs provided wells for domestic and stock-water supplies. All test holes that tapped an adequate supply of potable water were reamed to a larger diameter, equipped with casing and well screen, and gravel-packed. The test-drilling program was completed in 1951; however, the drilling of domestic wells was continued under the supervision of the U. S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1259","usgsCitation":"Dingman, R.J., Gordon, E.D., and Swenson, H.A., 1954, Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1259, Report: v, 115 p.; 1 Plate: 16.59 x 11.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1259.","productDescription":"Report: v, 115 p.; 1 Plate: 16.59 x 11.21 inches","numberOfPages":"122","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26237,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1259/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":396133,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24293.htm"},{"id":137527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1259/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"96000","country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Garrison Dam, Little Missouri River, Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.098,\n              47.453\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.73,\n              47.453\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.73,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.098,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.098,\n              47.453\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68553a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dingman, Robert James","contributorId":60190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Ellis D.","contributorId":12451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swenson, H. A.","contributorId":58618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3760,"text":"cir330 - 1954 - The Model VI transmission fluorimeter for the determination of uranium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"cir330","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"330","title":"The Model VI transmission fluorimeter for the determination of uranium","docAbstract":"An improved transmission fluorimeter (Model VI) for use in the determination of uranium consists of a line-operated, low-voltage d-c supply, powering a small 3-watt ultraviolet lamp as a source of long wavelength ultraviolet radiation; a Model V phototube housing and. fluorimeter head containing the sample holder, shutter, and primary and secondary filters; an end-window multiplier phototube powered by a stable, commercially available high-voltage supply; and an electronic microammeter for measuring the output current from the photomultiplier tube. The instrument has excellent electrical stability and operates over a wide range of sensitivity. Its versatility makes it useful for both routine and research work.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir330","usgsCitation":"Kinser, C.A., 1954, The Model VI transmission fluorimeter for the determination of uranium: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 330, 9 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir330.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0330/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30823,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0330/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinser, Charles Alvin","contributorId":69126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Alvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51768,"text":"ofr54298 - 1954 - Modification of explanation of map of ground-water provinces in the United States, to show occurrence of saline water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T16:06:27","indexId":"ofr54298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-298","title":"Modification of explanation of map of ground-water provinces in the United States, to show occurrence of saline water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr54298","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., and DeBuchananne, G., 1954, Modification of explanation of map of ground-water provinces in the United States, to show occurrence of saline water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-298, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54298.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369430,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0298/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6994d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBuchananne, G.D.","contributorId":91166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBuchananne","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221466,"text":"70221466 - 1954 - Criteria for the mode of emplacement of the alkaline stock at Mount Monadnock, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T16:23:34.929682","indexId":"70221466","displayToPublicDate":"1954-12-01T11:18:48","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Criteria for the mode of emplacement of the alkaline stock at Mount Monadnock, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;</span>alkaline<span>&nbsp;</span>stock<span>&nbsp;</span>at<span>&nbsp;</span>Mount<span>&nbsp;</span>Monadnock<span>,&nbsp;</span>Vermont<span>, described briefly by Wolff (1929), has been restudied in detail. Its petrography and structure are discussed here and conclusions are drawn as to its&nbsp;</span>mode<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>emplacement<span>. The&nbsp;</span>stock<span>&nbsp;consists of plutonic and hypabyssal rocks which intrude folded Ordovician (?) schist and quartzite. The longer axis, trending north-northwest across the strike of the country rock, is 3 miles long, and the shorter one about 2 1/2 miles. Essentially the&nbsp;</span>stock<span>&nbsp;consists of quartz syenite, but it encloses a long arcuate mass of older essexite and transition rock, and along its eastern edge are later intrusions of granite. Late dikes of various compositions cut the plutonics and surrounding metamorphic rocks. The following facts have been established: (1) The igneous rocks are typical representatives of the White Mountain magma series (Mississippian?), quite lacking in foliation and lineation. (2) The&nbsp;</span>stock<span>&nbsp;is discordant and has an elliptical ground plan. (3) In detail the boundary is irregular and characterized by abundant dikes and xenoliths. (4) The igneous rocks make sharp contacts with the metamorphosed country rock. (5) The arcuate mass of older essexite is undoubtedly a screen. (6) The small bodies of late granite resemble ring dikes. (7) The&nbsp;</span>stock<span>&nbsp;is cut by prominent sets of steeply dipping radial and tangential joints. (8) The late dikes show radial and tangential patterns. (9) Along the northern and southern margins of the&nbsp;</span>stock<span>&nbsp;the country rock shows strikes and dips which differ from the regional ones. From these&nbsp;</span>criteria<span>&nbsp;it is concluded that the plutonic rocks have invaded the crust by cauldron subsidence accompanied by the stoping of large arcuate slabs and smaller blocks from the walls of the magma reservoir.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[97:CFTMOE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chapman, R.W., 1954, Criteria for the mode of emplacement of the alkaline stock at Mount Monadnock, Vermont: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 97-114, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[97:CFTMOE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Monadnock Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.806640625,\n              44.84223815129917\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4825439453125,\n              44.84223815129917\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4825439453125,\n              44.999767019181284\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.806640625,\n              44.999767019181284\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.806640625,\n              44.84223815129917\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Randolph W.","contributorId":86057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010507,"text":"70010507 - 1954 - Morphologic variation and mode of growth of Devonian Trepostomatous Bryozoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-04T15:02:39.324651","indexId":"70010507","displayToPublicDate":"1954-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphologic variation and mode of growth of Devonian Trepostomatous Bryozoa","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.120.3112.322.b","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Boardman, R., 1954, Morphologic variation and mode of growth of Devonian Trepostomatous Bryozoa: Science, v. 120, no. 3112, p. 322-323, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.120.3112.322.b.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"323","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219458,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.24035344675046,\n              43.72710448716839\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.17018544040681,\n              42.783700339950485\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.92135833496951,\n              41.97361804850743\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.2815563672451,\n              41.93974177879409\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.53263909721032,\n              41.20858924849604\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.88710441867349,\n              40.48952227874964\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.65531537814667,\n              40.51923327079345\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.79675539358236,\n              41.254975122543904\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.57372466522199,\n              41.24741287994864\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.1832820797451,\n              45.017165507911926\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.83879365076044,\n              45.09801435730404\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.99734736162851,\n              43.82287347882534\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.24035344675046,\n              43.72710448716839\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"3112","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e39e4b0c8380cd708a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boardman, R.S.","contributorId":38276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boardman","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70221471,"text":"70221471 - 1954 - A variable, circular‐arc rule; An aid in constructing stereographic projections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T18:15:44.261776","indexId":"70221471","displayToPublicDate":"1954-08-01T13:12:38","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A variable, circular‐arc rule; An aid in constructing stereographic projections","docAbstract":"<p>A<span>&nbsp;drafting instrument which provides&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;ruling edge for drawing arcs of circles the radii of which are unusually long is described.&nbsp;</span>A<span>&nbsp;complete range of arcs of different curvature, within the limits prescribed by the construction of the instrument, are obtainable. This instrument was developed originally to allow accurate construction of&nbsp;</span>circular<span>&nbsp;arcs of very low curvature, which are difficult or impossible to draw with an ordinary compass,&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>constructing<span>&nbsp;</span>stereographic<span>&nbsp;</span>projections<span>. It is apparent, of course, that numerous other applications are possible. To satisfy the authors' needs,&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;relatively small model was constructed, but the same general construction could be used&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;larger models.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR035i004p00645","usgsCitation":"Wallace, R.E., Fried, B., and Guptil, J., 1954, A variable, circular‐arc rule; An aid in constructing stereographic projections: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 35, no. 4, p. 645-646, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR035i004p00645.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"646","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, Robert E.","contributorId":15570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fried, B.","contributorId":64613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fried","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guptil, John","contributorId":260356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guptil","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70221470,"text":"70221470 - 1954 - Aeromagnetic surveys in the Aleutian, Marshall, and Bermuda Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T18:07:28.759417","indexId":"70221470","displayToPublicDate":"1954-08-01T13:04:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic surveys in the Aleutian, Marshall, and Bermuda Islands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Total‐intensity&nbsp;</span>aeromagnetic<span>&nbsp;</span>surveys<span>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;</span>Aleutian<span>&nbsp;</span>Marshall<span>, and&nbsp;</span>Bermuda<span>&nbsp;</span>Islands<span>&nbsp;were completed&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;1948. The anomalies associated with the&nbsp;</span>Aleutian<span>&nbsp;volcanoes are attributed mainly to topographic relief and are not an indication of the degree of volcanic activity. Eniwetok presents a magnetic pattern that would be produced by an irregular‐shaped rimmed depression&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the basement, modified by the two adjoining seamounts, and differs from Bikini, whose magnetic features would be produced by a broad seamount with irregular surface relief. The&nbsp;</span>Bermuda<span>&nbsp;</span>survey<span>&nbsp;demonstrated magnetic features typical of volcanic rocks. Comparison of an observed and a theoretical profile computed by Press and Ewing indicates that their assumptions are reasonably correct. The&nbsp;</span>Aleutian<span>&nbsp;Trench&nbsp;</span>survey<span>&nbsp;shows anomalies that are attributed to susceptibility contrasts but none that can be correlated with the trench. A traverse from Adak,&nbsp;</span>Aleutian<span>&nbsp;</span>Islands<span>, to Kwajalein,&nbsp;</span>Marshall<span>&nbsp;</span>Islands<span>, exhibited several large anomalies that are presumed to be caused by susceptibility contrasts but may be indications of uncharted seamounts. Two traverses, one from Cape May, N.J., to&nbsp;</span>Bermuda<span>&nbsp;and the other from&nbsp;</span>Bermuda<span>&nbsp;to Long&nbsp;</span>Island<span>, N.Y., reveal a change&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the magnetic field approximately 300 miles from the Atlantic Coast that indicates a possible thinning of the sial and an exposure of sima.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR035i004p00558","usgsCitation":"Keller, F., Meuschke, J.L., and Alldredge, L., 1954, Aeromagnetic surveys in the Aleutian, Marshall, and Bermuda Islands: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 35, no. 4, p. 558-572, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR035i004p00558.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"558","endPage":"572","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","otherGeospatial":"Bermuda","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.357421875,\n              31.203404950917395\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.97363281249999,\n              31.203404950917395\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.97363281249999,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.357421875,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.357421875,\n              31.203404950917395\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Fred Jr.","contributorId":62664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Fred","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70221460,"text":"70221460 - 1954 - Sedimentary facies of iron-formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T15:56:48.830475","indexId":"70221460","displayToPublicDate":"1954-05-01T10:54:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary facies of iron-formation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;</span>sedimentary<span>&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-formations of Precambrian age in the Lake Superior region can be divided on the basis of the dominant original&nbsp;</span>iron<span>&nbsp;mineral into four principal&nbsp;</span>facies<span>: sulfide, carbonate, oxide, and silicate. As chemical sediments, these rocks reflect certain aspects of the chemistry of the depositional environments. The major control, at least for the sulfide, carbonate, and oxide types, probably was the oxidation potential. The evidence indicates that deposition took place in restricted basins, which were separated from the open sea by thresholds that inhibited free circulation and permitted development of abnormalities in oxidation potential and water composition. The sporadic distribution of metamorphism and of later oxidation permits description of the primary&nbsp;</span>facies<span>&nbsp;on the basis of unoxidized, essentially unmetamorphosed material. The sulfide&nbsp;</span>facies<span>&nbsp;is represented by black slates in which pyrite may make up as much as 40 percent of the rock. The free-carbon content of these rocks typically ranges from 5 to 15 percent, indicating that ultra-stagnant conditions prevailed during deposition. Locally, the pyritic rocks contain layers of&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-rich carbonate. The carbonate&nbsp;</span>facies<span>&nbsp;consists, in its purer form, of interbedded&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-rich carbonate and chert. It is a product of an environment in which oxygen concentration was sufficiently high to destroy most of the organic material but not high enough to permit&nbsp;</span>formation<span>&nbsp;of ferric compounds. The oxide&nbsp;</span>facies<span>&nbsp;is found as two principal types, one characterized by magnetite and the other by hematite. Both minerals appear to be of primary origin. The magnetite-banded rock is one of the dominant lithologies in the region; it consists typically of magnetite interlayered with chert, carbonate, or&nbsp;</span>iron<span>&nbsp;silicate, or combinations of the three. Its mineralogy and association suggest origin under weakly oxidizing to moderately reducing conditions, but the mode of precipitation of magnetite is not clearly understood. The hematite-banded rocks consist of finely crystalline hematite interlayered with chert or jasper. Oolitic structure is common. This&nbsp;</span>facies<span>&nbsp;doubtless accumulated in a strongly oxidizing, probably near-shore, environment similar to that in which younger hema-titic ironstones such as the Clinton oolite were deposited. The silicate&nbsp;</span>facies<span>&nbsp;contains one or more of the hydrous ferrous silicates (greenalite, minnesotaite, stilpnomelane, chlorite) as a major constituent. Granule structure, similar to that of glauconite, is typical of some varieties; others are nongranular and finely laminated. The most common association of the silicate rocks is with either carbonate- or magnetite-bearing rocks, which suggests that the optimum conditions for deposition ranged from slightly oxidizing to slightly reducing. The relationship between the&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-rich rocks and volcanism, stressed by many authors, is considered by the writer to be structural, not chemical: in the Lake Superior region both&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-deposition and volcanism are believed to be related to geosynclinal development during Huronian time. In Michigan, the lower Huronian rocks are&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-poor quartzite and dolomite-typical \"stable-shelf\" deposits; much of the upper Huronian consists of&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-poor graywacke and slate with associated volcanic rocks -a typical \"geosynclinal\" assemblage. Thus the&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-rich beds of the middle Huronian and lower part of the upper Huronian were deposited during a transitional stage in structural history. The major environmental requirement for deposition of&nbsp;</span>iron<span>-</span>formation<span>&nbsp;is the closed or restricted basin; this requirement coincides in time with what would be a normal stage in evolution of the geosyncline: namely, structural development of offshore buckles or swells that subsequently develop into island arcs characterized by volcanism.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.49.3.235","usgsCitation":"James, H.L., 1954, Sedimentary facies of iron-formation: Economic Geology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 235-293, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.49.3.235.","productDescription":"59 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"293","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.7685546875,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3974609375,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3974609375,\n              50.00773901463687\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7685546875,\n              50.00773901463687\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7685546875,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1954-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, H. L.","contributorId":96732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011010,"text":"70011010 - 1954 - Modification of the glacial chronology of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T15:32:24.322687","indexId":"70011010","displayToPublicDate":"1954-04-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modification of the glacial chronology of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.119.3096.614.b","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Richmond, G., 1954, Modification of the glacial chronology of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Science, v. 119, no. 3096, p. 614-615, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.119.3096.614.b.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"614","endPage":"615","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.01842430412185,\n              38.055619972273064\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.01842430412185,\n              37.01269649073316\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.93220053695369,\n              37.01269649073316\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.93220053695369,\n              38.055619972273064\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.01842430412185,\n              38.055619972273064\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"3096","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cb3e4b0c8380cd6feaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, G.M.","contributorId":104066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010844,"text":"70010844 - 1954 - Total-intensity magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional distributions by means of experimentally derived double layer model fields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-10T14:53:34.027032","indexId":"70010844","displayToPublicDate":"1954-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Total-intensity magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional distributions by means of experimentally derived double layer model fields","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.119.3088.329","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zietz, I., and Henderson, R., 1954, Total-intensity magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional distributions by means of experimentally derived double layer model fields: Science, v. 119, no. 3088, p. 329-330, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.119.3088.329.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"330","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"3088","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5a4e4b08c986b3267e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zietz, I.","contributorId":59937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, R.G.","contributorId":72521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70113791,"text":"tei463 - 1954 - Uranium-bearing lignite in southwestern North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T14:21:30","indexId":"tei463","displayToPublicDate":"1954-01-01T14:54:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"463","title":"Uranium-bearing lignite in southwestern North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>Uranium-bearing lignite was mapped and sampled in the Bullion Butte, Sentinel Butte, HT Butte, and Chalky Buttes areas in southwestern North Dakota. The uraniferous lignite occurs at several stratigraphic positions in the Sentinel Butte member of the Fort Union formation of Paleocene age. A total of 261 samples were collected for uranium analysis from 85 localities, Lignite contained as much as 0.045 percent uranium, 10.0 percent ash, and 0.45 percent uranium in the ash was found although the average is lower. Inferred reserves for the four areas examined are estimated to be about 27 million tons of lignite in beds about 2 feet thick and containing more than 3000 tons of uranium. The lignite in beds about 2 feet thick and containing more than 3000 tons of uranium. The lignite averages more than 30 percent ash in the surface samples. The principal factor that seems to influence the uranium content of lignite beds is their stratigraphic position below the overlying rocks of the White River group of Oligocene age. All of the uranium-bearing beds closely underlie the base of the White River group. Although this relationship seems to be the controlling factor, the relative concentration of uranium may be modified by other conditions. Beds enclosed in permeable rocks are more uraniferous than beds in impermeable rocks, and thin beds have higher content of uranium than thick beds. In addition, thick lignite beds commonly have a top=preferential distribution of uranium. These and other factors suggest that the uranium is secondary and this it was introduced by ground water which had leached uranium from volcanic ash in the overlying rocks of the White River group. It is thought that the uranium is held in the lignite as part of a metallo-organic compound.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei463","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.W., Melin, R.E., and Kepferle, R.C., 1954, Uranium-bearing lignite in southwestern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 463, Report: 35 p.; 1 Plate: 22.82 x 17.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei463.","productDescription":"Report: 35 p.; 1 Plate: 22.82 x 17.92 inches","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289973,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0463/report.pdf"},{"id":289970,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0463/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana;North Dakota;South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Bullion Butte;Chalky Buttes;Ht Butte;Sentinel Butte","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.0299,44.9987 ], [ -105.0299,47.1933 ], [ -102.3265,47.1933 ], [ -102.3265,44.9987 ], [ -105.0299,44.9987 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7890e4b0abf75cf2d8ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, George W.","contributorId":21625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melin, Robert E.","contributorId":23198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kepferle, Roy C.","contributorId":103586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepferle","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70160620,"text":"70160620 - 1953 - A contagious disease of salmon, possibly of virus origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:13:45","indexId":"70160620","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A contagious disease of salmon, possibly of virus origin","docAbstract":"<p>Production records for 1885, 1891&ndash;1908, and 1929&ndash;49, indicate cyclic fluctuations for several important species of fish. The average annual take (all species) of 3,582,000 pounds in 1929&ndash;49 was 3,503,000 pounds below the 1891&ndash;1908 mean of 7,085,000 pounds. Decline in the output of lake herring alone from 5,841,000 pounds in 1891&ndash;1908 to 1,070,000 pounds in 1929&ndash;49&mdash;a drop of 4,771,000 pounds&mdash;more than accounted for the decrease. For species other than lake herring the combined output increased from 1,244,000 pounds in 1891&ndash;1908 to 2,512,000 in 1929&ndash;49&mdash;a rise of 1,268,000 pounds. The 1929&ndash;49 fluctuations of abundance (as estimated from records of catch per unit of effort) were considerable for all principal species. In the late years of the period, lake trout were scarce as the result of sealamprey depredations, but the abundance levels of whitefish, lake herring, and walleyes were extremely high; at the same time the smelt was showing good recovery from the disastrous 1943 mortality. With certain exceptions, correlations between fluctuations of fishing intensity and the abundance of individual species were low, probably because most operations are based on several species and hence not ordinarily sensitive to changes in the abundance of a particular one. A combination of intensive fishing and high abundance of three principal species carried the production to 5% million pounds in 1947 and the modern record high of between 7% and 8 million pounds in 1948 and 1949. With this prosperity has developed a most difficult situation arising from friction between local commercial fishermen and newcomers from other areas and from the activities of sport fishermen and resort owners who believe that drastic restrictions on commercial fishing will insure a perpetual high level of abundance of walleyes. Statistics for 1950 are given in a supplement.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R., Whipple, W., Parvin, J., and Evans, C., 1953, A contagious disease of salmon, possibly of virus origin: Fishery Bulletin, v. 54, no. 1, p. 35-46.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312867,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/54-1/rucker.pdf","text":"pdf"},{"id":352114,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/54-1/541toc.html"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b3ae4b0a04ef4925b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whipple, W.J.","contributorId":150866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whipple","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parvin, J.R.","contributorId":150868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parvin","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, C.A.","contributorId":150869,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":71385,"text":"tei339 - 1953 - Uranium-bearing carbonaceous shale and lignite in the Goose Creek district, Cassia County, Idaho, Boxelder County, Utah and Elko County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:38:45","indexId":"tei339","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-10T15:56:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"339","title":"Uranium-bearing carbonaceous shale and lignite in the Goose Creek district, Cassia County, Idaho, Boxelder County, Utah and Elko County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The Goose Creek district includes about 260 miles in southern Cassia County, Idaho, and adjacent parts of Boxelder County, Utah, and Elko County Nev. &nbsp;The-area comprises the northern and central parts of an intermontane basin drained by northward-flowing Goose Creek and its tributaries.</p>\n<p>An essentially conformable sequence of fluviatile, lacustrine, and pyroclastic sediments of late Miocene (?) and early Pliocene age make up most of the rocks exposed in the district.&nbsp; These rocks include the Payette formation and the overlying, Salt Lake formation. &nbsp;They unconformably overlie a sequence of limestone, quartzite, and shale Carboniferous and older in age, exposed in the mountains to the west and northeast; and a thick body of rhyolite of Tertiary (?) age exposed in the mountains to the southeast. Surficial deposits of silt, sand, and gravel locally overlie the older rocks.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;The Payette and Salt Lake formations have a general easterly dip of 4 to 12 degrees, modified locally by shallow folds. &nbsp;Many normal faults, some with displacement several hundred feet, cut the Tertiary strata at various places in the district.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei339","usgsCitation":"Mapel, W.J., and Hail, W.J., 1953, Uranium-bearing carbonaceous shale and lignite in the Goose Creek district, Cassia County, Idaho, Boxelder County, Utah and Elko County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 339, Report: 57 p.; 5 Plates: 48.07 x 38.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei339.","productDescription":"Report: 57 p.; 5 Plates: 48.07 x 38.48 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/TEI339.jpg"},{"id":310440,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/339/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310441,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/339/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310442,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/339/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310439,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/339/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310443,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/339/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 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William Jameson","contributorId":23633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mapel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Jameson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hail, William James","contributorId":31379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hail","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":71408,"text":"tei370 - 1953 - The Model VI transmission fluorimeter for the determination of uranium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:44","indexId":"tei370","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"370","title":"The Model VI transmission fluorimeter for the determination of uranium","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei370","usgsCitation":"Kinser, C.A., 1953, The Model VI transmission fluorimeter for the determination of uranium: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 370, 20 p., 5 fig., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei370.","productDescription":"20 p., 5 fig.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/370/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90715,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/370/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b714","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinser, Charles A.","contributorId":12928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":57706,"text":"ofr53288 - 1953 - Summary of annual records of chemical quality of water of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas, 1945-1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:29","indexId":"ofr53288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-288","title":"Summary of annual records of chemical quality of water of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas, 1945-1952","docAbstract":"This report summarizes information collected to date in the Arkansas River Basin in Oklahoma and Arkansas, and shows, within the limitations of present information, the chemical quality of water in the Arkansas River downstream from the Oklahoma-Kansas State line to its junction with the Mississippi River, and the influence of tributary in-flows. Additional data are being collected and further studies are planned. Hence, conclusions reached herein may be modified by more complete information at a later date.\r\nThe Arkansas River is subject to many types of pollution downstream from the Oklahoma-Kansas State line, and its inferior quality along with an erratic flow pattern has caused it to be largely abandoned as a source of municipal and industrial water supply. Currently, the Arkansas River is not directly used as a source of public supply in any part of the basin in either Oklahoma or Arkansas. In general, the river water increases in chemical concentration downstream from the Oklahoma-Kansas State line to Tulsa due mainly to tributary inflow from the Salt Fork Arkansas River and the Cimarron River, both streams being sources of large amounts of both natural salts and industrial wastes. A decrease in chemical concentration is noted downstream from Tulsa due to tributary inflow from the Verdigris, Neosho, and Illinois rivers, with an increase in chemical concentration then noted due to tributary inflow from the Canadian River which is largely oil field wastes. A steady decrease in concentrations is then noted as the river progresses through Arkansas to the Mississippi River, as all major tributaries below the Canadian River have a dilution effect upon the chemical concentration of the Arkansas River water.\r\n\r\nProposals for storage and regulating reservoirs on the Arkansas River in both Oklahoma and Arkansas have been made by the Corps of Engineers and others. Additional proposals are bing considered in the present Arkansas-White-Red River Basin Inter-Agency Sub-Committee studies. If constructed, these reservoirs will provide an opportunity for control of flow and beneficial use of Arkansas River water both at and downstream from these sites. Impoundment alone will greatly reduce the extremes in water-quality, and by reasonable control of municipal and industrial wastes, the water at some points on the river would be comparable in quality to many existing municipal and industrial supplies in the basin.\r\n\r\n(available as photostat copy only)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53288","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1953, Summary of annual records of chemical quality of water of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas, 1945-1952: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-288, 38 leaves ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53288.","productDescription":"38 leaves ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6982f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":57707,"text":"ofr53289 - 1953 - Changes in chemical quality of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas (1946-52)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:29","indexId":"ofr53289","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-289","title":"Changes in chemical quality of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas (1946-52)","docAbstract":"Systematic chemical quality-of-water investigations have been carried on in both Oklahoma and Arkansas by the Geological Survey in cooperation with State and Federal agencies during the past several years. Results of the Survey's quality-of-water investigations are usually published in the annual Water-Supply Papers. However, as the Geological Survey has made no sediment investigations in the Arkansas River Basin in Oklahoma and Arkansas, the published data do not include information on sediment concentrations or loads.\r\nThis report attempts to summarize information collected to date in the Arkansas River Basin of the two States, and to show as clearly as possible from present information how the chemical quality of water in the Arkansas River changes downstream from the Oklahoma-Kansas State line to its confluence with the Mississippi River, and how it is affected by tributary inflows. Additional information is being collected and further studies are planned. Hence, the conclusions reached herein may be modified by more adequate information at a later date.\r\n\r\nThe Arkansas River enters Oklahoma near Newkirk on the northern boundary just east of the 97th meridian, crosses the State in a general southeasterly direction flowing past Tulsa, enters Arkansas at its western boundary north of the 35th parallel near Fort Smith, still flowing in a general southeasterly direction past Little Rock near the center of the State, and empties into the Mississippi River east of Dumas.\r\n\r\nThe Arkansas River is subject to many types of pollution downstream from the Oklahoma-Kansas State line, and its inferior quality along with an erratic flow pattern has caused it to be largely abandoned as a source of municipal and industrial water supply. At the present time, the Arkansas River is not directly used as a source of public supply in any part of the basin in either Oklahoma or Arkansas. In general, the river water increases in chemical concentration downstream from the Oklahoma-Kansas State line to Tulsa, due mainly to tributary inflow from the Salt Fork Arkansas River and the Cimarron River, both streams being sources of large amounts of both natural and artificial pollution. A decrease in chemical concentration is noted downstream from Tulsa due to tributary inflow from the Verdigris, Neosho, and Illinois rivers with an increase in chemical concentration then noted due to tributary inflow from the Canadian River which is largely artificial pollution. A steady decrease in concentration is then noted as the river progresses through Arkansas to the Mississippi River, as all major tributaries below the Canadian River have a dilution effect upon the chemical concentration of the Arkansas River water.\r\n\r\nProposals for storage and regulating reservoirs on the Arkansas River in both Oklahoma and Arkansas have been made by the Corps of Engineers and others. Additional proposals are being considered in the present Arkansas-White-Red River Basin Inter-Agency Committee studies. If constructed, these reservoirs will provide an opportunity for control of flow and beneficial use of Arkansas River water, both at and downstream from these sites. Impoundment alone will greatly reduce the extremes in water quality, and by reasonable control of municipal and industrial wastes, the water would be comparable in quality to many existing basin municipal and industrial supplies.\r\n\r\n(available as photostat copy only)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53289","usgsCitation":"Dover, T., and Geurin, J., 1953, Changes in chemical quality of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma and Arkansas (1946-52): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-289, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53289.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5455ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dover, T.B.","contributorId":90293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dover","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geurin, J.W.","contributorId":59784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geurin","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":51583,"text":"ofr53267 - 1953 - Modification of the electric tape for measuring water levels in wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:28","indexId":"ofr53267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-267","title":"Modification of the electric tape for measuring water levels in wells","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53267","usgsCitation":"Waterman, W., 1953, Modification of the electric tape for measuring water levels in wells: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-267, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53267.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69956a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waterman, W.D.","contributorId":103353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waterman","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51233,"text":"ofr5353 - 1953 - Modified Norris electric tape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:13","indexId":"ofr5353","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-53","title":"Modified Norris electric tape","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5353","usgsCitation":"de Laguna, W., 1953, Modified Norris electric tape: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-53, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5353.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699437","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Laguna, Wallace","contributorId":14043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Laguna","given":"Wallace","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39226,"text":"pp228 - 1953 - Geology and geography of the Henry Mountains region, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-24T13:48:14","indexId":"pp228","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"228","title":"Geology and geography of the Henry Mountains region, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>The Henry Mountains region in southeastern Utah is one of the classic areas in geology because of the study made there by Grove Karl Gilbert in 1875 and 1876. His report on the geology of the mountains was the first to recognize that intrusive bodies may deform their host rocks and the first to show clearly the significance of the evenly eroded plains, now known as pediments, at the foot of desert mountains.</p><p>The Henry Mountains with the surrounding structural basin is a rugged, dry, and sparsely settled region, a part of the Colorado Plateaus province. The natural obstacles of the region-the aridity and ruggedness-have kept it primitive. It has not been penetrated by modern methods of transportation and thus it persists as a roadless frontier. Even the Indians seem to have made little use of the region; explorers did not enter it until 1869 and settlements were not started until the eighties. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp228","usgsCitation":"Hunt, C.B., Averitt, P., and Miller, R.L., 1953, Geology and geography of the Henry Mountains region, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 228, Report: vii, 234 p.; 22 Plates: 26.50 x 48.71 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp228.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 234 p.; 22 Plates: 26.50 x 48.71 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"244","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":66920,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-17.pdf","text":"Plate 17","size":"6.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Topographic map of the Henry Mountains region, Utah"},{"id":66913,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-10.pdf","text":"Plate 10","size":"518 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Isometric fence diagram of the Nazer Canyon, Horseshoe Ridge, and Bull Creek laccoliths and Bull Mountain bysmalith"},{"id":120539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66911,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-08.pdf","text":"Plate 8","size":"1.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Fence diagram of intrusions on Mount Ellen"},{"id":66912,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-09.pdf","text":"Plate 9","size":"839 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Ground plan of intrusions on Mount Ellen and Mount Pennell showing positions of cross sections"},{"id":66914,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-11.pdf","text":"Plate 11","size":"1.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Fence diagrams of intrusions on Mount Pennell"},{"id":66915,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-12.pdf","text":"Plate 12","size":"3.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Geologic map of Mount Hillers"},{"id":66916,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-13.pdf","text":"Plate 13","size":"1.60 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Fence diagram of intrusions on Mount Hillers"},{"id":66917,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-14.pdf","text":"Plate 14","size":"393 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Ground plan of intrusions on Mount Hillers showing position of cross sections"},{"id":66918,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-15.pdf","text":"Plate 15","size":"1.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Geologic map of Mount Holmes and Mount Ellsworth"},{"id":66919,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-16.pdf","text":"Plate 16","size":"953 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Fence diagram of intrusions on Mount Holmes and Mount Ellsworth"},{"id":66921,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-18.pdf","text":"Plate 18","size":"6.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Physiographic map of the Henry Mountains region, Utah"},{"id":66922,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-19.pdf","text":"Plate 19","size":"622 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Diagrammatic views and sketch maps illustrating drainage changes west of Mount Ellen"},{"id":66923,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-20.pdf","text":"Plate 20","size":"950 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Diagrammatic views and sketch maps illustrating drainage changes north of Mount Ellen"},{"id":66924,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-21.pdf","text":"Plate 21","size":"595 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Diagrammatic views and sketch maps illustrating drainage changes south of Mount Hillers"},{"id":66925,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-22.pdf","text":"Plate 22","size":"2.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map and sections of the principal coal beds"},{"id":66926,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/report.pdf","size":"87.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104391,"rank":693,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4219.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4219"},{"id":336211,"rank":25,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-02.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Diagrammatic view of the Henry Mountains region"},{"id":336212,"rank":26,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-03.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"1.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Sketch map showing vegetation types and variation in precipitation in the Henry Mountains region"},{"id":336210,"rank":24,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"9.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Henry Mountains region, Utah"},{"id":336213,"rank":27,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-04.pdf","text":"Plate 4","size":"1.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Stratigraphic sections of the Morrison formation"},{"id":336214,"rank":28,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-05.pdf","text":"Plate 5","size":"4.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Structure map of the Henry Mountains region, Utah"},{"id":336215,"rank":29,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-06.pdf","text":"Plate 6","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Structure map of southeastern Utah"},{"id":336216,"rank":30,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0228/plate-07.pdf","text":"Plate 7","size":"8.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Geologic map of Mount Ellen and Mount Pennell"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Henry Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.92071533203125,\n              38.494443887725055\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.9124755859375,\n              38.39764411353178\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.9344482421875,\n              38.35458032659834\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.03057861328124,\n              38.32011084501538\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.09100341796875,\n              38.253279568348304\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.12945556640625,\n              38.151837403006766\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.1102294921875,\n              38.026458711461245\n            ],\n  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L.","contributorId":74737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":12528,"text":"ofr538 - 1953 - Stratigraphic relationships of Cretaceous and early Tertiary rocks of a part of northwestern San Juan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:36","indexId":"ofr538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-8","title":"Stratigraphic relationships of Cretaceous and early Tertiary rocks of a part of northwestern San Juan basin","docAbstract":"The Bridge Timber Mountain area in south-central La Plata County, southwestern Colorado lies mostly in the northwestern part of the Central San Juan Basin but contains a segment of the bounding Hogback 'monocline' and Four-Corners platform. \r\n\r\nThe area contains rocks of late Cretaceous through early Eocene age, as well as Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent terrace and pediment gravels. The Pictured Cliffs sandstone of late Montana age is the latest marine formation present. Retreat of the Cretaceous seas from the area marked the beginning of Laramide orogenic activity and the earliest stages of deformation which produced the modern San Juan Basin. The Fruitland formation and Kirtland shale were deposited in brackish water and on coastal plains left by the retreating Cretaceous sea. Beds of the Farmington sandstone member and upper shale member of the Kirtland shale show evidence of a new source of sediments to the north or northeast distinct from the southwestern source area of older Cretaceous rocks. The McDermott 'formation', composed mainly of volcanic debris, is considered to be a local lower member of the Animas formation. Beds of the upper member of the Animas formation of Cretaceous and Paleocene age are considered to extend entirely across the area and into New Mexico. Overstep of higher sandstone and shale beds of the upper member across lower conglomeratic beds shows that folding on the Hogback 'monocline' began during deposition of the upper member. Beds of the upper member of the Animas formation grade laterally southward into Paleocene beds of the Nacimiento formation, but upper Nacimiento beds overstep folded beds of the Animas formation on the Hogback 'monocline' at the north end of Bridge Timber Mountain. The San Jose formation of Paleocene and Eocene age is conformable with the Nacimiento formation except at the north end of Bridge Timber Mountain where upper San Jose beds overstep all older tilted beds down to the Fruitland formation. The heavy sandstone facies of the Nacimiento and San Jose formations are correlated with similar facies of these formations on the east side of the San Juan Basin. Folding along the borders of the Central basin was completed prior to deposition of the youngest San Joss beds, and they were probably widely distributed outside of the Central Basin in Eocene time. In Pliocene time, the San Juan region was beveled by the San Juan peneplain. Rejuvenation of the San Juan Mountains in late Pliocene time caused erosion in the mountains and deposition of the Bridgetimber gravel in the San Juan Basin. Uplift in Pleistocene time caused large-scale erosion in the Bridge Timber Mountain area and gravel-covered terraces represent the various stages of uplift and erosion. \r\n\r\nThe stratigraphic relationships of uppermost Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks in the Bridge Timber Mountain area are similar to recently described relationships of equivalent rocks in other parts of the San Juan Basin. The southwestern lobe of the Pictured Cliffs sandstone was derived from older Cretaceous source areas to the southwest and deposited in the seaway which was retreating northeastward. The northeastern lobe consists of reworked Cretaceous sediments eroded from the flanks of the rising San Juan zone and Sangre de Cristo upwarp and deposited in an arm of the sea which was isolated by uplift of the mountain masses. This arm of the sea was forced to retreat to the southeast as sediments of the Fruitland, Kirtland, Animas, and Ojo Alamo formations were deposited in' the basin. The Animas formation which was derived from hi6hlands to the northeast spread progressively to the southwest and interfingered with lesser amounts of Fruitland and Kirtland sediments derived from the southwest. In latest Cretaceous or earliest Paleocene time folding began along the Hogback 'monocline' in northern and western San Juan Basin and sediments were eroded from the uplifted platforms around the margin of the Central Basin and rede","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"University of New Mexico,","doi":"10.3133/ofr538","usgsCitation":"Baltz, E.H., 1953, Stratigraphic relationships of Cretaceous and early Tertiary rocks of a part of northwestern San Juan basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-8, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr538.","productDescription":"80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0008/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40780,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0008/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40781,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0008/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40782,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baltz, Elmer Harold Jr.","contributorId":27062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltz","given":"Elmer","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3502,"text":"cir254 - 1953 - Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"cir254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"254","title":"Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama","docAbstract":"Sufficient water is available in the streams of the area surrounding Birmingham to supply any foreseeable demand; however, to utilize these streams impounding reservoirs and rather long supply lines will be required. Moderate supplies of ground water are available from wells, springs, and mines. The average water use in the area, not including reclaimed and recirculated water, was about 157 mgd during 1951. About 55 mgd was used for domestic or commercial purposes, and 102 mgd was used for industrial purposes. The .quantity of water withdrawn would have to be much greater if a considerable amount of reclaimed and recirculated water had not been used. The Birmingham water-supply systems are used at almost full capacity, and plans are being considered by the city to expand its supply greatly. \r\n\r\nAn estimated 4 mgd of ground water from wells and springs is used for municipal supplies, and 8 mgd is used for industrial purposes. Smaller amounts of ground water are used for irrigation and rural supply. Individual springs in the area are capable of yielding as much as 750 gpm and wells as much as 500 gpm. Some water from worked and abandoned coal and iron mines is used for .public and industrial supplies. One of the conclusions reached by the ground-water study is that ground water has not been fully developed in wells and springs of the area and that mine water which would have to be treated for most municipal and industrial purposes is a potential source of water. \r\n\r\nGenerally, the surface water in the Birmingham. area is of better quality than ground water. Surface water is low in dissolved mineral matter and is extremely soft. Some of the streams carry excessive quantities of iron. Village and Valley Creeks carry some surface pollution making the water unsuitable for many uses. Ground water in this area is usually low in color and ranges in temperature from 62 ? to 72 ?F. Water from limestone, dolomite, and chert usually is moderately to extremely hard. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the predominant constituents. The quantity of iron in ground water from most of the aquifers is low, except from the Pottsville formation. The Floyd shale and the Parkwood formation yield sodium bicarbonate waters high in sulfate and low in calcium, magnesium, chloride, and nitrate. Ground water from the Pottsville formation is more variable in quality than water from other formations in the area. Water samples from the mine shafts yielding from this formation were .highly mineralized and extremely, hard.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir254","usgsCitation":"Robinson, W., Ivey, J., and Billingsley, G., 1953, Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 254, 53 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir254.","productDescription":"53 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30514,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30515,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd26f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, W.H.","contributorId":91478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivey, J.B.","contributorId":81896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Billingsley, G. A.","contributorId":33694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":15374,"text":"ofr5432 - 1953 - Observation of a \"front\" of regional metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-21T09:42:16","indexId":"ofr5432","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-32","title":"Observation of a \"front\" of regional metamorphism","docAbstract":"<p>Drawing his inspiration from the theories on metamorphism by reaction in the solid state, and from some observations, Rene Perrin in his article 'Perrin, Rene, Le metamorphisms generateur de plissement, Annales des Hines, Paris, October 1935.' \"Metamorphism, the generator of folding\" stated in 1935:</p>\n<p>1) that some \"sudden arrest\" of regional metamorphism way occur and that some formations may present a barrier to its progress. It seemed to him that the Trias effectively played that role in some parts of the Alps (Perrin, Rene, p. 14 and 15).</p>\n<p>2) p. 33 \"A sedimentary formation overlying a folded crystalline rock in disconformity with the schistosity of the latter, does not prove that this rock (the crystalline) was formed and folded prior to the deposition of the sediment.\" Finally, he advised one (p. 32), before drawing any definite conclusion from the absence of contact metamorphism, to observe very closely the modifications either of the crystalline rock, or of the sedimentary formation, or of both in the vicinity of the contact, any modification being an indication of metamorphic action.</p>\n<p>Because these concepts seemed at first extremely bold, the authors made a thorough study of some specific cases.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5432","usgsCitation":"Perrin, R., Roubault, M., and Britt, S.H., 1953, Observation of a \"front\" of regional metamorphism: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-32, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5432.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5432.PNG"},{"id":310220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0032/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"M15374ont-Blanc","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              6.762084960937499,\n              45.83071305019327\n            ],\n            [\n              6.762084960937499,\n              46.042735653846506\n            ],\n            [\n              7.072448730468749,\n              46.042735653846506\n            ],\n            [\n              7.072448730468749,\n              45.83071305019327\n            ],\n            [\n              6.762084960937499,\n              45.83071305019327\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perrin, Rene","contributorId":44934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perrin","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roubault, Marcel","contributorId":147905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roubault","given":"Marcel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britt, S. H. (translator)","contributorId":30636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"S.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":171026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3555,"text":"cir294 - 1953 - Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir294","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"294","title":"Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Pitchblende was discovered in July 1951 in the Alma mining district, Park County, Colo., by the U. S. Geological Survey acting on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. \r\n\r\nThe pitchblende is associated with Tertiary veins of three different geologic environments: (1) veins in pre-Cambrian rocks, (2) the London vein system in the footwall block of the London fault, and (3) veins in a mineralized area east of the Cooper Gulch fault. Pitchblende is probably not associated with silver-lead replacement deposits in dolomite. \r\n\r\nSecondary uranium minerals, as yet undetermined, are associated with pitchblende on two London vein system mine dumps and occur in oxidized vein material from dumps of mines in the other environments. \r\n\r\nAlthough none of the known occurrences is of commercial importance, the Alma district is considered a moderately favorable area in which to prospect for uranium ore because 24 of the 43 localities examined show anomalous radioactivity; samples from anomalously radioactive localities, which include mine dumps and some underground workings, have uranium contents ranging from 0.001 to 1.66 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir294","usgsCitation":"Pierson, C.T., and Singewald, Q.D., 1953, Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 294, 9 p. :map (1 folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir294.","productDescription":"9 p. :map (1 folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0294/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30575,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0294/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ebd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, Charles Thomas","contributorId":13216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singewald, Quentin Dreyer","contributorId":87115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singewald","given":"Quentin","email":"","middleInitial":"Dreyer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3541,"text":"cir274 - 1953 - Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T21:24:06.323848","indexId":"cir274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"274","title":"Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The water supply of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area is adequate to satisfy present requirements and requirements for many years to come if the area continues to develop at about the present rate.</p>\n<p>The flow of -the Mississippi River at the Twin Cities is more than sufficient to meet the demands of the water-supply systems of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lowest momentary flow during the period 1931-51 was more than twice the present combined maximum demand of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lake storage of the St. Paul system combined with possible regulations by the Mississippi River headwater reservoir system, in case of an emergency, provides a reserve supply ample to meet a greatly expanded demand. The lowest average daily flow of the Mississippi River at the intakes of the Minneapolis and St. Paul water supply was 389 mgd (602 cfs), The flow at the water supply intakes has been less than 452 mgd (700 cfs) for not more than 6 consecutive days.</p>\n<p>Except for the Mississippi River, the streams in the Twin Cities area have not been extensively developed for water supply. The only known use of them for water supply is for the steam-electric. generating plant on the Minnesota River at Savage. Thus, the St. Croix River, within 12 miles on the east, the Minnesota River entering the Twin Cities from the southwest, the Vermilion within 12 miles on the south, and the Crow River within 25 miles on the west offer untapped supplies for industrial and municipal uses.</p>\n<p>Many water-bearing formations occur in the area. A blanket of glacial deposits, as much as 400 feet thick, covers the area. Small domestic ground-water supplies can be developed practically everywhere in the glacial deposits, and larger industrial supplies can be obtained by exploring and testing. Below the glacial materials is a thick series of rock formations including several prolific sandstone aquifers. The formations dip toward the center of the area forming an artesian basin.</p>\n<p>The estimated average daily withdrawal of ground water from all aquifers in the area is about 90 mgd. Practically all the communities that are not supplied by the Minneapolis or St. Paul water-supply systems obtain their water from wells.</p>\n<p>Where many large-capacity wells have been concentrated in relatively small areas, there has been a great lowering of artesian pressures. However, there are large areas, distant from the centers of concentrated pumping, which are favorable for the development of additional ground water. With an adequate program of exploration and testing to determine precisely the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the waterbearing formations, it is likely that large additional supplies of ground water can be developed for municipal and industrial uses.</p>\n<p>Both Minneapolis and St. Paul obtain their municipal water supplies from the Mississippi River above the TwinCities and are thus assured of a large supply that is not subject to contamination by industrial wastes and sewage effluents, Treatment at municipal plants for both cities provides water for diversified industrial use and for domestic use that meets U. S. Public Health Service drinking water standards., The treated water is remarkably uniform in chemical composition throughout the year and is virtually free of all color, iron, manganese, and turbidity. Currently, (1952). the two supplies are softened to about 75 ppm (as CaC03), which is an average reduction of about 55 percent in hardness of river water. The dissolvedsolids content of the treated water for St. Paul currently (1952) averages about 100 ppm; the dissolved-solids content of the Minneapolis water is slightly higher. As a matter of further interest to industrial consumers, temperatures of the untreated river water, which is only slightly altered at the Minneapolis treatment plant, averages less than 60 F for about 8 months of the year and is less than 40 F for 4 winter months.</p>\n<p>The Mississippi River as it enters the Twin Cities is moderately mineralized, averaging 241 ppm dissolved solids and 179 ppm hardness during the period 1940-49, Average turbidity is very low and silica is moderately low, but the quantities of iron and color in solution are relatively high. Color increases markedly during the period March to July in response to an increase in streamflow. The average chemical composition of the water has remained virtually unchanged except for seasonal variations since 1907.</p>\n<p>Data collected by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District have shown improved sanitary conditions of the river at the Twin Cities lock and dam since the sewage plant went into operation in 1939.</p>\n<p>The Minnesota River is more than twice as mineralized and hard as the Mississippi River, and it exerts a noticeable effect on the chemical and sanitary quality of the Mississippi River at St. Paul.</p>\n<p>Other principal tributary streams to the Mississippi River, including Crow River, Vermilion River, and Bassett Creek, were sampled during the 1952 flood season, at which time they were of the calcium-bicarbonate type, more dilute, and of lower hardness than the Minnesota River. Lake waters in the Twin Cities area generally are less mineralized than those of the streams.</p>\n<p>Waters from the drift deposits and bedrock formations overlying the Hinckley sandstone are hard and calcareous and generally contain troublesome quantities of iron. Regular treatment is required of some public-supply wells for removal of iron encrustations. Water fr.om these sources generally exceeds 300 ppm hardness, but in some places the St. Peter sandstone and St. Lawrence formation yield water of better quality. The Hinckley sandstone yields the best quality ground-water because of its comparatively lower hardness and uniform temperature (about 52 F). However, the average hardness of the treated municipal supplies of St. Paul and Minneapolis is considerably less than water from the Hinckley.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir274","collaboration":"Based on data collected in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters and St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army","usgsCitation":"Prior, C.H., Schneider, R., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 274, Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir274.","productDescription":"Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30558,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30557,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247311,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Minneapolis, St. Paul","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.76968383789062,\n              44.630550504861795\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.76968383789062,\n              45.298075138707965\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.73971557617188,\n              45.298075138707965\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.73971557617188,\n              44.630550504861795\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.76968383789062,\n              44.630550504861795\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prior, Charles Henry","contributorId":6839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":12659,"text":"ofr5321 - 1953 - Geology of the Knife River area, North Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":43649,"text":"ofr5122 - 1951 - Geologic maps of Medicine Butte, Broncho, Golden Valley, Beulah, Stanton, and Hazen quadrangles, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr5122","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic maps of Medicine Butte, Broncho, Golden Valley, Beulah, Stanton, and Hazen quadrangles, North Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":12659,"text":"ofr5321 - 1953 - Geology of the Knife River area, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr5321","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Knife River area, North Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-05T20:06:27.236189","indexId":"ofr5321","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-21","title":"Geology of the Knife River area, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The Knife River area, consisting of six 15-minute quadrangles, includes the lower half of the Knife River valley in west-central North Dakota. The area, in the center of the Williston Basin, is underlain by the Tongue River member of the Fort Union formation (Paleocene) and the Golden Valley formation (Eocene). The Tongue River includes beds equivalent to the Sentinel Butte shale; the Golden Valley formation, which receives its first detailed description in this report, consists of two members, a lower member of gray to white sandy kaolin clay and an upper member of cross-bedded micaceous sandstone.\r\n\r\nPro-Tongue River rocks that crop out in southwestern North Dakota include the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation, the Cannonball marine formation (Paleocene) and the Hell Creek, Fox Hills, and Pierre formations, all upper Cretaceous. Post-Golden Valley rocks include the White River formation (Oligocene) and gravels on an old planation surface that may be Miocene or Pliocent.\r\n\r\nSurficial deposits include glacial and fluvial deposits of Pleistocene age and alluvium, dune sand, residual silica, and landslide blocks of Recent age. Three ages of glacial deposits can be differentiated, largely on the basis of three fills, separated by unconformities, in the Knife River valley. All three are of Wisconsin age and probably represent the Iowan, Tazewell, and Mankato substages. Deposits of the Cary substage have not been identified either in the Knife River area or elsewhere in southern North Dakota. Iowan glacial deposits form the outermost drift border in North Dakota. Southwest of this border are a few scattered granite boulders that are residual from the erosion of either the White River formation or a pre-Wisconsin till. The Tazewell drift border cannot be followed in southern North Dakota. The Mankato drift border can be traced in a general way from the South Dakota State line northwest across the Missouri River and through the middle of the Knife River area.\r\n\r\nThe major land forms of southwestern North Dakota are: (1) high buttes that stand above (2) a gravel-capped planation surface and (3) a gently-rolling upland; below the upland surface are (4) remnants of a broad valley stage of erosion into which (5) modern valleys have been cut. The broad valley profiles of many streams continue east across the Missouri River trench and are part of a former drainage system that flowed into Hudson Bay. Crossing the divides are (6) large trenches, formed when the former northeast-flowing streams were dammed by the glacier and diverted to the southeast. The largest diversion valley is occupied by the Missouri River; another diversion system, now largely abandoned, extends from the Killdeer Mountains southwest to the mouth of Porcupine Creek in Sioux County. By analogy with South Dakota, most of the large diversion valleys are thought to have been cut in Illinoian time.\r\n\r\nNumerous diversion valleys of Illinoian to late Wisconsin age cut across the divides. Other Pleistocene land forms include ground and moraines, kames, and terraces. Land forms of Recent age include dunes, alluvial terraces, floodplains, and several types of landslide blocks. One type of landslide, called rockslide slump, has not previously been described.\r\n\r\nDrainage is well adjusted to the structure, most of the streams flowing down the axes of small synclines.\r\n\r\nThe bedrock formations have been gently folded into small domes and synclines that interrupt a gentle northward regional dip into the Williston Basin. Three episodes of deformation affected southwestern North Dakota in Tertiary time: (1) intra-Paleocene, involving warping and minor faulting; (2) post-Eocene, involving uplift and tilting; (2) Oligocene, involving uplift and gentle folding.\r\n\r\nMineral resources include ceramic clay, sand and gravel and lignite coal. The Knife River area is the largest lignite-producing district in the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5321","usgsCitation":"Benson, W.E., 1953, Geology of the Knife River area, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-21, 318 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5321.","productDescription":"318 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39546.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":41066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0021/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Knife River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.25,\n              47.525\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.25,\n              47\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.25,\n              47\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.25,\n              47.525\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.25,\n              47.525\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ecc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, William Edward","contributorId":13637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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