{"pageNumber":"164","pageRowStart":"4075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":22308,"text":"ofr96447 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Canton Lake to Lake Overholser in central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T20:48:40.284204","indexId":"ofr96447","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-447","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Canton Lake to Lake Overholser in central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the alluvial and terrace deposits along the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Canton Lake to Lake Overholser in central Oklahoma. Ground water in approximately 400 square miles of Quaternary-age alluvial and terrace aquifer is an important source of water for irrigation, industrial, municipal, stock, and domestic supplies. The aquifer consists of clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Sand-sized sediments dominate the poorly sorted, fine to coarse, unconsolidated quartz grains in the aquifer. The hydraulically connected alluvial and terrace deposits unconformably overlie Permian-age formations. The aquifer is overlain by a layer of wind-blown sand in parts of the area.\r\n\r\nMost of the lines in the aquifer boundary, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge data sets were extracted from published digital surficial geology data sets based on a scale of 1:250,000. The ground-water elevation contours and some of the lines for the aquifer boundary, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge data sets were digitized from a ground-water modeling report about the aquifer published at a scale of 1:250,000. The hydraulic conductivity values and recharge rates also are from the ground-water modeling report.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96447","usgsCitation":"Adams, G.P., Rea, A., and Runkle, D., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Canton Lake to Lake Overholser in central Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-447, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96447.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406560,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42273.htm"},{"id":1402,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-447","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"North Canadian River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.5968017578125,\n              35.47185482057798\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.62725830078125,\n              35.47185482057798\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.62725830078125,\n              36.115690180653395\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.5968017578125,\n              36.115690180653395\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.5968017578125,\n              35.47185482057798\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, G. P.","contributorId":60256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22130,"text":"ofr97206 - 1997 - Sand-storage changes in the Colorado River downstream from the Paria and Little Colorado rivers, April 1994 to August 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr97206","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-206","title":"Sand-storage changes in the Colorado River downstream from the Paria and Little Colorado rivers, April 1994 to August 1995","docAbstract":"Sixty-six cross sections on the Colorado River in 11-kilometer reachesdownstream from the Paria and Little Colorado Rivers were monitoredfrom June 1992 to August 1995 to provide data to evaluate the effectof releases from Glen Canyon Dam on channel-sand storage and fordevelopment of multidimensional flow and sediment-transport models.Most of the network of monumented cross sections was established andfirst measured JuneSeptember 1992. Data collected from June 1992through February 1994 were published in a previous report. Crosssections downstream from the Paria River were remeasured six timesbetween April 1994 and August 1995. Most sections downstream from theLittle Colorado River were remeasured four times in the same timeperiod. Each measurement consisted of 10 passes across the section,and data presented are the mean section and the standard deviationfrom the mean. Measured depths were converted to bed elevations usingwater-surface elevations measured or estimated for each reach. A linemarked at regular intervals was strung across the river between thesection end points and used to provide horizontal-position control. AWilcoxon rank-sum test was applied to the data, and bed-elevationdifferences between successive measurements that were statisticallysignificant at the 5-percent significance level were identified andused to compute the difference in cross-sectional area frommeasurement to measurement. Changes in sand storage computed forselected cross sections are presented. Changes in area at most of theselected cross sections during the period presented in this reportwere smaller than those measured during the period covered bythe previous report. The largest changes over the monitoring periodpresented in this report were measured at section p22 (+115 squaremeters) downstream from the Paria River and at sections lb1 (+209square meters) and lc2 (156 square meters) downstream from theLittle Colorado River. This report presents selected data from themeasurements made from April 1994 through August 1995 in graphicalform and describes the electronic form of the entire data set.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97206","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Graf, J.B., Marlow, J.E., Rigas, P.D., and Jansen, S., 1997, Sand-storage changes in the Colorado River downstream from the Paria and Little Colorado rivers, April 1994 to August 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-206, iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97206.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0206/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51579,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f93b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graf, Julia B.","contributorId":59005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marlow, Jonathan E.","contributorId":76727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rigas, Patricia D.","contributorId":83149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rigas","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jansen, Samuel","contributorId":30974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jansen","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":23020,"text":"ofr97236 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma- habitat data and characteristics at selected sites, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr97236","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-236","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma- habitat data and characteristics at selected sites, 1993-95","docAbstract":"The characterization of instream and riparian habitat is part of the multiple lines of evidence used by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to assess the water quality of streams. In the NAWQA Program, integrated physical, chemical, and biological assessments are used to describe water-quality conditions. The instream and riparian habitat data are collected at sites selected for surface-water chemistry analyses and biological assessment.\r\n\r\nInstream and riparian habitat data are structured in a nested scheme?at sampling reach, segment, and basin scales. The habitat data were collected in the Ozark Plateaus study unit at 41 sites during 1993-95. Thirteen of these sites, representative of selected combinations of physiography, land use, and basin size, have longitudinal, transverse, and quarter point vegetation plot surveys in addition to the Level I survey measurements (reach length, depth, velocity, dominant substrate, embeddedness, and vegetation quarter points, for example) recommended by the NAWQA Program protocols. These habitat data were from onsite measurements, U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, and a geographic information system.\r\n\r\nThe analyses of the habitat data indicates substantial differences between sites of differing physiography and basin-scale land-use activities. The basins range from 46.4 to 4,318 square kilometers and have stream orders from 2 to 6. All streams studied are a riffle/pool type, and most have cobble that is less than 50 percent embedded as the dominant streambed substrate.\r\n\r\nOf the three physiographic sections studied, the Boston Mountains have the largest mean segment and sideslope gradients, basin relief, woody species diversity, and stream depths when compared with sites of similar size. Channel sinuosities, mean velocities, and canopy angles are largest at sites in the Springfield Plateau physiographic section. The sites in the Salem Plateau physiographic section have the largest woody vegetation densities and mean channel widths.\r\n\r\nSites in basins with predominantly agricultural land use tend to have more open canopies, steeper segment gradients, and more sinuous stream channels than the forested sites. Sites in predominantly forested basins tend to have deeper and swifter flow, smaller channel widths, and more dense woody riparian vegetation (at small basins) than the agricultural sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97236","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Femmer, S.R., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma- habitat data and characteristics at selected sites, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-236, vi, 44 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97236.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1456,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr97-236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544a8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Femmer, Suzanne R. sfemmer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Femmer","given":"Suzanne","email":"sfemmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":189290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24402,"text":"ofr96453 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Rush Springs Aquifer in western Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:16","indexId":"ofr96453","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-453","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Rush Springs Aquifer in western Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Rush Spring aquifer in western Oklahoma. This area encompasses all or part of Blaine, Caddo, Canadian, Comanche, Custer, Dewey, Grady, Stephens, and Washita Counties. These digital data sets were developed by Mark F. Becker to use as input into a computer model that simulated ground-water flow in the Rush Springs aquifer (Mark F. Becker, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1997).\r\n\r\nFor the purposes of modeling the ground-water flow in the Rush Springs aquifer, Mark F. Becker (written commun., 1997) defined the Rush Springs aquifer to include the Rush Springs Formation, alluvial and terrace deposits along major streams, and parts of the Marlow Formations, particularly in the eastern part of the aquifer boundary area. The Permian-age Rush Springs Formation consists of highly cross-bedded sandstone with some interbedded dolomite and gypsum. The Rush Springs Formation is overlain by Quaternary-age alluvial and terrace deposits that consist of unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, and gravel. The Rush Springs Formation is underlain by the Permian-age Marlow Formation that consists of interbedded sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, gypsum-anhydrite, and dolomite beds (Mark F. Becker, written commun., 1997). The parts of the Marlow Formation that have high permeability and porosity are where the Marlow Formation is included as part of the Rush Springs aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe Rush Springs aquifer underlies about 2,400 square miles of western Oklahoma and is an important source of water for irrigation, livestock, industrial, municipal, and domestic use. Irrigation wells are reported to have well yields greater than 1,000 gallons per minute (Mark F. Becker, written commun., 1997).\r\n\r\nMark F. Becker created some of the aquifer boundaries, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge data sets by digitizing parts of previously published surficial geology maps. The hydraulic conductivity and recharge values are the input data to the ground-water flow model (Mark F. Becker, written commun., 1997). The water-level elevation data set was prepared at a scale of 1:250,000 by Mark F. Becker (written commun., 1997) from water levels measured in wells prior to the year 1950.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96453","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Runkle, D., Becker, M., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Rush Springs Aquifer in western Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-453, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96453.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1755,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-453","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4659","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Becker, M.F.","contributorId":103708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24942,"text":"ofr97259 - 1997 - Preliminary geologic map of the Simi 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-05T20:14:00.312594","indexId":"ofr97259","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-259","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Simi 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"<p>The Simi Quadrangle covers an area of about 62 square miles in southern Ventura County. The Santa Clara River Valley occupies the northwestern corner of the quadrangle. Mountainous terrain of South Mountain and Oak Ridge characterizes the northern and central area. Elevation within the quadrangle ranges from about 250 feet along the arroyo bottoms to over 2200 feet. Steep, highly dissected slopes form much of the boundary of the area. In the southeast, Little Simi Valley, drained by Arroyo Simi/Arroyo Las Posas, separates the southern flank of Oak Ridge from the Las Posas Hills. The Las Posas upland area, a broad elevated region that slopes gently to the south, separates the South Mountain-Oak Ridge highlands from the Las Posas-Camarillo Hills between Little Simi Valley on the east and the Oxnard Plain on the west. This relatively low-lying area is also referred to as the Las Posas Valley. Numerous north-south-trending drainages cut South Mountain and Oak Ridge creating steep narrow canyons on north-facing slopes and wide flat-bottomed canyons with incised streams on south-facing slopes. A network of residential streets and ranch and oilfield roads that traverse the area from U.S. Highway 101 and State Highways 118, 23, and 126 provides access to the area. Current land use includes citrus and avocado orchards, oil well drilling and production, sand and gravel quarries, decorative-rock quarries, cattle grazing, suburban residential development, and golf courses.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The oldest geologic unit mapped in the Simi Quadrangle is the upper Eocene to lower Miocene Sespe Formation. The Sespe Formation consists of alluvial fan and floodplain deposits of interbedded pebble-cobble conglomerate, massive to thick-bedded sandstone, and thin-bedded siltstone and claystone. In the northern part of the map area, Sespe Formation is overlain by and interfingers with the upper Oligocene to lower Miocene Vaqueros Formation that is composed of transitional and marine sandstone, siltstone, and claystone with local sandy coquina beds. In the Las Posas Hills, Sespe Formation is unconformably overlain by marine sandstones of the middle Miocene Topanga Group that are interlayered with and intruded by basalt flows, breccia, and diabase dikes of the Conejo Volcanics.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Deep-marine strata of the upper Miocene Modelo Formation cover the Vaqueros Formation and Topanga Group along the crests and southern flanks of South Mountain and Oak Ridge. They also occur as isolated outcrops in the Las Posas Hills. Locally, Modelo Formation consists of interbedded diatomaceous shale, claystone, mudstone, and siltstone with minor sandstone, limestone, chert, and tuff beds.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The most widely exposed rock units in the area are the Plio-Pleistocene marine and non-marine Pico and Saugus Formations that crop out on the southern flank of South Mountain-Oak Ridge. Locally, the Pico Formation consists of marine siltstone and silty shale with minor sandstone and pebbly sandstone. The Saugus Formation overlies and interfingers with the Pico Formation and is composed of interbedded shallow-marine to brackish water sandstone, siltstone, pebble-to-cobble conglomerate, and coquina beds that grade laterally and vertically into non-marine sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. A local member of the Saugus Formation is exposed in the southwest corner of the map area. It is predominantly a volcanic breccia conglomerate that resembles the Conejo Volcanics breccia, but is believed to represent remnants of landslide debris shed from the Conejo Volcanics into a local trough during Saugus time.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Quaternary surficial deposits cover the floor and margins of the Little Simi Valley, Santa Clara River Valley in the north, and Arroyo Las Posas in the south, and extend up into the larger canyons that drain South Mountain and Oak Ridge. Extensive surficial deposits are also present in the Las Posas upland area in the southwest. These upper Pleistocene to Holocene sediments consist of older and younger alluvial fan and valley deposits, colluvium, active alluvial fans, and active stream deposits. Pleistocene- to Holocene-age landslide deposits are widespread throughout the Simi Quadrangle, especially in the finer grained Tertiary sedimentary units where bedding planes are dip slopes. In addition, massive slumps are present in the Sespe and Vaqueros Formations on anti-dip slopes.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Seismic and well data from the San Fernando Valley (SFV) document evolution of that region from mid-Miocene rifting to north-south contraction. Formations in the western SFV subsurface (Cretaceous to Paleogene strata, and Miocene Topanga and Modelo Formations) trace southward to outcrops in the Santa Monica Mountains that constrain faulting along the valley's south basin edge. Cretaceous strata in the Simi Uplift to the west are over 2 km higher than equivalent strata beneath the western SFV across a boundary marked by the Chatsworth Reservoir fault, and Neogene thinning and offlap.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Simi fault, located at the eastern end of the Simi-Santa Rosa fault system, bounds the northern margins of the Simi and Tierra Rejada Valleys. West of Simi Valley, the Simi fault has placed Miocene Conejo Volcanics over Plio-Pleistocene Saugus Formation rocks. The 15.5 ± 0.8 m.y.a. base of the Conejo Volcanics, identified in oil well logs, is inferred to have a dip-slip separation of about 425 to 550 m, suggesting a low long-term slip rate of about 0.03 mm/yr. However, substantial late Quaternary offset is suggested by the presence of more than 150 m of Pleistocene and younger alluvium that fills the east-west trending, down-dropped bedrock trough beneath western Simi Valley. In addition, trenching within faulted colluvial deposits in Tierra Rejada Valley has revealed evidence of multiple shears within Holocene (?) deposits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97259","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R.H., 1997, Preliminary geologic map of the Simi 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-259, Report: 11 p.; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97259.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; Readme","numberOfPages":"11","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391444,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22983.htm"},{"id":53909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1915,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":286257,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":286256,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-wells.e00.gz"},{"id":286255,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":286254,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/si-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":286251,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/simi.txt"},{"id":286253,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/simi.tar.gz"},{"id":286252,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-259/simi.ps"},{"id":157559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0259/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Ventura County","otherGeospatial":"Simi 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.875,\n              34.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.75,\n              34.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.75,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.875,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.875,\n              34.375\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67abf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24099,"text":"ofr97240 - 1997 - User's guide for MODTOOLS: Computer programs for translating data of MODFLOW and MODPATH into geographic information system files","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T16:55:51","indexId":"ofr97240","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-240","title":"User's guide for MODTOOLS: Computer programs for translating data of MODFLOW and MODPATH into geographic information system files","docAbstract":"<p>MODTOOLS is a set of computer programs for translating data of the ground-water model, MODFLOW, and the particle-tracker, MODPATH, into a Geographic Information System (GIS). MODTOOLS translates data into a GIS software called ARC/INFO. MODFLOW is the recognized name for the U.S. Geological Survey Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Model. MODTOOLS uses the data arrays input to or output by MODFLOW during a ground-water flow simulation to construct several types of GIS output files. MODTOOLS can also be used to translate data from MODPATH into GIS files. MODPATH and its companion program, MODPATH-PLOT, are collectively called the U.S. Geological Survey Three-Dimensional Particle Tracking Post-Processing Programs. MODPATH is used to calculate ground-water flow paths using the results of MODFLOW and MODPATH-PLOT can be used to display the flow paths in various ways.</p>\n<p>MODTOOLS uses the particle data calculated by MODPATH to construct several types of GIS output. MODTOOLS uses particle information recorded by MODPATH such as the row, column, or layer of the model grid, to generate a set of characteristics associated with each particle. The user can choose from the set of characteristics associated with each particle and use the capabilities of the GIS to selectively trace the movement of water discharging from specific cells in the model grid. MODTOOLS allows the hydrogeologist to utilize the capabilities of the GIS to graphically combine the results of the particle-tracking analysis, which facilitates the analysis and understanding of complex ground-water flow systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/ofr97240","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Orzol, L.L., 1997, User's guide for MODTOOLS: Computer programs for translating data of MODFLOW and MODPATH into geographic information system files: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-240, vii, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97240.","productDescription":"vii, 89 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0240/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53257,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0240/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"899.03 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orzol, Leonard L. 0000-0001-7585-4295 llorzol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-4295","contributorId":4561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzol","given":"Leonard","email":"llorzol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21733,"text":"ofr96445 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie in northwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T20:06:06.318076","indexId":"ofr96445","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-445","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie in northwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries, maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the alluvial and terrace deposits along the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie in northwestern Oklahoma. Ground water in 1,305 square miles of Quaternary-age alluvial and terrace deposits along the the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie is an important source of water for irrigation, industrial, municipal, stock, and domestic supplies. Alluvial and terrace deposits are composed of interfingering lenses of clay, sandy clay, and cross-bedded poorly sorted sand and gravel. The aquifer is composed of hydraulically connected alluvial and terrace deposits that unconformably overlie the Permian-age Formations.\r\n\r\nThe aquifer boundaries are from a ground-water modeling report on the alluvial and terrace aquifer along the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie in northwestern Oklahoma and published digital surficial geology data sets. The aquifer boundary data set was created from digital geologic data sets from maps published at a scale of 1:250,000. The hydraulic conductivity values, recharge rates, and ground-water level elevation contours are from the ground-water modeling report. Water-level elevation contours were digitized from a map at a scale of 1:250,000. The maps were published at a scale of 1:900,000.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96445","usgsCitation":"Adams, G.P., Runkle, D., Rea, A., and Cederstrand, J., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie in northwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-445, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96445.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406340,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40477.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1174,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-445","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Cimarron River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.088,\n              35.778\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.524,\n              35.778\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.524,\n              36.898\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.088,\n              36.898\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.088,\n              35.778\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d50d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, G. P.","contributorId":60256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, Donna","contributorId":51317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cederstrand, J. R.","contributorId":91523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21734,"text":"ofr96448 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake in east-central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr96448","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-448","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake in east-central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake in east-central Oklahoma. Ground water in 710 square miles of Quaternary-age alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River is an important source of water for irrigation, industrial, municipal, stock, and domestic supplies. The aquifer, composed of alluvial and terrace deposits, consists of sand, silt, clay, and gravel. The aquifer is underlain and in hydraulic connection with the upper zone of the Permian-age Garber-Wellington aquifer and the Pennsylvanian-age Ada-Vamoosa aquifer.\r\n\r\nMost of the lines in the four digital data sets were digitized from a published ground-water modeling report but portions of the aquifer boundary data set was extracted from published digital geologic data sets.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96448","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Adams, G.P., Runkle, D., Rea, A., and Becker, C., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake in east-central Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-448, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96448.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1175,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-448","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, G. P.","contributorId":60256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, Donna","contributorId":51317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":22444,"text":"ofr96451 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T19:48:20.83595","indexId":"ofr96451","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-451","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma. This area encompasses the panhandle counties of Cimarron, Texas, and Beaver, and the western counties of Harper, Ellis, Woodward, Dewey, and Roger Mills. The High Plains aquifer underlies approximately 7,000 square miles of Oklahoma and is used extensively for irrigation. The High Plains aquifer is a water-table aquifer and consists predominately of the Tertiary-age Ogallala Formation and overlying Quaternary-age alluvial and terrace deposits. In some areas the aquifer is absent and the underlying Triassic, Jurassic, or Cretaceous-age rocks are exposed at the surface. These rocks are hydraulically connected with the aquifer in some areas. \r\n\r\nThe High Plains aquifer is composed of interbedded sand, siltstone, clay, gravel, thin limestones, and caliche. The proportion of various lithological materials changes rapidly from place to place, but poorly sorted sand and gravel predominate. The rocks are poorly to moderately well cemented by calcium carbonate.\r\n\r\nThe aquifer boundaries, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge data sets were created by extracting geologic contact lines from published digital surficial geology maps based on a scale of 1:125,000 for the panhandle counties and 1:250,000 for the western counties. The water-level elevation contours and some boundary lines were digitized from maps in a published water-level elevation map for 1980 based on a scale of 1:250,000. The hydraulic conductivity and recharge values in this report were used as input to the ground-water flow model on the High Plains aquifer.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96451","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-451, HTML Document; 2 CDRoms, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96451.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 2 CDRoms","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405833,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40482.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1496,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-451","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"High Plains aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.986572265625,\n              35.39800594715108\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.66796875,\n              35.48751102385376\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              36.08462129606931\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.052734375,\n              37.02886944696474\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.996826171875,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.02978515625,\n              36.50963615733049\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.97558593749999,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.986572265625,\n              35.39800594715108\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25720,"text":"wri974097 - 1997 - Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri974097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4097","title":"Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","docAbstract":"Published and unpublished reports and data from 22 contaminated sites in Tennessee were reviewed to develop preliminary conceptual models of the behavior of chlorinated solvents in karst aquifers. Chlorinated solvents are widely used in many industrial operations. High density and volatility, low viscosity, and solubilities that are low in absolute terms but high relative to drinkingwater standards make chlorinated solvents mobile and persistent contaminants that are difficult to find or remove when released into the groundwater system. The major obstacle to the downward migration of chlorinated solvents in the subsurface is the capillary pressure of small openings. In karst aquifers, chemical dissolution has enlarged joints, bedding planes, and other openings that transmit water. Because the resulting karst conduits are commonly too large to develop significant capillary pressures, chlorinated solvents can migrate to considerable depth in karst aquifers as dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPL?s). Once chlorinated DNAPL accumulates in a karst aquifer, it becomes a source for dissolved-phase contamination of ground water. A relatively small amount of chlorinated DNAPL has the potential to contaminate ground water over a significant area for decades or longer. Conceptual models are needed to assist regulators and site managers in characterizing chlorinated-solvent contamination in karst settings and in evaluating clean-up alternatives. Five preliminary conceptual models were developed, emphasizing accumulation sites for chlorinated DNAPL in karst aquifers. The models were developed for the karst regions of Tennessee, but are intended to be transferable to similar karst settings elsewhere. The five models of DNAPL accumulation in karst settings are (1) trapping in regolith, (2) pooling at the top of bedrock, (3) pooling in bedrock diffuse-flow zones, (4) pooling in karst conduits, and (5) pooling in isolation from active ground-water flow. More than one conceptual model of DNAPL accumulation may be applicable to a given site, depending on details of the contaminant release and geologic setting. Trapping in regolith is most likely to occur where the regolith is thick and relatively impermeable with few large cracks, fissures, or macropores. Accumulation at the top of rock is favored by flat-lying strata with few fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface. Fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface encourage migration of chlorinated DNAPL into karst conduits or diffuse-flow zones in bedrock. DNAPL can migrate through one bedrock flow regime into an underlying flow regime with different characteristics or into openings that are isolated from significant ground-water flow. As a general rule, the difficulty of finding and removing DNAPL increases with depth, lateral distance from the source, and complexity of the ground-water flow system. The prospects for mitigation are generally best for DNAPL accumulation in the regolith or at the bedrock surface. However, many such accumulations are likely to be difficult to find or remove. Accumulations in bedrock diffuse-flow zones or in fractures isolated from flow may be possible to find and partially mitigate, but will likely leave significant amounts of contaminant in small fractures or as solute diffused into primary pores. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974097","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, W., Haugh, C., Webbers, A., and Diehl, T., 1997, Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4097, vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974097.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1836,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974097","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, W.J.","contributorId":10069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webbers, Ank","contributorId":74782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webbers","given":"Ank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diehl, T.H.","contributorId":89170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":23613,"text":"ofr97224 - 1997 - Streamflow and sediment data collected to determine the effects of a controlled flood in March and April 1996 on the Colorado River between Lees Ferry and Diamond Creek, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr97224","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-224","title":"Streamflow and sediment data collected to determine the effects of a controlled flood in March and April 1996 on the Colorado River between Lees Ferry and Diamond Creek, Arizona","docAbstract":"An 8-day period of planned release of water at 1,275 cubic meters per second from Glen Canyon Dam in March and April 1996 provided an opportunity to collect data on river stage, streamflow, water chemistry, and sediment transport at discharges above powerplant releases. The U.S. Geological Survey collected data at five streamflow-gaging stations on the mainstem of the Colorado River and four on tributaries during the controlled flood. River-stage data were collected at an additional 29 locations, and suspended-sediment data were collected at 4 of the 5 mainstem streamflow-gaging stations. In addition, measurements of reach-average flow velocity were made using a dye tracer, and water-surface slope was measured in reaches adjacent to three of the streamflow-gaging stations. Sand-storage changes caused by the controlled flood were documented by measuring bed elevation of the channel at cross sections before and after the controlled releases at the network of 120 monumented locations. This report presents selected data in tabular and graphical form. The data presented in the report are available in electronic form.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97224","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Konieczki, A.D., Graf, J.B., and Carpenter, M.C., 1997, Streamflow and sediment data collected to determine the effects of a controlled flood in March and April 1996 on the Colorado River between Lees Ferry and Diamond Creek, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-224, iv, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97224.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52893,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4fac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konieczki, Alice D.","contributorId":69594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konieczki","given":"Alice","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graf, Julia B.","contributorId":59005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, Michael C. mcarpent@usgs.gov","contributorId":3977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Michael","email":"mcarpent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22443,"text":"ofr96450 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96450","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-450","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThe data sets in this report include digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma. The Enid isolated terrace aquifer covers approximately 82 square miles and supplies water for irrigation, domestic, municipal, and industrial use for the City of Enid and western Garfield County. The Quaternary-age Enid isolated terrace aquifer is composed of terrace deposits that consist of discontinuous layers of clay, sandy clay, sand, and gravel. The aquifer is unconfined and is bounded by the underlying Permian-age Hennessey Group on the east and the Cedar Hills Sandstone Formation of the Permian-age El Reno Group on the west. The Cedar Hills Sandstone Formation fills a channel beneath the thickest section of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in the midwestern part of the aquifer.\r\n\r\nAll of the data sets were digitized and created from information and maps in a ground-water modeling thesis and report of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer. The maps digitized were published at a scale of 1:62,500.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96450","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-450, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96450.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1495,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-450","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30510,"text":"wri954164 - 1997 - Water resources of Indiana County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:56:00","indexId":"wri954164","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4164","title":"Water resources of Indiana County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Indiana County, west-central Pennsylvania, is a major producer of coal and natural gas. Water managers and residents are concerned about the effects of mining and natural gas exploration on the surface- and ground-water resources of the county. This study assesses the quality and quantity of water in Indiana County. Ground- and surface-water sources are used for public supplies that serve 61 percent of the total population of the county. The remaining 39 percent of the population live in rural areas and rely on cisterns and wells and springs that tap shallow aquifers.\r\n\r\n      Most of the county is underlain by rocks of Middle to Upper Pennsylvanian age. From oldest to youngest, they are the Allegheny Group, the Glenshaw Formation, the Casselman Formation, and the Monongahela Group. Almost all the coals mined are in the Allegheny Group and the Monongahela Group. \r\n\r\n      Ground water in Indiana County flows through fractures in the rock. The size and extent of the fractures, which are controlled by lithology, topography, and structure, determine the sustained yield of wells. Topography has a significant control over the yields of wells sited in the Allegheny Group. Properly sited wells in the Glenshaw Formation may have yields adequate for municipal, commercial, or industrial uses. The Casselman Formation yields adequate amounts of water for domestic use. Yield of the Monongahela Group is small, and the water may not be of suitable quality for most uses. Yields of hilltop wells may be marginal, but valley wells may yield sufficient amounts for large-volume users. Data on the other rock units are sparse to nonexistent. Few wells in the county yield more than 40 gallons per minute. Most of the wells that do are in valleys where alluvial deposits are extensive enough to be mapable.\r\n\r\n      Short-term water-level fluctuations are variable from well to well. Seasonal water-level fluctuations are controlled by time of year and amount of precipitation. \r\n\r\n      The quality of water from the Casselman Formation, Glenshaw Formation, and Allegheny Group tends to be hard and may have concentrations of iron and manganese that exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels of 0.3 milligrams per liter and 0.05 milligrams per liter, respectively. Ground water from the Glenshaw Formation is less mineralized than ground water from the Allegheny Group. Concentrations of minerals in water from the Casselman Formation are between those in water from the Glenshaw Formation and the Allegheny Group. Water from wells on hilltops has lower concentrations of dissolved solids than water from wells on hillsides. Water from valley wells is the most mineralized. Nearly half the springs tested yield water that is low in pH and dissolved solids; this combination makes the water chemically aggressive. \r\n\r\n      The 7-day, 10-year low-flow frequencies for 26 unregulated surface-water sites ranged from 0.0 to 0.19 cubic feet per second per square mile. The presence of coal mines and variations in precipitation were probably the principal factors affecting flow duration on Blacklick Creek (site 28) during 1953-88. Sustained base flows of regulated streams such as Blacklick Creek generally were larger than those of unregulated streams as a result of low-flow augmentation. The annual water loss in streamflow as a result of evapotranspiration, diversion, seepage to mines, and seepage to the ground-water system was determined at four sites (sites 8, 9, 17, and 28) and ranged from 35 to 53 percent.\r\n\r\n      The highest concentrations of dissolved solids, iron, manganese, aluminum, zinc, and sulfate were measured mostly in streams in central and southern Indiana County, where active and abandoned coal mines are the most numerous. \r\n\r\n      Streamflow was measured during low flow in two small basins; one basin almost completely deep mined (Cherry Run) and one basin unmined (South Branch Plum Creek). The measurements showed a con","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954164","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., and McElroy, T., 1997, Water resources of Indiana County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4164, ix, 105 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954164.","productDescription":"ix, 105 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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,{"id":22442,"text":"ofr96449 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Elk City Aquifer in western Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96449","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-449","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Elk City Aquifer in western Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Elk City aquifer in western Oklahoma. The aquifer covers an area of approximately 193,000 acres and supplies ground water for irrigation, domestic, and industrial purposes in Beckham, Custer, Roger Mills, and Washita Counties along the divide between the Washita and Red River basins.\r\n\r\nThe Elk City aquifer consists of the Elk City Sandstone and overlying terrace deposits, made up of clay, silt, sand and gravel, and dune sands in the eastern part and sand and gravel of the Ogallala Formation (or High Plains aquifer) in the western part of the aquifer. The Elk City aquifer is unconfined and composed of very friable sandstone, lightly cemented with clay, calcite, gypsum, or iron oxide. Most of the grains are fine-sized quartz but the grain size ranges from clay to cobble in the aquifer. The Doxey Shale underlies the Elk City aquifer and acts as a confining unit, restricting the downward movement of ground water.\r\n\r\nAll of the data sets were digitized and created from information and maps in a ground-water modeling thesis and report of the Elk City aquifer. The maps digitized were published at a scale of 1:63,360.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96449","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Elk City Aquifer in western Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-449, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96449.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1494,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-449","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d49b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27437,"text":"wri974101 - 1997 - Application of acoustical methods for estimating water flow and constituent loads in Perdido Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri974101","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4101","title":"Application of acoustical methods for estimating water flow and constituent loads in Perdido Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Water flow and quality data were collected from December 1994 to September 1995 to evaluate variations in discharge, water quality, and chemical fluxes (loads) through Perdido Bay, Florida. Data were collected at a cross section parallel to the U.S. Highway 98 bridge. Discharges measured with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and computed from stage-area and velocity ratings varied roughly between + or - 10,000 cubic feet per second during a typical tidal cycle. Large reversals in flow direction occurred rapidly (less than 1 hour), and complete reversals (resulting in near peak net-upstream or downstream discharges) occurred within a few hours of slack water. Observations of simultaneous upstream and downstream flow (bidirectional flow) were quite common in the ADCP measurements, with opposing directions of flow occurring predominantly in vertical layers. Continuous (every 15 minutes) discharge data were computed for the period from August 18, 1995, to September 28, 1995, and filtered daily mean discharge values were computed for the period from August 19 to September 26, 1995. Data were not computed prior to August 18, 1995, either because of missing data or because the velocity rating was poorly defined (because of insufficient data) for the period prior to landfall of hurricane Erin (August 3, 1995). The results of the study indicate that acoustical techniques can yield useful estimates of continuous (instantaneous) discharge in Perdido Bay. Useful estimates of average daily net flow rates can also be obtained, but the accuracy of these estimates will be limited by small rating shifts that introduce bias into the instantaneous values that are used to compute the net flows. Instantaneous loads of total nitrogen ranged from -180 to 220 grams per second for the samples collected during the study, and instantaneous loads of total phosphorous ranged from -10 to 11 grams per second (negative loads indicate net upstream transport). The chloride concentrations from the water samples collected from Perdido Bay indicated a significant amount of mixing of saltwater and freshwater. Mixing effects could greatly reduce the accuracy of estimates of net loads of nutrients or other substances. The study results indicate that acoustical techniques can yield acceptable estimates of instantaneous loads in Perdido Bay. However, estimates of net loads should be interpreted with great caution and may have unacceptably large errors, especially when saltwater and freshwater concentrations differ greatly. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974101","usgsCitation":"Grubbs, J.W., and Pittman, J.R., 1997, Application of acoustical methods for estimating water flow and constituent loads in Perdido Bay, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4101, iv, 24 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974101.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4101.jpg"},{"id":2113,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974101/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pittman, J. R.","contributorId":71571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22445,"text":"ofr96452 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"ofr96452","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-452","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma. The Tillman terrace aquifer encompasses the unconsolidated terrace deposits and alluvium associated with the North Fork of the Red River and the Red River in the western half of Tillman County. These sediments consist of discontinuous layers of clay, sandy clay, sand, and gravel. The aquifer extends over an area of 285 square miles and is used for irrigation and domestic purposes. Granite and the Hennessey Formation outcrop in northern parts of the aquifer where alluvial deposits are absent. These outcrops were included as part of the aquifer in a thesis that modeled the ground-water flow in the aquifer.\r\n\r\nMost of the aquifer boundaries and some of the lines in the hydraulic conductivity and recharge data sets were extracted from a published digital surficial geology data set based on a scale of 1:250,000. Most of the lines in the hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and 1969 water-level elevation contour data sets, and one line in the aquifer boundary data set were digitized from a paper map published at a scale of 1:249,695 in a thesis in which the ground-water flow in the aquifer was modeled.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96452","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Tillman terrace and alluvial aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-452, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96452.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1497,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-452","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22897,"text":"ofr97200 - 1997 - Flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr97200","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-200","title":"Flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia","docAbstract":"This report presents flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Park (C &amp; O Canal NHP).  Data were compiled for the floods of (1) March 17-19, 1936; (2) June 22-24, 1972; (3) November 4-7, 1985; (4) January 19-21, 1996; (5) September 6-8, 1996; and (6) the peak of record for 6 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations on the Potomac River and 10 streamflow-gaging stations on selected tributaries to the Potomac River.  Peak discharge, peak gage height, the date and time of the peak, and approximate recurrence interval are presented for each flood event at these streamflow-gaging stations.Data compiled from selected high-flow discharge measurements on the six Potomac River streamflow- gaging stations are presented.  The gage height, top width, cross-sectional area, mean velocity, maximum velocity, and discharge are presented for each selected discharge measurement.  Any corresponding discharge on the C &amp; O Canal that was measured or estimated for these dischrge measurements is presented.  Ranges of Manning's roughness coefficient were computed for the range of selected discharge measurements, based on estimates of water-surface slope or the channel-bed slope.  These data will be used for subsequent hydraulic studies by engineers for maintenance, protection, or restoration of the C &amp; O Canal.  An inventory of selected references, flood studies, and additional USGS data along the Potomac River and the C &amp; O Canal NHP also are presented.  Included are (1) a listing of selected flood studies and reports, and (2) a listing of USGS indirect flood-discharge measurements that have been made at the six Potomac River streamflow-gaging stations in the vicinity of the C &amp; O Canal NHP.  Information on historical streamflow-gaging station records and discharge measurements on the C &amp; O Canal also is presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97200","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Doheny, E.J., 1997, Flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-200, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97200.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1360,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/ofr-97-200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52305,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49abe4b07f02db5c5bbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doheny, Edward J. 0000-0002-6043-3241 ejdoheny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6043-3241","contributorId":4495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doheny","given":"Edward","email":"ejdoheny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":189094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6815,"text":"fs14897rev - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38162,"text":"fs14897 - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","indexId":"fs14897","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6815,"text":"fs14897rev - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","indexId":"fs14897rev","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T12:41:29","indexId":"fs14897rev","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"148-97","title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the Clean Water Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), all States are required to establish water-quality standards for every river basin in the State. During 1994, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment proposed to the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission (CWQCC) an aquatic-life standard of 225 µg/L (micrograms per liter) for the dissolved-zinc concentration in the Animas River downstream from Silverton (fig.1). The CWQCC delayed implementation of this water-quality standard until further information was collected and a plan for the cleanup of abandoned mines was developed. Dissolved-zinc concentrations in this section of the river ranged from about 270 µg/L during high flow, when rainfall and snowmelt runoff dilute the dissolved minerals in the river (U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, p. 431), to 960 µg/L (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, written commun., 1996) during low flow (such as late summer and middle winter when natural springs and drainage from mines are the main sources for the streams).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Mining sites in the basin were developed between about 1872 and the 1940's, with only a few mines operated until the early 1990's. For local governments, mining sites represent part of the Nation's heritage, tourists are attracted to the historic mining sites, and governments are obligated to protect the historic mining sites according to the National Historic Preservation Act (Public Law 89-665).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the context of this fact sheet, the term \"natural sources of dissolved minerals\" refers to springs and streams where no effect from mining were determined. \"Mining-related sources of dissolved minerals\" are assumed to be: (1 ) Water draining from mines , and (2) water seeping from mine-waste dump pile where the waste piles were saturated by water draining from mines. Although rainfall and snowmelt runoff from mine-waste piles might affect water quality in streams, work described in this fact sheet was done during low-flow conditions when springs and drainage from mine were the main sources of dissolved minerals affecting the streams. Data are being collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to determine the magnitude and sources of dissolved minerals during rainfall- and snowmelt-runoff periods.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This fact sheet presents results of studies done by the USGS in collaboration with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and was prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District. The studies were done at selected sites in the Upper Animas River Basin to determine natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals and are continuing in the basin with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and as part of the Department of the Interior Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative. The results of these studies will provide useful information for determining water-quality standards in the basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14897rev","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., 1997, Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado (Revised Edition, October 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 148-97, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14897rev.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.819996,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.748458 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised Edition, October 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f2ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5739,"text":"pp1581 - 1997 - Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":22546,"text":"ofr96500 - 1996 - Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","indexId":"ofr96500","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5739,"text":"pp1581 - 1997 - Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","indexId":"pp1581","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp1581","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1581","title":"Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Copper River, located in southcentral Alaska, drains an area of more than 24,000 square miles. About 30 miles above its mouth, this large river enters Miles Lake, a proglacial lake formed by the retreat of Miles Glacier. Downstream from the outlet of Miles Lake, the Copper River flows past the face of Childs Glacier before it enters a large, broad, alluvial flood plain. The Copper River Highway traverses this flood plain and in 1995, 11 bridges were located along this section of the highway. These bridges cross parts of the Copper River and in recent years, some of these bridges have sustained serious damage due to the changing course of the Copper River. \r\n\r\nAlthough the annual mean discharge of the lower Copper River is 57,400 cubic feet per second, most of the flow occurs during the summer months from snowmelt, rainfall, and glacial melt. Approximately every six years, an outburst flood from Van Cleve Lake, a glacier-dammed lake formed by Miles Glacier, releases approximately 1 million acre-feet of water into the Copper River. When the outflow rate from Van Cleve Lake reaches it peak, the flow of the Copper River will increase between 150,000 to 190,000 cubic feet per second. \r\n\r\nData collected by bedload sampling and continuous seismic reflection indicated that Miles Lake traps virtually all the bedload being transported by the Copper River as it enters the lake from the north. The reservoir-like effect of Miles Lake results in the armoring of the channel of the Copper River downstream from Miles Lake, past Childs Glacier, until it reaches the alluvial flood plain. At this point, bedload transport begins again. The lower Copper River transports 69 million tons per year of suspended sediment, approximately the same quantity as the Yukon River, which drains an area of more than 300,000 square miles. \r\n\r\nBy correlating concurrent flows from a long-term streamflow-gaging station on the Copper River with a short-term streamflow-gaging station at the outlet of Miles Lake, long-term flow characteristics of the lower Copper River were synthesized. Historical discharge and cross-section data indicate that as late as 1970, most of the flow of the lower Copper River was through the first three bridges of the Copper River Highway as it begins to traverse the alluvial flood plain. In the mid 1980's, a percentage of the flow had shifted away from these three bridges and in 1995, only 51 percent of the flow of the Copper River passed through them. \r\n\r\nEight different years of aerial photography of the lower Copper River were analyzed using Geographical Information System techniques. This analysis indicated that no major channel changes were caused by the 1964 earthquake. However, a flood in 1981 that had a recurrence interval of more than 100 years caused significant channel changes in the lower Copper River. \r\n\r\nA probability analysis of the lower Copper River indicated stable areas and the long-term locations of channels. By knowing the number of times a particular area has been occupied by water and the last year an area was occupied by water, areas of instability can be located. A Markov analysis of the lower Copper River indicated that the tendency of the flood plain is to remain in its current state. Large floods of the magnitude of the 1981 event are believed to be the cause of major changes in the lower Copper River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/pp1581","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1997, Geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1581, 89 p.; 55 illus.; 16 plates; 16 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1581.","productDescription":"89 p.; 55 illus.; 16 plates; 16 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1581/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1581/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":151505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31624,"text":"ofr97205 - 1997 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the lower Minnesota River basin, south-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:34:21","indexId":"ofr97205","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-205","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the lower Minnesota River basin, south-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected sites on streams in the Lower Minnesota River Basin, located in south-central Minnesota are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, outfalls of sewage treatment plants, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97205","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C., 1997, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the lower Minnesota River basin, south-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-205, Document: 20 p.; Plate: 44 x 33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97205.","productDescription":"Document: 20 p.; Plate: 44 x 33 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":19310,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0205/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0205/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19311,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0205/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"26720","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Lower Minnesota River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.075927734375, 44.33072485510801 ], [ -94.16519165039062, 44.357242035876375 ], [ -94.18304443359374, 44.34742225636393 ], [ -94.2022705078125, 44.319918120477425 ], [ -94.22698974609375, 44.345458103018316 ], [ -94.23660278320312, 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A.","contributorId":92305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29374,"text":"wri974071 - 1997 - Relations of Tualatin River water temperatures to natural and human-caused factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T20:31:22.26354","indexId":"wri974071","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4071","title":"Relations of Tualatin River water temperatures to natural and human-caused factors","docAbstract":"<p>Aquatic research has long shown that the survival of cold-water fish, such as salmon and trout, decreases markedly as water temperatures increase above a critical threshold, particularly during sensitive life stages of the fish. In an effort to improve the overall health of aquatic ecosystems, the State of Oregon in 1996 adopted a maximum water-temperature standard of 17.8 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit), based on a 7-day moving average of daily maximum temperatures, for most water bodies in the State. Anthropogenic activities are not permitted to raise the temperature of a water body above this level. In the Tualatin River, a tributary of the Willamette River located in northwestern Oregon, water temperatures periodically surpass this threshold during the low-flow summer and fall months.An investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey quantified existing seasonal, diel, and spatial patterns of water temperatures in the main stem of the river, assessed the relation of water temperatures to natural climatic conditions and anthropogenic factors (such as wastewater-treatment-plant effluent and modification of riparian shading), and assessed the impact of various flow management practices on stream temperatures. Half-hourly temperature measurements were recorded at 13 monitoring sites from river mile (RM) 63.9 to RM 3.4 from May to November of 1994. Four synoptic water- temperature surveys also were conducted in the upstream and downstream vicinities of two wastewater-treatment-plant outfalls. Temperature and streamflow time-series data were used to calibrate two dynamic-flow heat-transfer models, DAFLOW-BLTM (RM 63.9-38.4) and CE-QUAL-W2 (RM 38.4-3.4). Simulations from the models provided a basis for approximating 'natural' historical temperature patterns, performing effluent and riparian-shading sensitivity analyses, and evaluating mitigation management scenarios under 1994 climatic conditions. Findings from the investigation included (1) under 'natural' conditions the temperature of the river would exceed the State standard of 17.8 degrees Celsius at many locations during the low-flow season, (2) current operation of wastewater-treatment plants increases the temperature of the river downstream of the plants under low-flow conditions, (3) river temperature is significantly affected by riparian shade variations along both the tributaries and the main stem, (4) flow releases during the low-flow season from the Henry Hagg Lake reservoir decrease the river temperature in the upper section, and (5) removal of a low diversion dam at RM 3.4 would slightly decrease temperatures below RM 10.0.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri974071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., 1997, Relations of Tualatin River water temperatures to natural and human-caused factors: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4071, ix, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974071.","productDescription":"ix, 143 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4071/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":159840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4071/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.35861206054686,\n              45.3386325573467\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.35861206054686,\n              45.64188792039229\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.61291503906249,\n              45.64188792039229\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.61291503906249,\n              45.3386325573467\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.35861206054686,\n              45.3386325573467\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24300,"text":"ofr97574 - 1997 - Digital-map grids of mean-annual precipitation for 1961-90, and generalized skew coefficients of annual maximum streamflow for Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr97574","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-574","title":"Digital-map grids of mean-annual precipitation for 1961-90, and generalized skew coefficients of annual maximum streamflow for Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This digital report contains two digital-map grids of data that were used to develop peak-flow regression equations in Tortorelli, 1997, 'Techniques for estimating peak-streamflow frequency for unregulated streams and streams regulated by small floodwater retarding structures in Oklahoma,' U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4202. One data set is a grid of mean annual precipitation, in inches, based on the period 1961-90, for Oklahoma. The data set was derived from the PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) mean annual precipitation grid for the United States, developed by Daly, Neilson, and Phillips (1994, 'A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain:' Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 33, no. 2, p. 140-158).\r\nThe second data set is a grid of generalized skew coefficients of logarithms of annual maximum streamflow for Oklahoma streams less than or equal to 2,510 square miles in drainage area. This grid of skew coefficients is taken from figure 11 of Tortorelli and Bergman, 1985, 'Techniques for estimating flood peak discharges for unregulated streams and streams regulated by small floodwater retarding structures in Oklahoma,' U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4358. To save disk space, the skew coefficient values have been multiplied by 100 and rounded to integers with two significant digits. The data sets are provided in an ASCII grid format.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97574","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rea, A.H., and Tortorelli, R.L., 1997, Digital-map grids of mean-annual precipitation for 1961-90, and generalized skew coefficients of annual maximum streamflow for Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-574, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97574.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1675,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr97-574","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rea, A. H.","contributorId":58301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tortorelli, R. L.","contributorId":105755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tortorelli","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23758,"text":"ofr9725 - 1997 - Study plan for urban stream indicator sites of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr9725","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-25","title":"Study plan for urban stream indicator sites of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"Urban Indicator Sites are one component of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water- Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The objectives of monitoring at the Urban Indicator Sites are to: (1) characterize stream quality from drainage basins with predominantly residential and commercial land use, and (2) determine which selected natural and human factors most strongly affect stream quality.\r\n\r\nUrban Indicator Sites will be distributed across the United States in settings with statistically different climate and in metropolitan areas that have a population of 250,000 or more. Multiple sites in the same climatic setting will have a range in population density. Ideally, Urban Indicator Sites will monitor drainage basins that have only residential and commercial land use, are 50 square kilometers or larger, are in the same physiographic setting as other Indicator Sites, have sustained flow, and overlap other NAWQA study components. Ideal drainage basins will not have industrial or agricultural land use and will not have point-source-contamination discharges. Stream quality will be characterized by collecting and analyzing samples of streamflow, bed sediment, and tissue of aquatic organisms for selected constituents. Factors affecting stream quality will be determined by statistical analysis of ancillary data associated with Urban Indicator Sites and stream-quality samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9725","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Price, C.V., 1997, Study plan for urban stream indicator sites of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-25, viii, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9725.","productDescription":"viii, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1768,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr9725/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, C. V.","contributorId":19190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22731,"text":"ofr9713 - 1997 - Hydraulic analysis of U.S. Highway 75 crossing of the Fall River at Neodesha, Southeast Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr9713","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-13","title":"Hydraulic analysis of U.S. Highway 75 crossing of the Fall River at Neodesha, Southeast Kansas","docAbstract":"A hydraulic analysis of the Fall River inthe vicinity of the  existing U.S. Highway 75 crossing at Neodesha, southeast Kansas, was  conducted using a combination of step-backwater (WSPRO) and culvert (CAP)  analysis program.  Hydraulic data for these programs were determined fromonsite inspections and surveys, and from previously conducted Flood  Insurance Studies (FIS).Discharge values with their appropriate  recurrence intervals also were obtained fromthe previous FIS.  The computation of water-surface elevations using step-backwater and  culvert analyses indicate that free flow occurs through all drainage  structures for all discharges equal to or less than those having a  100-year recurrence interval (400,000 cubic feet per second_ an the  water-surface elevations are lower than the lowest point on the roadway.   The total capacity of the three drainage-structure openings is sufficient  at the 500-year recurrence- interval discharge (55,000 cubic feet per  second) to prevent flow over the roadway.  Flow over the roadway begins  when total discharge exceeds about 58,000 cubic feet per second.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9713","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Clement, R., and Perry, C.A., 1997, Hydraulic analysis of U.S. Highway 75 crossing of the Fall River at Neodesha, Southeast Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-13, iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9713.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a494","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clement, R.W.","contributorId":11247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clement","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27693,"text":"wri974073 - 1997 - Estimates of bridge scour at two sites on the Virgin River, southeastern Nevada, using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri974073","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4073","title":"Estimates of bridge scour at two sites on the Virgin River, southeastern Nevada, using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data","docAbstract":"A bridge-scour study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Nevada Department of Transportation, began in April 1996 to evaluate the Mesquite, Nevada, and Riverside, Nevada, bridges on the lower Virgin River using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data. The BRIdge Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation (BRI-STARS) was used to estimate bridge scour. The model was first calibrated using data for the Virgin River flood of March 12, 1995. Surveyed channel-geometry data were available at 11 cross sections for dates before and after the March 1995 flood to allow for evaluation of the model results. The model estimated the thalweg altitude within plus or minus 1 meter at 10 of the 11 cross sections. \r\nThe calibrated model then was used to estimate the contraction, channel, pier, and total scour for synthesized hydrographs for 100- and 500-year floods at the two bridge sites. The estimated maximum total scour at the Mesquite bridge was 1.30 meters for the 100-year flood and 1.32 meters for the 500-year flood. The maximum total scour at the Riverside bridge was 1.90 meters for the 100-year flood and 2.01 meters for the 500-year flood. \r\n\r\nGeneral scour was evaluated using stage-discharge relations at nearby streamflow-gaging stations, 1993-95 channel-geometry data, and channel-geometry data for the 100- and 500-year floods. On the basis of stage and discharge at the Littlefield, Arizona, gaging station, no long-term trend in aggradation or degradation was found. However, several cycles of aggradation and degradation had occurred during the period of record; the difference between the highest and lowest stage was 0.87 meter for a chosen low-flow discharge of 5.66 cubic meters per second for 1929-95. The value of 0.87 meter is probably the best estimate of general scour. The cross sections had an average scour depth of 0.07 meter between 1993 and 1994 and 0.16 meter between 1994 and 1995. The model simulated little general scour for the 100- and 500-year floods at the cross sections and did not give a good estimate of general scour, probably because the duration (days) of the floods used in the model was relatively short when compared with the duration (months or years) of geomorphic processes that influence long-term aggradation or degradation. \r\n\r\nHistorical geomorphic changes of the Virgin River at the bridge sites and the causes of those changes were documented using aerial photographs from 1938-95 and other historical information. The Virgin River has become narrower and more sinuous through time, the vegetation on the flood plain has increased, and the channel has shifted laterally many times. The processes associated with these channel changes were found to be long-term changes in precipitation and streamflow; the duration, magnitude, and timing of floods; sediment-transport characteristics; channel avulsion; changes in density of vegetation; and anthropogenic influences.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974073","usgsCitation":"Hilmes, M., and Vaill, J.E., 1997, Estimates of bridge scour at two sites on the Virgin River, southeastern Nevada, using a sediment-transport model and historical geomorphic data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4073, iv, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974073.","productDescription":"iv, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2227,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974073","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcc97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hilmes, M.M.","contributorId":102919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilmes","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaill, J. E.","contributorId":86362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaill","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}