Based on the records of several hundred deep wells, contour maps have been prepared showing the monoclinal structure of part of western New York, and isopach lines have been drawn showing the westward convergence of the rocks. The mode of occurrence of natural gas in the Medina group is briefly discussed. The location of the gas fields has not been determined by structural traps, but rather stratigraphy and lithology are the controlling factors in trapping the gas, which occurs in porous lenses and streaks of sandstone sealed within impermeable beds. This mode of occurrences of the Medina gas makes the search for new fields in western New York more hazardous than in most natural gas regions. As structure has not formed traps for the gas there is no surface guide to favorable sites for testing, and new fields are found by haphazard drilling. It would be helpful, however, when wells are sunk, to study the lithology of the gas-bearing zone by an examination of the drill cuttings and core samples of the sand and to have electrical logs made of the wells to obtain measurements of permeability and porosity. Such tests may indicate the direction of greatest porosity in which the sand is more likely to contain gas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b899B","usgsCitation":"Richardson, G.B., 1941, Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 899, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b899B.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21070.htm"},{"id":93912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899b/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":135218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -76.75,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -76.75,\n 42.861\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 42.861\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richardson, G. B.","contributorId":70356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213269,"text":"70213269 - 1941 - Factors influencing runoff during the flood of December, 1937, in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T13:50:56.499789","indexId":"70213269","displayToPublicDate":"1941-09-16T12:28:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing runoff during the flood of December, 1937, in northern California","docAbstract":"Engineers and hydrologists engaged on flood‐problems throughout much of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains must deal to a considerable extent with wide‐spread storms covering thousands of square miles. The gradations of meteorologic conditions as regard both area and time are relatively homogeneous during such storm‐events and are affected but moderately by orographical influences. Under such conditions similar storm‐characteristics prevail over vast areas. True, precipitation decreases toward the boundaries of such major storm‐areas, and locally precipitation‐rates may greatly exceed the average. Often, however, drainage‐basin after drainage‐basin will yield comparable depths of flood‐runoff. The storms of March, 1936, which resulted in the simultaneous occurrence of floods throughout all of the northeastern part of the United States from Ohio and Virginia to Maine and the storm of January, 1937, which embraced all of the 200,000 square miles comprising the Ohio River drainage are typical of major Eastern disturbances. The storm of December, 1937, in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys is used herein to illustrate what may be called a typical major California disturbance, and it is this storm and resulting flood that I wish to consider in some detail and also to make such comparisons and contrasts with Eastern floods as seem to be of general interest.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR022i001p00124","usgsCitation":"Boyt, W., 1941, Factors influencing runoff during the flood of December, 1937, in northern California: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 22, no. 1, p. 124-129, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR022i001p00124.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"129","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.134521484375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 40.18726672309203\n ],\n [\n -124.134521484375,\n 40.18726672309203\n ],\n [\n -124.134521484375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyt, W.G.","contributorId":240765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyt","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011062,"text":"70011062 - 1941 - Determination of small quantities of fluoride in water: A modified zirconium-alizarin method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-23T17:53:31.957829","indexId":"70011062","displayToPublicDate":"1941-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1982,"text":"Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of small quantities of fluoride in water: A modified zirconium-alizarin method","docAbstract":"The zirconium-alizarin method has been modified to facilitate the convenient and accurate determination of small amounts of fluoride in a large number of water samples. Sulfuric acid is used to acidify the samples to reduce the interference of sulfate. The pH is accurately controlled to give the most sensitive comparisons. Most natural waters can be analyzed by the modified procedure without resorting to correction curves. The fluoride content of waters containing less than 500 parts per million of sulfate, 500 parts per million of bicarbonate, and 1000 parts per million of chloride may be determined within a limit of about 0.1 part per million when a 100-ml. sample is used.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society Publications","doi":"10.1021/i560100a012","issn":"00964484","usgsCitation":"Lamar, W., and Seegmiller, C., 1941, Determination of small quantities of fluoride in water: A modified zirconium-alizarin method: Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, v. 13, no. 12, p. 901-902, https://doi.org/10.1021/i560100a012.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"901","endPage":"902","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc8e4b0c8380cd4f3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamar, W.L.","contributorId":52549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamar","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seegmiller, C.G.","contributorId":62083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegmiller","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70213883,"text":"70213883 - 1940 - Oilfields of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-18T20:50:20.127845","indexId":"70213883","displayToPublicDate":"1940-09-18T15:10:14","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oilfields of the United States","docAbstract":"The modern petroleum industry in the United States of America dates from the drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859. Up to the present, about a million wells have been drilled for oil and gas, and the total production of petroleum has been 22,452,498,000 barrels, which has been contributed by twenty-three of the forty-eight States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Research","doi":"10.1038/146437a0","usgsCitation":"Miser, H.D., 1940, Oilfields of the United States: Nature, v. 146, no. 3700, https://doi.org/10.1038/146437a0.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"437","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/146437a0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":378580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"146","issue":"3700","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miser, Hugh D.","contributorId":32508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miser","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213790,"text":"70213790 - 1940 - The evaluation of magnetic anomalies by means of scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-18T18:00:27.457349","indexId":"70213790","displayToPublicDate":"1940-09-18T12:56:47","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The evaluation of magnetic anomalies by means of scales","docAbstract":"At the 1939 meeting of the Union [Fundamental research in geophysics relating to prospecting, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 1939, pp. 302 and 390], the writer described a set of scales for aiding in the evaluation of the magnetic anomaly due to a selected magnetized body. During the past year, these scales have been modified in several minor details. The revised forms are shown by typical scales illustrated in Figure 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR021i002p00319","usgsCitation":"Roman, I., 1940, The evaluation of magnetic anomalies by means of scales: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 21, no. 2, p. 319-321, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR021i002p00319.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"321","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman, Irwin","contributorId":57834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"Irwin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011104,"text":"70011104 - 1940 - Extraction of alkalies in rocks: Modification of the J. Lawrence Smith extraction, using barium chloride as a flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-23T17:49:44.78647","indexId":"70011104","displayToPublicDate":"1940-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1982,"text":"Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extraction of alkalies in rocks: Modification of the J. Lawrence Smith extraction, using barium chloride as a flux","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac50147a013","issn":"00964484","usgsCitation":"Stevens, R., 1940, Extraction of alkalies in rocks: Modification of the J. Lawrence Smith extraction, using barium chloride as a flux: Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, v. 12, no. 7, p. 413-415, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50147a013.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"415","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221505,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e5ee4b0c8380cd533fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, R.E.","contributorId":62954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006909,"text":"70006909 - 1939 - Simplified methods for the prolonged treatment of fish diseases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T09:09:27","indexId":"70006909","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T16:15:24","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simplified methods for the prolonged treatment of fish diseases","docAbstract":"The prevention or control of epidemics of fish diseases by applying a disinfecting solution in a uniform concentration directly to the water supply of a fish pond or trough for a definite period of time has been exceedingly slow in development. In so far as can be determined, the original idea should be credited to. Marsh and Robinson (1910). In their work on the control of algae in fish ponds by the continuous application of dilute copper sulphate solution, administered to the inflowing water supply by means of a floating syphon, they suggested this method as a possibility in the treatment of fish diseases. Following their work, this commendable idea seems to have remained quite dormant and apparently forgotten until Hess (1930) revived it twenty or more years later. This worker found that a prolonged immersion in a dilute disinfecting bath was more efficacious in remowng fluke parasites from goldfish than was the customary short \"hand dip\" method. Kingsbury and Embody (1932) later adapted the idea of a prolonged treatment to running water by the use of a float valve for maintaining a constant level in a reservoir, resulting in a constant flow to the pond or trough to be treated. Shortly thereafter, Fish (1933) modified the floating syphon of Marsh and Robinson, as it was a simpler apparatus than that of Kingsbury and Embody.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[178:SMFTPT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1939, Simplified methods for the prolonged treatment of fish diseases: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 68, no. 1, p. 178-187, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[178:SMFTPT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258327,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[178:SMFTPT]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f77e4b08c986b318f4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2501,"text":"wsp780 - 1939 - Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mokelumne area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-17T09:45:46","indexId":"wsp780","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"780","title":"Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mokelumne area, California","docAbstract":"The Mokelumne River basin of central California comprises portions of the \nCalifornia Trough and the Sierra Nevada section of the Pacific Mountain system. \nThe California Trough is divisible into four subsections-the Delta tidal plain, \nthe Victor alluvial plain, tlie river flood plains and channels, and the Arroyo Seco \ndissected pediment. These four subsections comprise the land forms produced \nby the Mokelumne River and other streams since the Sierra Nevada attained its \npresent height in the Pleistocene epoch. \nThe Victor alluvial plain rises eastward from the Delta plain and abuts on the \ndissected Arroyo Seco pediment; in the Mokelumne area it is 12 to 16 miles wide \nand slopes between 5 and 8 feet in a mile. It includes relatively extensive tracts \nthat are intensively cultivated and irrigated with water pumped from wells. The \nVictor plain has been compounded of overlapping alluvial fans along the western \nbase of the Sierra Nevada. It is prolonged eastward into the pediment by tongues \nof alluvium along several of the present streams; thus it seems likely that the \npresent stream pattern in the eastern part of the area has been fixed since dissection of the pediment began. \nThree of the four major streams-the Mokelumne and Cosumnes Rivers and \nDry Creek-traverse the Victor plain in trenches which are 15 to 40 feet deep \nat the heads of their respective alluvial fans but which die out toward the west. \nThe floors of these trenches, the historic flood plains, are from 100 yards to a mile \nwide. The exceptional major stream, which has not entrenched itself, is the \nCalaveras River. \nThe Arroyo Seco pediment, which lies east of the Victor plain, was initially at \nleast 8 to 15 miles wide and lay along the western foot of the Sierra Nevada entirely \n.across the Mokelumne area. Its numerous remnants decline 15 to 35 feet in a \nmile toward the west. \nThe Sierra Nevada section adjoins and lies east of the California Trough. Its \nmajor ridge crests define a volcanic plain whose westward slope is' inferred to have \nbeen initially about 90 feet in a mile but is now about 180 feet in a mile, owing to \ntilting of the Sierra Nevada block in Pleistocene time. \nIn and near the Mokelumne area the Sierra Nevada and California Trough \ntogether are roughly coextensive with a single structural unit. The Sierra \nNevada constitutes a block that has risen with respect to adjoini;ng valley areas \n'by simple rotation or tilting toward the west; it has not been warped or faulted \n-extensively. It is inferred that this block extends westward beneath the thick \nalluvial deposits of the trough without material warping or faulting. \nThe oldest rocks of the Mokelumne region are the Carboniferous and Jurassic \n-rocks that compose the crystalline core of the Sierra Nevada. These are overlain \nunconformably by sediments of Tertiary age--in upward succession the lone, \nValley Springs, Mehrten, and J.Jaguna formations. Of these formations all except \nthe lone are newly discriminated, and type sections are described in the full text. \nThese Tertiary sediments form a great wedge, thinnest along the mountain front \nto the east, where they have been truncated by erosion. They dip about 2° W. \nThe lone formation (Eocene) consists chiefly of sandstone, clay, and shale; its \nmaximum thickness is 450 feet. \nThe Valley Springs formation (middle? Miocene) overlies the lone formation \nunconformably. It is composed largely of greenish-gray clay, shale, and sandstone derived from rhyolitic ejectamenta. These rhyolitic deposits are confined \nto narrow channels in the higher part of the Sierra Nevada, but they \nspread fanlike over the lower western edge of the mountain block, where they \nattain a maximum thickness of 525 feet. \nThe Mehrten formation (upper? Miocene and lower Pliocene?) comprises the \nandesitic rocks that constructed the Sierran volcanic plain. In the Mokelumne \narea it consists chiefly of sandstone and siltstone but includes, as a minor though \nconspicuous part of the formation, layers and tongues of resistant breccia or agglomerate, which are presumed to have originated as mud flows. Nonfragmental \nandesite is not known to occur in the Mokelumne area, although several possible \nvents occur farther east. In the eastern part of the area the Mehrten formation \ntruncates in turn the Valley Springs and lone formations and the pre-Cretaceous \nrocks; in the western part the Mehrten formation (andesitic) interfingers with the \nunderlying Valley Springs formation (rhyolitic). Its maximum measured thickness is 400 feet. Few of the irrigation wells are so deep that they can be said \nwith assurance to reach the Mehrten formation. \nThe Laguna formation (Pliocene? and possibly lower Pleistocene) comprises \npoorly sorted, nonandesitic fluviatile sedimentary that overlie the \nMehrten formation. It is inferred to be essentially parallel to and tilted equally \nwith the Mehrten formation and to be about 400 feet thick. \nThe Arroyo Seco gravel (presumably middle Pleistocene) veneers the Arroyo \nSeco pediment. At its easternmost outcrops the formation is composed of \npebbles, cobbles, and boulders in a matrix of brick-red sand and silt; farther west, \ndown the slope of the pediment, it becomes pr9gressively finer. It is inferred \nthat the Arroyo Seco gravel is a coarse fraction of the rock waste that was transported from the Sierra Nevada after the Sierran.block was tilted in Pleistocene \ntime. It is inferred further that the correlative of the Arroyo Seco gravel in the \nCalifornia Trough is a wedge-shaped mass of sediments whose base is the \ntilted Laguna formation and whose top can be interpolated by projecting a \nhypothetical surface through the remnants of the pediment. \nThe Victor formation comprises the fluviatile sand, silt, and gravel that built \nthe Victor alluvial plain over the hypothetical equivalent of the Arroyo' Seco \ngravel along the axis of the California Trough and against the western front of \nthe dissected pediment to the east. The formation is thought to be about 100 \nfeet thick along the western margin of the Mokelumne area, according to an \nestimate based upon projecting the slope of the Arroyo Seco pediment westward \nbeneath the Victor plain. \nThe Mokelumne area lies on the fertile central plain along the Mokelumne \nRiver about the city of Lodi, in northern San Joaquin County, and has been \nintensively developed for the cultivation of grapes, deciduous fruits, and other \ncrops. Of necessity its great productiveness is maintained by irrigation. Extensive irrigation from wells began about 1907 and has increased steadily until in \n1932 about 50,000 acres (80 percent of the area) was watered in that manner. \nThe specific question at issue is the extent to which the supply of ground water \nand hence the productiveness of the area are dependent upon the water flowing \nin the Mokelumne River and the extent to which that productiveness may be \ninfluenced by regulation of the stream--:in particular, by the substantial regulation of the river that is accomplished by the Pardee Dam of the East Bay Municipal Utility District, which began to function in March 1929. \nThe depth of 1,447 irrigation wells in five townships in the central part of the \narea (T. 3 N., Rs. 6 and 7 E., and T. 4 N., Rs. 6 to 8 E.) ranges from 20 to 910 \nfeet. About half the wells bottom within a 100-foot zone whose base is 75 feet \nbelow the projected Arroyo Seco pediment; essentially that zone constitutes the \nVictor formation. Only 6 percent of the wells bottom within the next lower 25-\nfoot zone, but the percentage increases sharply for depths still greater; it is inferred \nthat impervious strata are relatively persistent between 75 and 100 feet below \nthe projected pediment and that these are the uppermost part of the Arroyo Seco \ngravel. Of 580 observation wells known to bottom in the Victor formation, essentially all appear to indicate a regional water-table stage; thus the water is essentially unconfined. On the other hand, nearly all wells so deep that they reach the \nArroyo Seco gravel or some underlying formation tap confined water. Near the \nMokelumne River the water levels in these deep wells stand below the water \ntable, which is semiperched. In most deep wells remote from the river the water \nlevel stands above the water table except during the pumping season. \nFluctuations of ground-water levels are ascribed to moving or changing load on \nthe land surface, earthquakes, variation of barometic pressure, ground-water \ndraft by vegetation, infiltration of rain and certain indirect effects of rainfall, infiltration of water applied to the land for irrigation, variation in the discharge of \nstreams, and pumping from wells. \nIn the eastern part of the central district, between Clements and the vicinity of \nLockeford, it is inferred that (1) the river and the water in the alluvium of the \nflood plain are not insulated from the water in the sediments that form the adjacent Victor plain; (2) locally if not generally, however, there are discontinuities \nin pervious strata along the outer margin of the flood plain, where the water table \npasses from the alluvium into the enclosing sediments, so that percolation of \nground water is impeded materially at that margin; (3) rising river stages set up \nground-water waves that store relatively large volumes of water in the alluvium \nclose to the river, whereas falling stages cause much of that stored water to percolate back into the river, weeks and even months lapsing before the ground-water \nstage becomes steady within the flood plain; and (4) seepage loss from the river \ninto the alluvium tends to be intermittent and to alternate with seepage gain, the \nrate of loss or gain lagging weeks or months behind the fluctuations of river stage \nand lagging more for moderate changes at low stage. However, in the succeeding \nreach downstream as far as Woodbridge, it is inferred that percolation of ground \nwater is not impeded generally along the outer margin of the flood plain and that \nthe river tends to lose almost continuously by seepage rather than intermittently, \nalthough the rate of loss fluctuates somewhat in response to changing river stage. \nThe yearly pumpage for irrigation has been as much as 114,600 acre-feet (1928-\n29), and there have been as many as 2,500 wells equipped with irrigation pumping plants (1931). Commonly the wells are pumped only in daylight and are \nidle over week-ends and holidays, also during and after protracted rainstorms in \nthe early part of the season. In a small district near Victor pumping in recent \nyears has begun in January or February, has reached its height in March, and \nlargely has passed by April. In outlying districts general pumping has begun as \nlate as May, reached its height in June or July, and waned by September. \nSince 1907 the water table appears to have declined steadily in most of the \nMokelumne area except along the river. The decline was least in the Woodbridge Irrigation District, where in four typical wells. the average decline from 1907 \nto 1937 was 3 feet, or 0.15 foot a year. Among 18 shallow wells in the district of \nmost intensive pumping the average recession of the water table from 1907 to 1927 \nwas 11 feet, or 0.55 foot a year; the greatest measured recession was 15 feet, or \n0.75 foot a year. From 1927 to 1933 the water table declined 5 feet or more over \nmost of the central pumping district except within 2 miles of the Mokelumne \nRiver, and the greatest measured decline was 9 feet. The area of material \nrecession ,extends 4 to 7 miles eastward beyond the central pumping district, \nwhence it is inferred that pumping has drawn gradually on remote ground-water \nstorage. \nIt is inferred that the Mokelumne River ordinarily has been a losing stream \nbetween the Mehrten dam site, near Clements, and the Woodbridge Dam, the \narea that received the percolate having been triangular with its upstream \nand having included about 5,200 acres of the flood plain and 36,500 acres in outlying districts to the north and to the south. \nMean fluctuations of the water table within the area receiving percolate from \nihe river are believed to indicate that relatively little water is drawn from outside \nthe area. Accordingly, simple storage methods are competent for a ground-water \ninventory. It is inferred that the rate of seepage loss from the river depends \njointly upon river discharge, stage in the Woodbridge Reservoir, and groundwater pumpage. \nThe foregoing inferences lead to the following conclusions with respect to \nground-water replenishment by seepage loss from the river in the intensively \ncultivated district about Lodi: (1) The annual replenishment has tended to increase \nfor at least two decades, owing to the gradual increase in head between surface \nwater and ground water as ground-water levels have been lowered progressively \nby pumping; (2) annual replenishment has tended to increase, especially in recent \nyears, owing to gradually prolonged use of the Woodbridge Reservoir, for thereby \na relatively large wetted area and great differential head have been maintained \nfor an increasing term; (3) the rate of replenishment tends to be greater under \nregulation than under the so-called natural regimen, to the extent that regulation \nhas maintained a moderately large wetted area and stage in the river through \nthe later part ·of each pumping season, whi1e the ground-water levels have been \nlowest. Moreover, for any particular yearly run-off below the Mehrten dam site, \nthe replenishment by seepage would tend to be greater under the regulated \nregimen to the extent that fluctuations in discharge were suppressed, for the \ngreatest yearly mean stage and mean wetted area would be afforded by constant \ndischarge. -Thus, diverting water out of the Mokelumne River Basin at the \nPardee Dam does not necessari1y-entail a diminution in ground-water replenishment by seepage loss along the lower reach of the stream, at least in the replenishment beneath the Victor plain above the gaging station at Woodbridge. Rather. \nthe Pardee Dam affords a means for so regulating the discharge as to effect a \nmaximum ground-water replenishment with-a given run-off in the natural channel. \nBodies of ground water perched above the regional water table are common in \nthe Laguna formation, especially in its lower part. Conspicuous bodies occur \nabout 3 miles south of Clay, in a district between 1 mile and 5 miles south of \nClements, and along Dry Creek in T. 5 N., Rs. 7 and 8 E. \nFrom the relation between the water table and the piezometric surface for water \nconfined in deep aquifers, the area receiving percolate from the Mokelumne River \nmay be divided roughly into (1) a central area, extending not :p1ore than half a \nmi1e beyond the flood plain, in which the piezometric surface is inferred to have \nstood below the water table throughout the term of the investigation and hence \nin which the difference in head has favored the percolation of water from shallow \nbeds into deep beds in all seasons, and (2) an outlying area in which the difference \nin head likewise favors downward percolation into deep beds during the pumping \nseason but favors upward percolation during the nonpumping season. This outlying area includes about 75 percent of the segment of the Victor plain that receives percolate from the river. \nFrom 1927 to 1933 the subartesian head that existed during the nonpumping \nseason in the area remote from the river tended to increase; it is therefore inferred \nthat the relative opportunity for seasonal recharge of the shallow water-bearing \nbeds by underfeeding has likewise tended to increase. On the other hand, the \nnegative differential head in wells near the river also has tended to increase; thus \nin this central area the opportunity for discharge of water from shallow beds by \ndownward percolation has probably tended to increase. \nIt is believed that ground-water storage within the area near the river is not \ndecreased materially by\" discharge westward through deep pervious beds, also \nthat the yearly addition to ground-water storage in the outlying area by deep \npercolation from a remote easterly source is scant and for all practical purposes is \noffset by downward percolation along the river.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington","doi":"10.3133/wsp780","usgsCitation":"Piper, A.M., Gale, H.S., Thomas, H.E., and Robinson, T.W., 1939, Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Mokelumne area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 780, Report: vii, 230 p.; 8 Plates: 52.32 x 43.46 and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp780.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 230 p.; 8 Plates: 52.32 x 43.46 and smaller","numberOfPages":"257","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278843,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-10.pdf"},{"id":278841,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/report.pdf"},{"id":278842,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-09.pdf"},{"id":277927,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-08.pdf"},{"id":28624,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28625,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28626,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28627,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28628,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0780/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Calaveras River;California Trough;Cosumnes River;Dry Creek;Mokelumne River;Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,37.5 ], [ -122.5,39.25 ], [ -119.5,39.25 ], [ -119.5,37.5 ], [ -122.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, A. M.","contributorId":102865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, H. S.","contributorId":102040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, T. W.","contributorId":82285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70214051,"text":"70214051 - 1939 - Part I—History and activities of the section of geophysics of the United States Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-21T20:09:49.107992","indexId":"70214051","displayToPublicDate":"1939-09-21T15:03:51","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Part I—History and activities of the section of geophysics of the United States Geological Survey","docAbstract":"From the beginning of time, all ingenuity of mankind has been concentrated upon the methods of finding gold and unusual deposits in the earth. An illustration (Fig. 1) from the old treatise by Agricola, “De Re Metallica,” published in 1580, will serve to show the implicit faith of that generation in divining methods. However, it was not until 1920 that real progress was made in prospecting by using the latest advances of the physical sciences. The public interest was stimulated by the successes of these methods on the part of commercial operators, and governmental agencies received many requests for information concerning their reliability. There were also, in the late 1920's, high‐pressure mine‐promotion schemes which used geophysical methods in a very questionable manner, symbolized in Figure 2 as of 1928 by an electrified forked stick. Authoritative information concerning such practices for public protection was needed to curb such notorious undertakings. Dr. Scott Turner, then Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, thoroughly understood the situation and was first in the governmental departments to recognize the possible value of a study of modern prospecting methods. The Bureau of Mines began this investigation by employing Drs. A. S. Eve and D. A. Keys of McGill University for short periods in the summer in 1927. Their first publication [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] served to illustrate the fundamental scientific principles which underlie geophysical prospecting. This was followed by a second publication [2] giving the results of field‐tests. In the light of the rapid improvements during the intervening ten years, these two papers take a historical position.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR020i003p00280","usgsCitation":"Lee, F., 1939, Part I—History and activities of the section of geophysics of the United States Geological Survey: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 20, no. 3, p. 280-291, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR020i003p00280.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"291","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, F.W.","contributorId":240764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70214047,"text":"70214047 - 1939 - Ground‐water problems in the Southern High Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-21T19:12:35.557341","indexId":"70214047","displayToPublicDate":"1939-09-21T14:04:52","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground‐water problems in the Southern High Plains","docAbstract":"The High Plains region has been passing through a prolonged low in the precipitation‐cycle during a large part of the last decade. The drought has continued longer and has been more severe than any that has been experienced since the region began to be farmed. It has caused untold distress. Crops have failed for years in succession. In large areas in the so‐called dust‐bowl the top soil has been almost entirely removed by wind‐erosion and the dust‐storms have become so bad at times that the health of the inhabitants has been seriously threatened. In some parts of the region the annual rainfall, which ranges from about 18 to 24 inches, according to the location of the area, has returned to about the normal or long‐time average. In others the drought is still in progress and a partial or complete crop‐failure was again experienced in 1938. When the rainfall‐record is studied, it becomes apparent that a large part of the High Plains never should have been farmed and should be allowed to go back to the range, if indeed the native grasses can be restored. Other parts, however, can still be farmed with moderate success by the farmer who uses proper methods of cultivation and crop‐rotation, and combines farming with stock‐raising by keeping a part of his land in pasture and raising mostly feed‐crops. Irrigation, if it can be accomplished at a practicable cost, affords security both to the farmer and stock‐raiser.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR020i001p00032","usgsCitation":"White, W.N., 1939, Ground‐water problems in the Southern High Plains: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 20, no. 1, p. 32-35, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR020i001p00032.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378633,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Southern High Plains","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Walter N.","contributorId":99124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164438,"text":"70164438 - 1939 - The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchell), of Lake Champlain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T09:59:11","indexId":"70164438","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchell), of Lake Champlain","docAbstract":"This study is based on 120 whitefish collected in northern Lake Champlain (Missisquoi Bay) in 1930 and on 175 whitefish taken in southern Lake Champlain in 1931. Since the whitefish population had not been exploited commercially after 1912 in United States waters and after 1915 in Canadian waters, its study should be of interest in showing the characteristics of a population practically untouched by man. Data have been presented on length frequencies, age composition, growth, coefficient of condition, sex ratio, standard length-total length relationship, and feeding habits. The data indicated that the Missisquoi Bay population was disturbed (probably by the early fall seining of 1930) before our samples were taken so that the original length distributions no longer existed. The southern Lake Champlain material, however, showed a consistency which indicated that the population had not been exploited to any extensive degree, if at all. When the northern population was compared with the southern the former was found to differ from the latter in the following respects, which differences pointed to some disturbance of the northern stock in the lake
\n| 1. | \n\n By possession of lower modes and smaller grand averages of length. \n | \n
| 2. | \n\n By absence of very old individuals. \n | \n
| 3. | \n\n By absence of a series of equally abundant age groups or, in other words, by the presence of a decided dominance of one or two age groups. \n | \n
| 4. | \n\n By a radical disagreement between the sexes in their age-frequency distribution. \n | \n
| 5. | \n\n By a disagreement between the sexes with respect to maximum lengths attained. \n | \n
All of the differences between the two collections could, however, not be attributed to exploitation. The following characteristics indicated the presence of two distinct populations in the lake
\n| 1. | \n\n Presence of a spawning ground at each end of the lake. \n | \n
| 2. | \n\n Differences in calculated lengths and increments of length (growth rates). \n | \n
| 3. | \n\n Differences in the actual lengths and weights of corresponding age groups at capture. \n | \n
| 4. | \n\n Differences in the coefficient of condition and the length-weight relationship. \n | \n
The discovery of the presence of apparently two separate populations of whitefish in Lake Champlain was wholly unexpected by us.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[152:TAGAFH]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., and Deason, H.J., 1939, The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchell), of Lake Champlain: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 68, no. 1, p. 152-162, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[152:TAGAFH]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"162","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48468e4b0cc79998053ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006906,"text":"70006906 - 1938 - Treat - think - and be wary, for tomorrow they may die","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T08:25:22","indexId":"70006906","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:12:56","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Treat - think - and be wary, for tomorrow they may die","docAbstract":"For some very strange reason it is easy to minimize the villian's role, played by disease-producing organisms, in the theater of modern fish culture. Much concern is felt over the food bills footed each month by the hatcheries, but very little is thought about the dead fish which are picked from the hatchery troughs during the same period.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1938)5[1:TTABWF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1938, Treat - think - and be wary, for tomorrow they may die: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 5, no. 39, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1938)5[1:TTABWF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1938)5[1:TTABWF]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb78ee4b08c986b327348","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70212724,"text":"70212724 - 1938 - Precipitation and vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-26T18:42:42.168712","indexId":"70212724","displayToPublicDate":"1938-08-26T13:42:11","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation and vegetation","docAbstract":"As time marches on, historians are usually quite faithful in recording the activities of man, and it will usually be found that Mother Nature is even more meticulous in reflecting and preserving her experiences, more especially with regard to climate and vegetation. Just how much the activities of man have done to modify the natural conditions of a virgin country may in some respects always remain a question. There is however, no longer the slightest doubt about the influence civilization may have had on the climate—which is none at all! And it is the purpose of the present paper to introduce a few trustworthy witnesses in support of the hypothesis that the activities of man have also been ineffective with respect to noteworthy changes in the general aspect of the native vegetation, outside the ranch‐fences of the West.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR019i002p00604","usgsCitation":"Woolley, R., and Alter, J., 1938, Precipitation and vegetation: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 19, no. 2, p. 804-807, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR019i002p00604.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"804","endPage":"807","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolley, Ralf R.","contributorId":45301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolley","given":"Ralf R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alter, J.C.","contributorId":239605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alter","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70212729,"text":"70212729 - 1937 - On the estimation of temperatures at moderate depths in the crust of the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-26T19:33:55.256933","indexId":"70212729","displayToPublicDate":"1937-08-26T14:22:19","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the estimation of temperatures at moderate depths in the crust of the Earth","docAbstract":"The modern deep well makes it possible to determine the temperatures of the rocks to depths exceeding two miles, and the rock‐samples obtained at these great depths enable the geologist to estimate the depths to the deeply buried basement‐rocks to a rather high degree of precision. The latter estimates are now being supplemented to a certain extent by the precision‐measurements of geophysicist, so that reliable data seem to be assured even in those areas in which the basement rocks are not reached by the drill. With these two sources of information at our disposal—accurate temperature‐measurements and reliable estimates or measurements of depths to bed‐rock—it should be possible to construct a rather accurate subsurface map showing the temperatures on the boundary‐surface between the sedimentaries and the basement floor. In this paper it is proposed chiefly to outline the method of procedure by making some rough calculations of the temperatures at great depths for a few locations in the United States and for one location near Carnarvon, Cape Province, South Africa.
","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00021","usgsCitation":"Van Orstrand, C.E., 1937, On the estimation of temperatures at moderate depths in the crust of the Earth: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 21-33, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00021.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Orstrand, C. E.","contributorId":37231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Orstrand","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207269,"text":"70207269 - 1937 - Mode of igneous intrusion in La Plata Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-15T12:32:05","indexId":"70207269","displayToPublicDate":"1937-07-31T12:27:20","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mode of igneous intrusion in La Plata Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"The La Plata Mountains, in southwestern Colorado, have long been known as an example of a mountain group of the laccolithic type, although it has been recognized that the igneous geology was much more complex than that of typical laccoliths. A restudy of the ore‐deposits of the District, now in progress, has thrown new light on the mode of intrusion of the igneous rocks (E. B. Eckel, Resurvey of the geology and ore‐deposits of the La Plata Mining District, Colorado, Proc. Colorado Sci. Soc, v. 13, No. 9, pp. 508–546, 1936). The Mountains, which include parts of La Plata and Montezuma Counties, are 8 to 18 miles northwest of Durango and occupy an oval area 10 to 15 miles in diameter. The altitude ranges from about 8000 to 13,225 feet above sea‐level. ©1937. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00258","issn":"00028606","usgsCitation":"Eckel, E., 1937, Mode of igneous intrusion in La Plata Mountains, Colorado: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 258-260, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00258.","productDescription":"3 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckel, E.B.","contributorId":22825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckel","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006903,"text":"70006903 - 1936 - Founders of fish culture - European origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T08:08:13","indexId":"70006903","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:47:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Founders of fish culture - European origins","docAbstract":"Just where true fish culture appeared in history depends entirely upon what one considers fish culture to be. If the transportation of fishes from regions of plenty to those of few is to be regarded as fish culture - as it is by some even today - then this story should start in remotest antiquity and deal with an amazing series of failures. However, fish culture to be classed as a science must include far more than mere transportation, it must include a deliberate effort on the part of man to master a technique of fish raising which will yield results far superior to Nature's. Accordingly, the wheel of history must be spun forward to the fifteenth century, A. D., when man first conceived the idea that with care and exactitude, he could improve upon Nature. The fish cultural efforts of the Chinese, the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans may be skipped over in a hurry, for they represented little more than the transportation and rearing of wild fish. With the renaissance of modern civilization in Europe came the birth of scientific fish culture.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1936)316[8:FOFCEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1936, Founders of fish culture - European origins: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 16, p. 8-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1936)316[8:FOFCEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258343,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1936)316[8:FOFCEO]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1391e4b0c8380cd546cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159187,"text":"70159187 - 1936 - Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the Atlantic City region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-12T13:46:31","indexId":"70159187","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":135,"text":"Special Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the Atlantic City region","docAbstract":"This report is the second progress report on the ground-water investigations in the Atlantic City region. Many important problems still remain to be solved, however, and it is in no sense a final report.
\nThe report covers the area immediately surrounding Atlantic City, extending from Brigantine to Sea Isle City along the coast and from Absecon to Somers Point on the mainland. In addition to this, a few data are presented bearing on the area along the coast as far south as Wildwood. The area lies in the southern part of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, and the water-bearing formations considered are all unconsolidated and of Miocene or more recent age. The major formations in the region dip gently toward the ocean and possibly extend out under the ocean to the edge of the Continental Shelf, about 100 miles from Atlantic City. The principal ground-water supplies in the area are derived from the so-called \"800-foot sand,\" a member of the Kirkwood formation, and from the overlying Cohansey sands. The 800-foot sand is of wide extent and apparently fairly uniform. The Cohansey sands, on the other hand, cover a wide area but are by no means uniform. At the Atlantic City Water Works two Cohansey sands are recognized-the so-called \"100-foot\" and \"200-foot\" sands. Neither of these sands can be differentiated from the other sands of the Cohansey formation over a distance greater than 4 or 5 miles in any direction.
\nIn addition to the supplies derived from ground water, some surface water is used at present by two of the public water supplies. The quality of the water from all the sources of supply now used is satisfactory. The total consumption of water in the region has increased gradually over the entire period of record, except for a moderate decline from 1929 to 1934. Additional water supplies can be obtained from either of two fairly large streams near the region, and possibly also from a more widespread development of the Cohansey sands. The 800-foot sand should not be counted upon as a source of additional water supply, in view of its liability to salt-water contamination. The same danger also exists in the Cohansey sands on the mainland near the shore, but farther inland it is not a serious menace to the supply from these sands
\nThe 100-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Work has been overdeveloped since 1930, with the result that the head of the water in it has been lowered materially and salt water has been drawn into it through holes in the overlying clay beneath the nearby salt marshes. Three of the five new large-capacity wells drilled to this sand in 1930 have been temporarily or permanently abandoned on account of salt-water intrusion, and the two others will probably have to be abandoned also, unless suitable remedial measures are promptly adopted. It is recommended that the wells to the 100-foot sand be used only when needed to supply the seasonal peak demand and that consideration be given to a project to transform the tidal marshes into a fresh-water pond by means of a suitable dam in order to protect the formation from further contamination. If detailed study proves that the dam and fresh-water pond would not be economically justified, a smaller pond and an embankment and tide gates on the main stream to keep the salt water from flooding the marshes are recommended as less effective but less expensive remedial measures. In view of the experience with the 100-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Works, it is further recommended that any additional development of the Cohansey sands be preceded by a comprehensive test-well program that will indicate not only the capacity of the sands, but the location of salt water in them and the possibility of its being drawn into existing wells or the proposed new wells.
\nThe salt-water intrusion into the 100-foot sand was effectively studied by means of driven-well points, which, it was found, could easily be driven to a depth of about 100 feet. The fact that the screen of these wells was driven with the casing and that no water was used in the drilling process made it possible to collect true samples of water from every sand encountered in them. This, in turn, made it possible to study the vertical distribution of salt water in each well. The interpretation of the vertical distribution of salt water in these wells was very helpful in arriving at a final decision as to the source of the salt water.
\nThe 200-foot sand at the Atlantic City Water Works has also been subjected to a considerably increased draft since 1930. Although there is no evidence at present that this sand has been overdeveloped, a study of its characteristics suggests that it may not be capable of yielding permanently the capacity of the present wells that tap it. Three test wells have been installed between the well field and the source from which this sand might derive salt water, and they should be sampled regularly to determine the danger of salt-water intrusion into the sand. In a landward direction this sand merges into the other Cohansey sands. It is therefore advisable that any additional development of the Cohansey sands should be undertaken so far inland that the pumping from it will not affect the present wells to the 200-foot sand and thereby increase the danger of salt-water contamination in them.
\nAt present more potable water is taken from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand than from any other source of supply for the region. This sand is the sole source for some of the smaller communities on the barrier beaches. The original static head of the water in it at Atlantic City was between 20 and 25 feet above sea level. The head has been lowered more than 50 feet over much of the region, and in parts of Atlantic City it has been lowered considerably more than 100 feet. A consideration of the principles governing the relation between salt water and fresh water in water-bearing sands indicates that the 800-foot sand probably contained salt water at a distance of 5 or 10 miles out from Atlantic City before any water was pumped from it. The evidence collected in this investigation indicates that the cone of depression created by the pumping from this sand in the Atlantic City region has probably extended inland to the intake area of the sand, the nearest part of which is probably about 40 miles from Atlantic City. If this is so, the conclusion is almost inescapable that it has also extended oceanward for a distance considerably greater than the 5 or 10 miles to the original zone of contact between the fresh and salt waters, and that salt water is probably being drawn toward the Atlantic City region through this sand. The time of its arrival will depend primarily upon the rate of pumping in the region and upon how much of the fresh water that originally lay between the region and the zone of contact must be removed before the salt water can reach the region. It may arrive in the near future if it advances in the form of a narrow tongue. On the other hand, if it advances along a broader front; so that more of the intervening fresh water must be pumped out of the formation, its arrival may be delayed for some time.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of New Jersey State Water Policy Commission","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Barksdale, H.C., Sundstrom, R.W., and Brunstein, M.S., 1936, Supplementary report on the ground-water supplies of the Atlantic City region: Special Report 6, 150 p.","productDescription":"150 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159187.jpg"},{"id":311253,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159187/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic City, Brigantine, Somers Point, Sea Isle City, Absecon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.49554443359375,\n 39.528407312645825\n ],\n [\n -74.29229736328125,\n 39.49874248613119\n ],\n [\n -74.33624267578125,\n 39.4255858195144\n ],\n [\n -74.38842773437499,\n 39.37677199661635\n ],\n [\n -74.47219848632812,\n 39.31623792008409\n ],\n [\n -74.54360961914062,\n 39.299236474818194\n ],\n [\n -74.59854125976562,\n 39.24182610848299\n ],\n [\n -74.70840454101561,\n 39.118341154165186\n ],\n [\n -74.73175048828124,\n 39.11407918425643\n ],\n [\n -74.77294921875,\n 39.132190775931036\n ],\n [\n -74.77706909179688,\n 39.14603767446419\n ],\n [\n -74.63973999023438,\n 39.301361881349244\n ],\n [\n -74.5697021484375,\n 39.42346418978382\n ],\n [\n -74.49554443359375,\n 39.528407312645825\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5623712fe4b06217fc47deab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barksdale, Henry C.","contributorId":11463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundstrom, Raymond W.","contributorId":8080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundstrom","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunstein, Maurice S.","contributorId":149293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brunstein","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70212979,"text":"70212979 - 1936 - Mode of intrusion of pre‐Cambrian granites in Central Boulder County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-03T16:23:49.60499","indexId":"70212979","displayToPublicDate":"1936-09-02T11:24:05","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mode of intrusion of pre‐Cambrian granites in Central Boulder County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR017i001p00257-2","usgsCitation":"Goddard, E.N., 1936, Mode of intrusion of pre‐Cambrian granites in Central Boulder County, Colorado: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 17, no. 2, p. 257-257, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR017i001p00257-2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goddard, Edwin N.","contributorId":103305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000423,"text":"1000423 - 1936 - Net selectivity on the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:12","indexId":"1000423","displayToPublicDate":"1936-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1846,"text":"Gold Medal Netting News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net selectivity on the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Two experiments, using 784 bobwhite quail chicks, were conducted at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Bowie, Maryland, to find a growing diet that would meet wartime restrictions. In 1941 a diet containing 14 per cent sardine fish meal was formulated and gave satisfactory results from the standpoints of survival and growth. Since fish meal now is scarce, search was made for a diet without war-restricted commodities yet equal to the above-mentioned diet in feeding value. Ten diets were compared.....In the present experiments, quail fed this same diet modified by the substitution of 0.12 per cent of D-activated sterol for vitamin A and D feeding oil fortified showed the highest survival and the best live weights at the end of both the sixth and tenth weeks. They also were among the top three groups in requiring the least quantity of feed per unit of gain in weight; however, they consumed the greatest quantity of feed.....Of the other nine diets, that which seemed most promising, considering survival, live weight, and efficiency of feed utilization, was as follows (parts by weight) : Yellow corn, ground 26.08...Millet, ground 10.00...Alfalfa leaf meal, dehydrated 7.50...Soybean oil meal, solvent-processed 50.00...Dried whey 3.00...Special steamed bonemeal 1.50...Limestone, ground 0.80...Salt mixture 1.OO...D-activated animal sterol 0.12....100.00.....At the end of ten weeks the results on this diet (Diet l l ) , as compared with that containing sardine meal (Diet 23), were as follows: Diet No. 11 Percentage survival 71, Average live weight per bird, grams 144,....Growing mash consumed, per bird-day, grams 6.8 Feed consumed per gram of gain in weight (grams) 3.8......Diet 23....Percentage survival, 80,...Avg live weight per bird, grams....145,....Growing mash consumed , per bird-day, grams...7.4...Feed consumed per gram of gain in weight (grams)....3.9. Results were unsatisfactory when expeller-processed soybean oil meal was used in this diet to replace solvent-processed meal. At the end of ten weeks only 60 per cent of the quail survived and the average live weight was only 138 grams.....When the level of dried whey was raised to 5 per cent to provide a margin of safety against abnormal feather growth (resulting partly from riboflavin deficiency), the number of survivals was nearly as high as on the diet containing 14 per cent sardine meal, but the average live weight per bird was only 139 grams. The difference between this weight and that for the birds on Diet 11 (3% dried whey) was not statistically significant.....The general rating for the diet was as high as that for Diet 11, when ground wheat replaced ground millet in the diet containing 3 per cent dried whey. Survival of birds was 5 per cent-units lower, the average live weight was about the same, and efficiency of feed utilization was higher.....Using D-activated animal sterol as a source of vitamin D and yellow corn and a good grade of alfalfa leaf meal as sources of vitamin A, fish oils were omitted from the diets without causing symptons of avitaminosis. However because of the instability of vitamin A in storage, it is advisable to include sufficient fish oil, if obtainable, in quail diets to supply at least 2,000 I. U. of vitamin A per pound of feed on a total feed basis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Gold Medal Netting News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1936, Net selectivity on the Great Lakes: Gold Medal Netting News, v. 10, no. July, p. 2-3.","productDescription":"p. 2-3","startPage":"2","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"July","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3870,"text":"cir7 - 1934 - Gold-quartz veins south of Libby, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T16:53:32.341271","indexId":"cir7","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Gold-quartz veins south of Libby, Montana","docAbstract":"The area described in this paper is one of rugged mountains, composed chiefly of folded and faulted sedimentary rocks of the Belt series. In the nearby region the beds are intruded by diorite sills and granitic stocks. Glacial drift, including silt deposited in a lake, covers much of the lower slopes of the mountains and partly fills the valleys.
Incomplete records show a production of $200,000 in gold, mostly from the oxidized free-milling parts of quartz veins. Except a few in the Wallace formation the veins are found in sandstone and shale of the Prichard formation. They partly replace the country rock along fractures that commonly follow bedding planes but also cut across them at moderate angles. The veins average between 1 and 2 feet in thickness and reach a maximum of 6 feet. They are cut by faults of small displacement, with which the ore bodies are commonly associated.
Quartz forms 95 percent or more of the veins. Of the remainder, one or more of the minerals pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and pyrrhotite are relatively abundant, and chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite, and scheelite are present sparingly. A little silver is present, and in some veins it exceeds the gold considerably.
In many veins an original quartz filling has been slightly brecciated or sheared by movement parallel to the walls. Sulphides and gold have been introduced along the shear planes, partly replacing the quartz and giving the vein a \"ribbon\" structure. The gold is closely associated with the sphalerite, and silver is more plentiful in the veins that carry galena.
As a rule oxidation has not extended far below the surface, and its chief product is limonite. Cerusite and anglesite are present in some veins, and a little malachite, azurite, pyromorphite, or manganese oxide occurs in a few. Native gold is present in both the oxidized and unoxidized ores.
Although mining of these veins in the past may have been unprofitable, that result was due partly, at least, to difficulties of transportation and milling. With improvement in roads and methods, not to mention appreciation in the value of gold, the deposits are believed to have a promising future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir7","usgsCitation":"Gibson, R., 1934, Gold-quartz veins south of Libby, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 7, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir7.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":384090,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0007/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","city":"Libby","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.66955566406249,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -115.44708251953125,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -115.44708251953125,\n 48.425555463221066\n ],\n [\n -115.66955566406249,\n 48.425555463221066\n ],\n [\n -115.66955566406249,\n 48.3416461723746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4993","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, Russell","contributorId":106101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34167,"text":"b845 - 1933 - Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T18:33:24.56548","indexId":"b845","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"845","title":"Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles","docAbstract":"The Southern Pacific Railroad from New Orleans to Los Angeles, a distance of about 2,000 miles, passes through a region exhibiting a great variety of geographic and industrial conditions. The climate, especially the amount of precipitation, is the most influential factor in causing this variety.\r\n\r\nThe low Coastal Plain of southern Louisiana and eastern Texas, with ample rainfall and thick rich soils, is a province distinct in configuration, human occupations, and products. There are extensive swamps, prairies, and wooded areas, but a large part of the land is under cultivation, with sugarcane, cotton, and rice as the principal crops. The streams are wide and slow, the winter climate is mild, and the summer heat is tempered by breezes from the Gulf of Mexico. Flourishing towns occur at short intervals, and some of them are growing rapidly. The entire region is underlain by a great thickness of sand and clay of alluvial origin.\r\n\r\nIn central-eastern Texas the Coastal Plain is higher, the soil conditions are materially different, the streams run more swiftly, swamps become rare, and although much land is under cultivation, many areas are either in pasture or not cleared. The vegetation changes with change of soil and increase of altitude, and the crops are more diversified than in the lower parts of the Coastal Plain. The region is underlain by sandstone, shale, and other formations, which rise toward the west, cropping out in regular succession as they are crossed from east to west. Some of these formations are hard enough to make ridges and knobs, and there is general terracing at various levels. Parts of the highest lands are remnants of an old plain of former wide extent.\r\n\r\nBeyond San Antonio the traveler observes several changes in the general aspect of the country, for although the Coastal Plain extends west to Del Rio, there is both a gradual increase in elevation to about 1,000 feet and a marked diminution of rainfall to the west, which greatly affect landscape and industries. Cacti become larger and more abundant, and many special trees and plants are prevalent, notably the mesquite; forests diminish in density, and far to the west trees occur only in the bottom lands. Agriculture here depends largely on irrigation, and the raising of cattle, sheep, and goats is the dominant industry. The principal underlying rocks are shale, soft sandstone, and chalk, which do not make strong relief but produce hills and ridges of moderate height separated by wide valleys, which along the larger streams are bordered by bottom lands. Northwest of San Antonio the Coastal Plain gives place rather abruptly to the Edwards Plateau, owing to the rapid rise of hard limestones; from San Antonio to Del Rio this feature lies north of the railroad but is visible at many places.\r\n\r\nFor many miles west from Del Rio the railroad is on the plateau, which is floored by hard limestone and deeply trenched by the drainageways, notably by the canyons of the Devils River, the Rio Grande, and the Pecos River. In this district, where semiarid conditions prevail, vegetation is sparse and trees are mostly confined to valley bottoms except where the limestone supports a growth of juniper or live oak. The soil is thin, but it sustains grass and shrubs which afford good pasturage for many goats, sheep, and cattle. Owing to the gradual general rise of the strata to the west the land increases in elevation, and much of the plateau in south-central Texas is 2,000 feet above sea level in its eastern part and 3,000 feet in its western part. Near Sanderson this rise develops into the great dome of the Marathon uplift. The central part of this uplift is truncated, revealing a large area of closely folded Paleozoic rocks, making sharp ridges of the Appalachian type. The Edwards Plateau ends on the east side of this uplift. To the west is the Davis Mountain region, a wide province of volcanic rocks, characterized by rugged peaks and irregularly disposed ridges in great va","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Guidebook of the western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b845","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1933, Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 845, 304 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b845.","productDescription":"304 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114929.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":92611,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, Nelson Horatio","contributorId":78307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"Nelson","email":"","middleInitial":"Horatio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35439,"text":"b842 - 1933 - Metalliferous deposits of the greater Helena mining region, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:00:43","indexId":"b842","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"842","title":"Metalliferous deposits of the greater Helena mining region, Montana","docAbstract":"The ore deposits described in this bulletin are distributed through a region of about 3,000 square miles surrounding the city of Helena, Mont. In general the surface of this region is mountainous, but it includes several large intermontane valleys. Large areas in the northern and eastern parts of the region sire underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Algonkian Belt series, and on the northeast and southwest the Belt rocks are overlain without any noticeable angular unconformity by Paleozoic and Mesozoic beds. Oligocene, Miocene, and possibly Pliocene sediments, composed chiefly of volcanic ash and land waste of local origin, occupy large areas in the intermontane valleys and lie unconformably upon Cretaceous and older rocks. A thin veneer of Pleistocene and Recent alluvium generally overspreads the Tertiary. In the extreme northern part of the region are large deposits of glacial drift that represent two stages of the Pleistocene.
The principal igneous body of the region is the northern part of the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous Boulder batholitb of quartz monzonite. The main exposure of this body occupies an area of nearly 1,200 square miles and extends southward beyond the limits of the particular region considered. Smaller areas of similar rocks are clustered around this exposure. Most of the exposures probably represent bodies that are connected in depth to form a single mass.
The late Cretaceous and older sedimentary rocks are involved in a series of northwestward-trending folds. Along the east side of the region overthrust faults related to the great Lewis overthrust of Glacier National Park cause Belt rocks to overlie rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages. Large normal faults occur near Marysville and faults of moderate displacement near Helena. The Tertiary beds are slightly deformed by folds and faults that are unrelated to the structure of the older rock. The geologic history of the region includes two contrasting periods, the earlier of which was characterized by the accumulation of marine sediments and the later by mountain building and erosion. The later period began with folding and elevation in late Cretaceous or early Eocene time, followed by overthrust faulting and the intrusion of the Boulder batholith. Next, there ensued a period of crustal stability, during which erosion reduced the region to a surface of low relief and cut away at least 10,000 feet of strata in the area north of Helena. In Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene (?) time sediments composed of land waste and volcanic ash were deposited, and this event was followed by warping and faulting that elevated the present mountains. During Pliocene and Pleistocene time the mountains were maturely dissected, and in middle and late Pleistocene time local glaciers formed in the higher mountains and large valley glaciers invaded the extreme northern part of the region.
The ore deposits include lodes and placers that have yielded gold, silver, lead, copper, and zinc to a value of at least $176,860,000. The placers were formed mostly during interglacial stages of the Pleistocene. They have been almost entirely exhausted. Most of the lodes are classified as regards age in two groups, an older and a younger. The older lodes are related in origin to the Boulder batholith or some of the neighboring intrusive granitic bodies and were probably formed during early Eocene time. The younger lodes were formed after dacite of probable Miocene age was erupted. They are possibly related in origin to some unexposed intrusive granitic rock.
For convenience in description the region is divided into three parts districts north of Helena, districts in the Belt Mountains, and districts south of Helena.
The districts north of Helena include a 50-mile stretch of the Continental Divide that forms a broad ridge surmounted with considerable areas of flat or gently sloping surface at a general altitude of 7,000 feet. Narrow valleys 1,000 to 2,000 feet deep are cut into this surface and lead out to the neighboring wide intermontane valleys. The area is underlain mostly by shale, sandstone, and limestone of the upper part of the Belt series. Beds of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age occur south of the Belt area and extend from Helena west and northwest. The igneous rocks of the area include diorite and gabbro sills and dikes of probable Cretaceous age, extrusive andesite that is probably Oligocene or Miocene, and stocks of quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and quartz diorite, probably of Oligocene or Miocene age.
The ore deposits of the northern districts are chiefly lodes that are valuable for gold and silver but contain some lead and copper. In the Ophir district bodies of gold and silver ore occur mainly in limestone near a body of quartz monzonite. In the Scratchgravel Hills and Grass Valley districts veins of gold quartz and veins containing lead-silver ore occur in quartz monzonite and in the adjoining metamorphic rocks. In the Austin district lodes containing gold; silver, lead, and copper are found in limestone near intrusive quartz monzonite. An unusual mineral in one of these lodes is corkite, a hydrous sulphate of lead containing arsenic. A small stock of quartz diorite in the Marysville district has invaded and domed Belt rocks. Marginal and radial fractures formed during the cooling and contraction of the igneous body became the receptacles of gold and silver veins, one of which, the Drumlummon, has produced $16,000,000. The veins filled open fractures and are characterized by a gangue of platy calcite and quartz. Lodes in Towsley Gulch in the western part of the district contain lead in addition to gold. In the Gould district a small stock of the granodiorite has invaded the Belt rocks and caused the deposition of veins similar to those near Marysville. In the Heddleston district lodes valuable for gold, silver, lead, and copper occur in Belt sedimentary rocks and diorite, some of them associated with porphyry dikes. In the Wolf Creek district veins in Belt rocks have produced copper ore composed mainly of chalcopyrite or chalcopyrite and tennantite accompanied by pyrite and a gangue of quartz and barite.
Placer deposits along the western slope of the Belt Mountains have produced $17,500,000 in gold. Sapphires were formerly obtained from some of these deposits. The central part of the Belt Mountains is a plateaulike area considered to be the remnant of a surface produced by erosion during Tertiary time. This surface was elevated and has been deeply trenched by narrow, transverse valleys that are bordered with remnants of low terraces in which most of the placer deposits occur. Most of the western slope of the mountains is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Belt series. At the foot of the mountains these give place to Paleozoic rocks, and these in turn are overlain unconformably in Townsend Valley by Tertiary and later deposits. The main structural feature is a great arch called the York anticline, which occupies most of the west side of the mountains. At the west foot of the mountains this fold is bordered by a series of small synclines that are tightly squeezed, faulted, and overturned as a result of pressure exerted from the west or southwest along a fracture described as the El Dorado overthrust On another fracture called1 the Scout Camp overthrust the Belt rocks composing the western slope of the mountains are thrust eastward over Paleozoic beds. Both faults are regarded as branches of the Lewis overthrust of Glacier Park. Igneous rocks that probably range in age from early Eocene to Pleistocene are widely but sparingly distributed.' They include sills and dikes of quartz dibrite, porphyry dikes, small stocks of quartz monzonite and quartz diorite, and surface flows of andesite and basalt.
The deposits in the Belt Mountains that are of most interest at the present time are lodes that are chiefly valuable for gold. Most of them are found in the vicinity of York and Confederate Gulch. Nearly all are small quartz veins formed along fractures in diorite dikes and stocks or on bedding planes in the adjoining Belt sedimentary rocks. An exception is the Golden Messenger, a replacement deposit of large size but low grade, formed along fractures in a quartz diorite dike. Other veins in the same dike belong to the rather uncommon class called ladder veins. Many of the small veins contain shoots and bunches of rich ore in their upper parts. Downward- enrichment in gold is indicated to have occurred in some of the veins near York that lie below an old erosion surface. Elsewhere the origin of the placer deposits from erosion o'f the lodes during interglacial stages of the Pleistocene is indicated. Lodes containing chalcopyrite occupy tension fractures in the Belt shales that were produced by lateral movements of the mass composing the mountain front.
In the districts south of Helena mining began with the discovery, on July 14, 1864, of rich placer deposits at the present site of the city of Helena, on Last Chance Creek. Since then the placer and lode deposits of these districts have produced metals worth $130,000,000 or more, of which about one-third was gold, the remainder chiefly lead and zinc. Sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Algonkian to Cretaceous underlie parts of the region, and other parts are underlain by a bedded series of andesite and latite tuffs, breccias, and flows. These rocks have been intruded and severely metamorphosed by the quartz monzonite of the Boulder batholith, the exposures of which occupy a large area. Rocks later than the intrusion of the batholith are chiefly a series of late Tertiary dacites and rhyolites.
The placers of the southern districts have been almost entirely worked out. The lodes have yielded metals worth $111,600,000, but many of them are still productive. They include veins and contact-metamorphic deposits. Some of the contact deposits contain copper ore, and others contain iron ore valuable for fluxing. The veins are of two ages. The older veins have yielded most of the metallic production of the region. Their ores in general are heavy sulphide aggregates composed mainly of galena, sphalerite, and pyrite. Arsenopyrite is generally present; tetrahedrite and chalcopyrite are less common. Many of the veins are distinguished from the usual type of ore body by the occurrence of abundant tourmaline. The, metals produced are chiefly silver, lead, gold, and zinc, with some copper. The younger veins are essentially precious-metal deposits. They are mainly fissure veins but include some disseminated deposits of low grade. They are widely distributed and include several productive bodies. A distinguishing feature is the occurrence in the gangue of cryptocrystalline quartz and lamellar calcite. A dominant eastward trend of the vein fractures of the older group indicates them to be tension cracks in the crust block lying west of the Lewis overthrust that were produced by stretching in a direction at right angles to the thrust.
This report is one of several setting forth the results of investigations as to the safe yield of the principal water-bearing formations in certain parts of New Jersey, carried on cooperatively by the New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development and the United States Geological Survey. Other areas in which similar studies have been made are the Atlantic City area; the Asbury Park area; the Runyon area, including the Perth Amboy well field; the area embracing the well fields of the Commonwealth-Water Co., the East Orange Water Department, and other municipalities near the Passaic River in the vicinity of Chatham; and the Garfield Water Department well field and those of several industries in the vicinity of East Paterson.
\nThe results of the study in the Camden area are of value for several reasons. The greater part of the water supply of Camden comes from wells in three fields with an estimated capacity of about 30 million gallons a day, distribute1 over a triangular area of less than one square mile. This is one of the largest developments of ground water in so small an area in the United States. During the investigation a number of new wells were drilled in this area, and the type of wells and methods of pumping were changed, and observations were possible that otherwise could seldom be obtained under such favorable circumstances. As a result of the building of the new bridge across the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Camden there has been a considerable increase in population and in consumption of water in the Camden area, and this investigation is valuable in showing the extent to which further development of ground water is possible.
\nThe observations on which the report is based were made in the period from July 1, 1923, to the date of writing the report, in the early part of 1928.1 The continuing observations have been confined essentially to the well fields of the Camden Water Department. Certain data in regard to other well fields within a radius of 10 miles of Camden, collected by F. Clark Rule under the direction of the writer in the summer of 1923, and other data obtained from the files of the Department of Conservation and Development are also included in so far as they bear on the problems under consideration. The City of Camden has cooperated heartily through C. P. Sherwood, formerly director of the Department of Streets and Public Improvements, his successor, W. D. Sayrs, Jr., James H. Long, maintenance engineer of the Water Department, and David B. Owen, chief engineer of the Morris pumping station. Much valuable information has been furnished by the Layne-New York Co., which, during the period of the investigation, replaced nearly all the old-type wells of the Camden system with those of the most modern type. The investigation was under the immediate supervision of H. T. Critchlow, then chief of the Division of Waters of the Department of Conservation and Development, and O.E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the Division of Ground Water of the United States Geological Survey. The late Dr. M. W. Twitchell, assistant State geologist, was consulted on phases relating to the stratigraphy. A number of analyses of water have been made by C. S. Howard, of the United States Geological Survey, and advice in regard to problems arising from the mineral character of the water has been given by W. D. Collins, chemist in charge of the Division of Quality of Water of the same organization. Thanks are also due to those of the other water departments and private well owners in the area who have furnished information.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Conservation and Development","collaboration":"In cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, Division of Ground Water","usgsCitation":"Thompson, D., 1932, Ground water supplies of the Camden area, New Jersey, iv, 80 p.","productDescription":"iv, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159324.jpg"},{"id":311211,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159324/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Camden County","city":"Camden","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.07095336914062,\n 39.9811978499522\n ],\n [\n -75.09550094604492,\n 39.97435761238716\n ],\n [\n -75.13172149658203,\n 39.959490889505346\n ],\n [\n -75.13687133789061,\n 39.93659244591381\n ],\n [\n -75.13292312622069,\n 39.92290236029078\n ],\n [\n -75.13275146484375,\n 39.907761097366105\n ],\n [\n -75.1332664489746,\n 39.89485546645595\n ],\n [\n -75.10374069213867,\n 39.893275018082456\n ],\n [\n -75.03250122070312,\n 39.910657945728\n ],\n [\n -75.03644943237305,\n 39.94172552213356\n ],\n [\n -75.05430221557617,\n 39.973436758888674\n ],\n [\n -75.05773544311523,\n 39.980145550276994\n ],\n [\n -75.07095336914062,\n 39.9811978499522\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5628b734e4b0d158f5926c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, David G.","contributorId":8443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"David G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25079,"text":"wsp638A - 1932 - A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":25079,"text":"wsp638A - 1932 - A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee","indexId":"wsp638A","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":3212,"text":"wsp638 - 1932 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931","indexId":"wsp638","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":3212,"text":"wsp638 - 1932 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931","indexId":"wsp638","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States 1931"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T21:04:52.046067","indexId":"wsp638A","displayToPublicDate":"1932-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"638","chapter":"A","title":"A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Memphis is located in the part of the Gulf Coastal Plain known as the Mississippi embayment. It is underlain by unconsolidated sand and clay formations of Tertiary and Cretaceous age. The Wilcox group, of Tertiary age, and the Ripley formation, of Cretaceous age, are excellent aquifers, and all the water consumed in Memphis is derived from them. The maximum pumpage from the Wilcox group was reached about 1920; in that year an estimated average of 37,575,000 gallons a day was pumped. In 1928 the average daily pumpage from the Wilcox group was about 33,984,000 gallons, and in addition to this the Memphis Artesian Water Department pumped an average of 4,616,000 gallons a day from the Ripley formation. \r\n\r\nThe static level at Memphis varies with the pumpage and the stage of the Mississippi River. The original static level was about 235 feet above mean sea level. In 1928 the average static level at the Auction Avenue plant was 202 feet above mean sea level, which was about 33 feet lower than the original level. The yield is therefore about a million gallons a day for each foot of drawdown. The drawdown is not excessive, and additional pumpage can be developed without undue lowering of head. \r\n\r\nThe water from both the Wilcox group and the Ripley formation is fairly soft and has a moderately low content of dissolved mineral matter. The iron content is sufficiently high to be objectionable, but the iron is easily removed by aeration followed by either settling or filtration for removal of sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp638A","usgsCitation":"Wells, F.G., 1932, A preliminary report on the artesian water supply of Memphis, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 638, Report: ii, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 27.00 x 27.25 inches and 18.00 x 10.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp638A.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 27.00 x 27.25 inches and 18.00 x 10.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425404,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425403,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0638a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24615.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Memphis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.14340577783314,\n 35.321737717406265\n ],\n [\n -90.14340577783314,\n 34.87813900208256\n ],\n [\n -89.59500235683865,\n 34.87813900208256\n ],\n [\n -89.59500235683865,\n 35.321737717406265\n ],\n [\n -90.14340577783314,\n 35.321737717406265\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544819","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, F. 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Although no potash has been produced from these brines in the last few years, a continued interest in the area has been shown by a large number of filings, in different parts of the desert, under the potash law of October 2, 1917 (40 Stat. 297), and the regulations issued under that law by the Department of the Interior on March 21, 1918, in Circular 594 (46 L. D. 323).
As the basis for appropriate action on these permit, lease, and patent filings the Department of the Interior required information concerning the mode of occurrence, distribution, and general characteristics of the potassium-bearing brines in this region. Field investigation was accordingly undertaken for the primary purpose of satisfying these requirements.
The work was done by the Geological Survey and the General Land Office in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines. The Bureau of Mines furnished an autotruck and a mechanic, who also assisted in the field work, and, for a period of a month, a mine rescue car, which permitted the establishment of headquarters in parts of the desert far from sources of supplies and water. The General Land Office surveyed the boundaries of townships over the desert and located the drill holes from which samples of brine were taken.
The writer directed the work for the Geological Survey, and the analyses of the samples of brine were made in the Survey's chemical laboratory. The greater part of the field work was done between April 17 and July 7, 1925, and the work was finished during the two periods August 17-26 and September 30 to October 2. Adverse weather throughout the season hindered the work.
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