The Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program is part of a multi-scale, inter-agency initiative to evaluate the effects of agricultural management systems on water quality in the midwest corn belt. The Minnesota MSEA project is one of five projects selected to represent the principal hydrogeologic settings and geographic diversity of prevailing management systems in the midwest corn belt. The Minnesota MSEA research area is located in the Anoka Sand Plain about 5 kilometers southwest of Princeton, Minnesota. The water-quality monitoring network within the 65-hectare research area consists of 29 observation wells and 22 multiport wells. Thirteen observation wells also are located outside the research area.
\nGlacial deposits beneath the research area generally consist of fine to medium sand in the unsaturated zone and coarse to very coarse sand and gravel in the saturated zone. The average depth to the water table is about 3.6 meters below land surface. Ground-water recharge during 1992 was lower (4.9-13.2 centimeters) than during 1991 (11.7-25.7 centimeters) because of reduced precipitation (58.5 centimeters during 1992 and 94.5 centimeters during 1991).
\nEstimates of saturated horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the surficial aquifer were made using five methods. Results were within about two orders of magnitude and also agree favorably with estimates from a previous study of the Anoka Sand Plain. The smallest hydraulic conductivities were obtained using laboratory analyses (0.0052 centimeters per second) and the largest estimate was obtained from results of an aquifer test (0.2820 centimeters per second). The estimate of hydraulic conductivity based on the time of travel of chloride (0.0655 centimeters per second) is considered most accurate and representative of the surficial aquifer in the research area.
\n\n
Anthropogenic effects of previous land use were detected in water samples collected during April 1991, prior to implementation of the MSEA farming systems. Concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate-N) in the surficial aquifer equaled or exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in 4 of the 7 wells in the research area. The maximum concentration of nitrate-N in ground water from these wells was 23 mg/L with a median of 10 mg/L. The median concentration of nitrate-N for these wells exceeded the median in wells located upgradient from the research area (2.1 mg/L). Similarly, the median concentration of chloride from wells in the research area (11 mg/L) exceeded the median in upgradient wells (3.8 mg/L). On-site sources of the elevated nitrate-N include decomposition of alfalfa, grown on-site during 1981-89, and application of nitrogen fertilizer to corn during 1990. A likely on-site source of the elevated chloride is application of potassium-chloride fertilizer to crops prior to 1991.
\nAtrazine was detected by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy in 2 of the 7 wells in the research area at concentrations of 0.04 and 0.17 micrograms per liter (ug/L), well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended maximum contaminant level of 3 ug/L. The median concentration in these Wells was less than the qualitative detection limit of 0.01 ug/L. Atrazine metabolite de-ethylatrazine was the most frequently detected herbicide or herbicide metabolite. De-ethylatrazine was detected in 5 of the 7 wells in the research area at concentrations ranging from 0.12 to 0.32 ug/L with a median concentration of 0.14 ug/L. Atrazine metabolite de-isopropylatrazine was not detected above the qualitative detection limit of 0.06 ug/L. The most likely sources of atrazine are applications to the research area during 1990 or from precipitation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota Department of Soil Science, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., Landon, M., Lamb, J., and Anderson, J.L., 1994, Characterization of the hydrogeology and water quality at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4149, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944149.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54136,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.64797592163086,\n 45.509474756808736\n ],\n [\n -93.64797592163086,\n 45.58304947361755\n ],\n [\n -93.55991363525389,\n 45.58304947361755\n ],\n [\n -93.55991363525389,\n 45.509474756808736\n ],\n [\n -93.64797592163086,\n 45.509474756808736\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, J.A.","contributorId":95898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25675,"text":"wri944002 - 1994 - Nationwide summary of US Geological Survey regional regression equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri944002","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4002","title":"Nationwide summary of US Geological Survey regional regression equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites, 1993","docAbstract":"For many years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been involved in the development of regional regression equations for estimating flood magnitude and frequency at ungaged sites. These regression equations are used to transfer flood characteristics from gaged to ungaged sites through the use of watershed and climatic characteristics as explanatory or predictor variables. Generally these equations have been developed on a statewide or metropolitan area basis as part of cooperative study programs with specific State Departments of Transportation or specific cities. The USGS, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has compiled all the current (as of September 1993) statewide and metropolitan area regression equations into a micro-computer program titled the National Flood Frequency Program.This program includes regression equations for estimating flood-peak discharges and techniques for estimating a typical flood hydrograph for a given recurrence interval peak discharge for unregulated rural and urban watersheds. These techniques should be useful to engineers and hydrologists for planning and design applications. This report summarizes the statewide regression equations for rural watersheds in each State, summarizes the applicable metropolitan area or statewide regression equations for urban watersheds, describes the National Flood Frequency Program for making these computations, and provides much of the reference information on the extrapolation variables needed to run the program.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944002","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., Thomas, W., and Riggs, H.C., 1994, Nationwide summary of US Geological Survey regional regression equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002, v, 196 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.) [PGS - 203 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944002.","productDescription":"v, 196 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.) [PGS - 203 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54443,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, W.O. Jr.","contributorId":32133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, H. C.","contributorId":17210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5268,"text":"fs01594 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Ozark Plateaus surface-water quality study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs01594","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"015-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Ozark Plateaus surface-water quality study","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs01594","usgsCitation":"Femmer, S.R., and Joseph, R.L., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Ozark Plateaus surface-water quality study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 015-94, 1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01594.","productDescription":"1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mo.water.usgs.gov/fact_sheets/surfwat.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_015_94.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698574","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Femmer, Suzanne R. sfemmer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Femmer","given":"Suzanne","email":"sfemmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":150747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6738,"text":"fs02694 - 1994 - Idaho's surface-water-quality monitoring program: results from five sites sampled during water years 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:39:31","indexId":"fs02694","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"026-94","title":"Idaho's surface-water-quality monitoring program: results from five sites sampled during water years 1990-93","docAbstract":"In 1990, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality, implemented a statewide water-quality monitoring program in response to Idaho's antidegradation policy as required by the Clean Water Act. The program objective is to provide water-quality managers with a coordinated statewide network to detect trends in surface-water quality.
\nThe monitoring program includes the collection and analysis of samples from 56 sites on the Bear, Clearwater, Kootenai, Pend Oreille, Salmon, Snake, and Spokane Rivers and their tributaries (fig. 1). Samples are collected every year at 5 sites (annual sites) in drainage basins where long-term water-quality management is practiced, every other year at 19 sites (biennial sites) in basins where land and water uses change slowly, and every third year at 32 sites (triennial sites) where future development may affect water quality. Each year, 25 of the 56 sites are sampled. This report discusses results of sampling at five annual sites.
\nDuring water years 1990-93 (October 1, 1989, through September 30, 1993), samples were collected six times per year at the five annual sites (fig. 1). Onsite analyses were made for discharge, specific conductance, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria (fecal coliform and fecal streptococci), and alkalinity. Laboratory analyses were made for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and suspended sediment. Suspended sediment, nitrate, fecal coliform, trace elements, and specific conductance were used to characterize surface-water quality. Because concentrations of all trace elements except zinc were near detection limits, only zinc is discussed.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5144,"text":"fs01694 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Central Arizona Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-28T14:02:05","indexId":"fs01694","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"016-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Central Arizona Basins","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began to implement a full-scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The long-term goals of the NAWQA program are to describe the status and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's surface-water and ground-water resources and to provide a sound, scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors affecting the quality of these resources. In meeting these goals, the program will produce a wealth of water-quality information that will be useful to policymakers and managers at the National, State, and local levels.
\nStudies of 60 hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river basins and aquifer systems (study-unit investigations) are the building blocks of the national assessment. The 60 study units range in size from 1,000 to about 60,000 mi2 and represent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supplies. Twenty study-unit investigations were started in 1991, 20 additional studies started in 1994, and 20 more are planned to start in 1997. The Central Arizona Basins study unit began assessment activities in 1994.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs01694","usgsCitation":"Cordy, G.E., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Central Arizona Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 016-94, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01694.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287690,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287689,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0016-94/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.3,31.0 ], [ -113.3,35.97 ], [ -109.05,35.97 ], [ -109.05,31.0 ], [ -113.3,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69857e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordy, Gail E.","contributorId":94296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordy","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5521,"text":"fs02994 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program: The Sacramento River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"fs02994","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"029-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program: The Sacramento River Basin","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began to implement a full-scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The long-term goals of the NAWQA program are to describe the status of and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources and to identify the major natural and human factors that affect the quality of those resources. In addressing these goals, the program will provide a wealth of water- quality information that will be useful to policy makers and managers at the national, State, and local levels. \r\n\r\n\r\nA major asset of the NAWQA program is that it will allow for the integration of water-quality information collected at several scales. A major component of the program is the study-unit investigation-the foundation of national- level assessment. The 60 study units of the NAWQA program are hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river basins and aquifer systems of the conterminous United States. These study units cover areas of 1,000 to more than 60,000 square miles and represent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supplies. Investigations of the first 20 study units began in 1991. In 1994, the Sacramento River Basin was among the second set of 20 NAWQA study units selected for investigation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs02994","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., and Brown, L.R., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program: The Sacramento River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 029-94, Map Sheet: 28 x 22 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02994.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 28 x 22 cm","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11191,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/fs94029/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":32086,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69813e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6734,"text":"fs07494 - 1994 - Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21429,"text":"ofr93405 - 1993 - Determining the source of water pumped from wells along the lower Colorado River","indexId":"ofr93405","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Determining the source of water pumped from wells along the lower Colorado River"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6734,"text":"fs07494 - 1994 - Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","indexId":"fs07494","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:53","indexId":"fs07494","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"074-94","title":"Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","docAbstract":"In the Colorado River valley between the east end of Lake Mead and the international boundary with Mexico (see figure), the river is the principal source of water for agricultural, domestic, municipal, industrial, hydroelectric-power generation, and recreational purposes. Water is stored in surface reservoirs and in the river aquifer---permeable sediments and sedimentary rocks that fill the lower Colorado River valley and adjacent tributary valleys. The hydraulic connection between the river and the river aquifer, overbank flow prior to building of the dams, and infiltration as the reservoirs filled allowed the sediments and sedimentary rocks to become saturated with water from the river. Ratios of isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water from wells indicate that most of the water in the river aquifer beneath the flood plain and in many places beneath the adjacent alluvial slopes originated from the river. The water table in the river aquifer extends from the river, beneath the flood plain, and under the alluvial slopes until it intersects bedrock. Precipitation in the surrounding mountains and inflow from tributary valleys also contribute small quantities of water to the river aquifer.\r\n\r\nConsumptive use of river water in the valley results from evapotranspiration by vegetation (crops and phreatophytes) on the flood plain, pumpage from wells to meet domestic and municipal needs, and pumpage from the river for export to areas in California, Arizona, and Nevada outside of the river valley. Most crops are grown on the flood plain; in a few areas, land on the adjacent terraces has been cultivated. Crops were grown on about 70 percent of the total vegetated area in 1984. Phreatophytes---natural vegetation that obtains water from the river aquifer---covered the remaining vegetated areas on the uncultivated flood plain. Most of the water used for irrigation is diverted or pumped directly from the river and reservoirs. Most of the water used for domestic and municipal purposes is pumped from wells on the flood plain, on adjacent alluvial slopes, and in tributary valleys. River water also is delivered to Mexico in accordance with an international treaty.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs07494","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., and Wilson, R.P., 1994, Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah (Supersedes OFR 93-405): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 074-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07494.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_074_94.bmp"},{"id":767,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-074-94/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 93-405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Richard P.","contributorId":96655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6856,"text":"fs01794 - 1994 - Observation-well network for collection of ground-water level data in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:38:25","indexId":"fs01794","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"017-94","title":"Observation-well network for collection of ground-water level data in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Aquifers--water-bearing deposits of sand and gravel, glacial till, and fractured bedrock--provide an extensive and readily accessible ground-water supply in Massachusetts. Ground water affects our everyday lives, not just in terms of how much water is available, but also in terms of the position of ground-water levels in relation to land surface. Knowledge of ground-water levels is needed by Federal, State, and local agencies to help plan, manage, and protect ground-water supplies, and by private construction companies for site planning and evaluation.
\nA primary part of the mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Water Resources Division, is the systematic collection of ground-water, surface-water, and water-quality data. These data are needed to manage and protect the nation's water resources. The Massachusetts-Rhode Island District of the USGS, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management (DEM), Office of Water Resources, and county and town environmental agencies, has maintained a network of observation wells throughout the Commonwealth since the mid 1930's. The purpose of this network is to monitor seasonal and long-term changes in groundwater storage in different lithologic, topographic, and geographic settings. These data are analyzed to provide a monthly index of ground-water conditions to aid in water-resources management and planning, and to define long-term changes in water levels resulting from manmade stresses (such as pumping and construction-site drainage) and natural stresses (such as floods and droughts).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs01794","usgsCitation":"Socolow, R.S., 1994, Observation-well network for collection of ground-water level data in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 017-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01794.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs01794.jpg"},{"id":285356,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0017-94/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.5081,41.239 ], [ -73.5081,42.8868 ], [ -69.928,42.8868 ], [ -69.928,41.239 ], [ -73.5081,41.239 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69653d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Socolow, Roy S.","contributorId":65070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socolow","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6788,"text":"fs01894 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program; the lower Illinois River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:53","indexId":"fs01894","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"018-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program; the lower Illinois River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs01894","usgsCitation":"Warner, K., and Schmidt, A.R., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; the lower Illinois River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 018-94, 1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01894.","productDescription":"1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_018_94.jpg"},{"id":805,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=FS&number=94-018","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Kelly L. klwarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Kelly L.","email":"klwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, Arthur R.","contributorId":105709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5069,"text":"fs02794 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program: the Northern New England Basins study unit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:40:23","indexId":"fs02794","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"027-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program: the Northern New England Basins study unit","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Department of the Interior, began a full-scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The objectives of the NAWQA program are to describe the present and future water quality of large, representative parts of the United States's surface- and ground-water resources and to identify the primary natural and man-made factors that affect the quality of these resources. The final product of the program will be information that may be used by water-resource policy makers and managers at national, State, and local levels.
\nThe NAWQA program encompasses 60 study units. These units are delineated by hydrologic systems that include parts of most of the Nation's major river basins and aquifer systems. Study units range in size from 1,000 mi2 (square miles) to more than 60,000 mi2 and represent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supplies. The first group of 20 study-unit investigations began in 1991. A second group of 20 study-unit investigations began in 1994, which includes the Northern New England Basins study unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs02794","usgsCitation":"Flanagan, S., and Robinson, K.W., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program: the Northern New England Basins study unit: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 027-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02794.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs02794.jpg"},{"id":285360,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0027-94/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine;Massachusetts;New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.19,42.4 ], [ -72.19,45.97 ], [ -68.99,45.97 ], [ -68.99,42.4 ], [ -72.19,42.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698511","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M.","contributorId":8492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Keith W. kwrobins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Keith","email":"kwrobins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":150366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5513,"text":"fs04894 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program - South-Central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T15:38:49","indexId":"fs04894","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"048-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program - South-Central Texas","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior, began a National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The long-term goals of the NAWQA Program are to describe the status of and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources and to identify the major natural and human factors that affect the quality of these resources. In addressing these goals, the program will produce a wealth of water-quality information that will be useful to policymakers and managers at national, State, and local levels.
\nThe NAWQA Program emphasis is on regional water-quality problems. The program will not diminish the need for smaller studies and monitoring presently designed and conducted by Federal, State, and local agencies to meet their individual needs. The NAWQA Program, however, will provide a large-area framework for conducting many of these activities and an understanding about national and regional water-quality conditions that cannot be acquired from individual, local programs and studies.
\nStudies of 60 hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river basins and aquifer systems (study-unit investigations) are the building blocks of the national assessment. Areas of the 60 study units range in size from less than 1,000 to more than 60,000 square miles (mi2) and represent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supplies. Twenty study-unit investigations were started in 1991, 20 additional started in 1994, and 20 are planned to start in 1997. Assessment activities in the South-Central Texas study area (see fig.) began in 1994.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"San Antonio, TX","doi":"10.3133/fs04894","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program - South-Central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 048-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04894.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_048_94.jpg"},{"id":111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/Fs94048/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6986a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5592,"text":"fs04994 - 1994 - Subsidence and carbon fluxes in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:44:42","indexId":"fs04994","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"049-94","title":"Subsidence and carbon fluxes in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, California","docAbstract":"The Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta was once tidal marshland and was formed by the confluence of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers. The delta covers more than 1,000 square miles and is bordered by the major population centers of the San Francisco Bay area, Sacramento, and Stockton (fig. 1). The delta took its current form by the 1930's when drainage of 100 islands and tracts and construction of 2,250 miles of levees were completed.
\nThe land surface on the delta islands has progressively subsided below sea level since the early 20th century. The integrity of the levee network is threatened because subsidence increases the differences in water levels maintained by the levees, which can cause levee failure and consequent flooding of the delta islands. Levee failure affects the quality and beneficial use of water in the delta, which is the major source of California's water supply to millions of residents and acres of agricultural land. This Fact Sheet briefly summarizes the research done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources to assess the causes of subsidence, processes that affect subsidence, and carbon fluxes in the delta.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs04994","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Subsidence and carbon fluxes in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 049-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04994.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs04994.jpg"},{"id":285368,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0049-94/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento;San Francisco;Stockton","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River;Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta;San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.9098,37.8494 ], [ -121.9098,38.3987 ], [ -121.1971,38.3987 ], [ -121.1971,37.8494 ], [ -121.9098,37.8494 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26103,"text":"wri934219 - 1994 - Physical characteristics and quality of water from selected springs and wells in the Lincoln Point-Bird Island area, Utah Lake, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri934219","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4219","title":"Physical characteristics and quality of water from selected springs and wells in the Lincoln Point-Bird Island area, Utah Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"From February 1991 to October 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Central Utah Water Conservancy District, investigated the hydrology of the Lincoln Point - Bird Island area in the southeast part of Utah Lake, Utah. The investigation included measurements of the discharge of selected springs and measurements of the physical and chemical characteristics of water from selected springs and wells in the LincolnPoint - Bird Island area. This report contains data for twenty-one distinct springs in the study area including two springs beneath the surface of Utah Lake at Bird Island. Data from this study, combined with data from previous studies, indicate that the location of springs in the Lincoln Point - Bird Island area probably is controlled by fractures that are the result of faulting. Measured discharge of springs in the Lincoln Point - Bird Island area ranged from less than 0.01 cubic foot per second to 0.84 cubic foot per second. Total discharge in the study area, including known unmeasured springs and seeps, is estimated to be about 5 cubic feet per second. Reported and measured temperatures of water from springs and wells in the Lincoln Point - Bird Island area ranged from 16.0 degrees Celsius to 36.5 degrees Celsius. Dissolved-solids con-centrations ranged from 444 milligrams per liter to 7,932 milligrams per liter, and pH ranged from 6.3 to 8.1. Physical and chemical characteristics of spring and well water from the west side of Lincoln Point were virtually identical to the physical and chemical characteristics of water from the submerged Bird Island springs, indicating a similar source for the water. Water chemistry, isotope analyses, and geothermometer calculations indicate deep circulation of water discharging from the springs and indicate that the source of recharge for the springs at Lincoln Point and Bird Island does not appear to be localized in the LincolnPoint - Bird Island area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934219","usgsCitation":"Baskin, R.L., Spangler, L., and Holmes, W., 1994, Physical characteristics and quality of water from selected springs and wells in the Lincoln Point-Bird Island area, Utah Lake, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4219, vi, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934219.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54892,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4219/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54893,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4219/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54894,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baskin, R. L.","contributorId":14460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, W. F.","contributorId":7277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"W. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20244,"text":"ofr94527 - 1994 - Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Tanana, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr94527","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-527","title":"Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Tanana, Alaska","docAbstract":"The remote Native village of Tanana along the Yukon River in west-central Alaska has long cold winters and short summers. The Federal Aviation Administration owns or operates airway support facilities near Tanana and wishes to consider the subsistence lifestyle of the residents and the quality of the current environment when evaluating the severity of environmental contamination at these facilities. Tanana is located on the flood plain of the Yukon River and obtains its drinking water from a shallow aquifer located in thick alluvium underlying the village. Surface spills and disposal of hazardous materials combined with annual flooding of the Yukon River may affect the quality of the ground water. Alternative drinking-water sources are available, but may cost more than existing supplies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94527","usgsCitation":"Nakanishi, A.S., and Dorava, J.M., 1994, Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Tanana, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-527, 1 v. 177 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94527.","productDescription":"1 v. 177 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0527/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49785,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0527/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakanishi, Allan S.","contributorId":93081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakanishi","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20209,"text":"ofr94452 - 1994 - Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94452","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-452","title":"Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94452","usgsCitation":"Moss, C.P., 1994, Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-452, iii, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94452.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0452/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49755,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0452/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f96ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Carol P.","contributorId":13970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19835,"text":"ofr9431 - 1994 - Ground-water quality and geochemistry, Carson Desert, western Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:41","indexId":"ofr9431","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-31","title":"Ground-water quality and geochemistry, Carson Desert, western Nevada","docAbstract":"Aquifers in the Carson Desert are the primary source of drinking water, which is highly variable in chemical composition. In the shallow basin-fill aquifers, water chemistyr varies from a dilute calcium bicarbonate-dominated water beneath the irrigated areas to a saline sodium chloride- dominated water beneath unirrigated areas. Water samples from the shallow aquifers commonly have dissolved solids, chloride, magnesium, sulfate, arsenic, and manganese concentrations that exceed State of Nevada drinking-water standards. Water in the intermediante basin-fill aquifers is a dilute sodium bicarbonate type in the Fallon area and a distinctly more saline sodium chloride type in the Soda Lake-Upsal Hogback area. Dissolved solids, chloride, arsenic, fluoride, and manganese concen- trations commonly exceed drinking-water standards. The basalt aquifer contains a dilute sodium bicarbonate chloride water. Arsenic concentrations exceed standards in all sampled wells. The concen- trations of major constituents in ground water beneath the southern Carson Desert are the result of evapotranspiration and natural geochemical reactions with minerals derived mostly from igneous rocks. Water with higher concentrations of iron and manganese is near thermodynamic equilibrium with siderite and rhodochrosite and indicates that these elements may be limited by the solubility of their respective carbonate minerals. Naturally occurring radionuclides (uranium and radon-222) are present in ground water from the Carson Desert in concen- tratons higher than proposed drinking-water standards. High uranium concentrations in the shallow aquifers may be caused by evaporative concentration and the release of uranium during dissolution of iron and manganese oxides or the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter that typically has elevated uranium concentrations. Ground water in the Carson Desert does not appear to have be contaminated by synthetic organic chemicals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9431","usgsCitation":"Lico, M.S., and Seiler, R.L., 1994, Ground-water quality and geochemistry, Carson Desert, western Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-31, v, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9431.","productDescription":"v, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4822e4b07f02db4e20d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lico, Michael S.","contributorId":75897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17862,"text":"ofr94493 - 1994 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Illinois, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94493","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-493","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Illinois, 1993","docAbstract":"This report gives an overview of U.S. Geological Survey, Illinois District, Water Resources Division activities related to the water resources of the State of Illinois. The report includes sections describing District organization, programs, water conditions, data collection activities, and project summaries. Also included is a complete listing of District and Illinois-related USGS publications.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey-ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94493","usgsCitation":"Balding, G., 1994, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Illinois, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-493, v, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94493.","productDescription":"v, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0493/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0493/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e53d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, G. O.","contributorId":87135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"G. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20885,"text":"ofr94458 - 1994 - Guidelines for collecting and processing samples of stream bed sediment for analysis of trace elements and organic contaminants for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr94458","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-458","title":"Guidelines for collecting and processing samples of stream bed sediment for analysis of trace elements and organic contaminants for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"A major component of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program is to assess the occurrence and distribution of trace elements and organic contaminants in streams. The first phase of the strategy for the assessment is to analyze samples of bed sediments from depositional zones. Fine-grained particles deposited in these zones are natural accumulators of trace elements and hydrophobic organic compounds. For the information to be comparable among studies in many different parts of the Nation, strategies for selecting stream sites and depositional zones are critical. Fine-grained surficial sediments are obtained from several depositional zones within a stream reach and composited to yield a sample representing average conditions. Sample collection and processing must be done consistently and by procedures specifically designed to separate the fine material into fractions that yield uncontaminated samples for trace-level analytes in the laboratory. Special coring samplers and other instruments made of Teflon are used for collection. Samples are processed through a 2.0-millimeter stainless-steel mesh sieve for organic contaminate analysis and a 63-micrometer nylon-cloth sieve for trace-element analysis. Quality assurance is maintained by strict collection and processing procedures, duplicate samplings, and a rigid cleaning procedure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94458","usgsCitation":"Shelton, L.R., and Capel, P.D., 1994, Guidelines for collecting and processing samples of stream bed sediment for analysis of trace elements and organic contaminants for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-458, v, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94458.","productDescription":"v, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0458/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50480,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0458/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelton, Larry R.","contributorId":62237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20376,"text":"ofr94482 - 1994 - Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Dillingham, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:53","indexId":"ofr94482","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-482","title":"Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Dillingham, Alaska","docAbstract":"The remote city of Dillingham is at the northern end of Bristol Bay in southwestern Alaska. The hydrology of the area is strongly affected by the mild maritime climate and local geologic conditions. Dillingham residents obtain drinking water from both deep and shallow aquifers composed of gravels and sands and separated by layers of clay underlying the community. Alternative sources of drinking water are limited to the development of new wells because surface-water sources are of inadequate quantity or quality or are located at too great a distance from the population. The Federal Aviation Administration owns or operates airway support facilities in Dillingham and wishes to consider the severity of contamination and the current environmental setting when they evaluate options for compliance with environmental regulations at their facilities. This report describes the climate. vegetation, geology, soils, ground-water and surface-water hydrology, and flood potential of the areas surrounding the Federal Aviation Administration facilities near Dillingham.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94482","usgsCitation":"Palcsak, B.B., and Dorava, J.M., 1994, Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Dillingham, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-482, iv, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94482.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0482/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0482/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a37f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palcsak, Betty B. bpalcsak@usgs.gov","contributorId":186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palcsak","given":"Betty","email":"bpalcsak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":182542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}