{"pageNumber":"1657","pageRowStart":"41400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":1014664,"text":"1014664 - 1994 - Requirement of rainbow trout for dietary phosphorus and its relationship to the amount discharged hatchery effluents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-06T15:26:32.281732","indexId":"1014664","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Requirement of rainbow trout for dietary phosphorus and its relationship to the amount discharged hatchery effluents","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Fingerling rainbow trout&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;with initial mean weights of 9 g (small fish) and 35 g (large fish) were fed diets adequate in all known nutrients except phosphorus (P). In two experiments, triplicate lots of rainbow trout were fed basal diets containing either 0.14 or 0.41% non‐phytin P, with or without graded levels of supplemental P. Deficiency of P reduced growth, feed efficiency (weight gained/weight fed), bone ash, and whole‐body ash contents. The requirement for non‐phytin P by small trout for maximum growth and feed efficiency was not more than 0.41% of diet: The requirement by large trout was between 0.34 and 0.54% of diet. The requirement of non‐phytin P for maximum bone ash development was about 0.51% of diet for small trout and more than 0.54% for large trout. Whole‐body phosphorus content of small trout suggested a requirement above 0.51% but not more than 0.61% non‐phytin phosphorus. Although an effect of size of trout on the requirement was not clearly demonstrated, these results show that trout required more dietary P for bone mineralization than for weight gain. The minimum dietary requirement for non‐phytin P for bone mineralization was probably between 0.54 and 0.61% of diet. Discharges of P into effluent water increased significantly as trout were fed increasing levels of P. When trout were fed 0.61% available P, approximately 67% of P consumed was retained, and discharges of soluble P in effluents were 2.0 g P/kg weight gain or 1.8 g P/kg feed fed.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0587:RORTFD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ketola, H.G., and Richmond, M.E., 1994, Requirement of rainbow trout for dietary phosphorus and its relationship to the amount discharged hatchery effluents: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 4, p. 587-594, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0587:RORTFD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"594","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62c6ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketola, H. G.","contributorId":60976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketola","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, M. E.","contributorId":22729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222739,"text":"5222739 - 1994 - Waterbird use of saltmarsh ponds created for open marsh water management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T16:29:16.905029","indexId":"5222739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterbird use of saltmarsh ponds created for open marsh water management","docAbstract":"<p>Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) as an alternative to pesticides for mosquito control in saltmarshes along the Atlantic Coast has created debate among biologists. We designed an experiment to determine waterbird (American black duck [<i>Anas rubripe</i>]) and other waterfowl, wading birds, shorebirds, gulls, and terns) use (during daylight) of ponds created for mosquito control compared with use of pre-existing water bodies (i.e., natural tidal ponds, creeks, old ditches) and refuge impoundments. We also evaluated the influence of pond size and depth on waterbird use of wetlands. We documented bird use of different habitats for 1 year. The highest densities of waterfowl, in autumn, occurred in 0.030.06ha ponds (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) versus ponds either &lt;0.02 ha or &gt; 0.08 ha; highest shorebird densities occurred in summer in ponds &gt; 0.10 ha (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Pond depth affected shorebird and other waterfowl use in some seasons. Comparisons of mean number of birds using created (OMWM) ponds with mean number of birds using other water bodies revealed that most species showed no pattern (P &lt;0.05) of disproportionate use versus availability. At high tidal levels, most species groups used OMWM ponds in the marsh more often (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) than other water bodies. Black ducks and other waterfowl used nearby refuge impoundments in higher densities than they did OMWM ponds, for nesting and during autumn-winter (all <i>P</i>s &lt; 0.05). Creating small (&gt; 0.1 ha) ponds for mosquito control does not enhance waterbird habitat, at least not where large impoundments are in close proximity. We recommend that in areas where OMWM practices seem appropriate, fewer large (gt 0.10 ha) ponds be constructed with shallow (&lt; 15 cm) basins and sloping sides.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809324","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Hatfield, J., Howe, M., and Klugman, S., 1994, Waterbird use of saltmarsh ponds created for open marsh water management: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 3, p. 516-524, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809324.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"516","endPage":"524","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Edwin Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.43808165513374,\n              39.47906860528863\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.43808165513374,\n              39.45970976831751\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.39583797677635,\n              39.45970976831751\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.39583797677635,\n              39.47906860528863\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.43808165513374,\n              39.47906860528863\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4bc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R. Michael 0000-0003-2108-9502","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-9502","contributorId":196583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erwin","given":"R. Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howe, Marshall","contributorId":146168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howe","given":"Marshall","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klugman, Susan","contributorId":107803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klugman","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70186200,"text":"70186200 - 1994 - Marginal bed load transport in a gravel bed stream, Sagehen Creek, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:10","indexId":"70186200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marginal bed load transport in a gravel bed stream, Sagehen Creek, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Marginal bed load transport describes the condition when relatively few bed particles are moving at any time. Bed particles resting in the shallowest bed pockets will move when the dimensionless shear stress т</span><sup>*</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>exceeds a value of about 0.020. As т</span><sup>*</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>increases, the number of bed particles moving increases. Significant motion of bed particles, i.e., when a substantial fraction of the bed particles are moving, occurs when т</span><sup>*</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>exceeds a value of about 0.060. Thus marginal bed load transport occurs over the domain 0.020 &lt; т</span><sup>*</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.060. Marginal bed load transport rates and associated hydraulic characteristics of Sagehen Creek, a small mountain gravel bed stream, were measured on 55 days at discharges ranging from slightly less than one half of the bank-full discharge to more than 4 times the bank-full discharge. Dimensionless shear stress varied from 0.032 to 0.042, and bed particles as large as the 80th percentile of the bed surface were transported. The relation between reference dimensionless shear stress and relative particle protrusion for Sagehen Creek was determined by varying т</span><sup>*</sup><sub><i>ri</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to obtain the best fit of the Parker bed load function to the measured transport rates. During the period of record (water years 1954–1991), the mean annual quantity of bed load transported past the Sagehen Creek gage was 24.7 tons. Forty-seven percent of all bed load transported during the 38 years of record occurred in just 6 years. During 10 of the 38 years of record, essentially no bed load was transported. The median diameter of bed load was 26 mm, compared to 58 mm in the surface bed material.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00553","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E., 1994, Marginal bed load transport in a gravel bed stream, Sagehen Creek, California: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 7, p. 2241-2250, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00553.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"2241","endPage":"2250","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sagehen Creek ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.28286933898926,\n              39.43990513074364\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.29617309570312,\n              39.43334247841514\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.29145240783691,\n              39.42730959611188\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.24149894714355,\n              39.41769568245275\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.21042823791505,\n              39.428171468420906\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.19309043884277,\n              39.43360764807011\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.17746925354002,\n              39.44812414634239\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.17626762390138,\n              39.45594456691235\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.17772674560547,\n              39.455878295852344\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.19523620605467,\n              39.442556532077376\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.21137237548828,\n              39.44156226840511\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.23368835449219,\n              39.44275538310862\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.25986671447754,\n              39.440170275418886\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.27497291564941,\n              39.44693112361462\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.2823543548584,\n              39.44109827383404\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.28286933898926,\n              39.43990513074364\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187191,"text":"70187191 - 1994 - Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:06:28","indexId":"70187191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper describes the development and testing of the hypothesis that the long-term water balance is determined only by the local interaction of fluctuating water supply (precipitation) and demand (potential evapotranspiration), mediated by water storage in the soil. Adoption of this hypothesis, together with idealized representations of relevant input variabilities in time and space, yields a simple model of the water balance of a finite area having a uniform climate. The partitioning of average annual precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff depends on seven dimensionless numbers: the ratio of average annual potential evapotranspiration to average annual precipitation (index of dryness); the ratio of the spatial average plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil to the annual average precipitation amount; the mean number of precipitation events per year; the shape parameter of the gamma distribution describing spatial variability of storage capacity; and simple measures of the seasonality of mean precipitation intensity, storm arrival rate, and potential evapotranspiration. The hypothesis is tested in an application of the model to the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, with no calibration. Study area averages of runoff and evapotranspiration, based on observations, are 263 mm and 728 mm, respectively; the model yields corresponding estimates of 250 mm and 741 mm, respectively, and explains 88% of the geographical variance of observed runoff within the study region. The differences between modeled and observed runoff can be explained by uncertainties in the model inputs and in the observed runoff. In the humid (index of dryness &lt;1) parts of the study area, the dominant factor producing runoff is the excess of annual precipitation over annual potential evapotranspiration, but runoff caused by variability of supply and demand over time is also significant; in the arid (index of dryness &gt;1) parts, all of the runoff is caused by variability of forcing over time. Contributions to model runoff attributable to small-scale spatial variability of storage capacity are insignificant throughout the study area. The consistency of the model with observational data is supportive of the supply-demand-storage hypothesis, which neglects infiltration excess runoff and other finite-permeability effects on the soil water balance.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00586","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 7, p. 2143-2156, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00586.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"2143","endPage":"2156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59006082e4b0e85db3a5df08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70205041,"text":"70205041 - 1994 - Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries of the upper Texas coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-28T15:16:18","indexId":"70205041","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-30T15:08:50","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries of the upper Texas coast","docAbstract":"<p><span>Composition and biomass of beds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in estuaries along the upper Texas coast were examined from bottom core and rake samples taken along 72 line transects during July–August 1987. Substrate composition, salinity, water depth, and water clarity were also measured at each sample station.&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Halodule wrightii</i><span>&nbsp;was the dominant species of SAV meadows (69% occurrence), followed by&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Ruppia maritima</i><span>&nbsp;(36%).&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Najas guadalupensis&nbsp;</i><span>and&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Vallisneria americana</i><span>&nbsp;were only found in the shallow (&lt;60 cm), oligohaline (&lt;10 ppt) waters of Trinity Bay.&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Halophila engelmannii</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Thalassia testudinum</i><span>&nbsp;were only found in the deeper (35–110 cm) euhaline waters (30–40 ppt) of Christmas and Matagorda Bays.&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">H. wrightii&nbsp;</i><span>and&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">R. maritima</i><span>&nbsp;occurred across the greatest depth and salinity spectra, with&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">R. maritima</i><span>&nbsp;more prominent in shallower (&lt;90 cm) mixohaline waters (10–30 ppt) and</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">H. wrightii</i><span>&nbsp;more prominent in euhaline waters (30–40 ppt). Beds of SAV were more extensive and had greater biomass along south shorelines compared to north shorelines (P&lt;0.045), and depth to which vegetation grew was positively correlated with water clarity (r=0.927, P&lt;0.001). The correlations of water depth, salinity, and water clarity with variation in SAV species composition and distribution suggest that abiotic tolerances documented by previous experimental studies are major factors influencing field distributions. Comparisons with similar field data from the early 1970s corroborate the reported decrease in SAV in the Galveston Bay complex and suggest a slight increase in the Matagorda Bay complex. Decline of SAV in the Galveston Bay complex coincided with major shorefront development and a decline in numbers of wintering redhead ducks&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Aythya americana</i><span>. Protection of shorelines of upper coast estuaries is vital to maintaining SAV resources and the dependent fauna. Where possible, barrier island preserves should be established adjacent to beds of-SAV and development restrictions implemented to reduce impacts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03160627","usgsCitation":"Adair, S., Moore, J., and Onuf, C.P., 1994, Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries of the upper Texas coast: Wetlands, v. 14, no. 2, p. 110-121, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160627.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.43661499023436,\n              28.44454394857482\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.38442993164062,\n              28.374485465612306\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.3446044921875,\n              28.34306490482549\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.3009033203125,\n              28.862715733983915\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5538330078125,\n              29.379781767454972\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.33135986328124,\n              29.537619205973428\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.73236083984375,\n              29.920423069383865\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.06744384765625,\n              30.120185233002733\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.19378662109375,\n              30.157002087161636\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.01364135742188,\n              29.40371231103247\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.89529418945312,\n              28.95528229297461\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.43661499023436,\n              28.44454394857482\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adair, S.E.","contributorId":8276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adair","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":769724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.L.","contributorId":29100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":769725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Onuf, Christopher P.","contributorId":55091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onuf","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70129372,"text":"70129372 - 1994 - Instream flows and cottonwood establishment in the Bosque del Apache reach of the Rio Grande","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:43:41","indexId":"70129372","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-29T11:41:54","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Instream flows and cottonwood establishment in the Bosque del Apache reach of the Rio Grande","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Summer Symposium of the American Water Resources Association: Effects of human-induced hydrologic systems","conferenceTitle":"Annual Summer Symposium of the American Water Resources Association: Effects of human-induced hydrologic systems","conferenceDate":"1994-06-26T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Jackson Hole, WY","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1994, Instream flows and cottonwood establishment in the Bosque del Apache reach of the Rio Grande, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775b3e4b0f888a81b8327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":71111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70129047,"text":"70129047 - 1994 - Prospects for watershed effects owing to a changing climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T13:24:21","indexId":"70129047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-23T13:21:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Prospects for watershed effects owing to a changing climate","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the AWWA annual meeting","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the AWWA annual meeting","conferenceDate":"1994-06-18T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Works Association","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., 1994, Prospects for watershed effects owing to a changing climate, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de3fe4b0b0a643c73303","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, R.","contributorId":107218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70159214,"text":"70159214 - 1994 - Hydrogeology, simulation of regional ground-water flow, and saltwater intrusion,  Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T08:55:32","indexId":"70159214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-14T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":127,"text":"New Jersey Geological Survey Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Hydrogeology, simulation of regional ground-water flow, and saltwater intrusion,  Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p>The Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Middlesex and Monmouth Counties in the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey consists primarily of unconsolidated Cretaceous sediments, which are divided into the upper and middle aquifers and confining units. These units, which strike northeastsouthwest along the Fall Line, dip and thicken to the southeast. The upper aquifer consists primarily of the Old Bridge Sand Member of the Magothy Formation, which is composed of coarse-grained sands, localized thin clay beds, and younger surficial sands and gravels in and near the outcrop. Transmissivity ranges from 1,760 to 19,400 ft<sup>2</sup>/d (feet squared per day) and tends to be higher in updip areas. Estimated withdrawals from the upper aquifer in the northern Coastal Plain were approximately 42 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in 1986. Cones of depression whose centers range from 36 to 42 ft (feet) below sea level have developed as a result of these withdrawals.</p>\n<p>The upper aquifer is confined throughout most of the northern New Jersey Coastal Plain by clays and silts of the Cretaceous Woodbury Clay and Merchantville Formation and younger sediments of the Magothy Formation. This confining unit generally is greater than 200 ft thick. The simulated vertical hydraulic conductivity for the confining unit ranges from 8.4 x 10<sup>-5</sup> to 5.6 x 10<sup>-3</sup> feet per day; interpreted vertical hydraulic conductivities generally are lower except in southwestern Middlesex County, where the vertical hydraulic conductivities of the confining unit are higher.</p>\n<p>The middle aquifer consists primarily of the Farrington Sand Member of the Cretaceous Raritan Formation and surficial Holocene and Miocene sands and gravels in its outcrop area. It also can include the uppermost sands of the Cretaceous Potomac Group in parts of Monmouth County. The middle aquifer is composed of fine to coarse sand that contains some lignite and pyrite, and, locally, some clay beds. It pinches out in the northern part of Sayreville Township, near Raritan River. The transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 2,140 to 13,800 ft<sup>2/</sup>d and tends to decrease in the northern part of the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey where the aquifer thins. A poorly permeable confining unit composed mostly of clays and silts of the Woodbridge Clay Member of the Raritan Formation overlies the aquifer in most of this area. The confining unit generally is greater than 100 ft thick, although it thins and is sandy in the southwestern part of Middlesex County, where a good hydraulic connection exists between the middle and upper aquifers. Estimated withdrawals from the middle aquifer in the northern Coastal Plain were about 22 Mgal/d in 1986. These withdrawals have caused cones of depression whose centers range from 77 to 93 ft below sea level.</p>\n<p>A finite-difference, quasi-three-dimensional ground-water flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the aquifer system. The confined and unconfined areas of the upper and middle aquifers were modeled as separate layers. The model was calibrated primarily by adjusting vertical hydraulic conductivity in the confining units and horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifers, then matching simulated and measured groundwater levels for the period 1896-1986 and simulated and interpreted potentiometric surfaces under predevelopment conditions and in 1984.</p>\n<p>For the predevelopment period, the total flow into and out of the upper and middle aquifers is 35 and 21 Mgal/d, respectively. Recharge to the aquifer system is from direct recharge in the unconfined areas and from vertical leakage through overlying confining units. The main recharge areas are the topographically high areas in southwestern Middlesex County for both aquifers, in the eastern Sayreville area for the upper aquifer, and north of the Raritan River for the middle aquifer. Most ground water discharges to low-lying regional surface-water drains (streams), which flow into the South River.</p>\n<p>For 1984 transient conditions, the total ground-water flow into and out of the upper and middle aquifers is 61 and 34 Mgal/d, respectively. The largest amount of recharge is from direct recharge in the unconfined areas, but some recharge also is derived from vertical leakage through the Merchantville-Woodbury confining unit, captured ground-water discharge to streams, and induced inflow at artificial-recharge facilities. Regional flow is from recharge areas toward major cones of depression.</p>\n<p>Sensitivity analysis showed that the model was useful for representing flow in the system, especially in the confined-aquifer areas. Model representation of lateral and vertical boundary conditions was judged acceptable. Simulation results were less sensitive to changes in aquifer properties in the unconfined areas of the aquifers and to changes in storage in the confining units. Sensitivity analysis and calibration of hydraulic parameters and conditions showed that the distribution of hydraulic head was sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifers, vertical hydraulic conductivity in the confining units, magnitudes of ground-water withdrawals, and initial hydraulic head in aquifer outcrop areas.</p>\n<p>Two scenarios were simulated to determine the effects of ground-water withdrawals from 1986 through 2019. For the scenario in which ground-water withdrawals increase to about 69 Mgal/d in the upper aquifer and 37 Mgal/d in the middle aquifer, centers of cones of depression are as deep as 100 ft below sea level in the upper aquifer and 170 ft below sea level in the middle aquifer. For this scenario, most of the additional water comes from captured surface-water discharge, induced cross-formational flow from overlying aquifers, and increases in induced flow from artificial-recharge areas. Induced flow from Raritan Bay also increases. For the scenario in which ground water withdrawals are reduced to 42.5 Mgal/d in the upper aquifer and 15 Mgal/d in the middle aquifer, water levels recover to above sea level nearly everywhere. In each aquifer, ground-water discharge to streams increases and induced flow through the confining units and from the overlying sediments decreases, and discharge of ground water to Raritan Bay in the upper aquifer exceeds the induced recharge from Raritan Bay.</p>\n<p>Reversal of ground-water gradients has caused saltwater intrusion in the two aquifers. Chloride concentrations in water from the upper aquifer in Keyport and Union Beach Boroughs were as high as 2,100 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in 1986. The intrusion has not increased significantly since well fields in the area were closed in the late 1970's. Elevated chloride concentrations also were measured in Keanesburg Borough in 1986. In both of these areas, saltwater has entered the upper aquifer from the Bay because of movement of the freshwater-saltwater interface in response to increasing ground-water withdrawals.</p>\n<p>Chloride concentrations in well-water samples from the middle aquifer were as high as 6,000 mg/L in Sayreville Borough in 1987; concentrations in samples from drive-point wells from the same aquifer near the Washington Canal, the main source of saltwater, were as high as 7,100 mg/L. The migration of the saltwater front at about 470 feet per year to the southeast is influenced mainly by a thinning of the middle aquifer, which constrains flow, and by the locations of regional cones of depression caused by groundwater withdrawals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy","publisherLocation":"Trenton, NJ","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Division of Science and Research Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Pucci, A.A., Pope, D.A., and Gronberg, J.M., 1994, Hydrogeology, simulation of regional ground-water flow, and saltwater intrusion,  Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey: New Jersey Geological Survey Report 36, Report: xi, 209 p.; 2 Plates: 34.08 x 31.75 inches and 34.42 x 31.83 inches.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 209 p.; 2 Plates: 34.08 x 31.75 inches and 34.42 x 31.83 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310059,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159214.jpg"},{"id":311244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159214/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":327410,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159214/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":327409,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159214/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Mercer County, Middlesex County, Monmouth County","otherGeospatial":"Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Raritan Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.97,\n              40.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.97,\n              40.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.1\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56261475e4b0fb9a11dd7635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pucci, Amleto A. Jr.","contributorId":86494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pucci","given":"Amleto","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":577851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-4822-7434 jmgronbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-7434","contributorId":3548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"jmgronbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70175704,"text":"70175704 - 1994 - University of Minnesota Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage (ATES) project report on the third long-term cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:03:39","indexId":"70175704","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-07T12:30:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"University of Minnesota Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage (ATES) project report on the third long-term cycle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Minnesota","usgsCitation":"Hoyer, M., Hallgren, J., Uebel, M., Delin, G., Eisenreich, S.J., and Sterling, R., 1994, University of Minnesota Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage (ATES) project report on the third long-term cycle, 125 p.","productDescription":"125 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326813,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc71e4b03fd6b7d94ca8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoyer, M.C.","contributorId":49431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoyer","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallgren, J.P.","contributorId":173827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallgren","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Uebel, M.H.","contributorId":173829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uebel","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eisenreich, Steven J.","contributorId":66001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenreich","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sterling, R.L.","contributorId":173831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sterling","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5223349,"text":"5223349 - 1994 - Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T16:48:55.659197","indexId":"5223349","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T12:12:58","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","docAbstract":"<p><span>We investigated habitat specificity of the amber darter (</span><i>Percina antesella</i><span>&nbsp;Williams &amp; Etnier 1977), an imperiled fish from restricted portions of 2 rivers in the southeastern United States. Foraging amber darters occupied a narrow range of riffle habitat, consistently avoiding areas &lt; 20 cm deep and with velocity &lt; 10 cm. s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;near the substrate, occupying areas with cobble or gravel substrate and average water-column velocity of 30 to 70 cm. s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. During low to moderate flows, approximately 20% or more of the study areas contained suitable habitat for the species. Amber darters appeared rare, and the numbers of individuals were uncorrelated with the concurrent availability of suitable habitat. Protecting the amber darter may require more than maintaining adequate depths and velocities over gravel-cobble substrates. Until we understand the potential importance of migration and dispersal for maintaining small populations, suitable habitat should be maintained over the longest contiguous stream segments possible.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1994.tb00106.x","usgsCitation":"Freeman, B.J., and Freeman, M.C., 1994, Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 3, no. 2, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1994.tb00106.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"southeastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.21875,\n              24.686952411999155\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.35546875,\n              24.686952411999155\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.35546875,\n              36.80928470205937\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.21875,\n              36.80928470205937\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.21875,\n              24.686952411999155\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243966,"text":"70243966 - 1994 - Piezometer performance at Wildlife liquefaction site, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T12:23:57.514232","indexId":"70243966","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T07:16:11","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2326,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Piezometer performance at Wildlife liquefaction site, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>In response to an urgent need for field data from instrumented liquefaction sites, the U.S. Geological Survey in 1982 selected and instrumented a site in southern California called the Wildlife site. Two accelerometers (one at ground surface and one at a depth of 7.5 m) and six electrical pore‐pressure transducers (five in a liquefiable silty sand layer) were placed at the site. The November 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake triggered sand boils and the desired instrumental response by generating excess pore‐water pressure that approximately equaled the initial effective overburden pressure. These records are the first from a field site to trace ground motions and pore pressures through the entire liquefaction process. Because pore pressure continued to rise after most of the seismic energy had propagated through the site, questions about the fidelity of the pore‐pressure records have been raised. Because of the importance of the Wildlife records, we reexamine pertinent aspects of the instruments and their placement, review their 1987 response, evaluate and respond to criticisms by Hushmand et al. (1992a, 1992b), and examine analyses of the records by other investigators that are pertinent to an evaluation of the fidelity of the piezometer records. This review concludes that no data or analyses have been developed that convincingly demonstrate that the pore‐pressure piezometers responded incorrectly. Conversely, an analysis by Zeghal and Elgamal (1994) provides strong evidence that the piezometers responded with a high degree of fidelity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:6(975)","usgsCitation":"Youd, T.L., and Holzer, T.L., 1994, Piezometer performance at Wildlife liquefaction site, California: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, v. 120, no. 6, p. 975-995, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:6(975).","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"995","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wildlife Liquefaction Site","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.54598007052289,\n              33.104965409513326\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.54598007052289,\n              33.07909585615528\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.51545683662565,\n              33.07909585615528\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.51545683662565,\n              33.104965409513326\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.54598007052289,\n              33.104965409513326\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youd, T. Leslie","contributorId":107678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holzer, Thomas L. tholzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"tholzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185390,"text":"70185390 - 1994 - Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:09:24","indexId":"70185390","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers <sup>3</sup>H/<sup>3</sup>He, chlorofluorocarbons, and <sup>85</sup>Kr","title":"Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper describes a direct comparison of apparent ages derived from&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He, chlorofluorocarbons (CCl</span><sub>3</sub><span>F and CCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>F</span><sub>2</sub><span>), and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>85</sup><span>Kr measurements in shallow groundwater. Wells chosen for this study are completed in the unconfined surficial aquifers in late Cenozoic Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments of the Delmarva Peninsula, on the east coast of the United States. Most of the apparent tracer ages agree within 2 years of each other for recharge dates between 1965 and 1990. Discrepancies in apparent tracer ages usually can be explained by hydrological processes such as mixing in a discharge area. Recharge rate calculations based on apparent tracer age gradients at multilevel well locations agree with previous recharge estimates. High recharge rates on the Delmarva Peninsula result in nearly complete dissolved-gas confinement in the groundwater. The remarkable agreement between the different tracer ages indicates negligible mixing of waters of different ages, insignificant dispersion, minimal gas loss to the atmosphere, and insignificant sorption-desorption processes at this location.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00156","usgsCitation":"Ekwurzel, B., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W.M., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Michel, R.L., Weppernig, R., and Stute, M., 1994, Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1693-1708, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00156.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"1693","endPage":"1708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ekwurzel, Brenda","contributorId":189618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ekwurzel","given":"Brenda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlosser, Peter","contributorId":50936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smethie, William M. Jr.","contributorId":189619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smethie","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weppernig, Ralf","contributorId":189620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weppernig","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stute, Martin","contributorId":131127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stute","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7254,"text":"Columbia University - Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70185419,"text":"70185419 - 1994 - Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:09:20","indexId":"70185419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediment (0.5 mm–2.0 mm grain size) was incubated in nylon bags (200 μm mesh) below the water table in the channel and in two transects of shallow wells perpendicular to the banks (to 18 m) of a third-order stream during August, 1987. One transect of wells drained steep old-growth forest, and the other a steep 23 year-old clear-cut partially regenerated in alder. At approximately 6-week intervals between October, 1987, and June, 1988, bags were retrieved. Total exchangeable ammonium was determined on sediment, and dissolved oxygen, nitrate and ammonium were determined in stream and well water. Exchangeable ammonium ranged from 10 μeq/100 g of sediment in the stream where nitrification potential and subsurface exchange with stream water were high, to 115 μeq/100 g sediment 18 m inland where channel water-groundwater mixing and nitrification potential were both low. Sorbed ammonium was highest during summer/autumn base flow and lowest during winter storm flow. Both channel and well water contained measurable dissolved oxygen at all times. Ammonium concentration was typically &lt; 10 μg-N/L in channel water, increased with distance inland, but did not exceed 365 μg-N/L at any site. Nitrate concentration was typically higher in well water than channel water. Nitrate levels increased dramatically in wells at the base of the clear-cut following the onset of autumn rains. The results indicate a potential for temporary storage of ammonium on riparian sediments which may influence biotic nitrogen cycling, and alter the timing and form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport from the watershed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02182880","usgsCitation":"Triska, F.J., Jackman, A.P., Duff, J.H., and Avanzino, R.J., 1994, Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen: Biogeochemistry, v. 26, no. 2, p. 67-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182880.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"67","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82971","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duff, John H. jhduff@usgs.gov","contributorId":961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"John","email":"jhduff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70129019,"text":"70129019 - 1994 - A salmon population model for evaluating alternative flow regimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T10:45:31","indexId":"70129019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-26T10:43:13","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"A salmon population model for evaluating alternative flow regimes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Division Conference","conferenceTitle":"21st Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Division Conference","conferenceDate":"1994-05-23T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., and Waddle, T.J., 1994, A salmon population model for evaluating alternative flow regimes, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295384,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de18e4b0b0a643c732a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, J. M.","contributorId":46888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, T. J.","contributorId":52507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129529,"text":"70129529 - 1994 - Water and wildlife enhancement with land retirement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:12:10","indexId":"70129529","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-26T10:18:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Water and wildlife enhancement with land retirement","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Water policy and management: Solving the problems","conferenceTitle":"Water policy and management: Solving the problems","conferenceDate":"1994-05-23T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Ekstrand, E., and Johnson, R., 1994, Water and wildlife enhancement with land retirement, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a1919e4b04d2014abfb81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ekstrand, E.","contributorId":21883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekstrand","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, R.","contributorId":24054,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129523,"text":"70129523 - 1994 - Technical understanding in successful environmental negotiations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T09:40:02","indexId":"70129523","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-26T09:38:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Technical understanding in successful environmental negotiations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems","conferenceTitle":"Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems","conferenceDate":"1994-05-23T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Burkardt, N., Lamb, B.L., and Waddle, T., 1994, Technical understanding in successful environmental negotiations, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a1916e4b04d2014abfb79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":17554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, B. L.","contributorId":9187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddle, T.","contributorId":101584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016995,"text":"70016995 - 1994 - Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T15:44:22.792832","indexId":"70016995","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives","docAbstract":"<p><span>Benthic and planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils were recovered in shallow-water carbonate rock cores from two continuous boreholes drilled 7.5 km apart on the west platform margin of the Great Bahama Bank. The microfossils define six biostratigraphic units in each hole. One unit in each hole represents a correlative condensed section. Seven foraminiferal biozones are recognized in 11 of the units between the holes: middle Miocene</span><i>Globorotalia fohsi robusta</i><span>&nbsp;Zone N12, late Miocene</span><i>G. acostaensis</i><span>&nbsp;Zone N16 and</span><i>G. humerosa</i><span>&nbsp;Zone N17, early Pliocene</span><i>G. margaritae evoluta</i><span>&nbsp;Subzone N19, late Pliocene</span><i>G. exilis</i><span>&nbsp;Subzone N21 and, tentatively,</span><i>G. tosaensis tosaensis</i><span>&nbsp;Zone N21, and early Pleistocene</span><i>G. crassaformis viola</i><span>&nbsp;Subzone N22. The twelfth unit is inferred to be of</span><i>G. crassaformis viola</i><span>&nbsp;Subzone N22 age. The oldest unit is onshore, the youngest is offshore. As presently interpreted, the nannofossil and foraminiferal zonations are partially correlative. Although the microfossils unequivocally constrain the series ages of the sediments, the incompleteness of the fossil record allows for alternative biozonal age models within the series.</span></p><p><span>The Miocene and Pliocene biozones are common to both holes, but the greatest similarities between the holes are the significant mixing of middle and late Miocene, and late Miocene-early Pliocene faunas, the greatly condensed intervals at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, and the early Pliocene influx of deep-water benthic and pelagic foraminifera. Of particular importance is the tentative recognition of late Pliocene<i>G. tosaensis tosaensis</i>&nbsp;Zone N21 in one borehole. Subsequent data not available to this phase of the study indicate that much of the zone is likely missing. Its absence will lend support to speculations of a regional unconformity in the Bahamas.</span></p><p><span>The microfossils indicate that (1) several transgressions occurred from the middle Miocene to at least the earliest Pleistocene (greater than 11.5–greater than 0.46 Ma), during which banktop-derived sediments accumulating at the margin prograded the platform seaward; (2) a condensed interval on the bank top may represent a late Miocene lowstand, a period of sediment bypassing, or a lack of accommodation space; (3) the slope received thin layers of pelagic sediments in a condensed interval during the late Miocene and early Pliocene, while the bank top accommodated early Pliocene (4.2–3.4 Ma) deep-water indicators prior to a likely period of exposure (2.35 - 1.89 Ma); (4) two cycles of banktop sediment production and starvation occurred during the Pliocene; (5) the Pliocene transgression was punctuated by stillstands or low-amplitude reversals during which parts of biozones did not accumulate; and (6) the sediments containing the most complete microfossil-datum record are the thin pelagic strata that mark interruptions in the regular shedding of transgressive deposits from the platform. Sedimentation-rate patterns varied but were generally higher offshore than onshore.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B., and Bralower, T., 1994, Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 265-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1.","productDescription":"80 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.53466,23.75975],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.03405,24.28615],[-78.40848,24.57564],[-78.19087,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.54,24.34],[-77.53466,23.75975]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-78.51,26.87],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.17255,25.87918],[-77.35641,26.00735],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.78802,26.92516],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"The Bahamas\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a567ee4b0c8380cd6d620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H.","contributorId":64576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bralower, Timothy J.","contributorId":177196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bralower","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70169921,"text":"70169921 - 1994 - Ground water and the floods of 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T12:16:50","indexId":"70169921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3726,"text":"Water Well Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water and the floods of 1993","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Water Well Association","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R., 1994, Ground water and the floods of 1993: Water Well Journal, v. 48, no. 4, p. 39-40.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fcfecce4b0a6037df2c39b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchmiller, R.C.","contributorId":59458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199493,"text":"70199493 - 1994 - Historical decline and current status of coho salmon in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:03:25.860275","indexId":"70199493","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T11:57:59","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical decline and current status of coho salmon in California","docAbstract":"<p>The southernmost populations of coho salmon <i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i> occur in California where native coho stocks have declined or disappeared from all streams in which they were historically recorded. Coho salmon previously occurred in as many as 582 streams, from the Smith River near the Oregon border to the San Lorenzo River on the central coast. Information on the recent presence or absence of coho salmon was available for only 248 (43%) of those streams. Of these 248 streams, 54% still contained coho salmon and 46% did not. The farther south a stream is located, the more likely it is to have lost its coho salmon population. We estimate that the total number of adult coho salmon entering California streams in 1987-1991 averaged around 31,000 fish per year, with hatchery populations making up 57% of this total. Thus, about 13,000 nonhatchery coho salmon have been spawning in California streams each year since 1987, an estimate that includes naturalized stocks containing about 9,000 fish of recent hatchery ancestry. There are now probably less than 5,000 native coho salmon (with no known hatchery ancestry) spawning in California each year, many of them in populations of less than 100 individuals. Coho populations today are probably less than 6% of what they were in the 1940s, and there has been at least a 70% decline since the 1960s. There is every reason to believe that California coho populations, including hatchery stocks, will continue to decline. The reasons for the decline of coho salmon in California include: stream alterations brought about by poor land-use practices (especially those related to logging and urbanization) and by the effects of periodic floods and drought, the breakdown of genetic integrity of native stocks, introduced diseases, overharvest, and climatic change. We believe,&nbsp;that ,coho salmon in California qualify for listing as a threatened species under state law, and certain populations may qualify for listing as threatened or endangered under federal law.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0237:HDACSO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., Moyle, P.B., and Yoshiyama, R.M., 1994, Historical decline and current status of coho salmon in California: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 237-261, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0237:HDACSO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"261","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134be4b034bf6a813c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyle, Peter B.","contributorId":117099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moyle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yoshiyama, Ronald M.","contributorId":208005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoshiyama","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185411,"text":"70185411 - 1994 - Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T09:40:13","indexId":"70185411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3711,"text":"Water Environment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","docAbstract":"<p><span>A network of 9-m-tall surface flux measurement stations were deployed at eight sparsely vegetated sites during the Monsoon '90 experiment to measure net radiation, </span><i>Q</i><span>, soil heat flux, </span><i>G</i><span>, sensible heat flux, </span><i>H</i><span> (using eddy correlation), and latent heat flux, λ</span><i>E</i><span> (using the energy balance equation). At four of these sites, 2-m-tall eddy correlation systems were used to measure all four fluxes directly. Also a 2-m-tall Bowen ratio system was deployed at one site. Magnitudes of the energy balance closure (</span><i>Q</i><span> + </span><i>G</i><span> + </span><i>H</i><span> + λ</span><i>E</i><span>) increased as the complexity of terrain increased. The daytime Bowen ratio decreased from about 10 before the monsoon season to about 0.3 during the monsoons. Source areas of the measurements are developed and compared to scales of heterogeneity arising from the sparse vegetation and the topography. There was very good agreement among simultaneous measurements of </span><i>Q</i><span> with the same model sensor at different heights (representing different source areas), but poor agreement among different brands of sensors. Comparisons of simultaneous measurements of </span><i>G</i><span> suggest that because of the extremely small source area, extreme care in sensor deployment is necessary for accurate measurement in sparse canopies. A recently published model to estimate fetch is used to interpret measurements of </span><i>H</i><span> at the 2 m and 9 m heights. Three sites were characterized by undulating topography, with ridgetops separated by about 200–600 m. At these sites, sensors were located on ridgetops, and the 9-m fetch included the adjacent valley, whereas the 2-m fetch was limited to the immediate ridgetop and hillside. Before the monsoons began, vegetation was mostly dormant, the watershed was uniformly hot and dry, and the two measurements of </span><i>H</i><span> were in close agreement. After the monsoons began and vegetation fully matured, the 2-m measurements of </span><i>H</i><span> were significantly greater than the 9-m measurements, presumably because the vegetation in the valleys was denser and cooler than on the ridgetops and hillsides. At one lowland site with little topographic relief, the vegetation was more uniform, and the two measurements of </span><i>H</i><span> were in close agreement during peak vegetation. Values of λ</span><i>E</i><span> could only be compared at two sites, but the 9-m values were greater than the 2-m values, suggesting λ</span><i>E</i><span> from the dense vegetation in the valleys was greater than elsewhere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93WR03037","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., Blanford, J., Kustas, W.P., Nichols, W.D., Amer, S., Schmugge, T., and Weltz, M., 1994, Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment: Water Environment Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1227-1239, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03037.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amer, S.A.","contributorId":189639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmugge, T.J.","contributorId":189640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmugge","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weltz, M.A.","contributorId":77732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1014836,"text":"1014836 - 1994 - Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T15:31:17.576008","indexId":"1014836","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1651,"text":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, <i>Morone saxatilis</i> (Walbaum)","title":"Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several experiments were performed to investigate the physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass,&nbsp;</span><i>Morone saxatilis</i><span>. Transfer of fish from fresh water (FW) to seawater (SW; 31–32 ppt) induced only a minimal disturbance of osmotic homeostasis. Ambient salinity did not affect plasma thyroxine, but plasma cortisol remained elevated for 24h after SW transfer. Gill and opercular membrane chloride cell density and Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>,K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity were relatively high and unaffected by salinity. Average chloride cell size, however, was slightly increased (16%) in SW-acclimated fish. Gill succinate dehydrogenase activity was higher in SW-acclimated fish than in FW fish. Kidney Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity was slightly lower (16%) in SW fish than in FW fish. Posterior intestinal Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>,K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity and water transport capacity (J</span><sub>v</sub><span>) did not change upon SW transfer, whereas middle intestinal Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>,K</span><sup>+</sup><span>-ATPase activity increased 35% after transfer and was correlated with an increase in J</span><sub>v</sub><span>&nbsp;(110%). As salinity induced only minor changes in the osmoregulatory organs examined, it is proposed that the intrinsic euryhalinity of the striped bass may be related to a high degree of “preparedness” for hypoosmoregulation that is uncommon among teleosts studied to data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF00004114","usgsCitation":"Madsen, S.S., McCormick, S.D., Young, G., Endersen, J.S., Nishioka, R.S., and Bern, H.A., 1994, Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum): Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004114.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madsen, Steffen S.","contributorId":65404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"Steffen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":139214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, G.","contributorId":101215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Endersen, J. S.","contributorId":14342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Endersen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nishioka, R. S.","contributorId":69915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nishioka","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bern, H. A.","contributorId":61771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bern","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1014730,"text":"1014730 - 1994 - Survival of caged Atlantic salmon in the Merrimack River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:11:41.508325","indexId":"1014730","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of caged Atlantic salmon in the Merrimack River","docAbstract":"<p><span>Because it is difficult to locate parr and smolts of Atlantic salmon&nbsp;</span><i>Salmo salar</i><span>&nbsp;in the lower Merrimack River in order to measure survival and evaluate physiological changes, 1 held hatchery fish in 122 × 46 ×61‐cm cages at three sites for up to 70 d in 1988 and 1989, beginning each year in early April. Stationary cages were placed at two freshwater sites (3 and 7.8 km above the mouth of the river) and at a tidal freshwater–seawater site, and then stocked with fish. Movable cages were placed in the river at the most upstream stationary‐cage site, stocked with fish, and later moved downstream by boat at irregular intervals. At the most upstream site mortality gradually increased through the season, reaching the highest level (about 60%) during a period of rising temperatures in late May. Although extremes in temperature and salinity were greatest at the freshwater–seawater site, mortality was lowest in the stationary cage there, The number of Atlantic salmon infected with&nbsp;</span><i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i><span>&nbsp;increased during the study. Disease and mortality data suggest that survival would be highest for fish that leave the river and enter seawater soon after stocking, especially late in the season when river flows are low. At that time water temperatures may approach levels that are lethal to Atlantic salmon or may interfere with their smoltification and migration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0355:SOCASI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rottiers, D.V., 1994, Survival of caged Atlantic salmon in the Merrimack River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 355-361, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0355:SOCASI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"361","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Merrimack River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.120415932791,\n              42.79702147394016\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.13732606101294,\n              42.757016434563695\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.03750440747416,\n              42.75034224970426\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.97528619717882,\n              42.75931724929444\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.92687772800757,\n              42.812688075090094\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.82954656663233,\n              42.78140682744353\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.81450145071794,\n              42.82274367889764\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.91949567664666,\n              42.85078346639128\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.120415932791,\n              42.79702147394016\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68816e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottiers, Donald V.","contributorId":10754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185397,"text":"70185397 - 1994 - Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:12:34","indexId":"70185397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content mainAbstract\"><p>Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinary experiment conducted in a semiarid watershed. It had as one of its objectives the quantification of hydrometeorological fluxes during the “monsoon” or wet season. The remote sensing observations along with micrometeprological and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) data were used to compute the surface energy balance over a range of spatial scales. The procedure involved averaging multiple pixels along transects flown over the meteorological and flux (METFLUX) stations. Average values of the spectral reflectance and thermal-infrared temperatures were computed for pixels of order 10<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10<sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>km in length and were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (<i>R</i><sub><i>n</i></sub>), soil heat flux (<i>G</i>), and sensible (<i>H</i>) and latent (<i>LE</i>) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimating<span>&nbsp;</span><i>H</i><span>&nbsp;</span>that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub><i>n</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>G</i><span>&nbsp;</span>are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>LE</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub><i>n</i></sub>, 20% for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>G</i>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>H</i>, and 15% for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>LE</i>. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R<sub>n</sub></i>, 10% for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>G</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>H</i>, and 15% for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>LE</i>. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxes<span>&nbsp;</span><i>H</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>LE</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03038","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Humes, K., Stannard, D., Pinter, P.J., Hipps, L., Swiatek, E., and Goodrich, D., 1994, Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1241-1259, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03038.","productDescription":"19 p. ","startPage":"1241","endPage":"1259","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f82981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Humes, K.S.","contributorId":189627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humes","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pinter, P. J. Jr.","contributorId":100535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pinter","given":"P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hipps, L.E.","contributorId":189628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hipps","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Swiatek, E.","contributorId":189629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swiatek","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goodrich, D.C.","contributorId":98492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodrich","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70185401,"text":"70185401 - 1994 - Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:53:11","indexId":"70185401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland","docAbstract":"<p><span>An interdisciplinary field experiment was conducted to study the water and energy balance of a semiarid rangeland watershed in southeast Arizona during the summer of 1990. Two subwatersheds, one grass dominated and the other shrub dominated, were selected for intensive study with ground-based remote sensing systems and hydrometeorological instrumentation. Surface energy balance was evaluated at both sites using direct and indirect measurements of the turbulent fluxes (eddy correlation, variance, and Bowen ratio methods) and using an aerodynamic approach based on remote measurements of surface reflectance and temperature and conventional meteorological information. Estimates of net radiant flux density (</span><i>R</i><sub><i>n</i></sub><span>), derived from measurements of air temperature, incoming solar radiation, and surface temperature and radiance compared well with values measured using a net radiometer (mean absolute difference (MAD) ≃ 50 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>over a range from 115 to 670 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>). Soil heat flux density (</span><i>G</i><span>) was estimated using a relation between<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>G</i><span>/</span><i>R<sub>n</sub></i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and a spectral vegetation index computed from the red and near-infrared surface reflectance. These<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>G</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>estimates compared well with conventional measurements of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>G</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>using buried soil heat flux plates (MAD ≃ 20 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>over a range from −13 to 213 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>). In order to account for the effects of sparse vegetation, semiempirical adjustments to the single-layer bulk aerodynamic resistance approach were required for evaluation of sensible heat flux density (</span><i>H</i><span>). This yielded differences between measurements and remote estimates of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>H</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>of approximately 33 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>over a range from 13 to 303 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>. The resulting estimates of latent heat flux density,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>LE</i><span>, were of the same magnitude and trend as measured values; however, a significant scatter was still observed: MAD ≃ 40 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>over a range from 0 to 340 W/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>. Because<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>LE</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>was solved as a residual, there was a cumulative effect of errors associated with remote estimates of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>R</i><sub><i>n</i></sub><span>,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>G</i><span>, and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>H</i><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03064","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Vidal, A., Stannard, D., Blanford, J., and Nichols, W.D., 1994, Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1339-1349, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03064.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidal, A.","contributorId":94451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70187322,"text":"70187322 - 1994 - The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:50:43","indexId":"70187322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-1\">Apparent phreatic explosion craters, caldera-floor volcanic cones, and geothermal features outline a ring fracture zone along which Mount Mazama collapsed to form the Crater Lake caldera during its climactic eruption about 6,850 yr B.P. Within a few years, subaerial deposits infilled the phreatic craters and then formed a thick wedge (10-20 m) of mass flow deposits shed from caldera walls. Intense volcanic activity (phreatic explosions, subaerial flows, and hydrothermal venting) occurred during this early postcaldera stage, and a central platform of subaerial andesite flows and scoria formed on the caldera floor.</p><p id=\"p-2\">Radiocarbon ages suggest that deposition of Iacustrine hemipelagic sediment began on the central platform about 150 yr after the caldera collapse. This is the minimum time to fill the lake halfway with water and cover the platform assuming present hydrologic conditions of precipitation and evaporation but with negligible leakage of lake water. Wizard Island formed during the final part of the 300-yr lake-filling period as shown by its (1) upper subaerial lava flows from 0 to -70 m below present water level and lower subaqueous lava flows from -70 to -500 m and by (2) lacustrine turbidite sand derived from Wizard Island that was deposited on the central platform about 350 yr after the caldera collapse. Pollen stratigraphy indicates that the warm and dry climate of middle Holocene time correlates with the early lake deposits. Diatom stratigraphy also suggests a more thermally stratified and phosphate-rich environment associated respectively with this climate and greater hydrothermal activity during the early lake history.</p><p id=\"p-3\">Apparent coarse-grained and thick-bedded turbidites of the early lake beds were deposited throughout northwest, southwest, and eastern basins during the time that volcanic and seismic activity formed the subaqueous Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and rhyodacite dome. The last known postcaldera volcanic activity produced a subaqueous rhyodacite ash bed and dome about 4,240 yr B.P. The late lake beds with base-of-slope aprons and thin, fine-grained basin-plain turbidites were deposited during the volcanically quiescent period of the past 4,000 yr.</p><p id=\"p-4\">Deposits in Crater Lake and on similar caldera floors suggest that four stages characterize the postcaldera evolution of smaller (≤10 km in diameter) terrestrial caldera lake floors: (1) initial-stage caldera collapse forms the ring fracture zone that controls location of the main volcanic eruptive centers and sedimentary basin depocenters on the caldera floor; (2) early-stage subaerial sedimentation rapidly fills ring-fracture depressions and constructs basin-floor debris fans from calderawall landslides; (3) first-stage subaqueous sedimentation deposits thick flat-lying lake turbidites throughout basins, while a thin blanket of hemipelagic sediment covers volcanic edifices that continue to form concurrently with lake sedimentation; and (4) second-stage subaqueous sedimentation after the waning of major volcanic activity and the earlier periods of most rapid sedimentation develops small sili-ciclastic basin base-of-slope turbidite aprons and central basin plains. Renewed volcanic activity or lake destruction could cause part or all of the cycle to repeat.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Bacon, C.R., Robinson, S.W., Adam, D.P., Bradbury, J.P., Barber, J.H., Schwartz, D., and Vagenas, G., 1994, The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 5, p. 684-704, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"684","endPage":"704","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"106","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":191503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Stephen W.","contributorId":191504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, John H. Jr.","contributorId":102821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Deborah","contributorId":191505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Deborah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vagenas, Ginger","contributorId":191506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vagenas","given":"Ginger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
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