{"pageNumber":"164","pageRowStart":"4075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70274612,"text":"70274612 - 1932 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1932","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T20:27:29.66116","indexId":"70274612","displayToPublicDate":"1932-01-01T16:23:52","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1932","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1932, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1932, 74 p.","productDescription":"74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503044,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274612/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274611,"text":"70274611 - 1931 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1931","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T20:21:15.306835","indexId":"70274611","displayToPublicDate":"1931-01-01T16:17:57","publicationYear":"1931","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1931","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1931, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1931, 60 p.","productDescription":"60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274611/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274610,"text":"70274610 - 1930 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1930","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T20:07:38.761395","indexId":"70274610","displayToPublicDate":"1930-01-01T16:04:52","publicationYear":"1930","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1930","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1930, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1930, 54 p.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503038,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503037,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274610/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503036,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274609,"text":"70274609 - 1929 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1929","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T20:00:07.029277","indexId":"70274609","displayToPublicDate":"1929-01-01T15:57:39","publicationYear":"1929","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1929","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1929, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1929, 60 p.","productDescription":"60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503031,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274609/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503030,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274608,"text":"70274608 - 1928 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1928","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T19:55:21.597957","indexId":"70274608","displayToPublicDate":"1928-01-01T15:51:58","publicationYear":"1928","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1928","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1928, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1928, 40 p.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503029,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":503027,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274608/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274607,"text":"70274607 - 1927 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1927","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T19:49:38.23334","indexId":"70274607","displayToPublicDate":"1927-01-01T15:28:06","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1927","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1927, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1927, 53 p.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502971,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274607/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":45360,"text":"b795A - 1927 - Manganese-bearing deposits near Lake Crescent and Humptulips, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45360,"text":"b795A - 1927 - Manganese-bearing deposits near Lake Crescent and Humptulips, Washington","indexId":"b795A","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Manganese-bearing deposits near Lake Crescent and Humptulips, Washington"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":34986,"text":"b795 - 1927 - Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels","indexId":"b795","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":34986,"text":"b795 - 1927 - Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels","indexId":"b795","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-27T21:15:24.043715","indexId":"b795A","displayToPublicDate":"1927-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1927","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"795","chapter":"A","title":"Manganese-bearing deposits near Lake Crescent and Humptulips, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>The Crescent mine, situated a short distance west of Lake Crescent, in the Olympic Mountains of Washington, yields an unusually high grade of manganese ore, which is suitable for making steel. Several manganiferous lodes of promising appearance have been found in the same area, and some near Humptulips, on the south side of the mountains. These and deposits on Skokomish River and at other places in the Olympic region are distributed around three sides of the mountains through a distance of 110 miles.</p><p>The characteristic and generally the most abundant manganese mineral in this belt is bementite, a silicate of manganese that is rare elsewhere. Hausmannite, a suboxide of manganese (Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) that is also rather uncommon, occurs in several of the deposits and is locally abundant in the Crescent mine, where it forms the most valuable constituent of the ore. In addition more or less of a manganiferous carbonate is present, and bodies composed of fine-grained quartz and iron oxides form a large but separate part of the lodes.</p><p>The deposits are associated with an impure red limestone of marine origin, which is probably to be correlated with the Franciscan formation of California. The limestone is overlain by a thick series of basaltic flows and tuff of Tertiary age that are partly altered to greenstone. The manganese is thought to have been deposited originally with the limestone as a carbonate. The concentration and change of much of it from the carbonate into bementite and hausmannite are believed to have been caused by warm solutions charged with silica that were expressed from the lavas or their magma. Afterward mountain-building movements and erosion elevated and exposed the manganiferous beds.</p><p>The beds at the horizon of the manganiferous deposits are very incompletely explored and are to be regarded as the possible source of large quantities of ore.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1927: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels (Bulletin 795)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b795A","usgsCitation":"Pardee, J.T., 1927, Manganese-bearing deposits near Lake Crescent and Humptulips, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 795, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b795A.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416465,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20443.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0795a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0795a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Humptulips","otherGeospatial":"Lake Crescent","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.333,\n              47.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.333,\n              48.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              48.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              47.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.333,\n              47.333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698168","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pardee, J. T.","contributorId":66220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70274565,"text":"70274565 - 1926 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1926","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T15:18:38.120684","indexId":"70274565","displayToPublicDate":"1926-01-01T11:15:06","publicationYear":"1926","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1926","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1926, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1926, 42 p.","productDescription":"42 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502935,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274565/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274564,"text":"70274564 - 1925 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1925","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T15:12:35.098999","indexId":"70274564","displayToPublicDate":"1925-01-01T11:10:08","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1925","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1925, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1925, 67 p.","productDescription":"67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502927,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274564/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502926,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274563,"text":"70274563 - 1924 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1924","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T15:08:20.085266","indexId":"70274563","displayToPublicDate":"1924-01-01T11:03:30","publicationYear":"1924","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1924","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1924, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1924, 367 p.","productDescription":"367 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274563/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"},{"id":502924,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274562,"text":"70274562 - 1923 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1923","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T15:00:41.37646","indexId":"70274562","displayToPublicDate":"1923-01-01T10:55:56","publicationYear":"1923","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1923","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1923, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1923, 367 p.","productDescription":"367 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502919,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274562/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"},{"id":502920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274561,"text":"70274561 - 1922 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1922","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T14:53:57.50799","indexId":"70274561","displayToPublicDate":"1922-01-01T10:50:00","publicationYear":"1922","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1922","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1922, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1922, 241 p.","productDescription":"241 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502916,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274561/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274528,"text":"70274528 - 1921 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1921","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T14:41:55.716112","indexId":"70274528","displayToPublicDate":"1921-01-01T10:37:02","publicationYear":"1921","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1921","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1921, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1921, 414 p.","productDescription":"414 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502912,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274528/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274527,"text":"70274527 - 1920 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1920","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T14:32:28.940663","indexId":"70274527","displayToPublicDate":"1920-01-01T10:32:00","publicationYear":"1920","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1920","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1920, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1920, 380 p.","productDescription":"380 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502908,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274527/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502907,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"},{"id":502909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":32846,"text":"pp120I - 1919 - Some American Cretaceous fish scales, with notes on the classification and distribution of Cretaceous fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-31T11:16:54","indexId":"pp120I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1919","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"120","chapter":"I","title":"Some American Cretaceous fish scales, with notes on the classification and distribution of Cretaceous fishes","docAbstract":"Fish remains are extremely abundant in several Cretaceous formations of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, but except in the Niobrara formation of Kansas, a fish skeleton well enough preserved for description or identification is the greatest rarity.  The fishes are represented by separate scales, in some places associated with a few vertebrae and other fragmentary bones or by isolated teeth.  In the original descriptions of both the Mowry and the Aspen shales of Wyoming the presence of fish scales is mentioned as a characteristic feature.  Fossils of other classes are usually very rare in beds containing many fish scales.  Many of the scales are beautifully preserved and show varied forms and more or less complex structure.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp120I","usgsCitation":"Cockerell, T., 1919, Some American Cretaceous fish scales, with notes on the classification and distribution of Cretaceous fishes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 120, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp120I.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271236,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0120i/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Missouri;Montana;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.05,36.0 ], [ -116.05,49.0 ], [ -89.1,49.0 ], [ -89.1,36.0 ], [ -116.05,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cockerell, T.D.A.","contributorId":93809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cockerell","given":"T.D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45542,"text":"b666U - 1919 - Our mineral supplies--The rarer metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:54","indexId":"b666U","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1919","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"666","chapter":"U","title":"Our mineral supplies--The rarer metals","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b666U","usgsCitation":"Hess, F.L., 1919, Our mineral supplies--The rarer metals: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 666, p. 123-135 , https://doi.org/10.3133/b666U.","productDescription":"p. 123-135 ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0666u/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":114212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0666u/report.pdf","size":"1011","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, F. L.","contributorId":40177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70274526,"text":"70274526 - 1919 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1919","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T14:26:25.181571","indexId":"70274526","displayToPublicDate":"1919-01-01T10:26:06","publicationYear":"1919","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1919","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1919, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1919, 530 p.","productDescription":"530 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502904,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274526/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":39437,"text":"pp108A - 1918 - Baked shale and slag formed by the burning of coal beds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-07T16:45:21","indexId":"pp108A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1918","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"108","chapter":"A","title":"Baked shale and slag formed by the burning of coal beds","docAbstract":"<p>The baking and reddening of large masses of strata caused by the burning of coal beds is a striking feature of the landscape in most of the great western coal-bearing areas. The general character and broader effects of the burning have been described by many writers, but the fact that in places enough heat is generated to fuse and thoroughly recrystallize the overlying shale and sandstone has received less attention. Some of the natural slags thus formed simulate somewhat abnormal igneous rocks, but others consist largely of rare and little known minerals. A wide range in the mineral composition of such slags is to be expected, depending on the composition of the original sediment and the conditions of fusion and cooling. These products of purely thermal metamorphism offer a fertile field for petrologic investigation. The writer has observed the effects produced by the burning of coal beds in several localities in Montana, particularly along upper Tongue River in the southern part of the State, in the district lying southeast of the mouth of Bighorn River, and in the Little Sheep Mountain coal field north of Miles City. A number of specimens of the rock formed have been examined under the microscope, though time has not been available for a systematic examination. The writer is greatly indebted to Mr. E. S. Larsen for assistance in the study of some of the minerals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Washington Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp108A","usgsCitation":"Rogers, G.S., 1918, Baked shale and slag formed by the burning of coal beds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 108, ii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp108A.","productDescription":"ii, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0108a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":271221,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0108a/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.22131347656249,\n              46.69089949154197\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.22131347656249,\n              47.07012182383309\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.49072265625,\n              47.07012182383309\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.49072265625,\n              46.69089949154197\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.22131347656249,\n              46.69089949154197\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.57812499999999,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.57812499999999,\n              45.694669843547246\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.875244140625,\n              45.694669843547246\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.875244140625,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.57812499999999,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, G. Sherburne","contributorId":8758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherburne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70274525,"text":"70274525 - 1918 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1918","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-16T14:34:29.750993","indexId":"70274525","displayToPublicDate":"1918-01-01T10:19:22","publicationYear":"1918","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1918","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. 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,{"id":70274524,"text":"70274524 - 1917 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1917","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-15T21:34:48.660796","indexId":"70274524","displayToPublicDate":"1917-01-01T17:26:15","publicationYear":"1917","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1917","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1917, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1917, 494 p.","productDescription":"494 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502886,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274524/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502885,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274523,"text":"70274523 - 1916 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1916","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-15T21:16:59.822747","indexId":"70274523","displayToPublicDate":"1916-01-01T16:57:28","publicationYear":"1916","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1916","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1916, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1916, 464 p.","productDescription":"464 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502883,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502882,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274523/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274522,"text":"70274522 - 1915 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1915","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-15T20:46:18.047376","indexId":"70274522","displayToPublicDate":"1915-01-01T16:45:32","publicationYear":"1915","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1915","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1915, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1915, 345 p.","productDescription":"345 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":502866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274522/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70274521,"text":"70274521 - 1914 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1914","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-15T20:39:04.588588","indexId":"70274521","displayToPublicDate":"1914-01-01T16:33:33","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1914","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the <a href=\"../publication/70268164\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70268164\">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins</a> and <a href=\"../publication/70246900\" data-mce-href=\"../publication/70246900\">The volcano letter</a>. &nbsp;</p><p>HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.&nbsp;</p><p>The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","usgsCitation":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1914, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1914, 294 p.","productDescription":"294 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502863,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274518","text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books"},{"id":502864,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70274521/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70200436,"text":"70200436 - 1914 - Glaciers of Glacier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-19T09:43:42","indexId":"70200436","displayToPublicDate":"1914-01-01T10:43:23","publicationYear":"1914","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Glaciers of Glacier National Park","docAbstract":"<p>Glacier National Park derives its name and much of its interest from the presence of many small glaciers. Very much of the grandeur of its wonderful Alpine scenery, the final sculpturing of the great mountain valleys and of the amphitheaters at their heads, and the production of the basins of its many beautiful lakes are due to the action of the more extended glaciers of the past.</p><p>There are in the park about 90 small glaciers ranging in size from Blackfeet Glacier, with its 3 square miles of ice, down to masses but a few acres in extent yet exhibiting the characteristics of true glaciers. The most easily accessible of these from the beaten trails are the Blackfeet and Sperry Glaciers and the small glaciers at Iceberg Lake and at Ahern Pass. Some of the others can be reached by tourists who are willing to undergo the exertions of mountain climbing. Among these are Grinnell, Chaney, Shepard, Vulture, and Carter Glaciers, and one or two at Brown Pass. (See map facing page 17.)</p><p>After examining these features one can easily picture to himself, as he looks down the valleys, the great rivers of ice which in ages past cascaded from the cliffs below the upper cirques, converged as tributaries from the many branch valleys, and united in great trunk glaciers. In imagination lie can see these great glaciers many hundreds of feet ill depth filling the great mountain volleys from side to side, and deploying thence upon the bordering plains. lie seems to see these mighty engines plucking away the rock ribs of the mountains, smoothing, grinding, and polishing the irregularities and sweeping away the debris to be spread on the plains below. These glaciers developed and extended three times and, after each development, the congealed masses melted away on the return of milder climatic conditions, until at length only the small cliff glaciers of the present&nbsp;day are left lurking in the protected recesses at the heads of the capacious valleys.&nbsp;</p><p>Many of the rock-walled amphitheaters are no longer occupied by ice, but from all there issue streams fed by the melting snow or ice. These plunge over the cliffs in beautiful foaming cascades and rush on down the mountain gorges. The melting glaciers left many inclosed basins large and small, and in these the waters rest a while and mirror in their crystal depths the dark green of the surrounding forests, the rich colors of the rugged mountain walls, and the deep blue of the cloud-flecked sky. On again from lake to lake the waters flow and finally start down their long courses to the sea to merge at length with the chill waters of Hudson Bay, the balm t ides of the Gulf of Mexico, or the rolling billows of the Pacific.</p><p>Compared in size with the great glaciers of Alaska the glaciers of Glacier National Park are insignificant. They are even surpassed in size by those of the Alps, of the Canadian Rockies, and of Mount Rainier, Washington. They are, however, thought small, among the best examples of this interesting type of phenomena now existing in the United States. They have also a splendid setting in magnificent Alpine scenery, unsurpassed in grandeur anywhere. Hidden away in the recesses of the mighty mountain ranges these rare and wonderful features form a climax to many of the interesting trips open to the tourist. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/70200436","usgsCitation":"Alden, W.C., 1914, Glaciers of Glacier National Park, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70200436.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358552,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70200436/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358553,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70200436/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.46105957031249,\n              48.23199134320962\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.06304931640625,\n              48.23199134320962\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.06304931640625,\n              49.00004203215395\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.46105957031249,\n              49.00004203215395\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.46105957031249,\n              48.23199134320962\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alden, William C.","contributorId":98366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alden","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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