The pilot program described here is motivated by a fundamental principle of the Regional Monitoring Strategy, namely “...the development of data that will provide information on status and trends in the Estuary.” As pointed out in the Strategy, knowledge of status and trends serves two primary purposes: (1) to become aware of or anticipate deleterious conditions in the Estuary, and (2) to assess the effectiveness of management actions. This program addresses these two purposes by focusing on aquatic resources, one of the five key management issues identified by the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan and central to the Regional Monitoring Strategy. It also bears on at least two of the other management issues - pollutants and water use.
\nA regional monitoring program must cover many types of resources, including pelagic and benthic channel habitat, shoal habitat, wetlands, river channels, sloughs, and small bays and harbors. This particular program centers on the pelagic channel habitat. However, because of the intimate connection between channel habitat and many or most of these other habitats, channel measurements reflect to some extent the status of and trends in other resource types as well. A primary aim of this program is to provide a high-resolution description of critical aspects of habitat quality, which can be used along with other information (1) to determine the suitability of habitat for aquatic resources; (2) to monitor responsiveness of the habitat to freshwater flow variability; and (3) to provide a context for understanding pollutant distributions. In a single transect, measurements are made throughout the water column at up to 37 stations to define physical (salinity, temperature, suspended particulate matter, and light penetration), chemical (dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll a) characteristics that influence both chemical and biological reactions.
\nA second aim of the program is to investigate planktonic indicators of ecosystem structure and function. Phytoplankton production is the major single source of energy for the San Francisco Bay food web. Our measurements of chlorophyll and light penetration can be used to provide an estimate of this production, and therefore the availability of food for organisms at higher trophic levels. Phytoplankton community composition at the species level, which can be a sensitive indicator of habitat change, is also a standard component of this program. Community composition data enable detection of species known to be responsible for harmful or nuisance algal blooms. In 1993, two other indicators were also evaluated, photosynthetic parameters and water column respiration. Photosynthetic parameters partially characterize the physiological state of the phytoplankton and may provide indirect evidence of nutrient deficiency or the effects of pollutants. Water column respiration serves as a simple integrated measure of organic matter metabolism by the plankton, including bacteria, phytoplankton, and microzooplankton. It therefore reflects the total supply of organic matter, whether from photosynthesis, tidal marsh efflux, point sources, or upstream in the Delta. These biological indicators therefore contain much information about the flow of energy into the food web.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for trace substances: 1993 annual report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., Caffrey, J., Cole, B., and Rudek, J., 1994, San Francisco Bay/delta regional monitoring program plankton and water quality pilot study, 1993, in 1993 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-03-01","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1993_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1993 Annual Report : San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1993 Annual Report : San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57876631e4b0d27deb36e1aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caffrey, J.","contributorId":147320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, B.","contributorId":36744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rudek, J.","contributorId":67904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudek","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170711,"text":"70170711 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and paths of flow in the carbonate bedrock aquifer, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-29T13:37:47","indexId":"70170711","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-15T08:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology and paths of flow in the carbonate bedrock aquifer, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assessing the ground.water resources of the carbonate bedrock aquifers in Indiana and Ohio as part of their Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis program. Part of this assessment includes the determination of unknown aspects of the hydraulic characteristics, boundaries, and flow paths of the carbonate aquifer. To accomplish this, the USGS drilled three wells through the carbonate aquifer near the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Geophysical logs were used to help determine depths and thicknesses for testing and to help describe geology at the three wells. Packer tests were used to determine direction of ground-water flow and to provide data for an analysis of the distribution of transmissivity in the carbonate aquifer.
\nTransmissivity of the carbonates is associated with two physical characteristics of the rocks: fractures and interconnected porosity. Almost all of the transmissivity is derived from horizontal fracturing; however, only a few of the fractures present in the carbonate are transmissive. Some transmissivity is associated with a zone of fossiliferous, vuggy dolomite, which yields water from the rock matrix. Most of the transmissivity is associated with large fractures and solution crevices in the upper 30 feet of the bedrock; less transmissivity is associated with the deeper vuggy reef material, even where extensively fractured. Transmissivity of individual fractures and fossiliferous zones ranges from 300 to 27,000 feet squared per day. The aquifer bottom is defined by a lack of transmissive fractures and an increased shale content near the contact of the Silurian and Ordovician sections.
\nWater-level data from the three wells indicate that flow is horizontal at well site 1 north of the Kankakee River, upward at well site 2 near the river, and downward at well site 3 south of the river. Most of the flow occurs in the upper part of the carbonate bedrock where fracturing and solution-enlarged crevices are most developed. Water levels indicate the the Kankakee River is a hydrologic boundary for the regional carbonate bedrock aquifer.
\n\n
All water, even rain water, contains dissolved chemicals which scientists call \"salts.\" But not all water tastes salty. Water is fresh or salty according to individual judgment, and in making this decision man is more convinced by his sense of taste than by a laboratory test. It is one's taste buds that accept one water and reject another.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159082","usgsCitation":"Swenson, H., 1994, Why is the ocean salty?: General Interest Publication, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159082.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159082.jpg"},{"id":310354,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159082/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620cee3e4b06217fc478b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Herbert","contributorId":54181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157533,"text":"70157533 - 1994 - Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:34:23","indexId":"70157533","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-21T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2088,"text":"International Review of Hydrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen","docAbstract":"Lake Number, LN, values are shown to be quantitative indicators of deep mixing in lakes and reservoirs that can be used to estimate changes in deep water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. LN is a dimensionless parameter defined as the ratio of the moments about the center of volume of the water body, of the stabilizing force of gravity associated with density stratification to the destabilizing forces supplied by wind, cooling, inflow, outflow, and other artificial mixing devices. To demonstrate the universality of this parameter, LN values are used to describe the extent of deep mixing and are compared with changes in DO concentrations in three reservoirs in Australia and four lakes in the U.S.A., which vary in productivity and mixing regimes. A simple model is developed which relates changes in LN values, i.e., the extent of mixing, to changes in near bottom DO concentrations. After calibrating the model for a specific system, it is possible to use real-time LN values, calculated using water temperature profiles and surface wind velocities, to estimate changes in DO concentrations (assuming unchanged trophic conditions).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/iroh.19940790202","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Imberger, J., 1994, Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen: International Review of Hydrobiology, v. 79, no. 2, p. 159-176, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19940790202.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Crystal Lake, Darwin River Resevoir, Lake Mendota, Trout Lake, Warragamba Resevoir, Woronora 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\"}}]}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56067035e4b058f706e51942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imberger, Jorg","contributorId":147965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imberger","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16662,"text":"University of Western Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157532,"text":"70157532 - 1994 - Statistical Techniques for Assessing water‐quality effects of BMPs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-25T13:14:30","indexId":"70157532","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2362,"text":"Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical Techniques for Assessing water‐quality effects of BMPs","docAbstract":"The magnitude and direction of Hg fluxes across the sediment—water interface were estimated by groundwater, dry bulk sediment, sediment pore water, sediment trap, and water-column analyses in two northern Wisconsin seepage lakes. Little Rock Lake (Treatment Basin) received no groundwater discharge during the study period (1988—1990), and Follette Lake received continuous groundwater discharge. In Little Rock Lake, settling of particulate matter accounted for the major Hg delivery mechanism to the sediment—water interface. Upward diffusion of Hg from sediment pore waters below 2—4-cm sediment depth was apparently a minor source during summer stratification. Time-series comparisons suggested that the observed buildup of Hg in the hypolimnion of Little Rock Lake was attributable to dissolution and diffusion of Hg from recently fallen particulate matter close to the sediment—water interface. Groundwater inflow represented an important source of new Hg, and groundwater outflow accounted for significant removal of Hg from Pallette Lake. Equilibrium speciation calculations revealed that association of Hg with organic matter may control solubility in well-oxygenated waters, whereas in anoxic environments sulfur (polysulfide and bisulfide) complexation governs dissolved total Hg levels.
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Ecological interpretations of these mollusks suggest temperatures essentially equivalent to those from Puget Sound, Washington, to southern British Columbia; much cooler water than exists in Monterey Bay today; and water depths of about 10 to 50 m. Chlamys rubida from these deposits yield a 14C age determination of about 17,000 yr B. P. This age is generally equivalent to a worldwide sea level lowstand between 20,000 and 15,000 yr B. P. of at least 100 m below modern sea level. The cooler and shallow-water aspect of the lowstand molluscan fauna is in full accord with the late Pleistocene paleogeography of Monterey Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Veliger","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Malacozoological Society","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","usgsCitation":"Powell, C.L., 1994, Molluscan evidence for a late Pleistocene sea-level lowstand from Monterey Bay, central California: Veliger, v. 37, no. 1, p. 69-80.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"80","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.145263,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.629278 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb0e5e4b0824b2d153d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Charles L. 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In this study we examined the relationship between species richness and biomass for 36 marsh communities from two different watersheds. In addition, we measured several environmental variables and estimated the potential richness (the total number of species known to be able to occur in a community type) for each community. Above ground living and dead biomass combined was found to be weakly correlated with species richness (R2=0.02). Instead, a multiple regression model based on elevation (R2=0.47), salinity (R2=0.30), soil organic matter (R2=0.18), and biomass was able to explain 82% of the variance in species richness. It was found that environmental conditions could explain 89% of the variation in potential richness. Biomass had no relation to potential richness. When used as a predictor variable, potential richness was found to explain 72% of the variation in realized (observed) richness and biomass explained an addition 9% of the variance in realized richness. This finding suggests that realized richness in our system was controlled primarily by environmental regulation of potential richness and secondarily by biomass (as an indicator of competition). Further examination of the data revealed that when sites exposed to extreme environmental conditons were eliminated from the analysis, biomass became the primary predictor of realized richness and potential richness was of secondary importance. We conclude that community biomass has a limited capacity to predict species richness across a broad range of habitat conditions. Of particular importance is the inability of biomass to indicate the effect of environmental factors and evolutionary history on the potential species richness at a site.","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing","publisherLocation":"Oxford, U.K.","doi":"10.2307/3545638","usgsCitation":"Gough, L., Grace, J., and Taylor, K., 1994, The relationship between species richness and community biomass: The importance of environmental variables: Oikos, v. 70, no. 2, p. 271-279, https://doi.org/10.2307/3545638.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Basin, Tchefuncte River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.18470764160156,\n 30.371246059237205\n ],\n [\n -90.1237678527832,\n 30.371246059237205\n ],\n [\n -90.1237678527832,\n 30.424400882616833\n ],\n [\n -90.18470764160156,\n 30.424400882616833\n ],\n [\n -90.18470764160156,\n 30.371246059237205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf1ee4b08c986b324569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L.","contributorId":53971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, K.L.","contributorId":80021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006607,"text":"70006607 - 1994 - A new selective enrichment procedure for isolating Pasteurella multocida from avian and environmental samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T10:52:06","indexId":"70006607","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T19:42:53","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new selective enrichment procedure for isolating Pasteurella multocida from avian and environmental samples","docAbstract":"A selective enrichment procedure, using two new selective media, was developed to isolate Pasteurella multocida from wild birds and environmental samples. These media were developed by testing 15 selective agents with six isolates of P. multocida from wild avian origin and seven other bacteria representing genera frequently found in environmental and avian samples. The resulting media—Pasteurella multocida selective enrichment broth and Pasteurella multocida selective agar—consisted of a blood agar medium at pH 10 containing gentamicin, potassium tellurite, and amphotericin B. Media were tested to determine: 1) selectivity when attempting isolation from pond water and avian carcasses, 2) sensitivity for detection of low numbers of P. multocida from pure and mixed cultures, 3) host range specificity of the media, and 4) performance compared with standard blood agar. With the new selective enrichment procedure, P. multocida was isolated from inoculated (60 organisms/ml) pond water 84% of the time, whereas when standard blood agar was used, the recovery rate was 0%.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","publisherLocation":"Jacksonville, FL","doi":"10.2307/1591956","usgsCitation":"Moore, M., Cicnjak-Chubbs, L., and Gates, R., 1994, A new selective enrichment procedure for isolating Pasteurella multocida from avian and environmental samples: Avian Diseases, v. 38, no. 2, p. 317-324, https://doi.org/10.2307/1591956.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, 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\"}}]}","volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4afe4b0c8380cd46844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, M.K.","contributorId":95855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cicnjak-Chubbs, L.","contributorId":105162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cicnjak-Chubbs","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gates, R.J.","contributorId":92101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007015,"text":"70007015 - 1994 - Emperor goose (Chen canagica)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:54:15","indexId":"70007015","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:53:36","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":399,"text":"Birds of North America","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"97","title":"Emperor goose (Chen canagica)","docAbstract":"Early naturalists exploring western Alaska were intrigued to find a stocky, blue-gray species of coastal goose unique to that area and nearby Russia. As E. W. Nelson (1887) wrote, \"Among the various species of birds more or less peculiar to Alaska this goose is perhaps the most noteworthy.\" The Emperor Goose nests in the extensive coastal salt marsh habitats of arctic and sub-arctic Alaska and Russia and winters primarily on coastal beaches along ice-free areas of the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula. Locally known as the \"Beach Goose\" from its habit of roosting and feeding near the waters' edge, the diet of this species consists largely of clams, mussels, and algae when wintering and staging in marine and estuarine habitats. When nesting in terrestrial habitats, it eats mostly roots, bulbs, and shoots of vegetation. Although the breeding biology and habitat requirements of this goose have been examined in detail, mostly on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta) of Alaska, there have been no intensive studies of its wintering or staging biology. Recent studies of migration have confirmed pathways and timing between the Y-K Delta and staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula and wintering areas largely on the Aleutian Islands (Hupp et al. 2007). Observations of substantial molt migrations to the Chukotka Peninsula in eastern Russia (Hupp et al. 2007) suggest a possible change in distribution, or at least a clarification, and raise the possibility of harvest mortality on both continents. Alaska's Emperor Goose population declined precipitously from 139,000 in 1964 to 42,000 in 1986, although its numbers have recovered slightly since then (Fischer et al. 2008). The factors responsible for this quick decline and slow recovery remain poorly known. Hunting, especially subsistence hunting by Native Americans, is probably a factor (Hupp et al. 2008b); coastal oil pollution could also be reducing the survival of overwintering individuals (Byrd et al. 1995); and interspecific competition among brood rearing geese may limit recovery through recruitment (Schmutz and Laing 2002, Lake et al. 2008).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Birds of North America, No. 97","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Birds of North America, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.2173/bna.97","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., Schmutz, J.A., and Rockwell, R., 1994, Emperor goose (Chen canagica): Birds of North America 97, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.97.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259532,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.97","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0901e4b0c8380cd51d61","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Poole, A.","contributorId":113515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508434,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, F.","contributorId":114156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508435,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rockwell, R.F.","contributorId":22527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006750,"text":"70006750 - 1994 - Hepatic cadmium, metal-binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills exposed to aqueous cadmium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T15:43:36","indexId":"70006750","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T13:54:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hepatic cadmium, metal-binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills exposed to aqueous cadmium","docAbstract":"We examined sublethal responses of juvenile bluegills Lepomis macrochirus to aqueous cadmium in two 28-d tests (test I, 0.0-8.4 μg Cd per liter; test II, 0.0-32.3 μg Cd per liter) in an intermittent-flow diluter. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two replicates in each of eight treatments (seven Cd exposures and one water control with 25 fish per replicate). Cadmium did not affect the growth of test fish. The mean whole-body concentrations of Cd in exposed fish were 1.8- to 44-fold those in controls in the two tests. Mean concentrations of hepatic nonthionein cytosolic Cd (not bound by metal-binding proteins, MBP) in all Cd treatments greatly exceeded those in controls, and mean concentrations of hepatic MBP in all treatments except one (0.8 μg Cd per liter in test I) exceeded those in controls. Nonthionein cytosolic Cd, hepatic MBP, and whole-body Cd in bluegills were linearly related to exposure concentrations within the range 0 to 20 μg Cd per liter. Much of the total Cd-binding capacity of hepatic MBP per fish was occupied by Cd after the 28-d exposures, although additional Cd-binding capacity remained unoccupied by Cd in fish in all treatments. The mean total Cd-binding capacity of hepatic MBP per fish, which ranged from 1.7 to 14 nmol Cd in test I and from 0.8 to 24 nmol Cd in test II, increased in a concentration-response manner at exposure concentrations below 13 μg/L. Nonthionein cytosolic Cd was the most sensitive indicator of Cd exposure, based on an LOEC of 0.8 μg Cd per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","publisherLocation":"Brussels, Belgium","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620130403","usgsCitation":"Cope, W., Atchison, G., and Wiener, J., 1994, Hepatic cadmium, metal-binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills exposed to aqueous cadmium: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 4, p. 553-562, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130403.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260052,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130403","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a305be4b0c8380cd5d596","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cope, W.G.","contributorId":71918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atchison, G.J.","contributorId":59406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atchison","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006753,"text":"70006753 - 1994 - Cadmium, metal-binding proteins, and growth in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirusLepomis macrochirusWe exposed juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) to ~1000 mg∙L−1 of continuously suspended river sediment in a 28-d test with six treatments (randomized block with one sediment-free control and five sediments ranging from 1.3 to 21.4 μg Cd∙g dry weight−1). Each treatment had three replicates, each with 25 fish. Growth was reduced by exposure to suspended sediment, probably due to physical effects of sediment on feeding and to toxicity in the treatment with the greatest concentrations of metals. Mean whole-body concentrations of cadmium (0.04–0.14 μg∙g wet weight−1) were correlated with cadmium concentration in filtered water (8–72 ng∙L−1), suspended sediment (0.61–16.8 μg∙L−1), and bulk sediment. The concentration of hepatic nonthionein cytosolic cadmium (cadmium not bound by metal-binding proteins, MBP) in fish exposed to the two most contaminated sediments exceeded that in controls. The mean concentration of hepatic MBP was correlated with cadmium concentration in filtered water, suspended sediment, bulk sediment, and whole fish. Whole-body cadmium concentration was the most sensitive indicator of cadmium exposure, with lowest observed effect concentrations of 1.9 μg Cd∙L−1 for suspended sediment and 13 ng Cd∙L−1 for filtered water. Sediment-associated cadmium was less available than waterborne cadmium for uptake by fish.","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f94-135","usgsCitation":"Cope, W., Wiener, J.G., Steingraeber, M.T., and Atchison, G.J., 1994, Cadmium, metal-binding proteins, and growth in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirusHydrologic controls on sulfate mobility were investigated in a forested catchment in the Georgia Piedmont using a watershed mass balance approach. Variations in annual sulfate export were governed primarily by differences in runoff rather than by differences in sulfate deposition or in total annual precipitation. However, 2 years with similar total runoff had substantially different sulfate export. A residual analysis indicated that a shift in the concentration‐discharge relationship accounted for 72% of the difference in sulfate export and that a change in the pattern of discharge accounted for the remainder of the difference. Stream water sulfate concentrations reflected past hydrologic conditions. Concentrations at the same discharge were higher following an extended dry period than following average periods. The elevation in stream water sulfate concentrations following dry periods persisted for several months. The influence of rainfall patterns on sulfate export underscores the need for long‐term records to adequately characterize the acidification status of the watershed and to understand trends in water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93WR02950","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., Hooper, R.P., and Aulenbach, B.T., 1994, Hydrologic processes controlling sulfate mobility in a small forested watershed: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 283-295, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02950.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Panola Mountain Research Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T. 0000-0003-2863-1288 btaulenb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1288","contributorId":3057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent","email":"btaulenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222760,"text":"5222760 - 1994 - Can activity traps assess aquatic insect abundance at the landscape level?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:39","indexId":"5222760","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1132,"text":"Bulletin of the North American Benthological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can activity traps assess aquatic insect abundance at the landscape level?","docAbstract":"We used activity traps as designed by Riley and Bookhout (1990. Wetlands) to sample aquatic invertebrates as part of a study to characterize wetlands on a forested and an agricultural landscape (ca. 1,000 mi'2) in northern. Maine. Eight wetlands (5 from agricultural and 3 from forested landscapes) were sampled at random from 50 wetlands surveyed for waterfowl broods. At the landscape level, insect abundance (mean no./ trap), fish abundance (mean no./trap), percent vegetation, and water chemistry variables (pH, ANC, SPCOND, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl) were different between landscapes. Furthermore, nearly as many fish (2,112) were caught as were insects (2,443); 47% of the 332 traps contained fish, but 84 traps accounted for 94% of the fish caught. When >4 fish were in a trap fewer insects were in the trap. Differences in water temperature among wetlands and differences in rates of escape among insect orders affected the number of different taxa caught. Until capture success of activity traps is better understood, results from activity traps should be used with care.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Boobar, L., Gibbs, K., and Longcore, J.R., 1994, Can activity traps assess aquatic insect abundance at the landscape level?: Bulletin of the North American Benthological Society, v. 11, no. 1.","productDescription":"94 (Abstract No. 60)","startPage":"94 (Abstra","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boobar, L.R.","contributorId":34608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boobar","given":"L.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbs, K.E.","contributorId":96371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222748,"text":"5222748 - 1994 - Habitat constraints on the distribution of passerine residents and neotropical migrants in Latin America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:41","indexId":"5222748","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1487,"text":"El Pitirre (Society of Caribbean Ornithology)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat constraints on the distribution of passerine residents and neotropical migrants in Latin America","docAbstract":"With continuing tropical deforestation, there is increased concern for birds that depend on forest habitats in Latin America. During the past 10 northern winters, we have conducted quantitative studies of habitat use by wintering migrant songbirds and by residents in the Greater Antilles, Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Many migrants, but few residents, winter in forest fragments and in certain arboreal agricultural habitats (citrus, cacao, shade coffee). Many other agricultural habitats (sun coffee, mango, commercial banana plantations, and heavily grazed pasture) are avoided by most birds. Some species, such as thrushes and ground-feeding warblers, depend on closed-canopy forest. Some, such as Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis) and Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea), winter primarily in mangroves or other swamp forests. The majority of neotropical migrant passerines winter in forest fragments and certain agricultural habitats, as well as mature forest; but many resident species, especially suboscines (Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Formicariidae, Papridae), are heavily impacted by loss and fragmentation of the forest. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"El Pitirre (Society of Caribbean Ornithology)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., Dowell, B., and Dawson, D., 1994, Habitat constraints on the distribution of passerine residents and neotropical migrants in Latin America: El Pitirre (Society of Caribbean Ornithology), v. 7, no. 1.","productDescription":"5 (abstract)","startPage":"5 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowell, B.A.","contributorId":35842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223280,"text":"5223280 - 1994 - Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"5223280","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment","docAbstract":"The pollution of coastal aquifers by old landfills can contaminate valuable and scarce water resources in the freshwater lens utilized seasonably by overcrowded communities. The pollutants will ultimately flow into the sea where they may also cause a coastal water pollution problem. We have detected pollution in the freshwater lens from a sanitary landfill near Provincetown, Cape Cod, using the geoelectrical resistivity method. This survey included Schlumberger geoelectrical depth soundings and a horizontal geoelectrical profile using the Wenner configuration. The geoelectrical survey was conducted at a site along Highway 6 where it passes the coastal town of Provincetown and a sanitary landfill that has been in operation since 1954. The depth soundings suggest the characteristic decrease in resistivity vs. depth from the high resistivity of the unsaturated zone to the low resistivity of the saltwater saturated zone. The freshwater lens is clearly identified by the change in slope of the steeply dipping curve of resistivity versus electrode spacing. Interpretations made using a multilayer program, Geomate, resulted in layer resistivities between 460 and 95 ohm?m for the freshwater lens. A comparison with well water resistivities suggests that a layer resistivity of 230 ohm?m or lower is indicative of pollution in the freshwater lens. The results of the geoelectrical depth soundings were confirmed in the Wenner horizontal profile. Both measurements suggest that the pollutants do not spread evenly as one would expect for a homogeneous and isotropic medium. Instead, a preferred channel for the flow of the pollutants is observed along a path from the landfill toward the shoreline. The depth to the saltwater/freshwater interface or, more specifically, to the low resistivity-high resistivity interface appears to be shallow where the freshwater lens is polluted. This was confirmed by pore water well samples that were highly mineralized. The equilibrium postulated by the Ghyben-Herzberg relation appears to be disturbed in the area of aquifer pollution. This rise in the conductivity boundary is caused by the highly mineralized bottom of the contaminant plume that submerges into the saltwater saturated zone. In the area of high freshwater pollution the groundwater can be subdivided into three layers that show a decrease in resistivity with depth. The formation factor, F, defined as the ratio of bulk aquifer resistivity to pore water resistivity, shows unusually high values between 10 and 12. These high values are unexpected for an unconsolidated sand. Pollution residues are suspected to clog the pores and thus to increase the resistivity. It is possible that iron-oxidizing bacteria and the precipitation of dissolved iron or organic pollutants are the cause of the high values of F. If proven correct, these interesting possibilities could lead to future new applications of the geoelectrical resistivity method in contaminant hydroloy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0926-9851(94)90016-7","collaboration":"4561_Frohlich.pdf","usgsCitation":"Frohlich, R., Urish, D., Fuller, J., and O’Reilly, M., 1994, Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 139-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90016-7.","productDescription":"139-154","startPage":"139","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487060,"rank":201,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cve_facpubs/347","text":"External Repository"},{"id":16062,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90016-7","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":199280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de61b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frohlich, R.K.","contributorId":47493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frohlich","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urish, D.W.","contributorId":61126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urish","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, J.","contributorId":49898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Reilly, M.","contributorId":68858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5224534,"text":"5224534 - 1994 - Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:40","indexId":"5224534","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","docAbstract":"We investigated habitat specificity of the amber darter (Percina antesella Williams & Etnier 1977), an imperiled fish from restricted portions of 2 rivers in the southeastern United States. Foraging amber darters occupied a narrow range of riffle habitat, consistently avoiding areas < 20 cm deep and with velocity < 10 cm. s-1 near the substrate, occupying areas with cobble or gravel substrate and average water-column velocity of 30 to 70 cm. s-1. During low to moderate flows, approximately 20% or more of the study areas contained suitable habitat for the species. Amber darters appeared rare, and the numbers of individuals were uncorrelated with the concurrent availability of suitable habitat. Protecting the amber darter may require more than maintaining adequate depths and velocities over gravel-cobble substrates. Until we understand the potential importance of migration and dispersal for maintaining small populations, suitable habitat should be maintained over the longest contiguous stream segments possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1994, Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 3, no. 2, p. 177-178.","productDescription":"49-58","startPage":"177","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16060,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119280577/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":200352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222768,"text":"5222768 - 1994 - Contaminants in eggs of aquatic birds from the grasslands of central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T11:01:05","indexId":"5222768","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in eggs of aquatic birds from the grasslands of central California","docAbstract":"Eggs were collected from the Grasslands of western Merced County, California, during 1986 and 1987, and at the Mendota Wildlife Area in Fresno County in 1987, as part of a reproductive study of nesting ducks and shorebirds. The eggs were analyzed to evaluate the effects of contaminants in agricultural drainwater on avian reproduction. Agricultural drainwater was the major source of water for irrigation and fall flooding in the Grasslands until the fall of 1985 when drainwater was mostly replaced by uncontaminated water. Drainwater had not been used at Mendota. Concentrations of arsenic and boron in eggs from all sites were lower than those known to harm avian reproduction. However, mean concentrations of selenium, a trace element known to impair avian reproduction at high dietary levels, were higher in eggs from the Grasslands than in eggs from the uncontaminated site. Although some selenium concentrations were as high as those found to have caused death or deformities at other sites, reproductive impairment was not observed in any ducks or shorebirds nesting in the Grasslands in 1986 or 1987.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214261","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., and Welsh, D., 1994, Contaminants in eggs of aquatic birds from the grasslands of central California: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 180-185, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214261.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"180","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County, Merced County","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b07e4b07f02db69aed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welsh, D.","contributorId":33267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222682,"text":"5222682 - 1994 - Prevalence of eustrongylidosis in wading birds from colonies in California, Texas, and Rhode Island, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:05:07","indexId":"5222682","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prevalence of eustrongylidosis in wading birds from colonies in California, Texas, and Rhode Island, USA","docAbstract":"Snowy Egret (Egretta thula) and Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) nestlings from colonies in Texas, Rhode Island, and California and Great Egret (Casmerodius albus) nestlings from Texas were examined for eustrongylidosis, or infection by the parasitic nematode Eustrongylides spp. In 31% (24/77) of all broods examined, at least one nestling was infected. Snowy Egret broods from Texas were more frequently (100%) infected than those from California (20%) or Rhode Island (10%), and the prevalence of eustrongylidosis in 5- and 10-day-old Snowy Egret nestlings was higher in the Texas colony than the other two. Within the Texas colony, the frequency of eustrongylidosis was greater for Snowy Egret (100%) and Great Egret (80%) broods than for Black-crowned Night-Heron broods (12.5%). Also in Texas, eustrongylidosis was more frequent in 5-day-old Snowy Egret nestlings than 5-day-old Black-crowned Night-Heron or Great Egret nestlings, and in 10-day-old Snowy Egret nestlings than in 10-day-old Black-crowned Night-Heron nestlings. Eustrongylides spp. caused perforations of the gastrointestinal tract and peritonitis, particularly in Snowy Egrets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521295","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., and Custer, T., 1994, Prevalence of eustrongylidosis in wading birds from colonies in California, Texas, and Rhode Island, USA: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 17, no. 2, p. 168-172, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521295.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Rhode Island, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222770,"text":"5222770 - 1994 - Main and interactive effects of arsenic and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T17:18:38.64892","indexId":"5222770","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Main and interactive effects of arsenic and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival","docAbstract":"Arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) occur together in high concentrations in the environment and can accumulate in aquatic plants and invertebrates consumed by waterfowl. Ninety-nine pairs of breeding mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed diets supplemented with As (sodium arsenate) at 0, 25, 100, or 400 μg/g, in combination with Se (seleno-DL-methionine) at 0 or 10 μg/g, in a replicated factorial experiment. Ducklings produced were placed on the same treatment combination as their parents. Arsenic accumulated in adult liver and egg, reduced adult weight gain and liver weight, delayed the onset of egg laying, decreased whole egg weight, and caused eggshell thinning. Arsenic did not affect hatching success and was not teratogenic. In ducklings, As accumulated in the liver and reduced body weight, growth, and liver weight. Arsenic did not increase duckling mortality, but it did decrease overall duckling production. Selenium accumulated in adult liver and egg, was teratogenic, and decreased hatching success. Selenium did not affect adult weight, liver weight, survival, onset of egg laying, egg fertility, egg weight, or eggshell thickness. In ducklings, Se accumulated in the liver and reduced body weight and growth, and increased liver weight. Selenium increased duckling mortality and decreased overall duckling production. Antagonistic interactions between As and Se occurred whereby As reduced Se accumulation in liver and egg, and alleviated the effects of Se on hatching success and embryo deformities. It was demonstrated that As and Se, in the chemical forms and at the dietary levels administered in this study, can adversely affect mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival, and that As can alleviate toxic effects of Se.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214145","usgsCitation":"Stanley, T., Spann, J.W., Smith, G.J., and Rosscoe, R., 1994, Main and interactive effects of arsenic and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 444-451, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214145.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"444","endPage":"451","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64966e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, T.R. Jr.","contributorId":104166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"T.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G. J.","contributorId":80767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosscoe, R.","contributorId":89990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosscoe","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222719,"text":"5222719 - 1994 - Conservation reserve program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:18:19","indexId":"5222719","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation reserve program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains","docAbstract":"During the past few decades numbers of some species of upland-nesting birds in North America have declined. Duck species such as mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), northern pintail (A. acuta) and blue-winged teal (A. discors) have declined since the early 1970s and have remained low since 1985 (Caithamer et al. 1993). Some grassland-dependent nonwaterfowl species also have declined since 1966, as indicated by the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) (Robbins et al. 1986). For prairie-nesting ducks, population declines can be attributed mostly to low recruitment, partially as a result of low nest success. Klett et al. (1988) concluded that nest success (probability of ≥1 egg of clutch hatches) in much of the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region was inadequate to maintain populations of the five most common upland-nesting duck species studied, and that predators were the most important cause of nest failure. Over the years, as grassland areas have been converted to cropland, ducks have concentrated their nesting in the remaining areas of available habitat, where predators such as red fox (Vulpes vulpes), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and badger (Taxidea taxus) forage (Cowardin et al. 1983).
\nThe reasons for declining populations of grassland nonwaterfowl birds are not clear but the loss of suitable grassland-nesting habitat probably is an important factor. Currently, approximately 95 percent of the land in North Dakota is used for agricultural purposes, of which over 60 percent is used for annual crop production (Haugse 1990). Of the grassland that remains, 95 percent is used for livestock production. This probably had a severe impact on grassland bird species that seek idle grass cover for nesting.
\nThe 1985 and 1990 U.S. Farm Bills include provisions under the Food Security Act to fund a cropland-idling program called the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Over 36 million acres have been enrolled nationwide in the CRP since 1985 (Osborn 1993), and up to 25 percent of cropland in some counties has been converted primarily to grass. In North Dakota, nearly 3 million acres have been enrolled. Over 90 percent of the CRP plantings in North Dakota are grass and grass-legume mix composed primarily of wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), alfalfa (Medicago saliva) and sweetclover (Melilotus spp.). Mixes of these species have been reported to attract high densities of nesting ducks (Duebbert and Kantrud 1974). According to the CRP provisions, the land must remain idle for the 10-year contract period, with the exception of emergency provisions for haying or grazing. CRP appears to have great potential for benefiting many species of grassland-nesting birds.
\nThere have been efforts to document the importance of the CRP to migratory birds in the Upper Great Plains of the U.S. Kantrud (1993) studied duck nest success in CRP cover and concluded that nest success was higher than in planted cover on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Waterfowl Production Areas (WPAs). Johnson and Schwartz (1993a) measured the use of CRP fields by nonwaterfowl birds and reported that several species have responded positively by colonizing CRP fields. They concluded that CRP has the potential to help reverse the population declines of several species.
\nWe investigated the importance of CRP to upland-nesting ducks and certain other grassland-nesting birds. For ducks, we compared nest success in CRP cover with nest success in planted cover on WPAs in the same period (1992-93) and with that of an earlier period (1980-84). For nonwaterfowl, we used BBS data to compare the trends in populations of certain species found in CRP, for the periods 1966-86 (pre-CRP cover establishment) and 1987-92 (post-CRP cover establishment) in North Dakota.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R., Shaffer, T., Sauer, J., and Peterjohn, B., 1994, Conservation reserve program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 59, p. 328-336.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota","volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a3018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, R. E.","contributorId":25098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5200155,"text":"5200155 - 1994 - Changes in campsite condition: Results from campsite monitoring at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5200155","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":76,"text":"Research/Resources Management Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/MARDEWA/NRTR-94/063.","title":"Changes in campsite condition: Results from campsite monitoring at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Marion, J., 1994, Changes in campsite condition: Results from campsite monitoring at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area: Research/Resources Management Report NPS/MARDEWA/NRTR-94/063., 83.","productDescription":"83","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}