{"pageNumber":"1646","pageRowStart":"41125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":27669,"text":"wri944158 - 1994 - Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges and flood frequencies, and simulation of flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs in two watersheds in Albany, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:34:39.657275","indexId":"wri944158","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4158","title":"Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges and flood frequencies, and simulation of flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs in two watersheds in Albany, Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes the effects of flood-detention reservoirs on downstream peak discharges of two urban tributaries to Kinchafoonee Creek (tributaries 1 and 2) in Albany, Georgia and presents simulated flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs. Rainfall-runoff data were collected for six years at two stations in these two urban watersheds. Tributary number 1 basin has a drainage area of 0.12 square miles, contains 23.8 percent impervious area, and contains two detention reservoirs. Tributary number 2 basin has a drainage area of 0.09 square miles, contains 12.9 percent impervious area, and has one detention reservoir. The Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M) was calibrated using rainfall-runoff data collected during 1987- 92 at each station. DR3M was then used to simulate long-term (1906-33, 1941-73) peak discharges for these stations for conditions ranging from the existing condition with all detention reservoirs in place to the condition of no detention reservoirs. Flood-frequency relations based on the long-term peak discharges were developed for each simulation by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of detention reservoirs on peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of detention reservoirs on peak discharges was determined by comparison of simulated flood-frequency peak discharges for conditions with and without the detention reservoirs. The comparisons indicated that the removal of flood-detention reservoirs from the tributary number 1 basin would increase the 10-, 50-, and 100-year peak discharges by 164 to 204 percent. Removal of the reservoir from tributary number 2 basin would increase these discharges by about 145 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944158","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Inman, E.J., 1994, Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges and flood frequencies, and simulation of flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs in two watersheds in Albany, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4158, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944158.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393931,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48037.htm"},{"id":56520,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4158/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.2706298828125,\n              31.508312698943445\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.04403686523438,\n              31.508312698943445\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.04403686523438,\n              31.631167783684678\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2706298828125,\n              31.631167783684678\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2706298828125,\n              31.508312698943445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f92d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inman, E. J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29586,"text":"wri944163 - 1994 - Characterization of ground-water discharge from bedrock aquifers to the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers at three areas, Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-05T21:35:16.76423","indexId":"wri944163","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4163","title":"Characterization of ground-water discharge from bedrock aquifers to the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers at three areas, Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The hydrogeology at three areas along the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area were studied to characterize ground-water discharge from bedrock aquifers to the two rivers. Along the Mississippi River between Fridley and Brooklyn Center, a buried valley underlying the Mississippi River cuts through the overlying terrace deposits and glacial-drift deposits into two underlying bedrock hydro- geologic units: the St Peter aquifer, and a rubble zone between the St. Peter and Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifers. Shallow ground-water flow in the near-surface gray and upper red tills and sand and gravel outwash aquifer discharges to springs along the edge of the river. Ground water flowing through the rubble zone and upper part of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer probably discharges through alluvial deposits to the river. In study area 2, along the Minnesota River between Eagan and Bloomington, almost 200 feet of post-glacial alluvium, glaciofluvial sand and gravel, Pleistocene lake deposits, and peat fill a bedrock valley under the present-day Minnesota River. As much as 40 feet of post-glacial peat, silty clay, clay, and muck lie near the river-valley walls. Confining units beneath the river channel impede the discharge of ground water from the underlying Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer to the river. Ground water discharges to wetlands, lakes, and springs along both the north and south side of the river. Along the Mississippi River at Minneapolis about 5 miles upstream of the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, the Mississippi River lies in a post-glacial valley cut through thin glacial drift into the St. Peter aquifer. Beneath the river, ground water flows from the St. Peter aquifer through the overlying post-glacial ailuvium to the Mississippi River. No confining unit separates the St. Peter aquifer and the river.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944163","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Schoenberg, M., 1994, Characterization of ground-water discharge from bedrock aquifers to the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers at three areas, Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4163, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944163.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426341,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48041.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Twin Cities Metropolitan 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M.E.","contributorId":66284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenberg","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31739,"text":"ofr94702 - 1994 - Neogene and Quaternary foraminifera and paleoenvironments of a corehole from Horn Island, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:18","indexId":"ofr94702","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-702","title":"Neogene and Quaternary foraminifera and paleoenvironments of a corehole from Horn Island, Mississippi","docAbstract":"The only semipermanent surface water available on the Southern High \r\nPlains plateau of Texas and New Mexico is contained in saline lakes and \r\nin the playa lakes that form in shallow depressions, called playa \r\nbasins, following heavy rainfall. The playas generally are accepted as \r\nthe main source of recharge to the underlying High Plains (Ogallala) \r\naquifer of the region, and they constitute the major wildlife habitat on \r\nthe Southern High Plains. Their use as water sources, holding ponds, \r\nand waste-disposal sites by agricultural and industrial operations may \r\npotentially lead to ground-water contamination and habitat degradation.  \r\nTherefore, playa lakes will play an essential role in the collection of \r\nsurface-water quality and ecological data for the Southern High Plains \r\nstudy unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment program of the U.S. \r\nGeological Survey.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94702","usgsCitation":"Gibson, T.G., 1994, Neogene and Quaternary foraminifera and paleoenvironments of a corehole from Horn Island, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-702, 24 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94702.","productDescription":"24 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0702/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59958,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0702/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, Thomas G.","contributorId":25180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44731,"text":"wri944119 - 1994 - Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-13T14:08:59","indexId":"wri944119","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4119","title":"Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey investigated nutrient and trace-element enrichment in Coeur d'Alene Lake, northern Idaho, during 1991-92.&nbsp; The objectives of the investigation were to characterize limnology, quantify hydrologic and nutrient budgets, and develop a nutrient-load/lake-response model.&nbsp; The model required bathymetric data to compute mass balances of water and nutrients within many depth layers in the lake.&nbsp; A review of historical bathymetric data for the lake (Funk and others, 1973; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977; Milligan and others, 1983) revealed a need for contoured bathymetric data.&nbsp; Therefore, to augment past studies, the U.S. Geological Survey collected extensive bathymetric data and developed a bathymetric map of Coeur d'Alene Lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944119","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., and Berenbrock, C.E., 1994, Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4119, 26.35 x 38.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944119.","productDescription":"26.35 x 38.02 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4119/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4119/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.916667,47.370833 ], [ -118.916667,47.69 ], [ -118.666667,47.69 ], [ -118.666667,47.370833 ], [ -118.916667,47.370833 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, P. F.","contributorId":97509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles E. ceberenb@usgs.gov","contributorId":857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"ceberenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44735,"text":"wri944172 - 1994 - Thickness of the upper and lower confining units of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-09T23:14:49.458993","indexId":"wri944172","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4172","title":"Thickness of the upper and lower confining units of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi","docAbstract":"The thickness of the upper and lower confining units of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in north- western Mississippi (the Delta) has a significant influence on the vertical recharge and contamination susceptibility of the aquifer. The upper confining unit is thicker in the southern part of the Delta, the upper confining unit is less than 10 feet thick in small areas in Bolivar, Coahoma, Sunflower, Quit- man, and Tallahatchie Counties. The lower confining units are characterized by the geologic units directly underlying the alluvial aquifer. The geologic units directly underlying the aquifer, from youngest to oldest, are the Jackson Group, Cockfield Formation, Cook Mountain Formation, Sparta Sand, and Zilpha Clay. The lower confining unit thickness is greatest (greater than 250 feet) in southern Issaquena and northwestern Warren Counties. The largest area where the lower confining unit is less than 10 feet thick is Quitman, southern Coahoma, western Panola, southern Tunica, and the northern one-half of Sunflower Counties.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944172","usgsCitation":"Arthur, J.K., 1994, Thickness of the upper and lower confining units of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4172, 1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944172.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.78 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499705,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48047.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82037,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4172/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.2208,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.2208,\n              32.3408\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              32.3408\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              35\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, J. Kerry","contributorId":91541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kerry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44767,"text":"wri934098 - 1994 - Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Maine, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T22:20:45.525086","indexId":"wri934098","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4098","title":"Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Maine, 1990","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934098","usgsCitation":"Loiselle, M., Horn, M., and Medalie, L., 1994, Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Maine, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4098, 1 Plate: 40.00 x 33.50 inches, 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,{"id":26127,"text":"wri944200 - 1994 - Investigation of bridge scour at selected sites on Missouri streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:22:15","indexId":"wri944200","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4200","title":"Investigation of bridge scour at selected sites on Missouri streams","docAbstract":"<p>Scour around bridge piers is a major concern in the design of a new bridge or the evaluation of the structural stability of an existing bridge. An adequate estimation of potential scour at bridge piers is essential to effective design, construction, and maintenance of hydraulic structures. Reasonably accurate estimates of scour depth are needed for safe, cost-effective bridge design. Although many equations have been developed on the basis of laboratory work that can be used to estimate local scour at piers, site-specific data have not previously been collected to verify the accuracy of these equations or applicability to Missouri streams.</p>\n<p>Scour data were collected during floods at 10 sites on streams in Missouri. The recurrence intervals of the floods ranged from less than 2 to more than 50 years. Local-scour holes near bridge piers ranged from 0.5 to 7.1 feet deep. Seven local-pier-scour equations were evaluated as to their usefulness in estimating the measured scour at the sites studied. Scour depths estimated using the Froehlich equatin without a safety factor had an interquartile range nearest in magnitude to the interquartile range of the measured scour depths. None of the medians of scour depths estimated using the seven equations were statistically equal to the median of the measured scour depths at a 0.05 level of significance. However, the Froehlich equation without a safety factor provided the \"best fit\" estimates of the equations considered.</p>\n<p>Contraction scour exceeded local scour by several times in some cases. Total scour of approximately 19 feet, largely becasue of contraction scour, was measured at the Chariton River near Prairie Hill during the flood of July 8, 1993. This large scour was, in part, the result of an accumulation of woody debris de- creasing the bridge-opening area.</p>\n<p>A bridge on State Highway 32 near Lebanon over North Cobb Creek (drainage area 52.5&nbsp;square miles) was destroyed during the flood of May 26, 1990. Bridge scour attributable to&nbsp;contraction of the flood flow caused this loss.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Highway and Transportation Commission","usgsCitation":"Becker, L.D., 1994, Investigation of bridge scour at selected sites on Missouri streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4200, v, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944200.","productDescription":"v, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri944200.PNG"},{"id":309691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4200/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":16976,"text":"ofr94649 - 1994 - Circulation and contaminant transport in Massachusetts coastal waters: A summary of achievements and future plans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T16:15:39.325993","indexId":"ofr94649","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-649","title":"Circulation and contaminant transport in Massachusetts coastal waters: A summary of achievements and future plans","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94649","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Butman, B., Knebel, H., Manheim, F., and Signell, R.P., 1994, Circulation and contaminant transport in Massachusetts coastal waters: A summary of achievements and future plans: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-649, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94649.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390827,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12571.htm"},{"id":46091,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0649/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0649/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.5,\n              42.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.083,\n              42.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.083,\n              42.667\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5,\n              42.667\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5,\n              42.083\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":174400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":174399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":29789,"text":"wri944117 - 1994 - Geologic framework and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer outcrop, Comal County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T14:29:30","indexId":"wri944117","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4117","title":"Geologic framework and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer outcrop, Comal County, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>All of the hydrogeologic subdivisions within the Edwards aquifer outcrop in Comal County have some porosity and permeability. The most porous and permeable appear to be hydrogeologic subdivision VI, the Kirschberg evaporite member of the Kainer Formation; hydrogeologic subdivision III, the leached and collapsed members, undivided; and hydrogeologic subdivision II, the cyclic and marine members, undivided, of the Person Formation. The two types of porosity in the Edwards aquifer outcrop are fabric selective, which is related to depositional or diagenetic elements and typically exists in specific stratigraphic horizons; and not fabric selective, which can exist in any litho strati graphic horizon. Permeability, the capacity of porous rock to transmit water, depends on the physical properties of the rock such as pore size, shape, distribution, fissuring, and dissolution.</p>\n<p>Two faults, Comal Springs and Hueco Springs, completely, or almost completely, offset the Edwards aquifer along much of their respective traces across Comal County. Porous and permeable Edwards aquifer limestone is juxtaposed against impermeable upper confining units in these areas. These faults completely, or almost completely, offset the Edwards aquifer and are thought to be barriers or partial barriers to groundwater flow where the beds are juxtaposed.</p>\n<p>In Comal County, the Edwards aquifer is probably most vulnerable to surface contamination in the rapidly urbanizing areas on the Edwards aquifer outcrop. Possible contamination can result from spills, leakage of hazardous materials, or runoff onto the intensely faulted and fractured, karstic limestone outcrops characteristic of the recharge zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri944117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Small, T.A., and Hanson, J., 1994, Geologic framework and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Edwards Aquifer outcrop, Comal County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4117, iii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944117.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4117/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58588,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Comal County","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer outcrop","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.2986,30.0395],[-98.1102,29.9036],[-98.0389,29.8493],[-97.9996,29.7537],[-98.0895,29.6857],[-98.2045,29.6363],[-98.3124,29.5973],[-98.3149,29.6014],[-98.3191,29.6033],[-98.3279,29.6053],[-98.3295,29.6058],[-98.3305,29.6086],[-98.3341,29.6109],[-98.3383,29.6128],[-98.3419,29.6147],[-98.3445,29.6175],[-98.3439,29.623],[-98.3432,29.6303],[-98.3452,29.6345],[-98.3478,29.6381],[-98.3498,29.6423],[-98.3492,29.645],[-98.3475,29.6496],[-98.3464,29.6523],[-98.3479,29.6551],[-98.3516,29.657],[-98.3589,29.6589],[-98.361,29.6603],[-98.3625,29.6631],[-98.364,29.6645],[-98.3677,29.6659],[-98.3724,29.6656],[-98.3772,29.6638],[-98.3793,29.6643],[-98.3803,29.6657],[-98.3833,29.6721],[-98.3842,29.6786],[-98.3826,29.6822],[-98.3794,29.6849],[-98.3783,29.689],[-98.3787,29.6913],[-98.3813,29.6945],[-98.3828,29.6973],[-98.3828,29.7001],[-98.3806,29.7028],[-98.3779,29.7046],[-98.3722,29.705],[-98.3601,29.7048],[-98.3543,29.7047],[-98.3511,29.7051],[-98.3458,29.7101],[-98.3425,29.715],[-98.3419,29.7192],[-98.3424,29.7228],[-98.3449,29.7265],[-98.3527,29.7308],[-98.3559,29.7317],[-98.3606,29.7318],[-98.3638,29.7282],[-98.3676,29.7237],[-98.3734,29.7215],[-98.376,29.7215],[-98.377,29.7261],[-98.3779,29.7316],[-98.3795,29.7348],[-98.3889,29.7345],[-98.3941,29.736],[-98.3978,29.737],[-98.3988,29.7397],[-98.4014,29.7439],[-98.4045,29.7467],[-98.4081,29.7476],[-98.4134,29.7468],[-98.4182,29.7446],[-98.4203,29.7419],[-98.4219,29.7391],[-98.4226,29.7341],[-98.4216,29.73],[-98.4216,29.729],[-98.4253,29.7277],[-98.4279,29.7278],[-98.4296,29.726],[-98.4301,29.7241],[-98.4291,29.7218],[-98.4291,29.7195],[-98.4318,29.7182],[-98.4371,29.7178],[-98.4402,29.7188],[-98.4428,29.7188],[-98.4449,29.7202],[-98.4459,29.723],[-98.4458,29.7276],[-98.4452,29.7326],[-98.4462,29.734],[-98.4499,29.7345],[-98.4546,29.7327],[-98.4588,29.7337],[-98.463,29.7361],[-98.4661,29.7379],[-98.4719,29.7376],[-98.4772,29.7353],[-98.4851,29.735],[-98.5008,29.738],[-98.5086,29.7413],[-98.5122,29.7436],[-98.5143,29.7446],[-98.5196,29.7455],[-98.5238,29.7456],[-98.5254,29.7447],[-98.529,29.7452],[-98.5332,29.7485],[-98.5357,29.7526],[-98.5399,29.7541],[-98.5441,29.7527],[-98.5473,29.7528],[-98.5499,29.7547],[-98.5493,29.756],[-98.5488,29.7565],[-98.5488,29.7592],[-98.5498,29.7602],[-98.5524,29.7606],[-98.5535,29.7602],[-98.5545,29.7588],[-98.5562,29.7566],[-98.5572,29.7557],[-98.5604,29.7534],[-98.5662,29.7526],[-98.5741,29.7504],[-98.5783,29.7495],[-98.5805,29.7473],[-98.5816,29.7445],[-98.5837,29.7432],[-98.5874,29.7446],[-98.59,29.7469],[-98.5936,29.7488],[-98.5983,29.7489],[-98.6015,29.7494],[-98.6051,29.7499],[-98.6052,29.748],[-98.6047,29.7457],[-98.6026,29.7448],[-98.6016,29.7425],[-98.6048,29.7407],[-98.61,29.7399],[-98.6137,29.7395],[-98.6174,29.7409],[-98.6216,29.7423],[-98.6231,29.7428],[-98.6257,29.7437],[-98.6321,29.7429],[-98.6384,29.7416],[-98.6431,29.7403],[-98.6458,29.7403],[-98.6468,29.7426],[-98.6478,29.7477],[-98.4138,29.9442],[-98.2986,30.0395]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Comal\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0de4b07f02db69f4dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Small, T. A.","contributorId":105731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, J.A.","contributorId":41471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30004,"text":"wri944085 - 1994 - Guide to Louisiana's ground-water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri944085","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4085","title":"Guide to Louisiana's ground-water resources","docAbstract":"Ground water is one of the most valuable and abundant natural resources of Louisiana. Of the 4-.4 million people who live in the State, 61 percent use ground water as a source for drinking water. Most industrial and rural users and half of the irrigation users in the State rely on ground water. Quantity, however, is not the only aspect that makes ground water so valuable; quality also is important for its use. In most areas, little or no water treatment is required for drinking water and industrial purposes.  Knowledge of Louisiana's ground-water resources is needed to ensure proper development and protection of this valuable resource. This report is designed to inform citizens about the availability and quality of ground water in Louisiana. It is not intended as a technical reference; rather, it is a guide to ground water and the significant role this resource plays in the state. Most of the ground water that is used in the State is withdrawn from 13 aquifers and aquifer systems: the Cockfield, Sparta, and Carrizo-Wilcox   aquifersin northern Louisiana; Chicot aquifer system, Evangeline aquifer, Jasper aquifer system, and Catahoula aquifer in central and southwestern Louisiana; the Chicot equivalent, Evangeline equivalent, and Jasper equivalent aquifer systems in southeastern Louisiana; and the MississippiRiver alluvial, Red River alluvial, and upland terrace aquifers that are statewide.  Ground water is affected by man's activities on the land surface, and the major ground-water concerns in Louisiana are: (1) contamination from surface disposal of hazardous waste, agricultural chemicals, and petroleum products; (2) contamination from surface wastes and saltwater through abandoned wells; (3) saltwater encroachment; and (4) local overdevelopment.  Information about ground water in Louisiana is extensive and available to the public. Several State and Federal agencies provide published and unpublished material upon request.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944085","usgsCitation":"Stuart, C., Knochenmus, D., and McGee, B., 1994, Guide to Louisiana's ground-water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4085, v, 55 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (chiefly col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944085.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (chiefly col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58810,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545476","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuart, C.G.","contributorId":58644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, D.D.","contributorId":62644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, B.D.","contributorId":106167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30447,"text":"wri944058 - 1994 - Calibration, verification, and use of a water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:51:25","indexId":"wri944058","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4058","title":"Calibration, verification, and use of a water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>A 30.8-mile reach of the Red River of the North receives treated wastewater from plants at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, and streamflows from the Sheyenne River. A one-dimensional, steady-state, stream water-quality model, the Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E), was calibrated and verified for summer streamflow conditions to simulate some of the biochemical processes that result from discharging treated wastewater into this reach of the river.</p><p>Data obtained to define the river's transport conditions are measurements of channel geometry, streamflow, traveltime, specific conductance, and temperature. Data obtained to define the river's water-quality conditions are measurements of concentrations of selected water-quality constituents and estimates of various reaction coefficients. Most of the water-quality data used to calibrate and verify the model were obtained during two synoptic samplings in August 1989 and August 1990. </p><p>The water-quality model simulates specific conductance, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total ammonia as nitrogen, total organic nitrogen as nitrogen, total phosphorus as phosphorus, and algal biomass as chlorophyll a. Of the nine properties and constituents that the calibrated model simulates, all except algae were verified. When increases in dissolved-oxygen concentration are considered, model sensitivity analyses indicate that dissolved-oxygen concentration is most sensitive to maximum specific algal growth rate. When decreases in dissolved-oxygen concentration are considered, model sensitivity analyses indicate that dissolved-oxygen concentration is most sensitive to point-source ammonia. Model simulations indicate nitrification and sediment oxygen demand consume most of the dissolved oxygen in the study reach.</p><p>The Red River at Fargo Water-Quality Model and the verification data set, including associated reaction-coefficient values as input, were used to simulate total ammonia as nitrogen, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen for water-quality conditions that result from three hypothetical boundary conditions. The model was applied to various combinations of three hypothetical waste loads when the headwater streamflow was either 50 or 75 cubic feet per second, when Fargo's wastewater-treatment plant outflow was either 15 or 37.8 cubic feet per second, and when total ammonia as nitrogen concentration of the outflow was either 5,9, or 15 milligrams per liter. For each hypothetical waste load, at least one water-quality standard for either total ammonia as nitrogen, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, or dissolved oxygen was contravened, and, for one scenario, all three standards were contravened.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944058","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 1994, Calibration, verification, and use of a water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4058, viii, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944058.","productDescription":"viii, 143 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4058/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e72f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28349,"text":"wri944097 - 1994 - Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T13:10:52","indexId":"wri944097","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4097","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89","docAbstract":"<p>Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir are described on the basis of data collected from spring 1985 through fall 1989. Also included are discussions of water quality of the upper Arkansas River Basin and the reservoir as they relate to reservoir operations. Pueblo Reservoir is a multipurpose, main-stem reservoir on the Arkansas River about 6 miles west of Pueblo, Colorado. At the top of its conservation pool, the reservoir is more than 9 miles long and ranges in depth from a few feet at the inflow to about 155 feet at the dam. Pueblo Reservoir derives most of its contents from the Arkansas River, which comprises native and transmountain flow. </p><p>With respect to water temperature, the reservoir typically was well mixed to weakly stratified during the early spring and gradually became strongly stratified by May. The strong thermal stratification and underflow of the Arkansas River generally persisted into August, at which time the reservoir surface began to cool and the reservoir subsequently underwent fall turnover. Following fall turnover, the reservoir was stratified to some degree in the shallow upstream part and well mixed in the deeper middle and downstream parts. Reservoir residence times were affected by the extent of stratification present. When the reservoir was well mixed, residence times were as long as several months. During the summer when the reservoir was strongly stratified, reservoir releases were large, and when underflow was the prevalent flow pattern of the Arkansas River, reservoir residence times were as short as 30 days.</p><p>Most particulate matter settled from the water column between the inflow and a distance of about 5 miles downstream. On occasions of large streamflows and sediment loads from the Arkansas River, particulate matter was transported completely through the reservoir. Water transparency, as measured with a Secchi disk, increased in a downstream direction from the reservoir inflow. The increase probably was a result of sediment settling from the water column in the upstream part of the reservoir. Secchi-disk depths in December through April were larger than those in May through November. Secchi-disk depths were small between May through August as inflow sediment loads and reservoir biomass increased. In the fall, Secchi-disk depths remained small possibly as the result of resuspension of sediment and detritus within the water column. </p><p>Dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were near supersaturation near the reservoir surface. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations decreased with increasing depth. On several occasions during the summer, dissolved oxygen became completely depleted in the hypolimnion of the downstream part of the reservoir. The most extensive period of anoxia that was measured was in August 1988; the bottom 12 to 30 feet of the downstream end of the reservoir was anoxic. Fall turnover typically resulted in well-oxygenated conditions throughout the water column from September or October through the spring. Values of pH ranged from 7.5 to 9.0 and typically were largest near the surface and decreased with depth.</p><p>Dissolved-solids concentrations in the reservoir primarily are affected by dissolved solids in the inflow from the Arkansas River. Concentrations are largest during periods of decreased streamflows, September through April, and decrease with increasing streamflows in May through August. The median dissolved-solids concentration increased from 224 milligrams per liter at the inflow to 262 milligrams per liter at the outflow. However, a statistical analysis of dissolved solids indicated the apparent increase in dissolved-solids concentrations between the inflow and outflow was not significant. Calcium,&nbsp;sulfate, and bicarbonate are the major dissolved ions in Pueblo Reservoir.</p><p>Concentrations of the major nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, varied within the reservoir because of settling of particulate matter, uptake by phytoplankton near the reservoir surface, and releases from the reservoir bottom sediments. Phosphorus was indicated to be a potentially growth-limiting nutrient in the reservoir because of its relatively small concentrations. During 1986 and 1987, the reservoir retained about 35 percent (359 tons) of the total nitrogen load and about 83 percent (203 tons) of the total phosphorus load. Settling of particulate matter from the water column and uptake by phytoplankton are the major nutrient sinks in the reservoir.</p><p>Barium, iron, manganese, and zinc were the major trace elements in Pueblo Reservoir. Traceelement concentrations in the reservoir varied because of seasonality of trace-element concentrations in the Arkansas River, settling of particulate matter, and flux of trace elements from the bottom sediments. The aquatic-life standard in Pueblo Reservoir for total-recoverable iron (1,000 micrograms per liter) and the public water-supply standard for dissolved manganese (50 micrograms per liter) were exceeded on several occasions during the summer. Elevated concentrations of totalrecoverable iron and dissolved manganese in the Arkansas River during summer runoff contributed to exceedances in the upper part of the reservoir. Flux of manganese from the reservoir bottom sediments during periods of low or depleted dissolved-oxygen concentrations contributed to exceedances in the deeper, downstream parts of the reservoir. Concentrations of lead, mercury, and zinc were elevated in the reservoir bottom sediments and may be the result of metal-mine drainage in the upper Arkansas River Basin. </p><p>Median concentrations of total organic carbon ranged from 3.1 to 4.5 milligrams per liter in May through September and from 2.5 to 3.5 milligrams per liter in October through April. Totalorganic-carbon concentrations in the reservoir were largest in the summer when streamflows and total-organic-carbon concentrations are largest in the Arkansas River. Total-organic-carbon concentrations in the reservoir decrease downstream from the reservoir inflow because of settling of particulate organic carbon. </p><p>Levels of gross-alpha and gross-beta radioactivity generally were relatively low. In 7 of 31 samples collected, dissolved gross-alpha radioactivity, as natural uranium, exceeded 5 picocuries per liter, the level at which additional radiochemical analyses are recommended for drinking-water supplies. Potential sources of uranium in Pueblo Reservoir include weathering of exposed uranium ore deposits in the upper Arkansas River Basin and a uranium milling operation near Canon City.</p><p>Phytoplankton densities and biovolumes measured during the winter, spring, and fall generally were indicative of a small to moderate algal biomass. Phytoplankton production tended to be largest during the summer. During the summer, phytoplankton densities and biovolumes generally were indicative of a moderate to large algal biomass. However, excessive algal production and biomass periodically occurred during the spring, summer, and fall. Three species of phytoplankton that are specifically associated with taste-and-odor problems in drinking water were identified on several occasions in water samples collected from Pueblo Reservoir. </p><p>Reservoir operations and hydrodynamics can substantially affect processes that affect reservoir water quality. Stratification, underflow, and hypolimnetic withdrawals affect concentrations of dissolved solids, availability of nutrients, and concentrations of metals in the reservoir. Stratification impedes the mixing of epilimnetic and hypolimnetic waters, and the prevalent underflow that occurs during the summer results in a decrease in the potential dilution of inflowing river water with reservoir water. The underflow also decreases the maximum available nutrient load to the euphotic zone, which can, in turn, offset the maximum algal growth potential. Increased dissolved-solids, nutrient, and metal concentrations that occur in the hypolimnion during the summer are partially offset by hypolimnetic withdrawals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pueblo Board of Water Works, Fountain Valley Authority, Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District, Pueblo West Metropolitan District, St. Charles Mesa Water District, and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Lewis, M.E., and Edelmann, P., 1994, Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4097, Report: v, 71 p.; 1 Plate: 19.28 x 15.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944097.","productDescription":"Report: v, 71 p.; 1 Plate: 19.28 x 15.51 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":352735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Pueblo Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.9,\n              38.22\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.64,\n              38.22\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.64,\n              38.32\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9,\n              38.32\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9,\n              38.22\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68503b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Michael E. mlewis@usgs.gov","contributorId":3849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Michael","email":"mlewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21110,"text":"ofr94522 - 1994 - Estimated water use, by county, in North Carolina, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:55:41","indexId":"ofr94522","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-522","title":"Estimated water use, by county, in North Carolina, 1990","docAbstract":"Data on water use in North Carolina were compiled for 1990 as part of a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Division of Water Resources of the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. Data were compiled from a number of Federal, State, and private sources for the offstream water-use categories of public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, livestock, irrigation, and thermoelectric-power generation. Data also were collected for instream use from hydroelectric facilities.\r\n\r\nTotal estimated offstream water use in the State for 1990 was about 8,940 million gallons per day. About 95 percent of the water withdrawn was from surface-water sources. Thermoelectric-power generation accounted for about 81 percent of all withdrawals. Data for instream water use for hydroelectric-power generation also were compiled. This instream water use totaled about 66,900 million gallons per day. eAch water-use category is summarized in this report by county and source of water supply.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94522","usgsCitation":"Terziotti, S., Schrader, T.P., and Treece, M., 1994, Estimated water use, by county, in North Carolina, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-522, iv, 102 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94522.","productDescription":"iv, 102 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0522/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50699,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0522/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcbf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terziotti, Silvia 0000-0003-3559-5844 seterzio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-5844","contributorId":1613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"Silvia","email":"seterzio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schrader, Tony P. tpschrad@usgs.gov","contributorId":3027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Tony","email":"tpschrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Treece, M.W.","contributorId":91134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treece","given":"M.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28830,"text":"wri944125 - 1994 - Geohydrology of the San Agustin Basin, Alamosa Creek Basin upstream from Monticello Box, and upper Gila Basin in parts of Catron, Socorro, and Sierra counties, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-15T10:17:08","indexId":"wri944125","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4125","title":"Geohydrology of the San Agustin Basin, Alamosa Creek Basin upstream from Monticello Box, and upper Gila Basin in parts of Catron, Socorro, and Sierra counties, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>The San Agustin Basin, the Alamosa Creek Basin upstream from Monticello Box, and the upper Gila Basin are located in parts of Catron, Socorro, and Sierra Counties in west-central New Mexico. Four major aquifers are within the study area: (1) the San Agustin bolson-fill aquifer; (2) the Datil aquifer; (3) the shallow upland aquifers; and (4) the Alamosa Creek shallow aquifer. Two minor aquifers, the Baca Formation at the northern edge of the San Agustin Basin and a basalt to basaltic andesite unit overlying the Datil Group, yield some water to wells. </p><p>Sixty-three vertical electrical- resistivity soundings were used to estimate the depth to bedrock and the saline/freshwater interface in the San Agustin bolson-fill aquifer. The dissolved-solids concentration of ground-water samples ranged from 74 to 23,500 milligrams per liter. The dominant cations varied; the dominant anion of freshwater generally was bicarbonate. Point-of-discharge temperatures of well or spring water that exceed 21 degrees Celsius are associated with faults in the areas of shallow or exposed bedrock. The dissolved-solids concentration of this warm water ranged from 120 to 1,200 milligrams per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944125","usgsCitation":"Myers, R.G., Everheart, J., and Wilson, C., 1994, Geohydrology of the San Agustin Basin, Alamosa Creek Basin upstream from Monticello Box, and upper Gila Basin in parts of Catron, Socorro, and Sierra counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4125, Report: v, 70 p.; 3 Plates: 23.87 x 30.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944125.","productDescription":"Report: v, 70 p.; 3 Plates: 23.87 x 30.48 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":345800,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4125/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":345801,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4125/plate-2-1.pdf","text":"Plate 2 (Sheet 1)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":345802,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4125/plate-2-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2 (Sheet 2)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Catron County, Sierra County, Socorro County","otherGeospatial":"Alamosa Creek Basin, Gila Basin, San Agustin Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, R. G.","contributorId":30642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Everheart, J.T.","contributorId":66742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everheart","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, C.A.","contributorId":21115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":200473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":16902,"text":"ofr94465 - 1994 - Aquifer descriptions from the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, 1978-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:39:47","indexId":"ofr94465","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-465","title":"Aquifer descriptions from the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, 1978-1993","docAbstract":"The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the U.S. Geological Survey began in 1978. The overall purpose of this program is to define the geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical framework of the Nation's most important aquifers and aquifer systems. This report summarizes the aquifer or aquifer system name, geographic area, rock units, equivalent names, lithology, thickness, hydrologic characteristics, water quality, water use, and references for 157 aquifers in 23 areas of the United States. A .zip file containing the aquifer data and data search programs (in compressed ASCII format) is included in the report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94465","collaboration":"With a section on Use of the Aquifer Database by Helen Doherty. The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Davidson, C.B., and Doherty, H., 1994, Aquifer descriptions from the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, 1978-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-465, iii, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.); ZIP Download of Database Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94465.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.); ZIP Download of Database Files","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_94_465.gif"},{"id":258899,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0465/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":46010,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0465/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277769,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0465/application.zip"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davidson, Claire B.","contributorId":38573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doherty, Helen","contributorId":88602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"Helen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29780,"text":"wri944109 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of northern Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T09:42:29","indexId":"wri944109","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4109","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of northern Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>The 187-square mile study area is in the Triassic-Jurassic Newark Basin. Most of the area is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Upper Triassic age (74 percent) and intrusive diabase of Jurassic age (12 percent) and includes two southwest-northeast trending valleys underlain by carbonate and crystalline rock.</p>\n<p>Ground water in the sedimentary rocks of Triassic age moves through a network of interconnecting secondary openings fractures, bedding planes, and joints. The ground-water system consists of beds with a relatively high transmissivity separated by beds with a relatively low transmissivity that form a leaky, multiaquifer system. Ground water is unconfined in the shallower part of the aquifer and confined or semiconfined in the deeper part of the aquifer. Most deep wells are open to several water-bearing zones and are multiaquifer wells.</p>\n<p>The frequency of occurrence of water-bearing zones decreases with depth. Sixty-five percent of water-bearing zones for all hydrogeologic units are within 200 feet of land surface, and 85 percent are within 300 feet of land surface. On the basis of the median specific capacity of nondomestic wells, carbonate rocks, the Brunswick Group, and the Stockton Formation are the most productive hydrogeologic units. Carbonate rocks and the Stockton Formation have the highest median nondomestic well yields (156 and 120 gallons per minute, respectively) among the hydrogeologic units. Thirty-four percent of domestic wells drilled in diabase, 30 percent in the Lockatong Formation, and 21 percent in carbonate rock yield less than 5 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Average water budgets for the Cooks, Tinicum, Paunnacussing, and Mill Creek Basins weighted by drainage area were calculated for 1991-92. Average annual precipitation was 41.7 in. (inches); average annual evapotranspiration (ET) and other losses were 26.2 in. or 63 percent of precipitation; average annual streamflow was 15.9 in., or 38 percent of the average precipitation; and the average annual change in ground-water storage was a decrease of 0.3 in., or less than 1 percent of the average annual precipitation. Average estimated recharge for 1991-92 weighted by drainage area was 10.1 in. [0.485 (Mgal/d)/mi<sup>2</sup> (million gallons per day per square mile)]; this is equal to a recharge rate of 758 gallons per day per acre.</p>\n<p>Water budgets for the Tohickon Creek Basin were calculated for 1968-91 (prior to regulation of the stream by Lake Nockamixon). The average annual precipitation was 47.2 in.; average annual ET and other losses were 24.3 in., or 51 percent of the average annual precipitation; and annual streamflow was 22.6 in., or 48 percent of the average annual precipitation.</p>\n<p>Streamflow hydrographs for 1991-92 for Cooks, Tinicum, Paunnacussing, and Mill Creeks were separated into baseflow and surface-runoff components. Average annual ground-water discharge to streams weighted by drainage area was 8.4 in. [0.403 (Mgal/d)/mi<sup>2</sup>], which was 20 percent of the average annual precipitation and 53 percent of the average annual streamflow. Average annual surface runoff weighted by drainage area was 7.4 in., which was 18 percent of the average annual precipitation and 47 percent of the average annual streamflow. Annual base flow for 1936-71 for Tohickon Creek ranged from 2.5 in. [0.12 (Mgal/d)/mi<sup>2</sup>] in 1965 to 8.4 in. [0.40 (Mgal/d)/mi<sup>2</sup>] in 1945. The median base flow was 5.3 in. [0.25 (Mgal/d)/mi<sup>2</sup>].</p>\n<p>Water from wells in the crystalline rocks has the lowest median pH (5.8), the lowest median specific conductance (139 microsiemens per centimeter), the lowest median alkalinity [16 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as CaCOg], and the highest dissolved oxygen concentration (9.0 mg/L) of the hydrogeologic units. Water from wells in carbonate rocks has the highest median pH (7.8) and the highest median alkalinity (195 mg/L as CaCO3) of the hydrogeologic units. Water from wells in the Lockatong Formation has the highest median specific conductance (428 microsiemens per centimeter) and the lowest dissolved oxygen concentration (0.8 mg/L) of the hydrogeologic units. Water from wells in crystalline rocks contains the lowest concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) of the hydrogeologic units. Water from the Lockatong Formation contains the highest concentration of TDS of the hydrogeologic units. Water from only 1 of 83 wells sampled exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for TDS; the well is in the Lockatong Formation. Five of 86 samples (6 percent) and 6 of 75 samples (8 percent) exceed the USEPA SMCL for iron and manganese, respectively. Nitrate is the most prevalent nitrogen species in ground water. The median nitrate concentration for all hydrogeologic units is 2.3 mg/L. Of 71 water samples from wells, no concentrations of nitrate exceed the USEPA maximum contaminant level. The median dissolved radon-222 activity was highest for water samples from wells in crystalline rock [3,600 pCi/L (picocuries per liter)] and lowest for water samples from wells in the Lockatong Formation (340 pCi/L) and diabase (350 pCi/L). Water samples for analysis for volatile organic compounds (VOC's) were collected from 34 wells in areas where the potential existed for the presence of VOC's in ground water. VOC's were detected in 23 percent of the 34 wells sampled. The most commonly detected compound was trichloroethylene (13 percent of sampled wells).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944109","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New Hope Borough and Bridgeton, Buckingham, Nockamixon, Plumstead, Solebury, Springfield, Tinicum, and Wrightstown townships","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., and Schreffler, C.L., 1994, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of northern Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4109, Report: viii, 85 p.; 1 Plate: 36.71 x 38.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944109.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 85 p.; 1 Plate: 36.71 x 38.57 inches","numberOfPages":"93","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313236,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4109/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":58583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4109/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":119628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4109/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks 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Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreffler, Curtis L. clschref@usgs.gov","contributorId":333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreffler","given":"Curtis","email":"clschref@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19138,"text":"ofr91503 - 1994 - Water wells on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-18T11:30:00.985057","indexId":"ofr91503","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-503","title":"Water wells on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation of well-inventory data collected from December 1988 to September 1990 on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands from 634 wells. The report includes well locations on 1982, 7.5 minute series, USGS topographic maps, which are published to scale, and tables of selected well data. The report includes the following well information: well name, U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Site Identification number, use of water, year well constructed, reported depth of well, measured depth of well, casing diameter, type of well finish and finish interval, land surface altitude of well, depth to water below land surface, date water level measured, and well yield.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91503","usgsCitation":"Green, B., and Cherry, G., 1994, Water wells on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-503, v, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91503.","productDescription":"v, 119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0503/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48604,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0503/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Croix","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -64.94502024554683,\n              17.819881966435986\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.94502024554683,\n              17.657759806684382\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.51124639649275,\n              17.657759806684382\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.51124639649275,\n              17.819881966435986\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.94502024554683,\n              17.819881966435986\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Bruce","contributorId":79129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Gregory","contributorId":33730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30579,"text":"wri944140 - 1994 - Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:51:28","indexId":"wri944140","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4140","title":"Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90","docAbstract":"<p>The City of Virginia Beach currently (1994) supplies water to about 400,000 people in southeastern Virginia. The city plans to withdraw water from the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston to meet projected water needs of the population to the year 2030. The purpose of this report is to (1) describe the temporal and spatial distribution of selected water-quality constituents, (2) document current (1989) land use and land cover in the Pea Hill Arm drainage basin, and (3) discuss relations, if any, between the quality of water in the inlets within the Pea Hill Arm and land uses. The report focuses on water-quality problems in the basin, including changes in concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and algae associated with urban development adjacent to water bodies.</p><p>The Pea Hill Arm was classified as mesotrophic on the basis of the range of concentrations of total phosphorus (0.001 to 0.61 milligrams per liter); the range of concentrations of total organic-plus-ammonia nitrogen (0.2 to 1.4 milligrams per liter); and the range of concentrations of chlorophyll a (1.4 to 56 micrograms per liter). These water-quality data were collected at 3 feet below the water surface during water years 1989-90.</p><p>Thermal stratification in Pea Hill Arm generally began in April and ended in September. Water below a depth of about 25 feet generally became anoxic by June. Destratification generally began in late September and was completed by November. Lake Gaston followed the same general stratification and destratification pattern as Pea Hill Arm, except Lake Gaston was partially destratified during the summer when large amounts of water were released from John H. Kerr Reservoir and Lake Gaston Dams. </p><p>During water year 1988, streamflows were 33 percent below the long-term mean-annual streamflows at one of the major streams to Lake Gaston. Low streamflows contributed to elevated specific conductances and concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity from October 1988 to February 1989 at sampling stations in the Pea Hill Arm and Lake Gaston.</p><p>About 75 percent of the land use in the Pea Hill Arm is forest land. The remaining 25 percent of the Pea Hill Arm drainage basin is 8 percent pasture/open land, 8 percent open water, 6 percent residential land, and 3 percent cropland. No statistical relations are present between water-quality constituents measured and developed land uses within 11 basins in the Pea Hill Arm Basin, except during periods of stormwater runoff. During a stormwater-runoff event, there was a relation between total nitrite plus nitrate and land use (Kendall's tau correlation coefficient of 0.69). The relation between the developed land use and total nitrite plus nitrate can also be related to the increased ground-water inputs during high base-flow periods.</p><p>Spatial differences in water-quality constituents as determined by Wilcoxon (matched-pairs) signed-rank tests and cluster analyses were longitudinal and primarily grouped into riverine, transition, and lacustrine zones. These zones were grouped on the basis of flow characteristics and nutrient concentrations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Virginia Beach","usgsCitation":"Woodside, M., 1994, Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4140, Report: vii, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 24.56 x 26.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944140.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 24.56 x 26.32 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59338,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Gaston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.29544067382812,\n              36.38259604087706\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.29544067382812,\n              36.69264861993992\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.64450073242188,\n              36.69264861993992\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.64450073242188,\n              36.38259604087706\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.29544067382812,\n              36.38259604087706\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodside, Michael D. mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"Michael D.","email":"mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29846,"text":"wri944180A - 1994 - Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T20:26:54.064108","indexId":"wri944180A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4180","chapter":"A","title":"Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rates of heat loss from eight steam-heated thermal areas and one conductively heated thermal area in Lassen Volcanic National Park have been determined from measurements made during the period 1984-93. Total heat discharge at the steam-heated areas is assumed proportional to the rate of steam upflow from underlying reservoirs. The dominant mode of heat loss differs among the areas studied; at Bumpass Hell and Boiling Springs Lake evaporation from water surfaces dominates, whereas at Devils Kitchen and Little Hot Springs Valley most of the heat is lost by advection in streams. Heat loss from furnaroles, which discharge at temperatures of 93 157°C depending on the area, accounts for less than 30 percent of the total heat loss for all but the smallest thermal areas. Estimates of total heat loss from the eight steam-heated areas range from about 30 megawatts at Bumpass Hell and Boiling Springs Lake to less than 2 megawatts at Terminal Geyser, Pilot Pinnacle and Lassen Peak, and total about 120 megawatts. The corresponding rate of steam upflow required to supply this total heat loss is approximately 40 kilograms per second, with about half providing heat input to the five thermal areas situated on the flanks of Lassen Peak and the remainder supplying heat to thermal areas situated to the southeast of Lassen Peak along or near Hot Springs Creek. For the most part, heat-loss measurements were made during late summer and fall when streamflows were relatively low. At each thermal area, rates of streamflow and advective heat loss are greatest in the spring and early summer, reflecting depletion of stored heat by infiltrating cold water. Such seasonal variations, along with variations due to errors in our heat-loss determinations, result in uncertainties of approximately ± 20 percent in our estimates of total heat loss and steam upflow at all the Park's thermal areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944180A","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M.L., and Colvard, E.M., 1994, Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4180, iii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944180A.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415885,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48054.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58655,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4180a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4180a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Volcanic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.3333,\n              40.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5667,\n              40.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5667,\n              40.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3333,\n              40.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3333,\n              40.5833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6112b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, Michael L.","contributorId":20726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colvard, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":26675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20435,"text":"ofr94710 - 1994 - Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T17:37:31.640984","indexId":"ofr94710","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-710","title":"Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs","docAbstract":"<p>On March 15, 1979, four moderate earthquakes (ML 4.9, 5.3, 4.5, 4.8) occurred in the Homestead Valley area of the Mojave Desert (Figure 1). At that time, they were noteworthy for a vigorous aftershock sequence and for off-fault epicentral locations that formed a cruciform pattern (Hutton, et al., 1980; Stein and Lisowski, 1983). More recently, there is renewed interest in the Homestead Valley sequence because of its proximity and possible relationship to the June 28, 1992 Landers earthquake (MW 7.3). The Homestead Valley earthquakes fall within the Landers aftershock zone, and many of the Homestead Valley epicenters align with the Landers surface rupture (Figure 2). </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94710","usgsCitation":"Perry-Huston, S., and Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1994, Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-710, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94710.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0710/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0710/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Homestead Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              33.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry-Huston, Sue","contributorId":76337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry-Huston","given":"Sue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, Donna 0000-0003-0392-8659","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-8659","contributorId":190650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"Donna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29875,"text":"wri924174 - 1994 - Saltwater intrusion and quality of water in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri924174","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4174","title":"Saltwater intrusion and quality of water in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida","docAbstract":"Saltwater intrusion is a potential threat to ground- water quality in the Floridan aquifer in Duval, Nassau, and St. Johns Counties. Five possible mechanisms of saltwater movement that could explain the increases in chloride concentrations in water in the freshwater zones of the Floridan aquifer system are: (1) unflushed pockets of relic seawater, (2) upward leakage of saltwater through failed, uncased, or improperly plugged or constructed wells, (3) lateral movement of saltwater from the north- eastern Florida coast, (4) upconing of saltwater from below pumped wells, and (5) saltwater movement into freshwater zones due to thinning, or breaching by joints, fractures, collapse features, or possibly by faults, of the overlying semiconfining beds. Total ground-water use in the study area increased more than 40 percent between 1965 and 1988, with approximately 90 percent of the water being with- drawn from the Floridan aquifer system. Pumping to satisfy this increase in water use resulted in a decline of the potentiometric surface, thus in- creasing the potential for saltwater movement upward into freshwater zones. The potential for saltwater intrusion is expected to increase as population growth continues and greater demands are placed on ground-water resources. Possible water-management strategies that could reduce this potential threat include: minimizing well depths, installation of new well fields in areas where the thickness of the freshwater lens is greatest, reducing drawdowns in wells fields and other areas where saltwater in- trusion could be occurring, and plugging the lower parts of some of the deeper wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924174","usgsCitation":"Spechler, R., 1994, Saltwater intrusion and quality of water in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4174, vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924174.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2396,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":58688,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4174/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29003,"text":"wri944185 - 1994 - Identification, characterization, and analysis of hydraulically conductive fractures in granitic basement rocks, Millville, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:46:53","indexId":"wri944185","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4185","title":"Identification, characterization, and analysis of hydraulically conductive fractures in granitic basement rocks, Millville, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A suite of geophysical logs designed to identify and characterize fractures and water production in fractures was run in six bedrock boreholes at a ground-water contamination site near the towns of Millville and Uxbridge in south-central Massachusetts. The geophysical logs used in this study included conventional gamma, single-point resistance, borehole fluid resistivity, caliper, spontaneous potential, and temperature; and the borehole televiewer and heat-pulse flowmeter, which are not usually used to log bedrock water-supply wells. Downward flow under ambient hydraulic-head conditions was measured in three of the boreholes at the site, and the profile of fluid column resistivity inferred from the logs indicated downward flow in all six boreholes. Steady injection tests at about 1.0 gallon per minute were used to identify fractures capable of conducting flow under test conditions. Sixteen of 157 fracturesidentified on the televiewer logs and interpreted as permeable fractures in the data analysis were determined to conduct flow under ambient hydraulic-head conditions or during injection. Hydraulic-head monitoring in the bedrock boreholes indicated a consistent head difference between the upper and lower parts of the boreholes. This naturally occurring hydraulic-head condition may account, in part, for the transport of contaminants from the overlying soil into the bedrock aquifer. The downward flow may also account for the decrease in contaminant concentrations found in some boreholes after routine use of the boreholes as water-supply wells was discontinued.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944185","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Ollila, P., 1994, Identification, characterization, and analysis of hydraulically conductive fractures in granitic basement rocks, Millville, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4185, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944185.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ollila, P.W.","contributorId":45750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ollila","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27561,"text":"wri944156 - 1994 - Identification of potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, using a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri944156","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4156","title":"Identification of potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, using a geographic information system","docAbstract":"Potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, were identified using a geographic information system (GIS) to aid regional and local ground-water resource management efforts. Criteria were selected to identify potential areas on the basis of data restrictions in addition to State requirements for siting new public water- supply wells, Federal or local restrictions on land use, and general hydrogeologic or water-quality concerns. Data layers were created for each criterion and overliad to eliminate areas from consideration as potential public water supplies. Remaining areas, those not included within the applied criteria, are the primary areas to consider for potential public water supplies. The areas identified in this analysis as potential public water supplies range from 0.5 to 7.9 percent of the individual flow cells, or 5.6 percent of the total flow cell area. The criteria were ranked so that criteria more limiting to potential public water supplies were given a higher rank than other criteria. The ranking scheme allows for the inclusion of areas with lower ranked criteria as potential public water supplies. Results can be viewed on a plat in this report, or accessed using the map-based, menu-driven GIS application, which provides interactive display and query of investigation results.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944156","usgsCitation":"Harris, S., and Steeves, P.A., 1994, Identification of potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, using a geographic information system: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4156, iv, 23 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944156.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4156/report.pdf","size":"5691","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95642,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4156/plate-1.pdf","size":"12660","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4156/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, S.L.","contributorId":79921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steeves, P. A.","contributorId":35774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeves","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27825,"text":"wri944184 - 1994 - Determination of land subsidence related to ground-water-level declines using Global Positioning System and leveling surveys in Antelope Valley, Los Angeles and Kern counties, California, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri944184","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4184","title":"Determination of land subsidence related to ground-water-level declines using Global Positioning System and leveling surveys in Antelope Valley, Los Angeles and Kern counties, California, 1992","docAbstract":"A large-scale, land-subsidence monitoring network for Antelope Valley, California, was established, and positions and elevations for 85 stations were measured using Global Positioning System geodetic surveying in spring 1992. The 95-percent confidence (2@) level of accuracy for the elevations calculated for a multiple-constraint adjustment generally ranged from +0.010 meter (0.032 foot) to +0.024 meter (0.078 foot). The magnitudes and rates of land subsidence as of 1992 were calculated for several periods for 218 bench marks throughout Antelope Valley. The maximum measured magnitude of land subsidence that occurred between 1926 and 1992 was 6.0 feet (1.83 meters) at BM 474 near Avenue I and Sierra Highway. Measured or estimated subsidence of 2-7 feet (.61-2.l3 meters) had occurred in a 210- square-mile (542-square-kilometer) area of Antelope Valley, generally bounded by Avenue K, Avenue A, 90th Street West, and 120th Street East, during the same period. Land subsidence in Antelope Valley is caused by aquifer-system compaction, which is related to ground-water-level declines and the presence of fine-grained, compressible sediments. Comparison of potentiomethric-surface, water-level decline, and subsidence-rate maps for several periods indicated a general correlation between water-level declines and the distribution and rate of subsidence in the Lancaster ground-water subbasin. A conservative estimate of the amount of the reduction in storage capacity of the aquifer system in the Lancaster subbasin is about 50,000 acre-feet in the area that has been affected by more than one foot (.30 meters) of subsidence as of 1992. Information on the history of ground-water levels and the distribution and thickness of fine-grained compressible sediments can be used to mitigate continued land subsidence. Future monitoring of ground-water levels and land-surface elevations in subsidence-sensitive regions of Antelope Valley may be an effective means to manage land subsidence.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944184","usgsCitation":"Ikehara, M.E., and Phillips, S., 1994, Determination of land subsidence related to ground-water-level declines using Global Positioning System and leveling surveys in Antelope Valley, Los Angeles and Kern counties, California, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4184, vi, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944184.","productDescription":"vi, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4184/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56659,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikehara, M. E.","contributorId":40977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, S.P.","contributorId":38172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27905,"text":"wri944124 - 1994 - Ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration in a desert environment of southern Nevada, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T20:00:49.325476","indexId":"wri944124","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4124","title":"Ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration in a desert environment of southern Nevada, 1987","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET) data were collected at two sites where microclimates are typical of the Mojave Desert in southern Nevada-one site with and one without ground-water contributions to ET--under extremely arid desert conditions. By comparing the rate of evapotranspiration at the two sites, the amount of ground-water ET can be inferred. This method may be useful for quantifying ground-water discharge by ET around basin playas or the summer carbonate-aquifer springs, ET rates are greatest in early spring, but are less than 0.6 millimeter per day (mm/d). As the summer progresses and soil moisture is depleted, ET drops below 0.1 mm/d and vegetation wilts. In areas'with a ground-water contribution, under similar climatic conditions, ET rates increase with increasing solar radiation and plant growth from 1 mm/d in winter to an average of 1.5 to 3.0 mm/d in spring. The highest average is about 5.0 mm/d, in June, July, and August, with fluctuations generally between 3.0 and 7.0 mm/d; the rate then decreases from 3.0 to less than 1.0 mm/d by late autumn. A comparison of monthly ET totals based on average daily rates at the two sites indicates that about 520 millimeters of ground water was lost to ET at Ash Meadows during the 6 months of record, April through September 1987. This is in general agreement with the range of values estimated for areas with native vegetation in the Amargosa Desert where the depth to water was between 0.0 and 1.5 meters. Estimated rates ranged from 320 to 760 millimeters per year.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944124","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M.J., 1994, Ground-water discharge by evapotranspiration in a desert environment of southern Nevada, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4124, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944124.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415597,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48010.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4124/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.25,\n              36.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3667,\n              36.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3667,\n              36.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.25,\n              36.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.25,\n              36.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, M. J.","contributorId":52988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}