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The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.  

HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. 

The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order. 

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70274519,"text":"70274519 - 1912 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1912","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-15T20:00:21.074567","indexId":"70274519","displayToPublicDate":"1912-01-01T15:59:32","publicationYear":"1912","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record book 1912","docAbstract":"

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.  

HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. 

The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order. 

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70274518,"text":"70274518 - 1912 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T15:22:07.557574","indexId":"70274518","displayToPublicDate":"1912-01-01T11:59:31","publicationYear":"1912","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory record books","docAbstract":"

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.  

HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea. 

The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order. 

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nonmetals except fuels"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T20:16:52.649799","indexId":"b470E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1911","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"470","chapter":"E","title":"Rare metals","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology, 1910, Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels (Bulletin 470)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b470E","usgsCitation":"Hess, F.L., 1911, Rare metals: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 470, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b470E.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114488,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0470e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":176055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0470e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af1e4b07f02db6917b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, F. L.","contributorId":40177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49425,"text":"b380D - 1909 - Contributions to economic geology, 1908, Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels--Rare Metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:20","indexId":"b380D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1909","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"380","chapter":"D","title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1908, Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels--Rare Metals","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b380D","usgsCitation":"Hess, F.L., 1909, Contributions to economic geology, 1908, Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels--Rare Metals: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 380, p. 131-168, https://doi.org/10.3133/b380D.","productDescription":"p. 131-168","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114459,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0380d/report.pdf","size":"3002","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0380d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af2e4b07f02db69192e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, F. L.","contributorId":40177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49239,"text":"b340D - 1908 - Rare metals","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49239,"text":"b340D - 1908 - Rare metals","indexId":"b340D","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Rare metals"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":34659,"text":"b340 - 1908 - Contributions to economic geology 1907: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels","indexId":"b340","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology 1907: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":34659,"text":"b340 - 1908 - Contributions to economic geology 1907: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels","indexId":"b340","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology 1907: Part I - Metals and nonmetals except fuels"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-07T18:23:36.257508","indexId":"b340D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1908","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"340","chapter":"D","title":"Rare metals","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology, Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels (Bulletin 340)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b340D","usgsCitation":"Hess, F.L., Richardson, G.B., Gale, H., Weeks, F., Sterrett, D., and Collier, A., 1908, Rare metals: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 340, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b340D.","productDescription":"77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114431,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0340d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0340d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6972b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, F. L.","contributorId":40177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, G. B.","contributorId":70356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":933971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gale, Hoyt S.","contributorId":55055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Hoyt S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":933972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weeks, F.B.","contributorId":41510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":933973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sterrett, Douglas B.","contributorId":86034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sterrett","given":"Douglas B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":933974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Collier, Arthur J.","contributorId":12361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collier","given":"Arthur J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":933975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":35760,"text":"b71 - 1891 - Index to the known fossil insects of the world, including myriapods and arachnids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:42:13","indexId":"b71","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1891","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71","title":"Index to the known fossil insects of the world, including myriapods and arachnids","docAbstract":"

With the view of furthering study in the too neglected field of fossil insects, I transmit herewith for publication the card catalogue of described fossil insects which I have used for twenty years and kept constantly up to date, and which has greatly facilitated my own researches. It is believed to be practically complete. At least where insects are figured, and in many other cases where they are the first or only references from a given locality, entries are given where only the genus, the family, or even the order is mentioned. This has been done because the early literature of fossil insects is essentially vague and general, but it should not for that reason be wholly overlooked ; and to-day our knowledge of the occurrence of insects of a particular locality, even when of recent discovery, is not infrequently confined to statements of a general nature, which, if not brought to view or mind in a list like this, would be lost sight of, while their recognition may lead to further local investigation, to the earlier benefit of science.

It is in no sense a systematic catalogue, and except occasionally in the notes contains no immediate results of investigation. No questions of synonymy are settled. The entries are made as the authors quoted gave them, with only the corrections of spelling required; it follows that the same insect appears at several points, to which the student is referred by full cross-references, and that more than one insect may (though probably rarely does) figure under one name. In one or two such instances, where the same name has been given by inadvertence to two totally different creatures, the later one is separated from the earlier.

For convenience' sake, the entries are grouped into large sections, nearly identical with those I have employed in my systematic review of fossil insects (Bulletin 31, U. S. Geological Survey), by which method the insects from the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary rocks are kept distinct; but otherwise the entries are purely alphabetical under the orders. It should be noticed, however, that the vague references to groups higher than genera are brought together at the beginning of each alphabet, first the most vague, and then those which permit some alphabetization. In these cases the primary or secondary alphabetization is first by authors, second by dates, and in all cases where under one entry there is more than one date the order therein is chronological.

In a previous bulletin (Bulletin 69, U. S. Geological Survey) is given a complete bibliography of the literature from which these entries are taken, and the two works are thus complementary to each other.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b71","usgsCitation":"Scudder, S.H., 1891, Index to the known fossil insects of the world, including myriapods and arachnids: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 71, 744 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b71.","productDescription":"744 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/71/b71.jpg"},{"id":341122,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/71/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b41ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scudder, Samuel Hubbard","contributorId":49000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Hubbard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038096,"text":"70038096 - 1877 - Geology of the Henry Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-28T01:01:41","indexId":"70038096","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1877","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":371,"text":"Monograph","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Geology of the Henry Mountains","docAbstract":"If these pages fail to give a correct account of the structure of the Henry Mountains the fault is mine and I have no excuse. In all the earlier exploration of the Rocky Mountain Region, as well as in much of the more recent survey, the geologist has merely accompanied the geographer and has had no voice in the determination of either the route or the rate of travel. When the structure of a mountain was in doubt he was rarely able to visit the points which should resolve the doubt, but was compelled to turn regretfully away. Not so in the survey of the Henry Mountains. Geological exploration had shown that they were well disposed for examination, and that they promised to give the key to a type of structure which was at best obscurely known; and I was sent by Professor Powell to make a study of them, without restriction as to my order or method. I was limited only in time, the snow stopping my work two months after it was begun. Two months would be far too short a period in which to survey a\r\nthousand square miles in Pennsylvania or Illinois, but among the Colorado Plateaus it proved sufficient. A few comprehensive views from mountain tops gave the general distribution of the formations, and the remainder of the time was spent in the examination of the localities which best displayed the peculiar features of the structure. So thorough was the display and so satisfactory the examination, that in preparing my report I have felt less than ever before the desire to revisit the field and prove my conclusions by more extended observation.","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70038096","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, G., 1877, Geology of the Henry Mountains: Monograph, x, 160 p.; 5 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/70038096.","productDescription":"x, 160 p.; 5 Plates","startPage":"i","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"196","costCenters":[{"id":593,"text":"U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261259,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038096/report.pdf"},{"id":261260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Henry Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a25b5e4b0c8380cd58afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, G. K.","contributorId":43839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"G. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159085,"text":"70159085 - 1876 - Notes on the geology of northeastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T10:03:46","indexId":"70159085","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-02T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1876","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Notes on the geology of northeastern New Mexico","docAbstract":"

In the region of the headwaters of the Canadian is embraced a territory which, for the completeness of its geological record and the interest of its concomitant topographical and scenic features, is not excelled perhaps by a similar extent of country in the West. It is bounded on the west by the Spanish range, which in this part of its course consists of a densely-wooded watershed-divide, 9,000 to 11,000 feet in altitude, from which at intervals lofty lateral spurs are thrown off, whose bald summits overtop by 1,000 to 2,000 feet the actual watershed, which latter extends in a general north-south direction. Near the Colorado line, the range is intersected by the Raton Mountains, a range of gladed hills extending eastward forty or fifty miles, and constituting, with the still easterly prolongation in the Chicorica Mesa, the northern limits of the district, which opens out to the southeastward into the great plain. Thus defined, the district comprises an area of about twenty-five hundred square miles.

\n

During the season of 1869, in the progress of his extended reconnaissance of the Rocky Mountains, Dr. Hayden visited this region, from whom we have authentic account of its general geological features, and their intimate relation to those prevailing in other and similar districts to the north and south. A few months' residence in this part of the country in 1874-'75* afforded the writer opportunity to become somewhat familiar with its geological features; and the purpose of the present communication is to present such facts as may tend to contribute something toward a similar knowledge of remote and perhaps hitherto rarely-visited localities, and their connection with already examined districts.

","largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70159085","usgsCitation":"St. John, O., 1876, Notes on the geology of northeastern New Mexico, v. II, no. 4, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159085.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"308","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":602,"text":"U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159085.jpg"},{"id":310366,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159085/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"II","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce85e4b06217fc478afd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"St. John, O.","contributorId":149233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"St. John","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205983,"text":"70205983 - null - Characterizing the two-dimensional thermal conductivity distribution in a sand and gravel aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T14:38:34","indexId":"70205983","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-14T14:38:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing the two-dimensional thermal conductivity distribution in a sand and gravel aquifer","docAbstract":"

Both hydrologic and thermal transport properties play a significant role in the movement of heat through permeable sedimentary material; however, the thermal conductivity is rarely characterized in detailed spatial resolution. As part of a study of the movement of thermal plumes through a sand and gravel aquifer, we have constructed a two-dimensional profile of thermal conductivity. This work consisted of: (i) measuring the thermal conductivity of the soil solids, λs, for the main stratigraphic units using the steady-state divided-bar apparatus and estimating conductivity from mineral composition; (ii) measuring the volumetric water content and porosity using crosshole ground-penetrating radar; (iii) evaluating four models used to predict the apparent thermal conductivity, λ, of variably saturated soils and selecting the best model using the information-theoretic approach, (iv) calculating the λ field on a 0.25-m square cell grid using measured data and the selected model, and (v) simulating thermal transport within the two-dimensional domain using a finite element numerical model. The apparent thermal conductivity in the saturated aquifer ranges from 2.14 to 2.69 W m−1 K−1 with a mean of 2.42 W m−1 K−1 Numerical simulations show that the heterogeneous thermal conductivity field results in increased thermal dispersion that is most pronounced at the plume front. Our values for λ and λs may be used for glacial soils with similar mineralogy and texture. Our methods may also be used at other sites to construct the thermal conductivity distribution.

","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2005.0293","usgsCitation":"Markle, J.M., Schincariol, R.A., Sass, J., and Molson, J.W., Characterizing the two-dimensional thermal conductivity distribution in a sand and gravel aquifer: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 70, no. 4, p. 1281-1294, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0293.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1294","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Tricks Creek Watershed ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 43.52266348752663\n ],\n [\n -81.6998291015625,\n 43.52266348752663\n ],\n [\n -81.6998291015625,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 43.52266348752663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markle, Jeff M.","contributorId":219782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Markle","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schincariol, Robert A.","contributorId":219783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schincariol","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":773166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molson, John W.","contributorId":219784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206352,"text":"70206352 - null - The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-30T17:56:49","indexId":"70206352","displayToPublicDate":"1937-07-01T17:48:36","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","docAbstract":"

The Chelmsford granite is quarried in and around Oak Hill, about six miles west of Lowell, Massachusetts. The granite‐area is about eight miles long and one to three miles wide, and its longer dimension has a northeast bearing which is parallel with the regional axis of foliation in the country rock. The writer favors a hypothesis that much of the granite represents granitization of biotite schist under hydro‐magmatic invasion, and under stress that was insufficient to deform or distort the preexisting country rock‐structures to any marked degree. Banding of the granite is due chiefly, to variable amounts of biotite. The bands are thin and remarkably uniform. The banding, attitudes of schist inclusions, and distribution of the entire mass con form to the regional structural elements. Lit‐par‐lit injection‐bands are not clearly discernible although many of the light‐colored bands are doubtless of such origin. The absence of flow‐schlieren is noted. Petrographic evidence shows a remarkable amount of metasomatic fabric. Undoubted primary granitic texture is practically wanting. There is a high degree of orientation of biotite, muscovite, and groups of small mosaic quartz‐grains. The contacts of inclusions with adjacent granite‐bands are very irregular and interpenetrative, and granitic material also penetrates intricately along schistosity planes within the inclusions. Large irregular feldspar porphyroblasts and strings of such grains are distributed through the inclusions, generally with decreasing concentration toward the centers. Pegmatite and quartz veins, some of which carry much tourmaline, are abundant in some of the quarries. Crystallization zoning of feldspars is very rare. Feldspars are of three generations: (1) Early polysynthetically twinned porphyroblasts and irregular groundmass grains of oligoclase or albite‐oligoclase; (2) microcline and orthoclase, chiefly as porphyroblasts, and in part replacing the earlier plagioclase; and (3) albite and albite‐oligoclase, untwinned and mottled, as individual crystals, streaks, patches, and porphyroblasts, replacing microcline, quartz, and mica. Incomplete twinning, corrosion‐contacts, optical anomalies, inclusions of minerals, pseudo‐perthitic and myrmekitlc grains are among the diagnostic petrographic features that contribute to the theory of replacement.

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