{"pageNumber":"1640","pageRowStart":"40975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41014,"records":[{"id":39371,"text":"pp140D - 1926 - Shore phases of the Green River formation in northern Sweetwater County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-13T12:04:11","indexId":"pp140D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1926","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"140","chapter":"D","title":"Shore phases of the Green River formation in northern Sweetwater County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"For the last two years the writer has been engaged in a detailed study of the Green River formation and its oil shale. In order to arrive at an intelligent interpretation of this great series of lacustrine beds, the field study has been focused upon the marginal phases of the deposits and the associated formations, to determine, first, so far as possible from the geologic and biologic evidence recorded there, the environmental conditions that prevailed when these beds \nwere laid down, such as the geologic history and physical configuration of the basin of deposition the mode of filling, the sources and nature of the materials,\nand the climatic conditions under which the deposits accumulated. From the same evidence the writer has also endeavored to determine the kinds and relative abundance of both plant and animal life that existed in the Green River lake and on the adjacent land. Such evidence is fragmentary, as was to be expected, but it serves well as a basis for fur her study and interpretation.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp140D","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1926, Shore phases of the Green River formation in northern Sweetwater County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 140, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp140D.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0140d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":271201,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0140d/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.016666666666666666,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.016666666666666666,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Wilmont H.","contributorId":80173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Wilmont","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39374,"text":"pp142B - 1926 - The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida, Part II, Astartacea, Carditacea, Chamacea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-07T10:23:47","indexId":"pp142B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1926","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"142","chapter":"B","title":"The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida, Part II, Astartacea, Carditacea, Chamacea","docAbstract":"The first of the series of papers upon the Mollusca of the Alum Bluff group covered the orders of the Prionodesmacea and the Anomalodesmacea. The Mollusca were by the beginning of Miocene time so far advances in development that the great majority are included under the highest of the three orders, the Teleodesmacea, characterized in the adult stages by the differentiation of the hinge teeth into distinct cardinals and laterals. This paper, the second of the series, covers the most primitive of the Teleodesmacea in the Alum Bluff group. All three of the superfamilies considered - the Astartacea, the Carditaeea, and the Chamacea-are included under Dall's group of the Diogenodonta, which is characterized in the normal forms by one or two laterals and not more than three cardinals. The Carditacea are very closely related to the Astartacea in hinge armature but differ in the development of a pronounced radial sculpture. The Chamacea have until recently been considered an offshooting group from the Carditacea that have been greatly modified by their sessile habit. Some doubt has been thrown upon this relationship by the late morphologic studies of Odhner.","language":"English","publisher":"Washington Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp142B","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., 1926, The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida, Part II, Astartacea, Carditacea, Chamacea: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 142, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp142B.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0142b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":268971,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0142b/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.6349,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,24.5211 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Julia","contributorId":53857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Julia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34042,"text":"b770 - 1924 - The data of geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T21:34:48","indexId":"b770","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1924","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"770","title":"The data of geochemistry","docAbstract":"

Upon the subject of geochemistry a vast literature exists, but it is widely scattered and portions of it are difficult of access. The general treatises, like the classical works of Bischof and of Koth, are not recent, and great masses of modern data are as yet uncorrelated. The American material alone is singularly rich, but most of it has been accumulated since Roth's treatise was published. The science of chemistry, moreover, has undergone great changes during the last 25 years, and many subjects now appear under new and generally unfamiliar aspects. The methods and principles of physical chemistry are being more and more applied to the solution of geochemical problems,1 as is shown by the well-known researches of Van't Hoff upon the Stassfurt salts and the magmatic studies of Vogt, Doelter, and others. The great work in progress at the geophysical laboratory of the Carnegie Institution is another illustration of the change now taking place in geochemical investigation. To bring some of the data together, to formulate a few of the problems and to present certain general conclusions in their modern form are the purposes of this memoir. It is not an exhaustive monograph upon geochemistry, but rather a critical summary of what is now known, and a guide to the more important literature of the subject. If it does no more than to make existing data available to the reader, its preparation will be justified.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b770","usgsCitation":"Clarke, F.W., 1924, The data of geochemistry (5th ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 770, 841 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b770.","productDescription":"841 p.","numberOfPages":"841","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92558,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0770/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0770/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"5th ed.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth","contributorId":88798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Wigglesworth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010974,"text":"70010974 - 1922 - Conservation and modern life","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T19:53:53.734591","indexId":"70010974","displayToPublicDate":"1922-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1922","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation and modern life","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.56.1455.559","usgsCitation":"Lees, J.H., 1922, Conservation and modern life: Science, v. 56, no. 1455, p. 559-562, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.56.1455.559.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1455","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d8e4b0c8380cd4d7fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lees, J. H.","contributorId":84903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lees","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047685,"text":"70047685 - 1920 - The preparation of illustrations for reports of the United States Geological survey : with brief descriptions of processes of reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T13:35:06","indexId":"70047685","displayToPublicDate":"1920-01-21T11:59:00","publicationYear":"1920","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"The preparation of illustrations for reports of the United States Geological survey : with brief descriptions of processes of reproduction","docAbstract":"There has been an obvious need in the Geological Survey o£ a paper devoted wholly to illustrations. No complete paper on the character, use, and mode of preparation of illustration has been published by the Survey, though brief suggestions concerning certain features of their use have been printed in connection wit other suggestions pertaining to publications. The present paper includes matter which it is hoped will be of service to authors in their work of making up original drafts of illustrations and to drafsmen who are using these originals in preparing more finished drawing but it is not a technical treatise on drafting.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70047685","usgsCitation":"Ridgway, J.L., 1920, The preparation of illustrations for reports of the United States Geological survey : with brief descriptions of processes of reproduction, 101 p., 6 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/70047685.","productDescription":"101 p., 6 sheets","numberOfPages":"126","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047685.jpg"},{"id":278734,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047685/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e39e4b0b08f44619939","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridgway, John L.","contributorId":43264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32911,"text":"pp98L - 1916 - The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32911,"text":"pp98L - 1916 - The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation","indexId":"pp98L","publicationYear":"1916","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":39465,"text":"pp98 - 1917 - Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916","indexId":"pp98","publicationYear":"1917","noYear":false,"title":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":39465,"text":"pp98 - 1917 - Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916","indexId":"pp98","publicationYear":"1917","noYear":false,"title":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1916"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T19:08:12.800854","indexId":"pp98L","displayToPublicDate":"1916-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1916","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98","chapter":"L","title":"The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation","docAbstract":"

In the spring of 1910 the writer, working under the direction of T. Wayland Vaughan, geologist in charge of Coastal Plain investigations, undertook a study of the later Tertiary formations of the Gulf Coastal Plain. According to the plans outlined before the work was begun, the beds that had formerly been grouped under the names Lafayette formation and Grand Gulf formation were to be studied with a view to their possible separation into more satisfactory stratigraphic units that might be correlated with other formations which, on the basis of their fossils, had been assigned to their proper positions in the geologic time scale. The original plan included a study of the post-Vicksburgian Tertiary deposits from western Florida to Mississippi River and correlations with formations previously recognized in Florida, southern Alabama, and Louisiana. This plan was subsequently modified to extend the investigation as far west as Sabine River. The field work was interrupted and the office work was delayed by calls for geologic work in other areas, so that the preparation of the reports could not be begun until the spring of 1914.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp98L","usgsCitation":"Matson, G.C., and Berry, E.W., 1916, The Pliocene Citronelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The flora of the Citronelle Formation: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 98, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp98L.","productDescription":"57 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"208","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422854,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93335.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":271246,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0098l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0098l/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coastal Plain region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.41135317396393,\n 31.80909203185962\n ],\n [\n -93.70110001107685,\n 31.356495069000857\n ],\n [\n -93.48804934394559,\n 30.908543542204754\n ],\n [\n -93.75249900096804,\n 29.713533692336\n ],\n [\n -91.86698997829944,\n 29.58782813009485\n ],\n [\n -91.6202244807368,\n 29.750543111246074\n ],\n [\n -90.28159677109261,\n 29.322199044291636\n ],\n [\n -89.19510698334288,\n 29.26008814266808\n ],\n [\n -89.65635419643809,\n 29.845111799201717\n ],\n [\n -89.65841336633287,\n 30.254701672550922\n ],\n [\n -88.07645437983611,\n 30.446613184945164\n ],\n [\n -85.89100928588898,\n 30.25322567509741\n ],\n [\n -84.87737818248746,\n 29.759004217239664\n ],\n [\n -84.52771501366641,\n 30.546361017385294\n ],\n [\n -84.26045084529416,\n 31.725349600323398\n ],\n [\n -84.41135317396393,\n 31.80909203185962\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matson, George Charlton","contributorId":6021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Charlton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Edward Wilber","contributorId":36206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Wilber","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":889029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36206,"text":"b609 - 1915 - The fractional precipitation of some ore-forming compounds at moderate temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:41","indexId":"b609","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1915","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"609","title":"The fractional precipitation of some ore-forming compounds at moderate temperatures","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b609","usgsCitation":"Wells, R.C., 1915, The fractional precipitation of some ore-forming compounds at moderate temperatures: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 609, 46 p. :diagrs. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b609.","productDescription":"46 p. :diagrs. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93797,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0609/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0609/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65dac5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Roger Clark","contributorId":89193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Clark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39452,"text":"pp90A - 1915 - Geology of the pitchblende ores of Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T17:57:58.148095","indexId":"pp90A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1915","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90","chapter":"A","title":"Geology of the pitchblende ores of Colorado","docAbstract":"

The large amount of public interest that has recently been manifested in radium because of the apparent cures of cancer effected by certain of its emanations makes it desirable to place before the public as promptly as possible all available information in regard to the occurrence of the minerals from which radium may be derived. The following account of the mode of occurrence of pitchblende at Quartz Hill, in Gilpin County, Colo., is therefore published in advance of a much larger report on the same region in which many other types of ore deposits will be considered. The field studies were made.in the fall of 1912. As the geologic relations at Quartz Hill differ in important particulars from those at foreign localities, a summary of the genetically important features of the principal European occurrences is included for purposes of comparison.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1914","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp90A","usgsCitation":"Bastin, E., 1915, Geology of the pitchblende ores of Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 90, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp90A.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":271181,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0090a/report.pdf"},{"id":165133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0090a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Quartz Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.51419441497958,\n 39.80444789952864\n ],\n [\n -105.53925863708677,\n 39.80513969904243\n ],\n [\n -105.54115518097501,\n 39.78219273233347\n ],\n [\n -105.51240462958131,\n 39.78293109808061\n ],\n [\n -105.51419441497958,\n 39.80444789952864\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bastin, Edson S.","contributorId":9562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bastin","given":"Edson S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32886,"text":"pp52 - 1906 - Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T14:37:34","indexId":"pp52","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"52","title":"Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado","docAbstract":"

In the valley of Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado there is an area of considerable extent in which artesian flows are available. During the last ten years numerous wells have been sunk to develop this important resource and, in most cases in the lower lands, abundant water supplies have been obtained. The principal water-bearing bed is the \"Dakota\" formation, which consists of two sheets of porous sandstone separated by a small body of clay and overlain in the greater portion of the area by a mass of impervious shales. The sandstones receive their waters from, rainfall and from the sinking of streams along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and on some of the higher slopes south of the Arkansas Valley. In the passage of this sandstone underground, the waters which it contains are held down by the overlying shales, but, as some of the sandstone outcrops are at relatively low levels to the east only a moderate head or pressure is sustained. On account of this low head, artesian flows are available only in the lower lands, and one of the principal objects of this investigation has been the determination of the area in which flows are to be expected. The \"Dakota\" sandstone and associated formations do not lie level, or even slope regularly to the east, but are flexed into low arches and shallow troughs of considerable complexity of configuration. Accordingly, in investigating this source of water supply, it has been necessary to ascertain the structure and distribution of the various formations in order to indicate the variations in depth to the water-bearing stratum. The principal results of these investigations are set forth: (1) In the geologic map (Pl. VI), which shows the distribution of the formations on the surface; (2) in the map, Pl. XXV, which shows the depth to the water-bearing horizon, the area in which flows are expected, the head of the underground waters, and other features, and (3) in the cross sections (Pls. VII and XXIII), which show the principal underground features. The investigation has been in progress for several years and is an extension of the preliminary examination of the region by G. K. Gilbert in 1894 and 1895.

For the western portion of the area the maps and texts of the Pueblo, Elmoro, Walsenburg, Spanish Peaks, and Pikes Peak folios have been utilized as far as practicable. For the central and eastern portions the larger features of the geology have been specially mapped, and considerable detailed mapping has been done in the region south and southeast of Canyon and Colorado Springs. In the field work I have been assisted by Mr. C. A. Fisher, who has examined in detail the Nepesta quadrangle and contributed numerous other data. Dr. W. S. Tangier Smith and Messrs. C. E. Sicbenthal and W. T. Lee have made observations in certain areas. Much valuable information respecting wells has been furnished by Mr. William Archer, of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company, and Mr. C. H. McVay, well driller at Rocky Ford.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp52","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1906, Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 52, Report: iv, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 33.18 x 27.43 inches and 32.29 x 27.27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp52.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 33.18 x 27.43 inches and 32.29 x 27.27 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":340322,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/plate-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60809,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6841c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39501,"text":"pp45 - 1906 - The geography and geology of Alaska; a summary of existing knowledge, with a section on climate, and a topographic map and description thereof","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-12T12:56:33","indexId":"pp45","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"45","title":"The geography and geology of Alaska; a summary of existing knowledge, with a section on climate, and a topographic map and description thereof","docAbstract":"

Alaska, the largest outlying possession of the United States, is that great land mass forming the northwestern extremity of the North American continent, whose western point is within 60 miles of the Asiatic coast (PI. II). About one-quarter of this area lies within the Arctic Circle, and from the standpoint of geographic position must be regarded as an arctic province; but the southern seaboard, exposed to the warm winds and waters of the Pacific, gives to the entire southern portion of the territory\" a comparatively warm climate. It is not generally realized that the range of climate in Alaska is greater than that between Florida and Maine. At the southernmost point of the Pacific coast the mean annual temperature is not far from that of the city of Washington, the winters being warmer and characterized by less snowfall; the Yukon Valley on the other hand has a winter climate similar to that of northern Montana and Dakota; while in the extreme northern part of the territory the meteorologic conditions are invariably arctic.

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Though as yet only sparsely settled, Alaska's vast area and great resources make it one of the most important possessions of the United States and promise its rapid development. During the years 1890 to 1900 the population increased from 32,052* to 63,592. The mineral output, which in 1890 was valued at less than $800,000, exceeded $9,000,000 in 1904, and the fisheries show a corresponding growth. This rapid development has attracted public attention and led to urgent demand for explorations, surveys, and other investigations. So actively has this work been pushed, both by public and private enterprise, that exact knowledge of the geography, geology, and mineral resources of the interior has made greater strides within the last eight years than during the preceding thirty-one years since the acquisition of Alaska. The facts regarding the geography and geology, scattered as they are through the many books and reports of this period, are not always readily accessible, and the time seems ripe to present them in a summarized form.

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The topography of Alaska is varied and complex (see PI. I), and it is not easy to present briefly even the salient features. The limited number of pages here devoted to the subject precludes the possibility of detailed treatment, even if the facts were available. Much of the description has been taken from the results attained by other investigators, the writer being personally familiar with only a part of this large province. A list of the publications consulted is appended.

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The larger geographic features of Alaska are now fairly well known, though the detailed surveys which are demanded by the development of many localities have hardly been begun. Preliminary surveys have been completed of all but three 8 of the larger rivers. The most important mountain ranges have been at least outlined (fig. 3). Only three large areas remain almost entirely unmapped: One in southwestern Alaska, between Cook Inlet and the lower Kuskokwim, and the others in northern Alaska, embracing the Arctic watershed east and west of the Colville River. Nearly all the surveys of the interior, however, have been of a preliminary and exploratory character, and to meet the requirements of exact geography must be followed by more detailed mensuration.

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Though the coast line has been fairly well known for more than half a century, knowledge of the interior has been gained chiefly within the last two decades. This has not yet found its way into text-books and has too often been entirely ignored by cartographers. If facts are presented which may seem elementary, it is because even well-informed people have been known to harbor misconceptions in regard to the orographic features, climate, and general character of Alaska. Those who read of the perils and privations of winter travel and explorations are apt to picture a region of ice and snow; others, again, who have personal knowledge of the tourist route of southeastern Alaska, regard the whole district as one of rugged mountains and glaciers. In point of fact, glaciers are now nearly limited to the ranges bordering the Pacific and to the two slopes of the Alaska range; and even during the greatest development of glaciers but a small portion of Alaska was under ice (see map, PI. XXII).

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As a treatise on geography would hardly be complete without some discussion of the climate, meteorologic data have been compiled by Mr. Cleveland Abbe, jr., but the discussion of this does not pretend to be more than a cursory treatment of the subject.

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The scope of the paper seems to require also a brief summary of the development of geographic knowledge of Alaska. This subject, with its many ramifications, is of fascinating interest and offers a magnificent field for the trained historian. If the accompanying sketch of discovery and exploration awakens any measure of popular interest the writer will feel amply rewarded for having attacked a theme which hardly falls within the scope of his investigations.

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When this compilation was begun it was intended to be chiefly a description of the topography of Alaska, as illustrated by the accompanying map (PI. XXXIV, in pocket), which was compiled under the direction of the late R. U. Goode. In the course of the work there accumulated much geologic as well as geographic material which seemed worthy of inclusion in the report. As no comprehensive statement of the geology of Alaska has been made since the modern epoch of investigation was begun, an attempt will be made to give a summary of all results achieved. Since the writer has obtained much of his knowledge of the facts from the work of others, he disclaims any pretense of making an entirely original contribution to geologic science. He feels, however, that a personal familiarity with a considerable part of the province, gained during seven consecutive seasons of field work, will justify Mm in presenting conclusions which may in some cases be at variance with those in the reports on which he must draw for his facts.

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Throughout this report attempt will be made to credit borrowed material to the source from which it is drawn. Where such matter has been obtained entirely from published reports there is no difficulty in so doing; but as regards investigators of the Geological Survey, with whom the writer has collaborated both in field and in office, the case is somewhat different, for it is not always possible to know whether this or that theory originated with the writer or with one of his colleagues. It will, then, perhaps suffice to state that this report could not have been prepared without the explorations and researches of the geologists, F. C. Schrader, Walter C. Mendenhall, Arthur J. Collier, J. E. Spurr, and Arthur C. Spencer; and the surveys of the topographers, T. G. Gerdine, D. C. Witherspoon, D. L. Reaburn, W. J. Peters, and E. C. Barnard. Each of these men, in the course of from two to six years of field work, has made important contributions to the knowledge of the geography and geology of Alaska, and not all of these results have yet been put in print. In the last season (1903) L. M. Prindle, C. W. Wright, Arthur Hollick, G. C. Martin, F. L. Hess, and Fred H. Moffit have carried on geologic work in Alaska, and the writer has made use of their work now in course of publication. He has also been fortunate in having access to the manuscript reports of Walter C. Mendenhall and F. C. Schrader on the Copper River basin, to which references will be made. The matter here presented should be credited in a measure to all of these investigators, but for many of the theories advanced the writer alone is responsible.

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As this manuscript goes to press there has been opportunity to incorporate some of the results of the field work of 1904. As far as possible these have been embodied in the text, but in some instances it has been found advisable to add them only as footnotes. During the past summer F. E. and C. W. Wright extended the geologic reconnaissance in southeastern Alaska. In southwestern Alaska G. C. Martin and T. W. Stanton have determined the general Mesozoic section, while F. H. Moffit has made a reconnaissance of the northern part of the Kenai Peninsula. A. J. Collier has mapped the geology of the Cape Lisburne region, and L. M. Prindle and F. L. Hess have made contributions to the knowledge of the metamorphic terranes of the Yukon-Tanana district.

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It is the writer's purpose to describe in nontechnical language the larger geographic features and discuss their relation as far as the data available will permit. In the treatment of the geology, however, less effort will be made to make the matter acceptable to the lay reader. It is hoped, however, that a brief summary of the salient features of the geologic history' may be not without interest to the general public. If this paper serves in some measure to dispel the popular fallacies regarding Alaska and to disseminate more accurate knowledge of its geographic and geologic features, the purpose of its publication will be accomplished.

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, A. H.","contributorId":45681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbe, Cleveland Jr.","contributorId":25039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbe","given":"Cleveland","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goode, R.U.","contributorId":50951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"R.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39505,"text":"pp51 - 1906 - Geology of the Bighorn Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:14:23.549553","indexId":"pp51","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51","title":"Geology of the Bighorn Mountains","docAbstract":"

This report is the result of studies made in the field during the seasons of 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1905. It relates to an area of about 9,000 square miles, situated mainly in the north-central portion of Wyoming and extending northward into Montana. Its location and general surroundings are shown on PL II. It covers the greater portion of the Bighorn uplift, together with an adjoining area of the Great Plains on the east. It also includes a small part of the Bighorn Basin and the eastern end of the Bridger Range. The report describes the various rocks, their structure, history, and mineral resources, including underground water, coal, gypsum, and various other products. It also contains information as to surface waters available for irrigation.

\n

Throughout the work assistance has been rendered by Mr. C. A. Fisher, who mapped portions of the area, measured numerous sections, collected fossils, and examined most of the crystalline rocks; and the author is indebted to Mr. Albert Johannsen for some of the petrographic descriptions.

\n

Previous observers have given but little information regarding the geology of the Bighorn Mountains, though Dr. F. V. Hayden ascertained the general relations of the uplift in his exploration of the Northwest, and Mr. George H. Eldridge, who crossed the range near Bald Mountain and southwest of Buffalo during the summer of 1893, described 0 some of the broader features of the geologic succession and structure in a remarkably comprehensive manner, considering how small an area he had the opportunity to examine. The Bighorn region is very thinly settled, there being no permanent habitations among the mountains, and it is but little visited by others than hunters, prospectors, and herders. There have recently been established two summer resorts in the mountains, and each year a larger number of persons visit the region. Unfortunately the mineral prospects have proved disappointing to the prospectors, and there appears to be but little promise that the area will become important on account of its mineral resources. In the Bridger uplift promising prospects of gold and copper have recently been discovered, which may prove of value.

\n

There are extensive, forests in the mountains, which are now included in a Government forest reserve, but their timber is not of great value. Much of the area below timber line contains an abundance of luxuriant grasses and other plants, which afford excellent pasturage for stock, and large herds of sheep and cattle are ranged in the region during the short summer season. Game is moderately abundant, and most of the streams contain large numbers of trout. The region is one of great interest geologically on account of its variety of sedimentary rocks, interesting structure, and remarkably instructive glacial features. The central area, with its high peaks, presents alpine scenery of notable character. Doubtless in the future the region will be extensively visited by tourists, hunters, and geologists.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp51","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1906, Geology of the Bighorn Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 51, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp51.","productDescription":"129 p.","numberOfPages":"173","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411590,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.68798828125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -107.95166015624999,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -108.468017578125,\n 45.390735154248894\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -108.292236328125,\n 44.824708282300236\n ],\n [\n -107.830810546875,\n 44.535674532413196\n ],\n [\n -107.479248046875,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -107.391357421875,\n 43.82660134505384\n ],\n [\n -107.40234375,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -106.72119140625,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -106.72119140625,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -106.995849609375,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -107.68798828125,\n 45.251688256117646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39496,"text":"pp36 - 1905 - The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-17T09:24:52","indexId":"pp36","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1905","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky","docAbstract":"

Geography and distinctive characters. The fluorspar, lead, and zinc deposits that were the subject of the investigations reported in this paper are situated hi Livings ton, Crittenden, and Caldwell, and adjacent portions of Christian, Trigg, and Lyon counties, in western Kentucky, and in the counties immediately across the Ohio River, in the extreme southern portion of Illinois. This area, constituting what may be aptly termed the Kentucky-Illinois fluorite district, contains also lead, zinc, and other minerals in subordinate quantities and values. It is usually considered a minor division of the lead and zinc districts of the Mississippi Valley, but is in some ways rather sharply distinguished from the other districts of the valley. It differs from the other districts chiefly in the following respects: (1) In the presence of basic igneous dikes; (2) in the abundance of fluorite and its almost constant association with the lead and zinc ores; and (3) in the mode of occurrence of the ores, which are found principally in true fissure .veins that have resulted from fracturing and subsequent faulting. In the other districts the lead and zinc are of primary importance, while in this region the igneous dikes and the fluorite are the primary or predominant features and the lead and zinc are only incidental.

","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp36","usgsCitation":"Ulrich, E.O., and Smith, W., 1905, The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 36, 218 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp36.","productDescription":"218 p.","numberOfPages":"248","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":67106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 37.97884504049713\n ],\n [\n -82.85888671875,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -84.66064453125,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -85.80322265625,\n 38.34165619279593\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 36.756490329505155\n ],\n [\n -84.92431640625,\n 36.65079252503471\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 37.35269280367274\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64b045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulrich, E. O.","contributorId":90167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, W.S.T.","contributorId":79359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32878,"text":"pp31 - 1904 - Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-16T19:06:02.513093","indexId":"pp31","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1904","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma","docAbstract":"

The Arbuckle Mountains consist of a moderately elevated table -land or plateau in the east-central part of the Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory. The plateau ranges in elevation from 1,300 feet above sea, in its contracted western part, to 750 feet, at the east end, where it coalesces with the bordering plain. Geologically the Arbuckle Mountain region consists of a great thickness of rocks, composed chiefly of limestones, which range in age from middle Cambrian to Devonian, and which are succeeded on the borders by an almost equal thickness of Carboniferous conglomerates, shales, and sandstones. In the central part of the district, unconformably beneath the Cambrian strata, there is a mass of granite, granite-porphyry, diabase, and associated crystalline rocks. The uplifting and folding of the region occurred previous to the deposition of the Permian \"Red Beds,\" which were deposited across it on the' west. The bearing of the Arbuckle uplift is approximately N. 70° W.

","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp31","usgsCitation":"Taff, J.A., and Bain, H.F., 1904, Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 31, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp31.","productDescription":"97 p.","numberOfPages":"117","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104426,"rank":699,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4292.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4292"},{"id":268926,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0031/report.pdf"},{"id":163542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0031/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arbuckle Mountains, Wichita Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 33.94335994657882\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c8ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taff, J. A.","contributorId":81467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bain, H. F.","contributorId":30309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bain","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39519,"text":"pp14 - 1903 - Chemical analyses of igneous rocks published from 1884 to 1900, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-15T10:44:14","indexId":"pp14","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Chemical analyses of igneous rocks published from 1884 to 1900, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses","docAbstract":"

In the first two or three decades of the last century, when the study of rocks as such was being differentiated from that of minerals and of rock terranes that is, when the science of petrogaphy was in its infancy little attention was paid to their chemical features. It is true that a number had been analyzed, but these were for the most part rocks that were of such a character as to lead the investigator of those early days to consider them as minerals, as was the case with the first described Ihcrzolite and wehrlite. In contradistinction to the individually well-defined minerals, rocks were regarded as merely aggregates of minerals, in presumably fortuitous combinations, and lacking that definiteness or constancy of composition in one mass or in different masses which would justify their chemical study as a whole. As, however, they became more and more the subjects of special research, beginning with the earliest investigations of Cordiera, a knowledge of their chemical composition assumed gradually increasing interest. The great importance of this side of the study of rocks was first clearly recognized by Abich, who pointed out, as early as 1841, the, necessity of a knowledge of their chemical composition for the solution of such problems as their origin, mode of formation, and connection with the interior of the earth, as well as the value of a comparison of their analyses as a proper basis for their classification and nomenclature. To him, therefore, is due the credit, of introducing the chemical composition of rocks as a basis for their classification; though the good influence of this suggestion for their right understanding was largely nullified by the coincident use of the feldspars alone as one of the main factors of classification, an idea which has had a deplorably retarding influence on the development of systematic petrography for many years, and which, even at the present day, holds many systematists firmly in its grasp.

","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp14","usgsCitation":"Washington, H., 1903, Chemical analyses of igneous rocks published from 1884 to 1900, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 14, 495 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp14.","productDescription":"495 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67127,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Washington, H.S.","contributorId":90360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Washington","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33157,"text":"b213 - 1903 - Contributions to economic geology, 1902","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T12:21:48","indexId":"b213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"213","title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1902","docAbstract":"

This bulletin has been prepared primarily with a view to securing prompt publication of the economic results of investigations by the United States Geological Survey. It is designed to meet the wants of the busy man, and is so condensed that he will be able to obtain results and conclusions with a minimum expenditure of time and energy. It also affords a better idea of the work which the Survey as an organization is-carrying on for the direct advancement of mining interests throughout the country than can readily be obtained from the more voluminous reports. Should this bulletin be favorably received by those interested in the development of the mineral industries of the United States, it is proposed to publish early in each calendar year a similar bulletin containing the results of the last year's field work in economic geology.

In the preparation of the present volume, promptness of publication has been made secondary only to the economic utility of the material presented. The papers included are such only as have a direct economic bearing, all questions of purely scientific interest being excluded.

The papers represent three classes : (1) Preliminary discussions of the results of extended economic investigations, which will later be published by the Survey in more detailed form; (2) comparatively detailed descriptions of occurrences of economic interest, noted by geologists of the Survey in the course of their field work, but not of sufficient importance to necessitate a later and more extended description; (3) abstracts of certain economic papers which have appeared in Survey publications during the last year, chiefly such as give a general account of the distribution and mode of occurrence of particular mineral deposits throughout the United States.

The papers have been grouped according to the subjects treated. At the end of each section is given a list of previous publications on that subject by this Survey. These lists will be found serviceable by those who wish to ascertain what has been accomplished by the Survey in the investigation of any particular group of mineral products. They are generally confined to Survey publications, though a few titles of important papers published elsewhere by members of the Survey are included.


","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b213","usgsCitation":"Emmons, S.F., and Hayes, C.W., 1903, Contributions to economic geology, 1902: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 213, 449 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b213.","productDescription":"449 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/213/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":341578,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/213/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmons, Samuel Franklin","contributorId":93532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmons","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, C. W.","contributorId":48612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39518,"text":"pp13 - 1903 - Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T19:29:40.413774","indexId":"pp13","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky","docAbstract":"

The field work upon which this paper is based was carried on intermittently for several years. During the season of 1899 the work in Washington County, Ohio, was conducted under the direction of the Ohio State Academy of Science, the expenses being covered by a grant from the Emerson McMillin special research fund. The field work of the season of 1900 was done under the direction of Dr. T. C. Chamberlin, chief of the Division of Pleistocene Geology of the United States Geological Survey, and to him the author is greatly indebted for many valuable suggestions in relation to the work, and for an extended correspondence concerning the interpretations, during the preparation of this report. The study of this particular region was the natural result of earlier studies of drainage modifications in Ohio, in the region more nearly adjacent to the glaciated area. Until a few years ago but very little systematic study of the drainage features of Ohio had been made. It is not intended at present to make a complete review of the early literature, but to refer only to such portions of it as bear directly on the problem in hand. On account of the lack of good maps of Ohio it has not been possible to make the maps which accompany this paper as accurate as might be desired. They have been constructed from various published maps and from personal observations in the field; and, while they are not strictly accurate, it is hoped that they will set forth the facts with reference to the drainage modifications with sufficient clearness to enable anyone to follow the features in the field, or to serve for purposes of correlation. The map of Flatwoods and Teays valleys has been constructed from four topographic sheets of the United States Geological Survey Ironton, Kenova, Huntington, and Charleston. The author is under obligations to Mr. H. M. Wilson, geographer of the Survey, for data furnished from the unpublished map of the Kenova quadrangle. The photographs illustrating the report were all taken by the author.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp13","usgsCitation":"Tight, W.G., 1903, Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 13, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp13.","productDescription":"111 p.","numberOfPages":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406260,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4142.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67126,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.75,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -80.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -83.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -83.75,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tight, W. G.","contributorId":83591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tight","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009950,"text":"70009950 - 1903 - Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T17:31:26.937489","indexId":"70009950","displayToPublicDate":"1903-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2544,"text":"Journal of the Franklin Institute","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90265-1","usgsCitation":"Hillebrand, W.F., 1903, Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis: Journal of the Franklin Institute, v. 155, no. 2, p. 109-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90265-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c99e4b0c8380cd6fdf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hillebrand, W. F.","contributorId":44960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillebrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009934,"text":"70009934 - 1903 - Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T17:33:13.397204","indexId":"70009934","displayToPublicDate":"1903-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2544,"text":"Journal of the Franklin Institute","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90128-1","usgsCitation":"Hillebrand, W.F., 1903, Modern methods of rock and mineral analysis: Journal of the Franklin Institute, v. 155, no. 3, p. 181-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(03)90128-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c98e4b0c8380cd6fdee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hillebrand, W. F.","contributorId":44960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillebrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58216,"text":"ar22_4 - 1902 - Twenty-second annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 1900-1901: Part IV - Hydrography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-21T10:06:27","indexId":"ar22_4","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1902","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"Twenty-second annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 1900-1901: Part IV - Hydrography","docAbstract":"

I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript for a volume on hydrography, prepared for publication as Part IV of the Twenty-second Annual Report of the Survey. The data presented relate to the investigations carried on during the calendar year 1900.

The first part of the report discusses the results of measurements of streams in different parts of the United States, the facts being presented in diagrammatic form as well as by statistical tables. The arrangement adopted is that of preceding reports of this series, being a geographic order, beginning in the extreme northeastern part of the United States and ending in the southwestern portion. A number of papers, prepared independently, have been incorporated in this part of the report, with such modification as was necessary to bring them into accord with the general arrangement.

Following the report of stream measurements is a paper by Mr. Arthur Powell Davis, giving conclusions based upon his work while detailed to the Nicaraguan and Isthmian canal commissions. The original data have been incorporated in the reports of those bodies; but since this important investigation has been conducted by one of the members of the United States Geological Survey it is particularly appropriate that a brief recapitulation of the principal facts should appear in this volume. The resume here given contains the facts of chief interest to students of hydrography, thus rendering them available for consideration in connection with similar data obtained for the United States.

The last paper, \" The High Plains and their utilization,\" by Mr. Willard D. Johnson, is a continuation of that in the Twenty-first Annual Report, Part IV, the completion of which was unfortunately interrupted. Although this break in the sequence involves some inconvenience for reference, it will not detract from the value of the material.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ar22_4","usgsCitation":"Walcott, C.D., 1902, Twenty-second annual report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 1900-1901: Part IV - Hydrography: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 22, 690 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ar22_4.","productDescription":"690 p.","numberOfPages":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/22_4/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623cb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walcott, Charles D.","contributorId":7738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walcott","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2076,"text":"wsp31 - 1899 - Lower Michigan mineral waters, a study into the connection between their chemical composition and mode of occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp31","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1899","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Lower Michigan mineral waters, a study into the connection between their chemical composition and mode of occurrence","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp31","usgsCitation":"Lane, A.C., 1899, Lower Michigan mineral waters, a study into the connection between their chemical composition and mode of occurrence: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 31, 97 p. :illus., IV pl. (incl. maps) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp31.","productDescription":"97 p. :illus., IV pl. (incl. maps) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27636,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6488f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, Alfred C.","contributorId":91471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038967,"text":"70038967 - 1890 - Volume XIII: The tertiary insects of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T17:05:26","indexId":"70038967","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T14:36:40","publicationYear":"1890","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":371,"text":"Monograph","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"subseriesTitle":"U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories","title":"Volume XIII: The tertiary insects of North America","docAbstract":"

That creatures so minute and fragile as insects, creatures which can so feebly withstand the changing seasons as to live, so to speak, but a moment, are to be found fossil, engraved, as it were, upon the rocks or embedded in their hard mass, will never cease to be a surprise to those unfamiliar with the fact. \"So fragile,\" says Quinet, \"so easy to crush, you would readily believe the insect one of the latest beings produced by nature, one of those which has least resisted the action of time; that its type, its genera, its forms, must have been ground to powder a thousand times, annihilated by the revolutions of the globe, and perpetually thrown into the crucible. For where is its defense? Of what value its antennae, its shield, its wings of gauze, against the commotions and the tempests which change the surface of the earth? When the mountains themselves are overthrown and the seas uplifted, when the giants of structure, the mighty quadrupeds, change form and habit under the pressure of circumstances, will the insect withstand them? Is it it which will display most character in nature? Yes! The universe flings itself against a gnat. Where will it find refuge? In its very diminutiveness, its nothingness.\"

\n

The pages and plates of the present volume bear testimony to the fact that our tertiary strata have preserved remnants of an ancient host, so varied in structure, so closely also resembling their brethren of to-day, that nearly or quite every prevalent family-group in the entire range of the insect-world has already been demonstrated to have then existed. While often fragmentary and crushed, sometimes beyond recognition, a not insignificant number are sufficiently preserved for us to repopulate the past; sometimes, too, are they preserved in such a wonderful manner that in tiny creatures with a spread of wings scarcely more than a couple of millimeters one may count under the microscope the hairs fringing the wings.

\n

In attempting thus to restore the past world of our insects, two or three general features have been forced upon my attention, which may well be mentioned here. One of them is the rernarkable fact that in hardly a single instance has the same species been found at two distinct localities. These localities, it is true, are in some instances separated by hundreds or even thousands of miles, and analogy with the present distribution of insects would lead us to expect more or less profound changes in passing from one to another. But at other times the distance is not great, or at any rate not great enough to make this a satisfactory reason. It is more probable that the beds in which they occur are not altogether synchronous; and we are led to believe that in the separation of horizons insects will give more precise and definite distinctions than may be gained by the study of the plant remains of the same beds. The data at our disposal are not yet sufficiently varied to enable us to speak with any confidence, but when the other groups of Florissant insects, not considered in the present volume, are worked out, and the new material that is at hand from the other principal localities have been fairly studied, it may be found that we are armed with a new weapon of attack in solving the immediate succession of the Tertiary series of the West in their finer subdivisions.

\n

Another point to which attention may be drawn is the very considerable number and quite extraordinary proportion of species which so far are represented by a single specimen. Leaving out of consideration certain marvelously prevalent forms in the beds of Florissant, such as certain Formicidae, Alydina, etc., one working these beds, from which many thousands of insects have already been taken, may confidently expect that every third or fourth specimen will prove something new. A quite similar statement can be made of all, or all but one, of the other localities where insects have been found in our Tertiary deposits: it surely indicates that with all the rich results of the explorations so far undertaken we are only upon the threshold of our possible knowledge. We find a richness of fauna far exceeding anything before supposed possible.

\n

The interest of the Tertiary fauna is further enhanced by the discovery that no inconsiderable proportion of the species in this fauna must be referred to genera not now extant. Granted that our knowledge of the subtropical forms of this continent (with which as a whole at least our Florissant fauna seems to be akin) is much too meager to be of great service; granted also that in many cases we are forced to establish new genera upon what would be regarded among recent animals as too slender grounds : it is nevertheless true that an unexpectedly large number of forms can not be forced into modern genera already established; in many cases, throughout whole groups, kindred differences from modern types are found which indicate considerable changes of structure in the intervening epochs along parallel lines. In illustration of this we would call special attention to the differences observed in the genera of plant-lice, and, in several places among other Hemiptera as well as among the Coleoptera, to the decided differences in the relative length of various members of the body. My own belief, which springs from the comparisons instituted in the study of this fauna, is that a much larger proportion of genera should really have been founded, and that, for every type which may turn up in Central American explorations of the near future identical with those now established upon the fossils alone, it will be necessary to separate from the familiar surroundings in which I have placed it some other of the insects from the same beds.

\n

It should be stated that the larger part of the plates in this volume were engraved before the insects were studied, except in a cursory manner to separate the species; the insects are therefore not always properly grouped, and the legends upon the plates are in part inaccurate.

\n

In the enumeration of the specimens at the end of the specific descriptions the numbers of the obverse and reverse of the same specimen are always connected by \"and\" without any intervening comma, and this typographical method is employed only for expressing this relation.

\n

In the study of these extinct insects much assistance has been received from friends, to whom my cordial thanks are due; for valuable suggestions from the late Dr. J. L. LeConte, from Baron R. von Osten Sacken, Edward Burgess, Esq., and Drs. G. H. Horn and H. A. Hagen; for the open collections of the late G. D. Smith, Esq., and of Messrs. E. P. Austin and Samuel Henshaw; and for important aid in obtaining typical series of modern insects in various groups by Messrs. E. P. Austin, P. R. Uhler, E. P. Van Duzee, Edward Burgess, Dr. A. Forel, and most especially Mr. Samuel Henshaw.

\n

 

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70038967","usgsCitation":"Scudder, S., 1890, Volume XIII: The tertiary insects of North America: Monograph, 734 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70038967.","productDescription":"734 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70038967.jpg"},{"id":312625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038967/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Colorado, Ontario, Utah, Wyoming","city":"Florissant, Fossil, Fort Kennedy, Quesnel, Scarboro","otherGeospatial":"Green River, Horse Creek, Lower White River, Nicola River, North Similkameen River, Nine Mile Creek, Tertiary Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.84015683604134\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 44.96479793033104\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 44.96479793033104\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 37.84015683604134\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.84015683604134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.0341796875,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -130.0341796875,\n 59.512029386502704\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953124998,\n 59.512029386502704\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953124998,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -130.0341796875,\n 48.980216985374994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.574462890625,\n 39.715638134796336\n ],\n [\n -77.574462890625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 39.715638134796336\n ],\n [\n -77.574462890625,\n 39.715638134796336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc361e4b08c986b32b12f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scudder, Samuel H.","contributorId":64082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"Samuel H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58134,"text":"ar8 - 1889 - Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T22:12:11.993248","indexId":"ar8","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1889","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":304,"text":"Annual Report","code":"AR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey was organized, with Mr. Clarence King as Director, in March, 1879. In March, 1881, Mr. King resigned and the present Director was appointed. From its organization to the present time the Survey has steadily grown as Congress has enlarged its functions and increased its appropriations. During this time the scientific organization has gradually developed to the condition set forth in the last annual report. It seems advisable now to describe fully the business organization and methods of the Survey, which has heretofore been done only in part.\r\n\r\nUnder the act of July 7, 1884, a joint commission was created to consider the organization of certain scientific bureaus. In the volume of testimony prepared by that commission the business operations of the Geological Survey were in part set forth; but this partial presentation was unsystematic, the facts recorded being elicited in irregular order by interrogatories arising in the course of a long investigation. It is designed here to make a more thorough exposition oi the subject.\r\n\r\nThe business system of the Geological Survey is subordinate to the scientific organization and its character is dependent thereon. The development of the divisions of the Survey whose function is the transaction of business has therefore followed the development of the purely scientific divisions, and overy modification of plan for the scientific work may carry with it some modification of the business organization.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ar8","usgsCitation":"Powell, J.W., 1889, Eighth annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1886-1887: Part 1: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 8, 474 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ar8.","productDescription":"474 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88337,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ar/08/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ef18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, J. W.","contributorId":64287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159114,"text":"70159114 - 1885 - Sketch of paleobotany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-16T11:43:47","indexId":"70159114","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1885","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Sketch of paleobotany","docAbstract":"

To understand the true force of the facts of paleobotany as arguments for geology it is essential that their full biologic significance be grasped. It has therefore been deemed proper, in this introduction to the several tabular and systematic statements which will make up the bulk of the volume and bear chiefly upon the geological aspect of the subject, to consider certain of the more important biologic questions, in addition to the specially geologic ones, and to discuss, from an historical and developmental standpoint, some of the leading problems of modern phytology.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fifth Annual Report of the Director, 1883-'84","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70159114","usgsCitation":"Ward, L.F., 1885, Sketch of paleobotany, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159114.","productDescription":"113 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"119","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159114.jpg"},{"id":311347,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159114/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620cea1e4b06217fc478b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Lester Frank","contributorId":16864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157321,"text":"70157321 - 1876 - I. Sexual, individual, and geographical variation in leucosticte tephrocotis, II.Geographical variation among North American mammals, especially in respect to size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T10:25:11","indexId":"70157321","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-05T05:00:00","publicationYear":"1876","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"I. Sexual, individual, and geographical variation in leucosticte tephrocotis, II.Geographical variation among North American mammals, especially in respect to size","docAbstract":"

Having recently had an opportunity (through the kindness of Professor Baird) of studying with some care the magnificent series of skulls of the North American Mammalia belonging to the National Museum (amounting often to eighty or a hundred specimens of a single species), I have been strongly impressed with the different degrees of variability exhibited by the representatives of the species and genera of even the same family. The variation in size, for instance, with latitude, in the Wolves and Foxes is surprisingly great, amounting in some species (as will be shown later) to 25 per cent. of the average size of the species, while in other species of the Ferae it is almost nil. Contrary to the general supposition, the variation in size among representatives of the same species is not always a decrease with the decrease of the latitude of the locality, but is in some cases exactly the reverse, in some species there being a very considerable and indisputable increase southward. This, for instance, is very markedly true of some species of Felis and in Procyon lotor. Consequently, the very generally-received impression that in North America the species of Mammalia diminish in size southward, or with the decrease in the latitude (and altitude) of the locality, requires modification. While such is generally the case, the reverse of this too often occurs, with occasional instances also of a total absence of variation in size with locality, to be considered as forming \"the exceptions\" necessary to \"prove the rule\".

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A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227902,"text":"70227902 - null - Predicting species distributions: unifying model selection and scale optimization for multi-scale occupancy models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T19:22:11.352635","indexId":"70227902","displayToPublicDate":"2019-05-20T13:20:46","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting species distributions: unifying model selection and scale optimization for multi-scale occupancy models","docAbstract":"Geographic distributions are a basic component of a species’ ecology, and predicting distributions is a fundamental task of conservation and resource management. Reliable prediction depends on identification of appropriate scales of effect for environmental data, and scale-optimization techniques are thus desirable to identify optimal scales for predictor variables. Recent statistical developments have also advanced methods of model selection based explicitly on predictive ability, which differ from commonly-used methods that regulate model structures via anticipated predictive performance. Such methods are beginning to permeate into species distribution models (SDMs), yet there remains no consensus methodology for developing optimally-predictive multi-scale SDMs when covariate data are collected over a range of scales. Thus, we compared the performance of common approaches for scale optimization and model selection in terms of their ability to produce optimally predictive multi-scale Bayesian occupancy models for predicting a species distribution, using models of the breeding distribution for King Rails (Rallus elegans) as a case study. Our results demonstrate sizable gains in predictive performance for hierarchical occupancy models selected explicitly via their ability to predict out-of-sample data using the logarithmic scoring rule, as compared to models selected using information criteria (DIC and WAIC). Information criteria commonly selected individual covariates, as well as scales of effect for those covariates, with suboptimal predictive performance. Performance of models selected using the logarithmic scoring rule was robust across method of scale optimization, which was not true for models selected using DIC and WAIC. Thus, we empirically demonstrate benefits of study designs that enable covariate and scale selection based explicitly on predictive ability. Our results also imply that more careful consideration of what constitutes an optimal scale is warranted in many ecological studies, as the meaning of optimal is not independent of the technique used for scale selection.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.2748","usgsCitation":"Stevens, B.S., and Conway, C.J., Predicting species distributions: unifying model selection and scale optimization for multi-scale occupancy models: Ecosphere, v. 10, no. 5, e02748, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2748.","productDescription":"e02748, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-099198","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2748","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395293,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Bryan S.","contributorId":171809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevens","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":832555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conway, Courtney J. 0000-0003-0492-2953 cconway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-2953","contributorId":2951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"Courtney","email":"cconway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}