The upper Clark Fork River basin in western Montana is widely contaminated by metals from past mining, milling, and smelting activities As part of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment for the upper Clark Fork River, we measured physical and chemical characteristics of surficial sediment samples that were collected from depositional zones for subsequent toxicity evaluations Sampling stations included five locations along the upper 200 km of the river, six locations in or near Milltown Reservoir (about 205 km from the river origin), and two tributary reference sites Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn decreased from the upper stations to the downstream stations in the Clark Fork River but then increased in all Milltown Reservoir stations to levels similar to uppermost river stations Large percentages (50 to 90%) of the total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were extractable by dilute (3 n) HCl for all samples Copper and zinc accounted for greater than 95% of extractable metals on a molar basis Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations were typically moderate (0 6 to 23 μmol/g) in grab sediment samples and appeared to regulate dissolved (filterable) concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in sediment pore waters Acid volatile sulfide is important in controlling metal solubility in the depositional areas of the Clark Fork River and should be monitored in any future studies Spatial variability within a sampling station was high for Cu, Zn, and AVS, therefore, the potential for toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms may be highly localized.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131211","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., Ingersoll, C., Kemble, N., May, T., and Zajicek, J., 1994, Chemical characterization of sediments and pore water from the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir, Montana: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 12, p. 1971-1983, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131211.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1971","endPage":"1983","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330744,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2de4b0dee4cc90cbf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":121189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemble, N.E.","contributorId":28028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zajicek, J.L.","contributorId":87086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zajicek","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70216590,"text":"70216590 - 1994 - Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:27:55.131014","indexId":"70216590","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T13:40:23","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional surface energy-balance lake model, coupled to a thermodynamic model of lake ice, is used to simulate variations in the temperature of and evaporation from three Estonian lakes: Karujärv, Viljandi and Kirjaku. The model is driven by daily climate data, derived by cubic-spline interpolation from monthly mean data, and was run for periods of 8 years (Kirjaku) up to 30 years (Viljandi). Simulated surface water temperature is in good agreement with observations: mean differences between simulated and observed temperatures are from −0.8°C to +0.1°C. The simulated duration of snow and ice cover is comparable with observed. However, the model generally underpredicts ice thickness and overpredicts snow depth. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the model results are robust across a wide range (0.1–2.0 m −1) of lake extinction coefficient: surface temperature differs by less than 0.5°C between extreme values of the extinction coefficient. The model results are more sensitive to snow and ice albedos. However, changing the snow (0.2–0.9) and ice (0.15–0.55) albedos within realistic ranges does not improve the simulations of snow depth and ice thickness. The underestimation of ice thickness is correlated with the overestimation of snow cover, since a thick snow layer insulates the ice and limits ice formation. The overestimation of snow cover results from the assumption that all the simulated winter precipitation occurs as snow, a direct consequence of using daily climate data derived by interpolation from mean monthly data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6","usgsCitation":"Vassiljev, J., Harrison, S., Hostetler, S.W., and Bartlein, P.J., 1994, Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes: Journal of Hydrology, v. 163, no. 1, p. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Estonia","otherGeospatial":"Karujärv, Kirjaku, Viljandi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[24.31286,57.79342],[24.42893,58.38341],[24.0612,58.25737],[23.42656,58.61275],[23.3398,59.18724],[24.60421,59.46585],[25.86419,59.61109],[26.94914,59.4458],[27.98111,59.47539],[28.1317,59.30083],[27.42017,58.72458],[27.71669,57.7919],[27.28818,57.47453],[26.46353,57.47639],[25.60281,57.84753],[25.16459,57.97016],[24.31286,57.79342]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Estonia\"}}]}","volume":"163","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vassiljev, J.","contributorId":21458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vassiljev","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, S.P.","contributorId":245247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J","contributorId":194325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216580,"text":"70216580 - 1994 - Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:23:17.063545","indexId":"70216580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T13:12:29","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","title":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","docAbstract":"A physically based model of variations in δ18O and δ2H in Pyramid Lake is presented. For inputs, the model uses measurements of liquid water inflows and outflows and their associated isotopic compositions and a set of meteorological data (radiative fluxes, air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). The model simulates change of lake volume, thermal and isotopic stratification, evaporation, and the isotopic composition of evaporation. A validation of the model for 1987–1989 and 1991 indicates that it can reproduce measured intra‐ and interannual variations of δ18O and δ2H. Three applications of the model demonstrate its ability to simulate longer term responses of δ18O to change in the hydrologic balance and hydrologic characteristics (opening and closing) of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V., 1994, Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 39, no. 2, p. 356-364, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"356","endPage":"364","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216573,"text":"70216573 - 1994 - Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:20:00.191634","indexId":"70216573","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T12:35:13","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7443,"text":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","docAbstract":"This paper discusses the surface hydrology of a multi‐year simulation of present day climate over the United States (US) conducted with a regional climate model (RegCM) nested within a general circulation model (GCM). The RegCM, which is run with a 60 km gridpoint spacing is interactively coupled with a state‐of‐the‐art surface physics package that includes full surface hydrology calculations (the Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme or BATS). The hydrologic budgets of ten regional drainage basins in the US are analysed. Model results are compared with available observations and with results from previous modelling experiments to evaluate the feasibility of using nested RegCM/GCM models for hydrology studies. In our experiment, the model captures the basic seasonality of the basin hydrologic budgets, although the simulated precipitation amounts are too high over the western US and too low over the eastern US. As a result, runoff, snow cover and soil water content are underestimated over the eastern US basins, while evaporation and runoff are overestimated in some of the western US basins. Topographically induced characteristics of precipitation, snow cover and runoff are well simulated over the mountainous western regions. Also well captured is the inter‐basin variation of hydrologic budgets which occurs in response to different climatic settings. The springtime snowmelt and peak runoff season generally occurs in the model earlier in the year than is observed. Although our work indicates that the coupled regional modelling system can be useful in applications to hydrological studies, results from this experiment indicate that better accuracy in the simulation of regional climatic variables and more detailed representation of some hydrologic processes would be required before the coupled modelling system could be used to provide accurate assessments of hydrologic responses to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/qj.49712051510","usgsCitation":"Giorgi, F., Hostetler, S.W., and Shields Brodeur, C., 1994, Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, v. 120, no. 515, p. 161-183, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051510.","productDescription":"23 p","startPage":"161","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Toxic Substances Hydrology","conferenceDate":"April 1-13, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Austin, TX","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Hydrology","usgsCitation":"Baedecker, M.J., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1994, Biogeochemical processes and migration of aqueous constituents in ground water contaminated with crude oil, Symposium on Toxic Substances Hydrology, Austin, TX, April 1-13, 1994, p. 69-79.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"79","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo 0000-0002-4865-1043 mjbaedec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-1043","contributorId":197793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169054,"text":"70169054 - 1994 - Suspended sediment and stream discharge in Bloody Run and Sny Magill watershed, water year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T20:50:36.059065","indexId":"70169054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5107,"text":"Iowa Geological Survey Bureau Technical Information Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"32","title":"Suspended sediment and stream discharge in Bloody Run and Sny Magill watershed, water year 1992","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected in the Bloody Run and Sny Magill watersheds in Clayton County, Iowa during the 1992 Water Year (October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992) to provide data on suspended sediment and stream discharge from these watersheds. Suspended-sediment samples were collected daily during normal flow and several times during rainstorms. Stream stage was recorded continuously and stream-discharge measurements were made monthly to develop a stage-discharge relation. Data on drainage-basin morphology and precipitation were quantified to help understand the variability in sediment and stream discharge. The total suspended-sediment discharge for Water Year 1992 was 2,720 tons at site BR1 on Bloody Run and 1,940 tons at site SN1 on Sny Magill Creek The daily median suspended-sediment discharge was 1.1 tons at both sites BR1 and SN1. The maximum daily mean stream discharge (205 cubic feet per second) at site BR1 on Bloody Run occurred on November 1, 1991. The median daily discharge at BR1 for the 1992 Water year was 24 cubic feet per second or 0.70 cubic feet per second per square mile (ft3/s/mi2). The maximum daily mean stream discharge at site SN1 on Sny Magill Creek was 90 cubic feet per second which occurred on April 20, 1992. The median daily discharge at site SN1 for the 1992 Water Year was 15 cubic feet per second or 0.54 ft3/s/mi2.
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Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, David A. 0000-0002-2749-8959 daeash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-8959","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186282,"text":"70186282 - 1994 - Heterogeneous hydrofrac ture development and accretionary fault dynamics: Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T17:24:03.870838","indexId":"70186282","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heterogeneous hydrofrac ture development and accretionary fault dynamics: Reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1052:HHDAAF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fischer, M.P., Engelder, T., Brown, K.M., Bekins, B., Clennell, B., Dewhurst, D., and Westbrook, G.K., 1994, Heterogeneous hydrofrac ture development and accretionary fault dynamics: Reply: Geology, v. 22, no. 11, p. 1052-1054, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1052:HHDAAF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1052","endPage":"1054","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ece6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Mark P.","contributorId":190316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fischer","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engelder, Terry","contributorId":190317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engelder","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Kevin M.","contributorId":190318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":139407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clennell, Ben","contributorId":190319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clennell","given":"Ben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dewhurst, David","contributorId":190320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dewhurst","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Westbrook, Graham K.","contributorId":190321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westbrook","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1014879,"text":"1014879 - 1994 - Tag recovery estimates of migration of striped bass from spawning areas of the Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T17:20:44.922075","indexId":"1014879","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tag recovery estimates of migration of striped bass from spawning areas of the Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"In 1988–1991 striped bass Morone saxatilis were collected for tagging from various spawning areas within the Hudson River (New York) and the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland). The fish were tagged and released during traditional periods of spawning and recovered by commercial and recreational fishermen. The proportion of fish that migrated in spring–fall from spawning areas in Chesapeake Bay to more northern waters of mid‐Atlantic and New England states was estimated from the geographically stratified tag returns. Most of the tagged fish were 40–100 cm total length (TL). The estimated proportion of migrant striped bass increased with body size, and nearly all fish larger than 100 cm TL left the bay during the spring–fall migration. Sex‐specific differences in migration appear to be associated with the differences in body size of mature males and females, thus lending support to previously hypothesized patterns of striped bass migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0950:TREOMO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dorazio, R., Hattala, K., McCollough, C., and Skjeveland, J., 1994, Tag recovery estimates of migration of striped bass from spawning areas of the Chesapeake Bay: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 6, p. 950-963, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0950:TREOMO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"950","endPage":"963","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.64014265718913,\n 38.037240405344704\n ],\n [\n -76.64014265718913,\n 37.05558315556111\n ],\n [\n -75.75718981384003,\n 37.05558315556111\n ],\n [\n -75.75718981384003,\n 38.037240405344704\n ],\n [\n -76.64014265718913,\n 38.037240405344704\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db6870cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hattala, K.A.","contributorId":88690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattala","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCollough, C.B.","contributorId":6015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCollough","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skjeveland, J.E.","contributorId":80224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skjeveland","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223370,"text":"5223370 - 1994 - Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T16:52:11.43887","indexId":"5223370","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia","docAbstract":"Operation of a tide gate installed in the Savannah River by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to reduce dredging activities increased salinities upstream in important spawning habitat for striped bass Morone saxatilis. To assess the effects of salinity on survival and growth of striped bass at early life stages, newly fertilized eggs and 48‐h‐posthatch larvae were exposed to serial dilutions of seawater, with salinities ranging from 0 to 33‰ (g/L) in increments of 3‰; in addition, older larvae (5‐d posthatch) were exposed to salinities of 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24‰. Eggs were exposed until 24 h posthatch, 48‐h‐posthatch larvae were exposed for 10 d, and 5‐d‐posthatch larvae were exposed for 6 d. Eggs died within 24 h in salinities greater than 18‰. Both survival and total length of larvae hatched from eggs exposed to salinities of 15‰ or higher were reduced. Percent mortality and mean total lengths of newly hatched larvae followed the same pattern for each of three sets of salinity regimes (i.e., changes in salinities over time) that striped bass eggs might encounter during passage downstream in the Savannah River. Hardening eggs in freshwater did not increase survival or length of hatched larvae over that shown by eggs hardened in saline water. The 5‐d‐posthatch larvae were less sensitive to salinity than the 48‐h‐posthatch larvae. Survival of larvae was negatively correlated with both salinity and exposure time. For 48‐h‐posthatch larvae, the 10‐d LC50 (the salinity lethal to 50% of the test fish within 10 d) was 10‰. Probabilities of survival for larval striped bass exposed to different salinities for different amounts of time can be estimated from curves generated from models of survival analysis. Salinities judged to be critical to Savannah River striped bass eggs and larvae are those greater than 9‰.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0904:EOSOSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., and Lasier, P., 1994, Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 6, p. 904-912, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0904:EOSOSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"904","endPage":"912","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.94133296941517,\n 34.55082847030519\n ],\n [\n -82.69060077193754,\n 34.04030146259746\n ],\n [\n -82.1926428019976,\n 33.499417610464135\n ],\n [\n -81.66260200962468,\n 32.91722010344145\n ],\n [\n -81.04106261129654,\n 31.95504027996425\n ],\n [\n -80.77563448759524,\n 31.982402320997252\n ],\n [\n -81.62256340554039,\n 33.23565845021632\n ],\n [\n -82.50843872608834,\n 34.105574103834876\n ],\n [\n -82.78082409881974,\n 34.58845657531778\n ],\n [\n -82.94133296941517,\n 34.55082847030519\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60faab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasier, P. J.","contributorId":79201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129028,"text":"70129028 - 1994 - Biodiversity of the San Luis Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T11:34:27","indexId":"70129028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-07T11:31:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Biodiversity of the San Luis Valley","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Change in the west: the evolution of the watershed approach: proceedings of the sixth annual conference","conferenceTitle":"Change in the west: the evolution of the watershed approach: proceedings of the sixth annual conference","conferenceDate":"1994-10-05T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Alamosa, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Riparian Association","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"Kotliar, N.B., 1994, Biodiversity of the San Luis Valley, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295391,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de1de4b0b0a643c732b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotliar, N. B.","contributorId":99915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotliar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185409,"text":"70185409 - 1994 - Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:19:34","indexId":"70185409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra","docAbstract":"We thank Dawes and Short [this issue] for presenting an alternate technique for the efficient solution of the transient storage solute transport equations. After reading their comment, it is clear that several points in our original manuscript are in need of clarification. In this reply we provide additional information on our solution technique and comment briefly on the alternate scheme of Dawes and Short.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00986","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., and Charpa, S.C., 1994, Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 10, p. 2863-2865, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00986.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"2863","endPage":"2865","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f8295c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charpa, Steven C.","contributorId":189638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charpa","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205823,"text":"70205823 - 1994 - Alternative tissue analysis method developed for organochlorine contaminants in aquatic organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-07T12:02:23","indexId":"70205823","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-30T11:54:34","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternative tissue analysis method developed for organochlorine contaminants in aquatic organisms","docAbstract":"The exposure of aquatic life to organochlorine contaminants has been investigated during the past two decades because of human and ecosystem health concerns related to the bioaccumulation of hazardous, lipophilic substances. The toxic effects of polychlorodibenzo-12-dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well known, and recent evidence also suggests that low level exposure to lipophilic organochlorines may interfere with normal development during sensitive early life history stages (Hileman 1993). As the use of lipophilic organochlorines, such as DDT, in third world countries continues and with the purported global cycling (Bidleman and Olney 1974; Tanabe et al. 1983) and food chain accumulation (Thomann and Connoly 1984, Thomann 1989) of persistent organochlodnes, the occurrence of these compounds in aquatic organisms is a critical global environmental issue. An understanding of the fate of organochlorines in the environment clearly remains an extremely important subject related to water quality.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has recently gained congressional approval in the United States to track nation wide trends in water quality through the establishment of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). Among the goals defined by NAWQA, aquatic organisms, including fish, shellfish, and plants, collected from major drainage basins will be analyzed for, along with other contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine insecticides, and chlorobenzenes (Crawford and Luoma 1992). The purpose of this report is to present quality assurance data obtained from the development of a PCB, chlorobenzene, and organochlorine insecticide tissue analysis method in support of NAWQA and other large-scale water quality programs conducted
through our laboratory.
Understanding and predicting global change is a major scientific focus of the late 20th century. Although atmospheric scientists have made substantial progress in developing models that account for many components of the climate system, significant progress is needed in understanding processes associated with the exchange of water, energy, and carbon between terrestrial systems and the atmosphere.
To strengthen terrestrial process research, especially research associated with the interactions of water, energy, gases, nutrients, and vegetation, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated an intensive study of Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB). WEBB is aimed at improving understanding of processes controlling terrestrial water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes, their interactions, and their relations to climatic variables; and the ability to predict continental water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets over a range of spatial and temporal scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94EO01063","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1994, Recent directions taken in water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets research: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 75, no. 38, p. 433-439, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO01063.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"433","endPage":"439","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185392,"text":"70185392 - 1994 - Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:17:21","indexId":"70185392","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites","docAbstract":"Radioactive and hazardous waste landfills exist at numerous desert locations in the USA. At these locations, annual precipitation is low and soils are generally dry, yet little is known about recharge of water and transport of contaminants to the water table. Recent water balance measurements made at three desert locations, Las Cruces, NM, Beatty, NV, and the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in the state of Washington, provide information on recharge potential under three distinctly different climate and soil conditions. All three sites show water storage increases with time when soils are coarse textured and plants are removed from the surface, the rate of increase being influenced by climatic variables such as precipitation, radiation, temperature, and wind. Lysimeter data from Hanford and Las Cruces indicate that deep drainage (recharge) from bare, sandy soils can range from 10 to >50% of the annual precipitation. At Hanford, when desert plants are present on sandy or gravelly surface soils, deep drainage is reduced but not eliminated. When surface soils are silt loams, deep drainage is eliminated whether plants are present or not. At Las Cruces and Beatty, the presence of plants eliminated deep drainage at the measurement sites. Differences in water balance between sites are attributed to precipitation quantity and distribution and to soil and vegetation types. The implication for waste management at desert locations is that surface soil properties and plant characteristics must be considered in waste site design in order to minimize recharge potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010009x","usgsCitation":"Gee, G., Wierenga, P., Andraski, B.J., Young, M., Fayer, M., and Rockhold, M., 1994, Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, no. 1, p. 63-72, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010009x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f8295f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gee, G.W.","contributorId":189340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wierenga, P.J.","contributorId":189621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wierenga","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, M.H.","contributorId":189622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fayer, M.J.","contributorId":189623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fayer","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rockhold, M.L.","contributorId":189624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockhold","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70198522,"text":"70198522 - 1994 - Low cost limestone treatment of acid sensitive trout streams in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-18T15:49:24.275908","indexId":"70198522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T16:04:56","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low cost limestone treatment of acid sensitive trout streams in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia","docAbstract":"The method of single point, single application liming has been studied as a means of mitigating anthropogenic acid in trout streams in Virginia. Three critically acid sensitive streams were dosed with a total of five applications of limestone sand and monitored before, during and after the treatments to assess changes in water chemistry and biota. Limestone treatments of 8 to 50 tons (particle sizes 150–1000 μm), with the amounts based on sulfate deposition loading and existent stream water chemistry, were used to restore ‘lost’ acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Contact time between the limestone bed in the stream bottom and the water was the limiting factor affecting the degree of treatment with bed length primarily controlled by the gradient of the stream at the dosing site. A single site application was able to restore approximately 2/3 of the ANC. Exponential fits of limestone consumption data were used to predict that treaments of similar streams would last from two five years before reliming was necessary. Both total and monomeric aluminum levels were reduced up to 50%, and aquatic biota increased below the treatment sites. Post-liming average values for the three streams were pH 6.66, 82.7 μeq L−1 ANC and 2.63 mg L−1 Ca. The average ANC improvement suggests that some 88% of the native trout streams in Virginia, which average 29 μeq L−1 ANC reduction from acid deposition, could be temporarily restored using single application liming.
An investigation was undertaken into how headwater tributaries of Brush Brook, Vermont, could have average pH differences of almost two units (4.75 and 6.7). Sampling along four tributaries revealed that most of one tributary, below an area of seeps, had consistently higher pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, and lower Al than other sites. Bedrock mapping showed numerous fractures in vicinity of the seeps. A portion of this tributary's watershed and a portion of an acid tributary's watershed were intensively mapped for soil depth. Sampling showed the widespread existence of dense basal till in the watershed of the acid tributary but none in that of the near-neutral stream. Lateral flow, found above the dense till, was chemically similar to that of the acid tributary and to solutions sampled from soil B horizons. There were no differences in the average pH of nonseep soils sampled from either watershed. Flow paths are hypothesized to be through the B horizons in the acid tributaries and from below the soil profile in the near-neutral tributary. The acid catchment should be more sensitive to environmental change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94WR01490","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., Bartlett, R.J., Magdoff, F.R., and Walsh, G.J., 1994, Flow path studies in forested watersheds of headwater tributaries of Brush Brook, Vermont: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 9, p. 2611-2618, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR01490.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2611","endPage":"2618","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Huntington","otherGeospatial":"Brush Brook","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.95627951628695,\n 44.34378885539806\n ],\n [\n -72.95627951628695,\n 44.293228172748\n ],\n [\n -72.87800451636414,\n 44.293228172748\n ],\n [\n -72.87800451636414,\n 44.34378885539806\n ],\n [\n -72.95627951628695,\n 44.34378885539806\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Donald S.","contributorId":178218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartlett, R. J.","contributorId":52350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magdoff, Frederick R.","contributorId":303869,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magdoff","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70129531,"text":"70129531 - 1994 - Scale perspectives on avian diversity in western riparian ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-28T12:20:53.68649","indexId":"70129531","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T10:26:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale perspectives on avian diversity in western riparian ecosystems","docAbstract":"Conservation of riparian vegetation in western North America has, in part, emphasized providing habitats for a locally diverse avifauna. Site diversity, especially relative to the number of species present, is generally high within riparian avifaunas. Between-habitat diversity changes across a watershed, with riparian species assemblages differing most from upland assemblages at the highest and lowest elevations. This pattern can be attributed to enhanced avian movements within the riparian vegetation. The corridors for bird movements, in turn, facilitate faunal mixing on a broader scale, influencing regional diversity within landscapes. Riparian ecosystems are viewed as connectors of forests across fragmented landscapes. In western settings, however, they are highly linearized forests transecting watersheds between upland associations of high elevations and very different associations at lower elevations. Regionally, riparian vegetation represents linear islands that are internally both floristically and faunistically dynamic rather than mere bridges of homogeneous vegetation in landscape networks. The significance of riparian vegetation as habitat for western birds has been defined primarily at the local level. Conservation activities favoring site diversity are short-sighted, however, and could have severe consequences for unique elements of riparian avifaunas. Conservation actions must evaluate how local activities alter potential dispersal opportunities for ecological-generalist versus riparian-obligate species. Maintaining the character and integrity of riparian avifaunas requires planning from regional and continental perspectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030669.x","usgsCitation":"Knopf, F.L., and Samson, F.B., 1994, Scale perspectives on avian diversity in western riparian ecosystems: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 669-676, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030669.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"676","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a190ce4b04d2014abfb70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":18697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samson, Fred B.","contributorId":22710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samson","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185388,"text":"70185388 - 1994 - Notes on a Mesodinium rubrum red tide in San Francisco Bay (California, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:30:30","indexId":"70185388","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2430,"text":"Journal of Plankton Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on a Mesodinium rubrum red tide in San Francisco Bay (California, USA)","docAbstract":"Discrete red patches of water were observed in South San Francisco Bay (USA) on 30 April 1993, and examination of live samples showed that this red tide was caused by surface accumulations of the pigmented ciliate Mesodinium rubrum . Vertical profiles showed strong salinity and temperature stratification in the upper 5 m, peak chlorophyll fluorescence in the upper meter, and differences in the small-scale density structure and fluorescence distribution among red patches. Events preceding this Mesodinium red tide included: (i) heavy precipitation and run-off, allowing for strong salinity stratification; (ii) a spring diatom bloom where the chlorophyll a concentration reached 50 mg m −3 ; (ii) depletions of dissolved inorganic N and Si in the photic zone; and (iv) several days of rapid warming and stabilization of the upper surface layer. These conditions may be general prerequisites for M.rubrum blooms in temperate estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/plankt/16.9.1269","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Cole, B.E., and Hager, S.W., 1994, Notes on a Mesodinium rubrum red tide in San Francisco Bay (California, USA): Journal of Plankton Research, v. 16, no. 9, p. 1269-1276, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/16.9.1269.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"1269","endPage":"1276","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.40829467773436,\n 38.15723682167875\n ],\n [\n -122.44674682617188,\n 38.156156969924915\n ],\n [\n -122.51129150390625,\n 38.11403028044574\n ],\n [\n -122.50442504882814,\n 38.026458711461245\n ],\n [\n -122.51266479492188,\n 37.88027325525864\n ],\n [\n -122.47283935546874,\n 37.81629348024509\n ],\n [\n -122.40554809570311,\n 37.7761422535397\n ],\n [\n -122.4041748046875,\n 37.71967662525055\n ],\n [\n -122.37670898437499,\n 37.61423141542417\n ],\n [\n -122.25860595703125,\n 37.52170787501458\n ],\n [\n -122.0745849609375,\n 37.40289194122376\n ],\n [\n -121.91940307617188,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -121.9317626953125,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -122.10067749023438,\n 37.621845878167704\n ],\n [\n -122.24075317382812,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -122.36984252929688,\n 37.947446401992934\n ],\n [\n -122.31903076171875,\n 37.97343243999255\n ],\n [\n -122.2613525390625,\n 38.09133660751176\n ],\n [\n -122.40829467773436,\n 38.15723682167875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70204864,"text":"70204864 - 1994 - Hydrologic control of litter decomposition in seasonally flooded prairie marshes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T10:36:47","indexId":"70204864","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-31T10:26:56","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic control of litter decomposition in seasonally flooded prairie marshes","docAbstract":"The effect of seasonal inundation on the decomposition of emergent macrophyte litter (Scolochloa festucacea) was examined under experimental flooding regimes in a northern prairie marsh. Stem and leaf litter was subjected to six aboveground inundation treatments (ranging from never flooded to flooded April through October) and two belowground treatments (nonflooded and flooded April to August). Flooding increased the rate of mass loss from litter aboveground but retarded decay belowground. Aboveground, N concentration decreased and subsequently increased earlier in the longer flooded treatments, indicating that flooding decreased the time that litter remained in the leaching and immobilization phases of decay. Belowground, both flooded and nonflooded litter showed an initial rapid loss of N, but concentration and percent of original N remaining were greater in the nonflooded marsh throughout the first year. This suggested that more N was immobilized on litter under the nonflooded, more oxidizing soil conditions. Both N concentration and percent N remaining of belowground litter were greater in the flooded than the nonflooded marsh the second year, suggesting that N immobilization was enhanced after water-level drawdown. These results suggest different mechanisms by which flooding affects decomposition in different wetland environments. On the soil surface where oxygen is readily available, flooding accelerates decomposition by increasing moisture. Belowground, flooding creates anoxic conditions that slow decay. The typical hydrologic pattern in seasonally flooded prairie marshes of spring flooding followed by water-level drawdown in summer may maximize system decomposition rates by allowing rapid decomposition aboveground in standing water and by annually alleviating soil anoxia.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00006247","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., and Neill, C., 1994, Hydrologic control of litter decomposition in seasonally flooded prairie marshes: Hydrobiologia, v. 286, no. 3, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006247.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Manitoba","city":"Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.9815673828125,\n 50.359480346298696\n ],\n [\n -98.19030761718749,\n 50.243692022558044\n ],\n [\n -98.34686279296874,\n 50.20327530414826\n ],\n [\n -98.5198974609375,\n 50.23666548810372\n ],\n [\n -98.59954833984375,\n 50.27880916018711\n ],\n [\n -98.6297607421875,\n 50.231394907552854\n ],\n [\n -98.50616455078125,\n 50.11881702842054\n ],\n [\n -98.26446533203125,\n 50.08710669808234\n ],\n [\n -98.0804443359375,\n 50.14522626967904\n ],\n [\n -97.9266357421875,\n 50.29109404231143\n ],\n [\n -97.90740966796875,\n 50.341954777309994\n ],\n [\n -97.9815673828125,\n 50.359480346298696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"286","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neckles, Hilary A. 0000-0002-5662-2314 hneckles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-2314","contributorId":3821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"Hilary","email":"hneckles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neill, Christopher","contributorId":218247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neill","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170923,"text":"70170923 - 1994 - Bottom-sediment chemistry in Devil's Lake, northeast North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T12:35:24","indexId":"70170923","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T16:30:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3842,"text":"SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom-sediment chemistry in Devil's Lake, northeast North Dakota","docAbstract":"Devils Lake is a 200 km2 terminal lake that contains sodium sulfate type water. Dissolved solids concentrations range from about 3,500 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L depending on location To investigate geochemical processes in the bottom sediments of Devils Lake, sediment cores were collected at two sites in the western half of the lake during a period of bottom water oxygen depletion. The upper 10 cm of the sediments consist of about 60 weight percent silicates (quartz, feldspar, and clays) 35 weight percent carbonates and 5 weight percent organic material. At depths between 1 and 3 cm in the sediments bacterial sulfate reduction and associated degradation of organic material cause minima in sulfate concentrations and δ13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon and maxima in alkalinity, ammonia, phosphate, and sulfide concentrations and δ34S values of dissolved sulfate. Downward increases of sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium concentrations result from upward diffusion of ions from saline pore water and dissolving sulfate minerals below 30 cm depth in the sediments.
\nHigh magnesium calcite 8 mole percent MgCO3 is the most abundant carbonate at the sediment surface. With increasing depth abundances of high magnesium carbonate decrease and abundances of low magnesium calcite aragonite and dolomite increase. Carbon isotope compositions of bulk carbonates range from δ13C = -0.7 to +0.5%. These values are close to equilibrium with dissolved inorganic carbon in lake water (δ13C = -2%) but far from equilibrium with dissolved inorganic carbon in pore water (δ13C = -16.3- -10/0%). Disequilibrium between pore water and carbonates suggests that the carbonates did not recrystallize substantially in the presence of pore water. Therefore the change of carbonate mineral proportions with depth in the sediments is due mainly to temporal changes in the proportions of endogenic, detrital, and biologic carbonates that were deposited on the lake bottom rather than postdepositional carbonate diagenesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1994, Bottom-sediment chemistry in Devil's Lake, northeast North Dakota: SEPM Special Publication, p. 21-32.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/SP50/Bottom-Sediment_Chemistry.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Devil's Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.35760498046875,\n 47.83804887261066\n ],\n [\n -99.35760498046875,\n 48.244796538712365\n ],\n [\n -98.51852416992186,\n 48.244796538712365\n ],\n [\n -98.51852416992186,\n 47.83804887261066\n ],\n [\n -99.35760498046875,\n 47.83804887261066\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5733062de4b0dae0d5dcd1a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243967,"text":"70243967 - 1994 - Diagenesis of diatomite from the Kolubara Coal Basin, Baroševac, Serbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T13:15:37.398894","indexId":"70243967","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T07:53:33","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1782,"text":"Geological Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenesis of diatomite from the Kolubara Coal Basin, Baroševac, Serbia","docAbstract":"Diatomite associated with the Kolubara Coal Basin was studied to better understand early stage silica diagenesis of shallow water deposits. The Kolubara Basin consists of Neogene siliciclastic rocks, diatomite, marlstone and rare carbonates. Palaeozoic metamorphic and Mesozoic sedimentary and igneous basement rocks are transgressively overlain by Upper Miocene sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. This Upper Miocene section is transgressively overlain by the Pontian section, which contains diatomite and coal beds.
White and grey diatomite forms beds 0.7-2.2 m thick that are continuous over an area of about 2 km2. Siliceous rocks vary in composition from diatomite (81-89 per cent SiO2) to diatom-bearing shale (58-60 per cent SiO2). Siliceous deposits are laminated in places, with the laminae defined by variations in clay minerals, organic matter and diatoms. Diatomite shows only incipient diagenesis characterized by the fragmentation of diatom frustules, the minor to moderate corrosion of frustules and the formation of minor amounts of opal-A' (X-ray amorphous inorganic opal) cement. The low degree of diagenesis results from the young age of the deposits, low burial temperatures and possibly also from the presence of abundant organic matter and the dissolution of kaolinite. The presence of only weak diagenesis is also reflected by the characteristically poor consolidation of the rocks and low rank of the associated coal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/gj.3350290303","usgsCitation":"Obradovic, J., Hein, J.R., and Djurdjevic, J., 1994, Diagenesis of diatomite from the Kolubara Coal Basin, Baroševac, Serbia: Geological Journal, v. 29, no. 3, p. 209-217, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350290303.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"217","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417493,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Serbia","city":"Baroševac","otherGeospatial":"Kolubara Coal Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 20.3644717814619,\n 44.4003764845005\n ],\n [\n 20.3644717814619,\n 44.3892567423822\n ],\n [\n 20.403573410052047,\n 44.3892567423822\n ],\n [\n 20.403573410052047,\n 44.4003764845005\n ],\n [\n 20.3644717814619,\n 44.4003764845005\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obradovic, J.","contributorId":305829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obradovic","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Djurdjevic, J.","contributorId":305830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Djurdjevic","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001115,"text":"1001115 - 1994 - Tundra swan habitat preferences during migration in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T15:22:52.728814","indexId":"1001115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tundra swan habitat preferences during migration in North Dakota","docAbstract":"I studied tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) habitat preference in North Dakota during autumn migration, 1988-89. Many thousand tundra swans stop in the Prairie Pothole region during autumn migration, but swan resource use has not been quantified. I examined habitat preference in relation to an index of sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) presence, extent of open water, and wetland size. I compared habitat preference derived from counts of all swans to those derived from foraging swans only and cygnets only. Foraging swans preferred wetlands with sago pondweed (P = 0.03); the number of foraging swans per wetland was >4 times higher on wetlands with sago pondweed than on wetlands without sago. In contrast, nonforaging swans did not prefer wetlands with sago pondweed (P = 0.85) but preferred large wetlands (P = 0.02) and those with a high proportion of contiguous open water (P < 0.01). Thus, conclusions about habitat preference derived from counts of all swans, most of which were nonforaging, would not have revealed the importance of sago pondweed. Cygnets were more likely to be feeding than adults (P = 0.03) and occurred proportionately more often in smaller flocks (P = 0.04), but cygnets and adults had similar habitat preferences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809327","usgsCitation":"Earnst, S.L., 1994, Tundra swan habitat preferences during migration in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 3, p. 546-551, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809327.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"551","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Kidder County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-100.1129,47.3272],[-100.0347,47.327],[-99.6498,47.3274],[-99.6077,47.3267],[-99.5248,47.3275],[-99.4801,47.3267],[-99.4827,47.1558],[-99.4826,47.0396],[-99.4821,47.0249],[-99.4822,47.0162],[-99.4824,47.0089],[-99.4821,46.9795],[-99.4476,46.9788],[-99.4477,46.8044],[-99.4498,46.6319],[-99.912,46.6319],[-100.0799,46.6316],[-100.0794,46.705],[-100.0794,46.7123],[-100.0792,46.7454],[-100.0791,46.7513],[-100.0777,46.9794],[-100.1162,46.98],[-100.1139,47.1567],[-100.1129,47.3272]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kidder\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db62411d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Earnst, Susan L. susan_earnst@usgs.gov","contributorId":4446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earnst","given":"Susan","email":"susan_earnst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185413,"text":"70185413 - 1994 - Geochemical interactions between constituents in acidic groundwater and alluvium in an aquifer near Globe, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:39:07","indexId":"70185413","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical interactions between constituents in acidic groundwater and alluvium in an aquifer near Globe, Arizona","docAbstract":"Acidic water from a copper-mining area has contaminated an alluvial aquifer and stream near Globe, Arizona. The most contaminated groundwater has a pH of 3.3, and contains about 100 mmol/1 SO4, 50 mmol/1 Fe, 11 mmol/1 Al and 3 mmol/1 Cu. Reactions between alluvium and acidic groundwater were first evaluated in laboratory column experiments. A geochemical model was developed and used in the equilibrium speciation program, MINTEQA2, to simulate breakthrough curves for different constituents from the column. The geochemical model was then used to simulate the measured changes in concentration of aqueous constituents along a flow path in the aquifer.
The pH was predominantly controlled by reaction with carbonate minerals. Where carbonates had been dissolved, adsorption of H+ by iron oxides was used to simulate pH. Acidic groundwater contained little or no dissolved oxygen, and most aqueous Fe was present as Fe(II). In the anoxic core of the plume, Fe(II) was oxidized by MnO2 to Fe(III), which then precipitated as Fe(OH)3. Attenuation of aqueous Cu, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn was a function of pH and could be quantitatively modeled with the diffuse-layer, surface complexation model in MINTEQA2. Aluminum precipitated as amorphous Al(OH)3 at pH < 4.7 and as AlOHSO4 at pH < 4.7. Aqueous Ca and SO4were close to equilibrium with gypsum.
After the alluvium in the column had reached equilibrium with acidic groundwater, uncontaminated groundwater was eluted through the column to evaluate the effect of reactants on groundwater remediation. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn rapidly decreased to the detection limits within a few pore volumes. All of the gypsum that had precipitated initially redissolved, resulting in elevated Ca and SO4concentrations for about 5 pore volumes. Aluminum and pH exhibited the most potential for continued adverse effects on groundwater quality. As H+ desorbed from Fe(OH)3, pH remained below 4.5 for more than 20 pore volumes, resulting in dissolution of AlOHSO4 and elevated aqueous Al.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90058-2","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K.G., 1994, Geochemical interactions between constituents in acidic groundwater and alluvium in an aquifer near Globe, Arizona: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 353-369, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90058-2.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"353","endPage":"369","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337988,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f8296e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}