Bird numbers can be estimated using a variety of methods (Emlen 1971, Berthold 1976, Reynolds et al. 1980). The number of birds counted is frequently reported in relation to some measure of effort: e.g. per unit area, per count period, per observer day, or per km of trail. The numbers recorded are sometimes those of only a single species (Kepler and Kepler 1973, Mayfield 1973, Van Riper et al. 1978), but more frequently the numbers of all species encountered are recorded. In 16 of 18 articles in which estimated numbers of birds were reported in the 1973-1978 issues of The Auk and The Condor, observers recorded all birds encountered. In the other two studies, the numbers of only one species were estimated. The stated or implicit assumption in those studies reporting all species is that there is no loss of information with the added responsibility of keeping track of a larger number of species. The ability of a single person to record accurately all individuals and species has been challenged by Carney and Petrides (1957), Lack (1976), and Preston (1979). The question is: Are the data recorded by an observer who must record all species (generalist) less accurate than those recorded by an individual who has the responsibility for recording only a subset of the community (specialist)?
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.M., and Ramsey, F.L., 1981, Effects of abundant species on the ability of observers to make accurate counts of birds: The Auk, v. 98, no. 3, p. 610-613.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"610","endPage":"613","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4086128 "}],"volume":"98","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624c4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, Fred L.","contributorId":30874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210275,"text":"5210275 - 1981 - Estimates of avian population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5210275","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Estimates of avian population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"One of the major purposes of bird population studies is to document changes in population size over a period of years. The traditional method used in Europe and North America to detect population change is to calculate annual ratios. However, this method can produce spurious results when ratios are accumulated over many years. Consequently, new methods of computing trends are needed. Several new methods of estimating population trends are developed and illustrated with data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). Each method is compared in terms of its assumptions, biases, and limitations. On the basis of these comparisons we recommend one method that we feel most accurately detects true population trends. Both the biological and statistical justifications for the model selection are presented. Trends estimated with this model are then presented for two species.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., and Noon, B., 1981, Estimates of avian population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, p. 42-51.","productDescription":"x, 630","startPage":"42","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb7a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506217,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506218,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noon, B.R.","contributorId":24311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noon","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210278,"text":"5210278 - 1981 - Methods of detecting and counting raptors: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5210278","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Methods of detecting and counting raptors: A review","docAbstract":"Most raptors are wide-ranging, secretive, and occur at relatively low densities. These factors, in conjunction with the nocturnal activity of owls, cause the counting of raptors by most standard census and survey efforts to be very time consuming and expensive. This paper reviews the most common methods of detecting and counting raptors. It is hoped that it will be of use to the ever-increasing number of biologists, land-use planners, and managers that must determine the occurrence, density, or population dynamics of raptors. Road counts of fixed station or continuous transect design are often used to sample large areas. Detection of spontaneous or elicited vocalizations, especially those of owls, provides a means of detecting and estimating raptor numbers. Searches for nests are accomplished from foot surveys, observations from automobiles and boats, or from aircraft when nest structures are conspicuous (e.g., Osprey). Knowledge of nest habitat, historic records, and inquiries of local residents are useful for locating nests. Often several of these techniques are combined to help find nest sites. Aerial searches have also been used to locate or count large raptors (e.g., eagles), or those that may be conspicuous in open habitats (e.g., tundra). Counts of birds entering or leaving nest colonies or colonial roosts have been attempted on a limited basis. Results from Christmas Bird Counts have provided an index of the abundance of some species. Trapping and banding generally has proven to be an inefficient method of detecting raptors or estimating their populations. Concentrations of migrants at strategically located points around the world afford the best opportunity to count many rap tors in a relatively short period of time, but the influence of many unquantified variables has inhibited extensive interpretation of these counts. Few data exist to demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods. We believe more research on sampling techniques, rather than complete counts or intensive searches, will provide adequate yet affordable estimates of raptor numbers in addition to providing methods for detecting the presence of raptors on areas of interest to researchers and managers.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Fuller, M., and Mosher, J.A., 1981, Methods of detecting and counting raptors: A review, chap. of Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, p. 235-246.","productDescription":"x, 630","startPage":"235","endPage":"246","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bcba","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506221,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506222,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosher, J. A.","contributorId":34605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosher","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210391,"text":"5210391 - 1981 - The role of observer bias in the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:26:43","indexId":"5210391","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"The role of observer bias in the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"Ornithologists sampling breeding bird populations are subject to a number of biases in bird recognition and identification. Using Breeding Bird Survey data, these biases are examined qualitatively and quantitatively, and their effects on counts are evaluated. Differences in hearing ability and degree of expertise are the major observer biases considered. Other, more subtle influences are also discussed, including unfamiliar species, resolution, imagination, similar songs and attitude and condition of observers. In most cases, welltrained observers are comparable in ability and their differences contribute little beyond sampling error. However, just as hearing loss can affect results, so can an unprepared observer. These biases are important because they can reduce the credibility of any bird population sampling effort. Care is advised in choosing observers and in interpreting and using results when observers of variable competence are involved.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Faanes, C.A., and Bystrak, D., 1981, The role of observer bias in the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, p. 353-359.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"359","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640df0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faanes, C. A.","contributorId":8790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faanes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bystrak, D.","contributorId":58220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210285,"text":"5210285 - 1981 - The North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210285","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"A brief history of the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and a discussion of the technique are presented. The approximately 2000 random roadside routes conducted yearly during the breeding season throughout North America produce an enormous bank of data on distribution and abundance of breeding birds with great potential use. Data on about one million total birds of 500 species per year are on computer tape to facilitate accessibility and are available to any serious investigator. The BBS includes the advantages of wide geographic coverage, sampling of most habitat types, standardization of data collection, and a relatively simple format. The Survey is limited by placement of roads (e.g., marshes and rugged mountainous areas are not well sampled), traffic noise interference in some cases and preference of some bird species for roadside habitats. These and other problems and biases of the BBS are discussed. The uniformity of the technique allows for detecting changes in populations and for creation of maps of relative abundance. Examples of each are presented.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society, Allen Press","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Bystrak, D., 1981, The North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, p. 34-41.","productDescription":"x, 630","startPage":"34","endPage":"41","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67af5e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506231,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506232,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bystrak, D.","contributorId":58220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210237,"text":"5210237 - 1981 - Discriminant analysis in wildlife research: Theory and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210237","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Discriminant analysis in wildlife research: Theory and applications","docAbstract":"Discriminant analysis, a method of analyzing grouped multivariate data, is often used in ecological investigations. It has both a predictive and an explanatory function, the former aiming at classification of individuals of unknown group membership. The goal of the latter function is to exhibit group separation by means of linear transforms, and the corresponding method is called canonical analysis. This discussion focuses on the application of canonical analysis in ecology. In order to clarify its meaning, a parametric approach is taken instead of the usual data-based formulation. For certain assumptions the data-based canonical variates are shown to result from maximum likelihood estimation, thus insuring consistency and asymptotic efficiency. The distorting effects of covariance heterogeneity are examined, as are certain difficulties which arise in interpreting the canonical functions. A 'distortion metric' is defined, by means of which distortions resulting from the canonical transformation can be assessed. Several sampling problems which arise in ecological applications are considered. It is concluded that the method may prove valuable for data exploration, but is of limited value as an inferential procedure.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Use of Multivariate Statistics in Studies of Wildlife Habitat","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service.","usgsCitation":"Williams, B.K., 1981, Discriminant analysis in wildlife research: Theory and applications, chap. of The Use of Multivariate Statistics in Studies of Wildlife Habitat, p. 59-71.","productDescription":"249","startPage":"59","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"249","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac23","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Capen, D.E.","contributorId":111378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capen","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506161,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210260,"text":"5210260 - 1981 - Analysis of bird survey data using a modification of Emlen's method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5210260","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Analysis of bird survey data using a modification of Emlen's method","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, F.L., and Scott, J.M., 1981, Analysis of bird survey data using a modification of Emlen's method, chap. of Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, p. 483-487.","productDescription":"x, 630","startPage":"483","endPage":"487","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a66","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506193,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506194,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, F. L.","contributorId":92379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"F.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5200096,"text":"5200096 - 1981 - Responses of Raptorial Birds to Low Level Military Jets and Sonic Booms: Results of the 1980-1981 Joint U.S. Air Force-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:16","indexId":"5200096","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Responses of Raptorial Birds to Low Level Military Jets and Sonic Booms: Results of the 1980-1981 Joint U.S. Air Force-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Study","docAbstract":"Summary: For this study, we gathered several kinds of data to determine the likely effects of low level jets and sonic booms on nesting Peregrine Falcons and other raptors. We directly observed responses to worst case stimulus loads: responses to extremely frequent and extremely nearby jet aircraft were often minimal, seldom significant and never associated with reproductive failure. Likewise, responses to real and simulated sonic booms were often minimal and never productivity limiting. In addition to directly observing behavioral responses, in 1981 we invited jet passes at four Prairie Falcon eyries during courtship and incubation when the adults were most likely to abandon, on an ad libitum basis. All four eyries fledged young. Nesting success and site reoccupancy rates were high for all eyries. In tests of two relatively naive captive Peregrine Falcons, we failed to detect significantly negative responses. Typically the birds either quickly resumed feeding or other activities within a few seconds following a pass or boom. The female falcon repeatedly made hunting forays as jets swept overhead. From heart rate (HR) data taken via a telemetering egg during incubation at a wild Prairie Falcon eyrie, we determined that stimulus induced HR alterations were comparable to rate changes of the birds settling to incubate following flight. No significant long term responses were identified. The falcons successfully fledged two young even with the more disruptive activities associated with entering the eyrie three times to position and recover the telemetering eggs. Significantly, birds ofprey of several genera commonly nest in the supersonic military operations areas in southern Arizona. In addition, raptor eyries are frequently found at locations where low level jet traffic naturally concentrates. For example, Prairie Falcon Site 11 is directly on the approach path to strafing and bombing targets. Prairie Falcon Site 1 is in a narrow canyon through which A-10 aircraft naturally funnel while flying low altitude tactical navigation (LATN) missions. Both sites successfully fledged young both years of the study. In summary, while the birds observed for this study were often noticeably alarmed by the subject stimuli, the negative responses were brief and never productivity limiting. In general, the birds were incredibly tolerant of stimulus loads which would likely be unacceptable to humans. It is significant that the endangered species recovery plan for the Peregrine Falcon in the southwest (USFWS 1977) fails to mention military jet operations as a likely factor in the falcon's decrease or that military jet operations should be taken into account in the species recovery.","language":"English","publisher":"Institute for Raptor Studies","publisherLocation":"Oracle, Arizona","collaboration":"available from NTIS, order No. ADA-108-778/2","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 1981, Responses of Raptorial Birds to Low Level Military Jets and Sonic Booms: Results of the 1980-1981 Joint U.S. Air Force-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Study, 59.","productDescription":"59","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6275a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":78994,"text":"wdrKY811 - 1981 - Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"wdrKY811","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"KY-81-1","title":"Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wdrKY811","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report KY-81-1, 675 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrKY811.","productDescription":"675 p.","temporalStart":"1980-10-01","temporalEnd":"1981-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187610,"text":"mf1280_1981 - 1981 - Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187610,"text":"mf1280_1981 - 1981 - Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania","indexId":"mf1280_1981","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":60995,"text":"mf1280 - 1987 - Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania","indexId":"mf1280","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":60995,"text":"mf1280 - 1987 - Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania","indexId":"mf1280","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T14:41:25","indexId":"mf1280_1981","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1280","title":"Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The earthquake data shown on this map and listed in table 1 are a list of earthquakes that were originally used in preparing the Seismic Risk Studies in the United States in the United States (Algermissen, 1969) which have been recompiled and updated through 1977. These data have been reexamined which resulted in some revisions of epicenters and intensities as well as assignment of intensities to earthquakes that previously had none assigned. Intensity values were updated from new and additional data sources that were not available at the time of original compilation. Some epicenters were relocated on the basis of new information. The data shown in table 1 are estimates of the most accurate epicenter, magnitude, and intensity of each earthquake, on the basis of historical and current information. Some of the aftershocks from large earthquakes are listed but are incomplete in many instances, especially for ones that occurred before seismic instruments were in universal usage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1280_1981","usgsCitation":"Stover, C.W., Reagor, B., and Algermissen, S.T., 1981, Seismicity map of the state of Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1280, 35.40 x 24.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1280_1981.","productDescription":"35.40 x 24.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":341153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1280_1981/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":341067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1280_1981/mf1280_1981.JPG"}],"country":"United 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W.","contributorId":70369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stover","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reagor, B.G.","contributorId":99121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagor","given":"B.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37161,"text":"rp138 - 1981 - Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-02T11:43:18","indexId":"rp138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"138","title":"Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64","docAbstract":"The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been interested in migratory birds, especially waterfowl, in Mexico for many years, An early period of cooperation in waterfowl administration was culminated in 1937 with the final ratification of the Convention Between the United States and the United Mexican States for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, usually referred to as the Migratory Bird Treat.
Management of waterfowl on this continent is primarily carried out by hunting regulations. Current information on the status of each species must be obtained each year to serve as a basis for any needed modifications in the regulations. In the United States and Canada, wildlife biologists of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service annually make the surveys to obtain this basic information. But the Government of Mexico has made no comparable surveys. Mexicans are not interested in hunting waterfowl to the extent that citizens of the United States and Canada are. As a consequence, Mexico's Department of Game emphasizes activities other than waterfowl management.
Waterfowl, especially ducks, winter in or migrate through Mexico in large numbers, so it is obvious that and continental surveys of the winter population should include Mexico. Some general investigations of waterfowl distribution there were made in 1926 and earlier by E. A. Goldman. He was familiar with much of Mexico because he and E. W. Nelson studied mammals and biota there for many years. In the 1930's, because of the greater emphasis on waterfowl conservation and management, more detailed surveys were made of the continental breeding and wintering populations. One of these activities was designated as the midwinter, or January, inventory.
In the early 1940's the senior author, who had been the Central Flyaway Biologist since 1937, recommended that the waterfowl wintering grounds in Mexico be included in the coverage of the midwinter waterfowl inventory. This was arranged in 1947, and the first aerial coverage, which only included coastal localities, was made in January-February of that year. The information obtained confirmed the value and advisability of including the Mexican wintering grounds in the annual survey; beginning in 1951 the wintering grounds in the Mexican highlands also were included. The surveys of Mexico were continued, except in 1957, through 1965; after 1965 they were greatly reduced.
Ground reconnaissance and surveys had begun in Mexico with the preliminary work of Goldman in 1926, but quantitative studies were not started until 1937. The ground surveys continued at intervals in various parts of the Republic until 1960. Ground surveys are invaluable for such purposes as securing ecological information, specimens of birds and plants, and historical data about the areas from local residents, but the only satisfactory method of obtaining accurate quantitative information on waterfowl populations and their distribution is by airplane. Consequently, the major emphasis since 1947 has been on the annual aerial surveys. Ground studies were made much less frequently and were carried out mainly to obtain correlative information on the waterfowl foods available, the ecology of habitats, and for liaison with wildlife officials and biologists in Mexico.
An important reason for the surveys of the waterfowl wintering grounds in Mexico was to determine their adequacy for the population of birds using them, and their potential to accommodate additional waterfowl if the wintering grounds in the United States became inadequate and larger flights entered Mexico. Other advantages included providing accurate information to hunters and other interested persons in the United States regarding the waterfowl shooting in Mexico, and determining the current status of these birds and their habitats in that country. Some of these findings were previously summarized by us (Saunders and Saunders 1949; Saunders 1964).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Saunders, G.B., and Saunders, D.C., 1981, Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64: Resource Publication 138, vi, 151 p.","productDescription":"vi, 151 p.","numberOfPages":"160","temporalStart":"1937-01-01","temporalEnd":"1964-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290220,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/37161/report.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ba6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saunders, George B.","contributorId":56285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saunders, Dorothy Chapman","contributorId":82980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"Chapman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58473,"text":"mf1053J - 1981 - Gravity anomaly and interpretation map of the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T12:17:59","indexId":"mf1053J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1053","chapter":"J","title":"Gravity anomaly and interpretation map of the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"The gravity field of the Chignik and Sutwik Island\nquadrangles near the center of the Alaska Peninsula represents\na complex series of transitions between probable\ncontinental crust on the north, probable oceanic crust on the\nsouth, sedimentary basins on each side of the peninsula, and a\ncentral structural high and volcanic arc. The resulting\ngravity field may be generalized as a central southwest- to\nnortheast-trending gravity high bordered on both sides by\nflanking gravity lows over sedimentary basins underlying the\nlowlands and continental shelf. All three gravitational\nfeatures show discontinuities and magnitude variations that\nreflect the complex geologic setting.
\nData concerning this complex gravity field have accumulated\nslowly and intermittently since an initial measurement\nwas made at Port Heiden more than 25 years go (Thiel\nand others, 1958, 1959). A few reconnaissance measurements\nby R. V. Allen and an offshore traverse conducted by the U.S.\nCoast and Geodetic Survey R/V Surveyor were made in the\nearly 1960's (Barnes and others, 1966; Barnes, 1967). At\nabout the same time, Gulf Oil Corp. contracted for a\nrelatively detailed survey of the lowlands on the north shore\nof the peninsula; the map prepared from this survey is now\navailable (Gulf Oil Corp., Port Moller Development Contract\nReport, available at U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage,\nAlaska). In the early 1970's, a few new land measurements\nwere made by P. L. Dobey, of the Alaska Division of\nGeological and Geophysical Surveys, and an offshore traverse\nwas completed by the R/V C. Greene on contract to the U.S.\nGeological Survey (Fisher, 1979, and M. A. Fisher, written\ncommun., 1977). The most recent measurements, the basis\nfor this map, were made by M. E. Yount, D. L. Detra, D. R.\nJefferis, and J. E. Case during the mineral assessment of the\ntwo quadrangles. D. F. Barnes, R. L. Morin, D. R. Jefferis,\nand R. F. Sikora have shared in the data compilation.\nGeologic background for the text was provided by R. L.\nDetterman, T. P. Miller, E. Young, and F. H. Wilson (1979,\n1981).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/mf1053J","usgsCitation":"Case, J.E., Barnes, D., Detterman, R.L., Morin, R.L., and Sikora, R.F., 1981, Gravity anomaly and interpretation map of the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1053, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1053J.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105440,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6424.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6424"},{"id":183839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1053j.PNG"},{"id":283651,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1053-J/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chignik Island;Sutwik Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.4642,56.2719 ], [ -158.4642,56.5864 ], [ -156.9661,56.5864 ], [ -156.9661,56.2719 ], [ -158.4642,56.2719 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a268c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Case, J. E.","contributorId":56625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detterman, R. L.","contributorId":71525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morin, R. L.","contributorId":95484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sikora, R. F.","contributorId":21923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sikora","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":48662,"text":"ofr8167 - 1981 - Floods in the English River basin, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-02T14:51:02","indexId":"ofr8167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-67","title":"Floods in the English River basin, Iowa","docAbstract":"Information describing floods is essential for proper planning, design, and operation of bridges and other structures on or over streams and their flood plains. This report provides information on flood stages and discharges, flood magnitude and frequency, bench mark data, and flood profiles for the English River and some of its tributaries. It covers the English River, the North English River to near Guernsey, the south Eaglish River to Barnes City and the lower reaches of the Biddle English and Deep Rivers
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr8167","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Highway Research Board, the Highway Division and the Iowa Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., and Riddle, D., 1981, Floods in the English River basin, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-67, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8167.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287220,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0067/report.pdf"},{"id":287221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"English River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.773161,41.423635 ], [ -91.773161,41.511706 ], [ -91.637326,41.511706 ], [ -91.637326,41.423635 ], [ -91.773161,41.423635 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riddle, D.E.","contributorId":6930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9851,"text":"ofr81184 - 1981 - Seismic-reflection and sidescan-sonar data collected off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T14:44:54","indexId":"ofr81184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-184","title":"Seismic-reflection and sidescan-sonar data collected off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collected 98 line kilometers of single-channel seismic-reflection profiles and sidescan sonar records on the inner shelf of eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979. The data were obtained during cruise NE-1-79 of the R/V NEECHO. The purposes of the survey were: (1) to study the development of barrier islands; (2) to document the frequency and rate of migration of inlets that breach barrier islands; and (3) to define the characteristics of shoreface ridges on a barrier island.
he survey uti I ized two acoustic systems. Information about the bottom was obtained by using an EDO Western model 606 sidescan-sonar system (100 kHz). Profiles of the subbottom were collected by an EG&G Uni boom transducer (400-4,000 Hz) and a Del Norte streamer. Positional control for al I track! ines was provided by a shore-based Miniranger system and by LORAN-C.
The quality of the records generally is very good. However, subbottom penetration did vary somewhat from place to place during the survey due to the nature of the bottom sediments and to the presence or absence of buried channels.
The original records may be examined at the U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Microfilm copies of the data are avai I able for purchase from the National Geophysical pnd Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, NOAA/EDIS/NGSDC, Code D621, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 (303-497-6338).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr81184","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1981, Seismic-reflection and sidescan-sonar data collected off eastern Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during April 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-184, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81184.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259859,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0184/ofr1981184.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-184"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.0,41.0 ], [ -71.0,42.0 ], [ -69.5,42.0 ], [ -69.5,41.0 ], [ -71.0,41.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrSD801","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for South Dakota, water year 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SD-80-1, vii, 454 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSD801.","productDescription":"vii, 454 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379712,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/sd-80-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/sd-80-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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This report contains discharge records for 117 gaging stations; stage only records for 8 gaging stations; stage and contents for 8 lakes and reservoirs; contents for 1 reservoir; change in contents for 1 reservoir; water quality for 101 gaging stations; and water levels for 37 observation wells. Also included are 5 crest-stage partial-record stations, and 1 low-flow partial record station. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collections program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in West Virginia.
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