{"pageNumber":"1658","pageRowStart":"41425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":70187322,"text":"70187322 - 1994 - The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:50:43","indexId":"70187322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-1\">Apparent phreatic explosion craters, caldera-floor volcanic cones, and geothermal features outline a ring fracture zone along which Mount Mazama collapsed to form the Crater Lake caldera during its climactic eruption about 6,850 yr B.P. Within a few years, subaerial deposits infilled the phreatic craters and then formed a thick wedge (10-20 m) of mass flow deposits shed from caldera walls. Intense volcanic activity (phreatic explosions, subaerial flows, and hydrothermal venting) occurred during this early postcaldera stage, and a central platform of subaerial andesite flows and scoria formed on the caldera floor.</p><p id=\"p-2\">Radiocarbon ages suggest that deposition of Iacustrine hemipelagic sediment began on the central platform about 150 yr after the caldera collapse. This is the minimum time to fill the lake halfway with water and cover the platform assuming present hydrologic conditions of precipitation and evaporation but with negligible leakage of lake water. Wizard Island formed during the final part of the 300-yr lake-filling period as shown by its (1) upper subaerial lava flows from 0 to -70 m below present water level and lower subaqueous lava flows from -70 to -500 m and by (2) lacustrine turbidite sand derived from Wizard Island that was deposited on the central platform about 350 yr after the caldera collapse. Pollen stratigraphy indicates that the warm and dry climate of middle Holocene time correlates with the early lake deposits. Diatom stratigraphy also suggests a more thermally stratified and phosphate-rich environment associated respectively with this climate and greater hydrothermal activity during the early lake history.</p><p id=\"p-3\">Apparent coarse-grained and thick-bedded turbidites of the early lake beds were deposited throughout northwest, southwest, and eastern basins during the time that volcanic and seismic activity formed the subaqueous Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and rhyodacite dome. The last known postcaldera volcanic activity produced a subaqueous rhyodacite ash bed and dome about 4,240 yr B.P. The late lake beds with base-of-slope aprons and thin, fine-grained basin-plain turbidites were deposited during the volcanically quiescent period of the past 4,000 yr.</p><p id=\"p-4\">Deposits in Crater Lake and on similar caldera floors suggest that four stages characterize the postcaldera evolution of smaller (≤10 km in diameter) terrestrial caldera lake floors: (1) initial-stage caldera collapse forms the ring fracture zone that controls location of the main volcanic eruptive centers and sedimentary basin depocenters on the caldera floor; (2) early-stage subaerial sedimentation rapidly fills ring-fracture depressions and constructs basin-floor debris fans from calderawall landslides; (3) first-stage subaqueous sedimentation deposits thick flat-lying lake turbidites throughout basins, while a thin blanket of hemipelagic sediment covers volcanic edifices that continue to form concurrently with lake sedimentation; and (4) second-stage subaqueous sedimentation after the waning of major volcanic activity and the earlier periods of most rapid sedimentation develops small sili-ciclastic basin base-of-slope turbidite aprons and central basin plains. Renewed volcanic activity or lake destruction could cause part or all of the cycle to repeat.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Bacon, C.R., Robinson, S.W., Adam, D.P., Bradbury, J.P., Barber, J.H., Schwartz, D., and Vagenas, G., 1994, The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 5, p. 684-704, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"684","endPage":"704","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"106","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":191503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Stephen W.","contributorId":191504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, John H. Jr.","contributorId":102821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Deborah","contributorId":191505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Deborah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vagenas, Ginger","contributorId":191506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vagenas","given":"Ginger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70206765,"text":"70206765 - 1994 - Effects of weather and tides on feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T11:32:48","indexId":"70206765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-30T11:27:09","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of weather and tides on feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied the effects of weather and tides on percent feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Aythya americana</i><span>&nbsp;Eyton) in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana, USA. Flock scans (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">n</i><span>&nbsp;= 750) were made on 55 flocks from November through March of 1988–1989. The percent of the flock that was feeding was negatively correlated with time of day, temperature, water level, and distance of the flock from shore, and was positively correlated with wind velocity, flock size, fetch, and wave height; birds also fed more in early winter and during northerly winds. Flocks were closer to land earlier in the winter on cloudy, rainy, and windy days when waves were high, and those flocks were smaller than flocks farther from shore. Conditions associated with reduced fetch by flocks included later time of day, smaller waves, warmer air temperatures, northerly wind shifts, stronger winds, increasing cloud cover, and rain. Redheads minimized energy expenditure by foraging during low tides and in shallow water closer to shore; they increased feeding and reduced fetch during times of high thermoregulatory demands.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00027860","usgsCitation":"Michot, T.C., Moser, E.B., and Norling, W., 1994, Effects of weather and tides on feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana: Hydrobiologia, v. 279/280, p. 263-278, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027860.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Chandeleur Islands, Chandeleur Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.92883300781249,\n              30.38235321766959\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.3023681640625,\n              30.315987718557867\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              30.192618218499273\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.593505859375,\n              30.18787014479982\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.7308349609375,\n              30.04532159026885\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.813232421875,\n              30.04532159026885\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.84619140625,\n              29.950175057288813\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.71435546875,\n              29.873992211235656\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.58251953125,\n              29.873992211235656\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.4561767578125,\n              30.04532159026885\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.4232177734375,\n              29.83111376473715\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.4232177734375,\n              29.726222319395504\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.69238281249999,\n              29.611670115197377\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.56054687499999,\n              29.372601506681402\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.05517578125,\n              29.137768254983335\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.8299560546875,\n              29.854937397596693\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.92883300781249,\n              30.38235321766959\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"279/280","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michot, Thomas C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":57935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moser, E. Barry","contributorId":37595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norling, Wayne","contributorId":69877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norling","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70205977,"text":"70205977 - 1994 - Potential effects of development on flow characteristics of two streams in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T10:58:21","indexId":"70205977","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-30T10:52:07","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of development on flow characteristics of two streams in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p><span>Parts of the Raritan River basin in central New Jersey have undergone increasing development over the last several decades. The increasing population relies on the region's ground water and surface water sources for its residential, commercial, and industrial water supply. Urbanization, regionalized wastewater‐treatment facilities, stream channel alterations, and interbasin transfers of water can all affect water availability. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether significant trends exist in the base‐flow and overland‐runoff characteristics of streams in two subbasins with different percentages of urban/built‐up land (Anderson&nbsp;</span><i>et at</i><span>., 1976). Changes in flow characteristics that could indicate future reductions in safe water yield of the Raritan River basin were examined. Flow and flow variability of the steams draining these two subbasins have increased over time. Many of the flow measures studied experienced pronounced trend shifts about 1960. The cause of these changes cannot be readily determined from the data, nor is it clear whether the increased flow variability lies outside the natural range of flow variability of the streams draining the subbasins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03291.x","usgsCitation":"Barringer, T.H., Reiser, R.G., and Price, C.V., 1994, Potential effects of development on flow characteristics of two streams in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 2, p. 283-295, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03291.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Raritan River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.01327514648438,\n              40.333983227838104\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.2620849609375,\n              40.333983227838104\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.2620849609375,\n              40.77118185975647\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.01327514648438,\n              40.77118185975647\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.01327514648438,\n              40.333983227838104\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Thomas H.","contributorId":42252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, Robert G. 0000-0001-5140-2745 rreiser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2745","contributorId":4083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"Robert","email":"rreiser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70129539,"text":"70129539 - 1994 - Sediment balance and flushing flow analysis: Trinity River case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T11:10:51","indexId":"70129539","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-08T11:07:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Sediment balance and flushing flow analysis: Trinity River case study","docAbstract":"The use of sediment yield as one aspect of a flushing flow analysis is explored in a case study of the Trinity River in northwestern California. Understanding sediment balance can help in the development of a flushing flow need, but hydraulic analysis must also be done. The most important flushing flow need for the Trinity River is to increase the Trinity River flows when flows in Grass Valley Creek and other tributaries draining the Shasta Bally Batholith are high. The goal is preventing deposition of sand and fines. These flows should be followed by clear-water flushing (i.e., flushing flows when the tributaries are not high) to remove fines and sand from the stream bed.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union Fourteenth Annual Hydrology Days","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union Fourteenth Annual Hydrology Days","conferenceDate":"1994-04-05T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Hydrology Days Publications","publisherLocation":"Atherton, CA","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1994, Sediment balance and flushing flow analysis: Trinity River case study, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a190ee4b04d2014abfb72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":71111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017767,"text":"70017767 - 1994 - Trends in stomatal density and 13C/12C ratios of Pinus flexilis needles during last glacial-interglacial cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:21:07.517437","indexId":"70017767","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in stomatal density and 13C/12C ratios of Pinus flexilis needles during last glacial-interglacial cycle","docAbstract":"<p><span>Measurements of stomatal density and δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C of limber pine (</span><i>Pinus flexilis</i><span>) needles (leaves) preserved in pack rat middens from the Great Basin reveal shifts in plant physiology and leaf morphology during the last 30,000 years. Sites were selected so as to offset glacial to Holocene climatic differences and thus to isolate the effects of changing atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;levels. Stomatal density decreased ∼17 percent and δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C decreased ∼1.5 per mil during deglaciation from 15,000 to 12,000 years ago, concomitant with a 30 percent increase in atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. Water-use efficiency increased ∼15 percent during deglaciation, if temperature and humidity were held constant and the proxy values for CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C of past atmospheres are accurate. The δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C variations may help constrain hypotheses about the redistribution of carbon between the atmosphere and biosphere during the last glacial-interglacial cycle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.264.5156.239","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Van De Water, P.K., Leavitt, S.W., and Betancourt, J., 1994, Trends in stomatal density and 13C/12C ratios of Pinus flexilis needles during last glacial-interglacial cycle: Science, v. 264, no. 5156, p. 239-242, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5156.239.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"264","issue":"5156","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb805e4b08c986b32761a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van De Water, Peter K.","contributorId":51484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van De Water","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavitt, Steven W.","contributorId":77312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavitt","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70170343,"text":"70170343 - 1994 - Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:19:00","indexId":"70170343","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T15:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin","docAbstract":"<p>The Red River of the North drainage basin (herein referred to as Red River Basin) within the United States is a study unit under the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The overall goals of this program, initiated to better define the status and trends of the Nation&rsquo;s water quality, are to address regional and national water-quality issues in a nationally consistent manner. Pesticide contamination of surface water and fish is one focus of this program.</p>\n<p>The Red River Basin is about 90,600 square kilometers (km2 ) in area and is composed of rolling prairie with a high density of prairie-pothole wetlands to the west; a very flat glacial lake bed with drainage ditches and meandering streams in the center (Red River Valley Lake Plain); morainal hills with a mosaic of agriculture, lakes, and forest in the southeast; and a flat lake-washed till plain with extensive peatlands in the northeast (fig. 1). Stoner and others (1993) have given a more complete description of the environmental setting of the Red River Basin.</p>\n<p>Agriculture is a major component of the region&rsquo;s economy, and is greatest in the Red River Valley Lake Plain. Principal crops are wheat, barley, oats, sunflowers, corn, soybeans, dry beans, potatoes, sugarbeets, alfalfa hay, and other hay. Herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide use depends on crop type and environmental stresses such as crop disease, drought, and periodic insect-pest infestation. This paper focuses on the occurrence, movement, and fate of agricultural pesticides that are applied to crops, but improper disposal, and use of pesticides for household pests, lawn care, golf courses, and home gardening can also result in contamination of the aquatic environment. Furthermore, atmospheric transport is known to transport pesticides to regions far from their source (Kurtz, 1990).</p>\n<p>Pesticide data have been collected in the Red River Basin by various Federal, State, and local agencies. Tornes and Brigham (1994) recently summarized many of these historical data. This paper summarizes selected data collected as part of the NAWQA program during 1992-93, and briefly compares these data to historical data and to pesticide usage.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium","conferenceDate":"March 30-31, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Fargo, ND","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota State University Extension Service","publisherLocation":"Fargo, ND","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., 1994, Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin, <i>in</i> North Dakota Water Quality Symposium Proceedings, Fargo, ND, March 30-31, 1994, p. 256-269.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goff, K.","contributorId":50683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129021,"text":"70129021 - 1994 - Relations between habitat variability and population dynamics of bass in the Huron River, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T11:02:32","indexId":"70129021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T10:47:29","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Biological Report 21","title":"Relations between habitat variability and population dynamics of bass in the Huron River, Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>One of the assumption of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) is that the dynamics of fish populations are directly or indirectly related to habitat availability.  Because this assumption has not been successfully tested in coolwater streams, questions arise regarding the validity of the methodology in such streams.  The purpose of our study was to determine whether relations existed between habitat availability and population dynamics of smallmouth bass (<i>Micropterus dolomieu</i>) and rock bass (<i>Ambloplites rupestris</i>) in a 16-km reach of the Huron River in southeastern Michigan.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Both species exhibited strong to moderate carryover of year classes from age 0 through age 2, indicating that adult populations were related to factors affecting recruitment.  Year-class strength and subsequent numbers of yearling bass were related to the availability of young-of-year habitat during the first growing season for a cohort.  Number of age-0, age-1, and adult smallmouth bass were related to the average length at age 0 for the cohort.  Length at age 0 was associated with young-of-year habitat and thermal regime during the first growing season.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Rock bass populations exhibited similar associations among age classes and habitat variables.  Compared to smallmouth bass, the number of age-2 rock bass was associated more closely with their length at age 0 than with year-class strength.  Length at age 0 and year-class strength of rock bass were associated with the same habitat variables as those related to age-0 smallmouth bass.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>We hypothesize that an energetic mechanism linked thermal regime to length at age 0 and that increased growth resulted in higher survival rates from age 0 to age 1.  We also postulate that young-of-year habitat provided protection from predators, higher production of food resources, and increased foraging efficiency.  We conclude that the IFIM is a valid methodology for instream flow investigations of coolwater streams.  The results for our study support the contention that the dynamics of bass populations are directly or indirectly related to habitat availability in coolwater streams.  Our study also revealed several implications related to the operational application of the IFIM in coolwater streams:</p>\n<br/>\n<p>1. Greater emphasis should be placed on the alleviation of habitat impacts to early life history phases of bass.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>2. Effects of the thermal regime are important in some coolwater streams even if temperatures remain within nonlethal limits.  Degree-day analyses should be routinely included in study plans for applications of the IFIM in coolwater streams.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>3. The smallest amount of habitat occurring within or across years is not necessarily the most significant event affecting population dynamics.  The timing of extreme events can be as important as their magnitude.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>4. Population-related habitat limitations were associated with high flows more often than with low flows (although both occurred).  Negotiations that focus only on minimum flows may preclude viable water management options and ignore significant biological events.  This finding is particularly relevant to negotiations involving hydrospeaking operations.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>5. IFIM users are advised to consider the use of binary criteria in place of conventional suitability index curves in microhabitat simulations.  Criteria defining the optimal ranges of variables are preferable to broader rangers, and criteria that simply define suitable conditions should be avoided entirely.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., Newcomb, T.J., and Coon, T.G., 1994, Relations between habitat variability and population dynamics of bass in the Huron River, Michigan, 63 p.","productDescription":"63 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Huron River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de3fe4b0b0a643c73307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":49721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newcomb, Tammy J.","contributorId":13908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newcomb","given":"Tammy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coon, Thomas G.","contributorId":46889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70129525,"text":"70129525 - 1994 - Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T09:59:28","indexId":"70129525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T09:49:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals","docAbstract":"<p>Cover is an important component of aquatic habitat and fisheries management.  Fisheries biologists often try to improve habitats through the addition of natural and artificial material to improve cover diversity and complexity.  Habitat-improvement programs range from submerging used Christmas trees to more complex programs using sophisticated artificial habitat modules.  Used automobile tires have been employed in the large scale construction of reefs and fish attractors in marine environments (D'Itri 1985) and to a lesser extent in freshwater (Johnson and Stein 1979) and have been recognized as a durable, inexpensive and long-lasting material which benefits fishery communities.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Recent studies by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Mueller and Liston 1991) have quantified the importance of tire reeds to enhancing freshwater canal fisheries in the southwestern United States.  These studies have demonstrated that fisheries and aquatic macroinvertebrates are attracted to these structures, increasing species diversity, densities and biomass where reefs are places in canals.  Potential benefits to fishermen are great in the form of recreational fishing.  However, the use of tire reefs in aquatic environments which have relatively small volumes compared to marine or reservoir environments has raised water quality concerns.  Effects of tires on water quality have not typically been studied in the part because of the obvious presence of fishes and other aquatic organisms that make use of tire reefs; the implication being that tires are intert and non-toxic.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Little information on effects of tires on water quality is contained in the literature.  Stone et al. (1975) demonstrated that tire exposure had no detrimental effects on two species of marine fish while results of Kellough's (1991) freshwater tests were inconclusive, but suggested that some factor in tire leachate was toxic to rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>).  Nozaka et al. (1973) found no harmful substances leached from tire material soaked in fresh water.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Because there are few data on toxicity associated with tires, this became the focus of our study.  Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TUE) procedures developed by the EPA (1991) were used to evaluate water quality impacted by tires.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/BF00194146","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S., Mueller, G., and Hemphill, D.C., 1994, Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 52, no. 4, p. 574-581, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194146.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"574","endPage":"581","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295633,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194146"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18dfe4b04d2014abfb40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. M.","contributorId":92602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, G.","contributorId":81035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemphill, D. C.","contributorId":107630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222702,"text":"5222702 - 1994 - Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T17:01:39.896892","indexId":"5222702","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife","docAbstract":"<p>Many wildlife species ingest soil while feeding, but ingestion rates are known for only a few species. Knowing ingestion rates may be important for studies of environmental contaminants. Wildlife may ingest soil deliberately, or incidentally, when they ingest soil-laden forage or animals that contain soil. We fed white-footed mice (<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i>) diets containing 0-15% soil to relate the dietary soil content to the acid-insoluble ash content of scat collected from the mice. The relation was described by an equation that required estimates of the percent acid-insoluble ash content of the diet, digestibility of the diet, and mineral content of soil. We collected scat from 28 wildlife species by capturing animals, searching appropriate habitats for scat, or removing material from the intestines of animals collected for other purposes. We measured the acid-insoluble ash content of the scat and estimated the soil content of the diets by using the soil-ingestion equation. Soil ingestion estimates should be considered only approximate because they depend on estimated rather than measured digestibility values and because animals collected from local populations at one time of the year may not represent the species as a whole. Sandpipers (<i>Calidris</i> spp.), which probe or peck for invertebrates in mud or shallow water, consumed sediments at a rate of 7-30% of their diets. Nine-banded armadillo (<i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>, soil = 17% of diet), American woodcock (<i>Scolopax minor</i>, 10%), and raccoon (<i>Procyon lotor</i>, 9%) had high rates of soil ingestion, presumably because they ate soil organisms. Bison (<i>Bison bison</i>, 7%), black-tailed prairie dog (<i>Cynomys ludovicianus</i>, 8%), and Canada geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>, 8%) consumed soil at the highest rates among the herbivores studied, and various browsers studied consumed little soil. Box turtle (<i>Terrapene carolina</i>, 4%), opossum (<i>Didelphis virginiana</i>, 5%), red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>, 3%), and wild turkey (<i>Meleagris gallopavo</i>, 9%) consumed soil at intermediate rates. Ingested soil may be the principal means of exposure to some environmental contaminants or the principal source of certain minerals. Soil-ingestion estimates may be required for risk assessments of wildlife inhabiting contaminated sites and for computing budgets of those nutrients associated mainly with soil.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809405","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W.N., Connor, E.E., and Gerould, S., 1994, Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 2, p. 375-382, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809405.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, South Carolina, South Dakota, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-104.053249,41.001406],[-102.124972,41.002338],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-95.375257,40],[-94.977749,39.897472],[-94.869644,39.772894],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-94.615834,39.160003],[-94.617982,37.075077],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.043814,45.868385],[-103.668479,45.945242],[-96.618295,45.935407],[-96.554507,46.083978],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-97.139497,48.153108],[-97.108655,48.691484],[-97.238387,48.982631],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.878454,49.333193],[-94.640803,48.741171],[-93.818375,48.534442],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-92.189091,46.717541],[-92.291976,46.503997],[-92.33859,46.050111],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.646602,45.441635],[-92.807362,44.758909],[-91.410555,43.970892],[-91.244135,43.774667],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-96.591213,43.500514],[-96.439335,43.113916],[-96.630311,42.770885],[-96.483592,42.510345],[-97.302075,42.86566],[-98.035034,42.764205],[-98.568936,42.998537],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.053249,41.001406]]],[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.940346,29.657234],[-88.86972,30.043798],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-89.486709,29.621003],[-89.681092,29.534487],[-89.02185,29.218162],[-89.162,29.01586],[-89.225865,29.07866],[-89.383814,28.947434],[-89.447472,29.178576],[-89.782149,29.311132],[-89.832898,29.463536],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.097678,29.26199],[-90.019772,29.231903],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.343293,29.057062],[-90.311523,29.256374],[-90.495299,29.287277],[-90.811473,29.03658],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.258226,29.446954],[-91.854677,29.807436],[-92.134347,29.669516],[-91.719102,29.565568],[-91.848665,29.484144],[-93.17693,29.770487],[-93.888821,29.742234],[-93.516407,31.02955],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-94.043088,32.955592],[-91.09693,32.986412],[-91.164397,32.785821],[-91.011275,32.516596],[-91.108808,32.47204],[-90.92117,32.342073],[-91.158026,32.201956],[-91.079108,32.050255],[-91.51581,31.530894],[-91.625118,31.005374],[-89.752642,31.001853],[-89.845926,30.704157],[-89.588854,30.200296],[-89.854533,30.007821],[-89.711158,29.879287],[-89.418465,30.049747],[-89.231178,29.925484],[-89.42421,29.697638],[-89.598068,29.74757],[-89.486709,29.621003]]],[[[-77.042045,38.720202],[-77.002498,38.96541],[-77.458202,39.073723],[-77.519634,39.257232],[-77.755789,39.333899],[-77.830775,39.581178],[-78.143478,39.690412],[-78.468639,39.516789],[-78.774281,39.597328],[-79.452685,39.211719],[-79.476662,39.721078],[-75.810068,39.721906],[-75.693521,38.460128],[-75.053483,38.451274],[-75.237538,38.033461],[-75.860727,37.91831],[-75.938577,38.272329],[-76.254473,38.31512],[-76.320843,38.459862],[-76.190902,38.621092],[-76.308922,38.813346],[-76.205063,38.892726],[-76.333703,38.984607],[-76.168332,38.996546],[-76.27566,39.160304],[-75.997396,39.430314],[-76.063379,39.546638],[-76.497977,39.204697],[-76.438845,39.0529],[-76.559697,38.767443],[-76.329433,38.073986],[-77.040638,38.444618],[-77.256412,38.396755],[-77.042045,38.720202]]],[[[-70.353392,43.535405],[-70.733497,43.073288],[-70.981859,43.373862],[-71.076914,45.246912],[-70.82979,45.286941],[-70.684614,45.395071],[-70.688214,45.563981],[-70.390379,45.728539],[-70.259117,45.890755],[-70.290896,46.185838],[-70.057061,46.415036],[-69.997086,46.69523],[-69.22442,47.459686],[-69.066715,47.43024],[-69.0402,47.2451],[-68.893204,47.182974],[-68.292679,47.359476],[-68.061842,47.256451],[-67.790515,47.067921],[-67.803148,45.696127],[-67.476704,45.604157],[-67.489464,45.282653],[-67.390579,45.154114],[-67.145652,45.146667],[-66.986318,44.820657],[-68.049334,44.33073],[-68.22939,44.463496],[-68.191924,44.306675],[-68.339498,44.222893],[-68.3791,44.430049],[-68.529905,44.39907],[-68.528153,44.241263],[-68.982449,44.426195],[-69.031878,44.079036],[-69.259838,43.921427],[-69.851297,43.703581],[-70.107229,43.809178],[-70.353392,43.535405]]],[[[-79.290754,33.110051],[-80.413487,32.470672],[-80.749091,32.140137],[-81.066906,32.090351],[-81.511245,33.027786],[-82.554497,33.943819],[-82.854434,34.432275],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.008639,35.027595],[-82.257515,35.198636],[-81.043625,35.149877],[-80.684074,34.818907],[-79.692948,34.804973],[-78.580378,33.884925],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.290754,33.110051]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a3ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connor, Erin E.","contributorId":97597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerould, Sarah sgerould@usgs.gov","contributorId":4551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerould","given":"Sarah","email":"sgerould@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":336894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185394,"text":"70185394 - 1994 - Transport of chromium and selenium in the suboxic zone of a shallow aquifer: Influence of redox and adsorption reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:41:07","indexId":"70185394","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of chromium and selenium in the suboxic zone of a shallow aquifer: Influence of redox and adsorption reactions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Breakthrough of Cr(VI) (chromate), Se(VI) (selenate), and O</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(dissolved oxygen) was observed in tracer tests conducted in a shallow, sand and gravel aquifer with mildly reducing conditions. Loss of Cr, probably due to reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and irreversible sorption of Cr(III), occurred along with slight retardation of Cr(VI), owing to reversible sorption. Reduction of Se(VI) and O</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>was thermodynamically feasible but did not occur, indicating conditions, were unfavorable to microbial reduction. Cr(VI) reduction by constituents of aquifer sediments did not achieve local equilibrium during transport. The reduction rate was probably limited by incomplete contact between Cr(VI) transported along predominant flow paths and reductants located in regions within aquifer sediments of comparatively low permeability. Scatter in the amount of Cr reduction calculated from individual breakthrough curves at identical distances downgradient probably resulted from heterogeneities in the distribution of reductants in the sediments. Predictive modeling of the transport and fate of redox-sensitive solutes cannot be based strictly on thermodynamic considerations; knowledge of reaction rates is critical. Potentially important mass transfer rate limitations between solutes and reactants in sediments as well as heterogeneities in the distribution of redox properties in aquifers complicate determination of limiting rates for use in predictive simulations of the transport of redox-sensitive contaminants in groundwater.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03244","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., Davis, J., Anderson, L., Rea, B., and Waite, T., 1994, Transport of chromium and selenium in the suboxic zone of a shallow aquifer: Influence of redox and adsorption reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1099-1114, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03244.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1114","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f82984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, L.C.D.","contributorId":61206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waite, T.D.","contributorId":31116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70186599,"text":"70186599 - 1994 - The contribution of evaporation from the Great Lakes to the continental atmosphere: estimate based on stable isotope data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T19:39:51","indexId":"70186599","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The contribution of evaporation from the Great Lakes to the continental atmosphere: estimate based on stable isotope data","docAbstract":"<p><span>The isotopic composition of precipitation and river runoff in the vicinity of the North American Great Lakes is characterized by a higher deuterium-excess value than observed in the advecting air masses. It is suggested that this indicates that evaporated moisture from the surface waters is mixed with the atmosphere waters. A preliminary estimate of the atmospheric water balance during summer and autumn indicates that between 4.6%–15.7% of the atmospheric water content downwind from the Great Lakes is derived from lake evaporation during summer.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94GL00069","usgsCitation":"Gat, J.R., Bowser, C.J., and Kendall, C., 1994, The contribution of evaporation from the Great Lakes to the continental atmosphere: estimate based on stable isotope data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 7, p. 557-560, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00069.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"557","endPage":"560","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60277e4b09da6799ac6a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gat, Joel R.","contributorId":190595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gat","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowser, Carl J.","contributorId":14050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowser","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":689709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180434,"text":"70180434 - 1994 - Effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium on growth, survival and the prevalence of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T13:21:30","indexId":"70180434","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium on growth, survival and the prevalence of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Groups of juvenile spring chinook salmon naturally infected with </span><i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i><span>, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, were fed diets containing different levels of vitamin E and selenium for 214 days in fresh water and 110 days in seawater. The fish were fed vitamin E at concentrations of either 53±3 mg (designated </span><i>e</i><span>) or 299±9 mg (designated </span><i>E</i><span>) </span><i>α</i><span>-tocopheryl acetate equivalence/kg dry diet in combination with sodium selenite to give selenium concentrations of either 0.038±0.008 mg (designated </span><i>s</i><span>) or 2.49±0.15 mg (designated </span><i>S</i><span>)/kg dry diet. No mortality occurred in the group fed the </span><span id=\"mmlsi1\" class=\"mathmlsrc\"><img class=\"imgLazyJSB inlineImage\" title=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si1.gif\" alt=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" width=\"32\" height=\"30\" data-inlimgeid=\"1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si1.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" data-mce-src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si1.gif\"></span><span> diet, whereas mortality was 3% in the groups fed the </span><span id=\"mmlsi2\" class=\"mathmlsrc\"><img class=\"imgLazyJSB inlineImage\" title=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si2.gif\" alt=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" width=\"31\" height=\"30\" data-inlimgeid=\"1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si2.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" data-mce-src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si2.gif\"></span><span> and </span><span id=\"mmlsi3\" class=\"mathmlsrc\"><img class=\"imgLazyJSB inlineImage\" title=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si3.gif\" alt=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" width=\"28\" height=\"30\" data-inlimgeid=\"1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si3.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" data-mce-src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si3.gif\"></span><span>diets, and 31% in the group fed the </span><span id=\"mmlsi4\" class=\"mathmlsrc\"><img class=\"imgLazyJSB inlineImage\" title=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si4.gif\" alt=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" width=\"27\" height=\"30\" data-inlimgeid=\"1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si4.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" data-mce-src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0044848694902690-si4.gif\"></span><span> diet. At the end of the experiment, weight gain and hematocrit values were significantly greater in those fish fed the </span><i>E</i><span> diets compared with those fed the </span><i>e</i><span> diets, whereas the hepato-somatic index was significantly higher in fish fed the </span><i>e</i><span> diets. Glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma was significantly higher in fish fed the </span><i>S</i><span> diets compared with those fed the </span><i>s</i><span> diets. No definite effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium on the prevalence and severity of natural </span><i>R. salmoninarum</i><span> infections was demonstrated.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(94)90269-0","usgsCitation":"Thorarinsson, R., Landolt, M.L., Elliott, D.G., Pascho, R.J., and Hardy, R.W., 1994, Effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium on growth, survival and the prevalence of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Aquaculture, v. 121, no. 4, p. 343-358, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90269-0.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"343","endPage":"358","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef7e4b072a7ac0cad6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorarinsson, Ragnar","contributorId":177074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorarinsson","given":"Ragnar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landolt, Marsha L.","contributorId":168835,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landolt","given":"Marsha","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pascho, Ronald J.","contributorId":177070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pascho","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hardy, Ronald W.","contributorId":177075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hardy","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70185386,"text":"70185386 - 1994 - Effect of atrazine on potential denitrification in aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:57:44","indexId":"70185386","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3416,"text":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of atrazine on potential denitrification in aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"<p>Agriculturaf use of fertilizers and herbicides has often resulted in nitrate and atrazine contamination of the shallow aquifers that underlay cultivated fields. In several cases, the concentrations of atrazine and nitrate dissolved in ground water are positively correlated (Spalding ef al., 1979; Chen and Druliner, 1987; Spalding et al., 1989). Because simultaneous application of nitrate fertilizers and the herbicide, atrazine, is common, the co-occurrence of these contaminants in ground water is not entirely unexpected. However, the possibility also exists that this co-occurrence may ret&amp;t interactions of atrazine with nitrate in the subsurface environment. R&amp;ton and Cervelh (1980), McElhannon ei al. (1984) and Mills (1984) have reported that atrazine inhibits denitrification in‘soil’lf this i‘s indeed the case, atrazine contamination may contribute to nitrate preservation and accumulation in anaerobic aquifers by inhibiting denitrification, the principal mechanism for nitrate removal in anaerobic systems. Huwever, the effect of atrazine on the rate of denit~ficat~on in soils remains controversial, because atrazine has been reported variously to enhance denitrification (Cervelli and Ralston, 1983) or to have no effect on denitrification in soils (Bollag and Henninger, 1976; Yeomans and Bremner, IQ85, 1987). Moreover, the effect of dissolved atrazine concentrations on the rate of denitrification in aquifer sediments has not been reported. Our purpose was to determine the elects of dissolved atrazine concentrations on potential rates ofdenitri~~t~on in aquifer sediments from two different agricultural areas to evaluate the hypothesis that, by inhibiting denitrification, atrazine contributes to nitrate preservation in anaerobic aquifer systems. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0038-0717(94)90186-4","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Chapelle, F.H., Jagucki, M., and McMahon, P., 1994, Effect of atrazine on potential denitrification in aquifer sediments: Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 26, no. 4, p. 523-524, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90186-4.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"523","endPage":"524","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f82987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jagucki, M.L.","contributorId":57892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70129559,"text":"70129559 - 1994 - Migrating shorebirds and habitat dynamics at a prairie wetland complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T15:36:58","indexId":"70129559","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T12:54:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migrating shorebirds and habitat dynamics at a prairie wetland complex","docAbstract":"We examined the responses of migrating shorebirds to habitat dynamics in a wetland complex on the Great Plains during 1989-1992.  Availability of habitat was variable within and between seasons, but fluctuations in habitat were dampened when wetlands were considered as a complex rather than individually.  Shorebirds exhibited an ability to colonize available habitat opportunistically, to occupy wet mud/shallow water habitat that became available during their residency period regardless of wetland history, and to use wet mud/shallow water habitat almost immediately upon its appearance.  We found a significant relation between number of shorebirds and the area of wet mud/shallow water habitat, regardless of dramatic changes in habitat.  Management for continental stopover sites for shorebirds requires the maintenance of complexes of potential habitat to assure resource alternatives for birds as local conditions vacillate.","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., and Knopf, F.L., 1994, Migrating shorebirds and habitat dynamics at a prairie wetland complex: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 1, p. 91-105.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18e6e4b04d2014abfb48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":45650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129371,"text":"70129371 - 1994 - Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a \"keystone\" and a \"critical-link\" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T14:34:09","indexId":"70129371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T11:35:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a \"keystone\" and a \"critical-link\" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities?","docAbstract":"Apache cicada (Homoptera: Cicadidae: <i>Diceroprocta apache</i> Davis) densities were estimated to be 10 individuals/m<sup>2</sup> within a closed-canopy stand of Fremont cottonwood (<i>Populus fremontii</i>) and Goodding willow (<i>Salix gooddingii</i>) in a revegetated site adjacent to the Colorado River near Parker, Arizona. Coupled with data drawn from the literature, I estimate that up to 1.3 cm (13 1/m<sup>2</sup>) of water may be added to the upper soil layers annually through the feeding activities of cicada nymphs. This is equivalent to 12% of the annual precipitation received in the study area. Apache cicadas may have significant effects on ecosystem functioning via effects on water transport and thus act as a critical-link species in this southwest desert riverine ecosystem. Cicadas emerged later within the cottonwood-willow stand than in relatively open saltcedar-mesquite stands; this difference in temporal dynamics would affect their availability to several insectivorous bird species and may help explain the birds' recent declines. Resource managers in this region should be sensitive to the multiple and strong effects that Apache cicadas may have on ecosystem structure and functioning.","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","doi":"10.2307/3672188","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., 1994, Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a \"keystone\" and a \"critical-link\" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities?: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 39, no. 1, p. 26-33, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672188.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295549,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3672188"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a4e4b0f888a81b82f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185404,"text":"70185404 - 1994 - Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:11:19","indexId":"70185404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","docAbstract":"<p><span>The most extensive data base for fractured bedrock aquifers consists of drilling reports maintained by various state agencies. We investigated the accuracy and reliability of such reports by comparing a representative set of reports for nine wells drilled by conventional air percussion methods in granite with a suite of geophysical logs for the same wells designed to identify the depths of fractures intersecting the well bore which may have produced water during aquifer tests. Production estimates reported by the driller ranged from less than 1 to almost 10 gallons per minute. The moderate drawdowns maintained during subsequent production tests were associated with approximately the same flows as those measured when boreholes were dewatered during air percussion drilling. We believe the estimates of production during drilling and drawdown tests were similar because partial fracture zone dewatering during drilling prevented larger inflows otherwise expected from the steeper drawdowns during drilling. The fractures and fracture zones indicated on the drilling report and the amounts of water produced by these fractures during drilling generally agree with those identified from the geophysical log analysis. Most water production occurred from two fractured and weathered zones which are separated by an interval of unweathered granite. The fractures identified in the drilling reports show various depth discrepancies in comparison to the geophysical logs, which are subject to much better depth control. However, the depths of the fractures associated with water production on the drilling report are comparable to the depths of the fractures shown to be the source of water inflow in the geophysical log analysis. Other differences in the relative contribution of flow from fracture zones may by attributed to the differences between the hydraulic conditions during drilling, which represent large, prolonged drawdowns, and pumping tests, which consisted of smaller drawdowns maintained over shorter periods. We conclude that drilling reports filed by experienced well drillers contain useful information about the depth, thickness, degree of weathering, and production capacity of fracture zones supplying typical domestic water wells. The accuracy of this information could be improved if relatively simple and inexpensive geophysical well logs such as gamma, caliper, and normal resistivity logs were routinely run in conjunction with bedrock drilling projects.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., and Duncanson, R., 1994, Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 2, p. 200-206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"200","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick","contributorId":189632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncanson, Russell","contributorId":189633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncanson","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185408,"text":"70185408 - 1994 - Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:40","indexId":"70185408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","docAbstract":"<p><span>Most analytical formulas used to model moisture retention in unsaturated porous media have been developed for the wet range and are unsuitable for applications in which low water contents are important. We have developed two models that fit the entire range from saturation to oven dryness in a practical and physically realistic way with smooth, continuous functions that have few parameters. Both models incorporate a power law and a logarithmic dependence of water content on suction, differing in how these two components are combined. In one model, functions are added together (model “sum”); in the other they are joined smoothly together at a discrete point (model “junction”). Both models also incorporate recent developments that assure a continuous derivative and force the function to reach zero water content at a finite value of suction that corresponds to oven dryness. The models have been tested with seven sets of water retention data that each cover nearly the entire range. The three-parameter sum model fits all data well and is useful for extrapolation into the dry range when data for it are unavailable. The two-parameter junction model fits most data sets almost as well as the sum model and has the advantage of being analytically integrable for convenient use with capillary-bundle models to obtain the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03238","usgsCitation":"Rossi, C., and Nimmo, J.R., 1994, Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 3, p. 701-708, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03238.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"701","endPage":"708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossi, Cinzia","contributorId":189637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Cinzia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70208012,"text":"70208012 - 1994 - National wetlands research center uses visual true color classification in waterfowl habitat mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-23T12:44:05","indexId":"70208012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-28T12:33:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3927,"text":"Earth Observation Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National wetlands research center uses visual true color classification in waterfowl habitat mapping","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GITC America, Inc.","issn":"1936-3877","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., and Hartley, S., 1994, National wetlands research center uses visual true color classification in waterfowl habitat mapping: Earth Observation Magazine, no. February, p. 28-30.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Yazoo River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.2471923828125,\n              35.007502842952896\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.252685546875,\n              35.03449433167976\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1920166015625,\n              33.61461929233378\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.99426269531249,\n              32.30106302536928\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.02197265625,\n              32.45415593941475\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.5880126953125,\n              34.97600151317588\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2471923828125,\n              35.007502842952896\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"February","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartley, Steve 0000-0003-1380-2769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-2769","contributorId":108375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70170924,"text":"70170924 - 1994 - Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:40:59","indexId":"70170924","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-28T09:45:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest","docAbstract":"<p><span>Four month-long field experiments investigated movements of water and solutes through unsaturated sand plains near Princeton, Minnesota, and Oakes, North Dakota. Atrazine and bromide were applied to bare soils and soils planted with corn. The field plots were irrigated according to local farming practices. At the end of each experiment, unsaturated soils were analyzed for atrazine and bromide concentrations and oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of soil water. Most soil water was affected by evaporation but groundwater beneath the plots had no evaporative isotopic signature. Therefore most recharge consisted of water that was unaffected by evaporation. Sources of such water may have included snowmelt, prolonged or high-intensity rainfalls that were not interrupted by periods of drying, and water that moved through preferential flow paths. Preferential flow also was suggested by the detection of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and bromide in groundwater shortly after each application of irrigation water at Princeton and by isolated concentrations of atrazine and bromide in soil well below the main masses of chemicals at Oakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03099","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., and Emerson, D.G., 1994, Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 253-267, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03099.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"267","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573457c5e4b0dae0d5ddd394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, Stephen C.","contributorId":12875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"Stephen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70200557,"text":"70200557 - 1994 - Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T08:18:54","indexId":"70200557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-25T08:18:37","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","docAbstract":"<p><span>Compilation of a simplified geologic/geomorphic map onto digital terrain models of the Valles Marineris permitted an evaluation of elevations in the vicinity of the troughs and the calculation of depth of troughs below surrounding plateaus, thickness of deposits inside the troughs, volumes of void spaces above geologic/geomorphic units, and volumes of deposits. The central troughs north Ophir, north and central Candor, and north Melas Chasmata lie as much as 11 km below the adjacent plateaus. In Ophir and Candor Chasmata, interior layered deposits reach 8 km in elevation. If the deposits are lacustrine and if all troughs were interconnected, lake waters standing 8 km high would have spilled out of Coprates Chasma onto the surrounding plateaus having surface elevations of only 4–5 km. In this case, interior deposits above about 4 km in the central troughs would not be lacustrine. They could be volcanic. On the other hand, the troughs may not have been interconnected at the time of interior‐deposit emplacement; they may have formed isolated ancestral basins. The existence of such basins is supported by independent structural and stratigraphic evidence. The ancestral basins may have eventually merged, perhaps through renewed faulting, to form northern subsidiary troughs in Ophir and Candor Chasmata and the Coprates/north Melas/Ius graben system. The peripheral troughs are only 2–5 km deep, shallower than the central troughs. They may have formed from a combination of erosional collapse and structural activity. Chaotic terrain is seen in the peripheral troughs near a common contour level of about 4 km on the adjacent plateaus, which supports the idea of release of water under artesian pressure from confined aquifers. The layered deposits in the peripheral troughs may have formed in isolated depressions that harbored lakes and predated the formation of the deep outflow channels. If these layered deposits are of volcanic origin, they may have been emplaced beneath ice in the manner of table mountains. Areal and volumetric computations show that erosion widened the troughs by about one‐third and that deposits occupy one‐sixth of the interior space. Even though the volume eroded is larger than the volume deposited, topographic and geologic considerations imply that material eroded from trough walls was probably part of the interior layered deposits but not their sole source. Additional material may have come from subterranean piping, from reworking of local disintegration products on the floors, such as chaotic materials, or from eolian influx. But overall it is likely that the additional material is volcanic and that it forms mostly the upper, more diversely bedded layers of the interior deposits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JE03095","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., Isbell, N., and Howington-Kraus, E., 1994, Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E2, p. 3783-3798, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE03095.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3783","endPage":"3798","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231337","text":"External Repository"},{"id":358715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134ae4b034bf6a813c52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":749584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isbell, N.K.","contributorId":210014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isbell","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, Elpitha 0000-0001-5787-6554 ahowington@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-6554","contributorId":2815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"Elpitha","email":"ahowington@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017549,"text":"70017549 - 1994 - Hubble Space Telescope observations of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:30:16.160681","indexId":"70017549","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hubble Space Telescope observations of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Hubble Space Telescope observed the fragmented comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e) (P indicates that it is a periodic comet) on 1 July 1993. Approximately 20 individual nuclei and their comae were observed in images taken with the Planetary Camera. After subtraction of the comae light, the 11 brightest nuclei have magnitudes between ∼23.7 and 24.8. Assuming that the geometric albedo is 0.04, these magnitudes imply that the nuclear diameters are in the range ∼2.5 to 4.3 kilometers. If the density of each nucleus is 1 gram per cubic centimeter, the total energy deposited by the impact of these 11 nuclei into Jupiter's atmosphere next July will be ∼4 × 10</span><sup>30</sup><span>&nbsp;ergs (∼10</span><sup>8</sup><span>&nbsp;megatons of TNT). This latter number should be regarded as an upper limit because the nuclear magnitudes probably contain a small residual coma contribution. The Faint Object Spectrograph was used to search for fluorescence from OH, which is usually an excellent indicator of cometary activity. No OH emission was detected, and this can be translated into an upper limit on the water production rate of ∼2 × 10</span><sup>27</sup><span>&nbsp;molecules per second.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.263.5148.787","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Weaver, H., Feldman, P.D., A’Hearn, M.F., Arpigny, C., Brown, R., Helin, E.F., Levy, D.H., Marsden, B.G., Meech, K.J., Larson, S.M., Noll, K.S., Scotti, J.V., Sekanina, Z., Shoemaker, C., Shoemaker, E., Smith, T.E., Storrs, A.D., Yeomans, D.K., and Zellner, B., 1994, Hubble Space Telescope observations of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e): Science, v. 263, no. 5148, p. 787-791, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5148.787.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"263","issue":"5148","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3272e4b0c8380cd5e7fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, H. A.","contributorId":21304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weaver","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feldman, P. D.","contributorId":49947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feldman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"A’Hearn, M. F.","contributorId":78895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"A’Hearn","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arpigny, C.","contributorId":23705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arpigny","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, R.A.","contributorId":9016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helin, E. F.","contributorId":73752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helin","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Levy, D. H.","contributorId":8629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marsden, B. G.","contributorId":72948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marsden","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meech, K. J.","contributorId":33077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meech","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Larson, S. M.","contributorId":36309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Noll, K. S.","contributorId":33075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Noll","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Scotti, J. V.","contributorId":107448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scotti","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sekanina, Z.","contributorId":44682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sekanina","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Shoemaker, C.S.","contributorId":32318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Shoemaker, E.M.","contributorId":81499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Smith, T. E.","contributorId":23530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Storrs, A. D.","contributorId":24117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Storrs","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Yeomans, D. K.","contributorId":7027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yeomans","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Zellner, B.","contributorId":16589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellner","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70199515,"text":"70199515 - 1994 - Evaluation of measurement scale using imbibition experiments in volcanic tuffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T16:58:07","indexId":"70199515","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T16:57:43","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of measurement scale using imbibition experiments in volcanic tuffs","docAbstract":"<p>A major issue in the site characterization at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high-level nuclear waste repository, is the relevance of laboratory-scale measurements on cores to field-scale processes, particularly water flow. Calculation of Philip`s sorptivity parameter using imbibition of water into rock was selected as a simple test to describe hydrologic parameters at both laboratory and field scales and to study effects of sample size and spatial variability. Laboratory-scale imbibition experiments were conducted on two sizes of core from two boreholes drilled in layered nonwelded tuff and fractured welded tuff. Laboratory experiments were compared with field experiments in the boreholes using neutron logs and a field-scale Mariotte system. Measured sorptivity for both sizes of core were virtually identical and both could predict field-scale sorptivity if enough samples were used to account for spatial heterogeneity. Core data was less useful in predicting the neutron log data due to the nature of the neutron probe measurement and difficulties in accounting for effects of the unique system geometry. Mean neutron log values could not predict the field results from the welded borehole due to fractures transmitting but not retaining water, and could not predict laboratory results because of scale and sampling volume differences. The mean neutron log data could, however, approximate the large-scale field results in the nonwelded borehole. <br></p>","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010013x","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., and Richards, K.A., 1994, Evaluation of measurement scale using imbibition experiments in volcanic tuffs: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, no. 1, p. 94-102, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010013x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"102","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.500887,36.74929 ], [ -116.500887,36.919932 ], [ -116.374544,36.919932 ], [ -116.374544,36.74929 ], [ -116.500887,36.74929 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134be4b034bf6a813c56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, Kenneth A.","contributorId":208026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richards","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185406,"text":"70185406 - 1994 - The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T15:03:56","indexId":"70185406","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>Measurements of the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium, and other environmental tracers can be used to calculate recharge ages of shallow groundwater and estimate rates of groundwater movement. Numerical simulation also provides quantitative estimates of flow rates, flow paths, and mixing properties of the groundwater system. The environmental tracer techniques and the hydraulic analyses each contribute to the understanding and quantification of the flow of shallow groundwater. However, when combined, the two methods provide feedback that improves the quantification of the flow system and provides insight into the processes that are the most uncertain. A case study near Locust Grove, Maryland, is used to investigate the utility of combining groundwater age dating, based on CFCs and tritium, and hydraulic analyses using numerical simulation techniques. The results of the feedback between an advective transport model and the estimates of groundwater ages determined by the CFCs improve a quantitative description of the system by refining the system conceptualization and estimating system parameters. The plausible system developed with this feedback between the advective flow model and the CFC ages is further tested using a solute transport simulation to reproduce the observed tritium distribution in the groundwater. The solute transport simulation corroborates the plausible system developed and also indicates that, for the system under investigation with the data obtained from 0.9-m-long (3-foot-long) well screens, the hydrodynamic dispersion is negligible. Together the two methods enable a coherent explanation of the flow paths and rates of movement while indicating weaknesses in the understanding of the system that will require future data collection and conceptual refinement of the groundwater system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02655","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., Plummer, N., Phillips, P., and Busenberg, E., 1994, The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 421-433, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02655.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"433","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187460,"text":"70187460 - 1994 - How permeable are clays and shales?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:05:04","indexId":"70187460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How permeable are clays and shales?","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content mainAbstract\"><p>The permeability of argillaceous formations, although rarely measured and poorly understood, is commonly a critical parameter in analyses of subsurface flow. Data now available suggest a regular relation between permeability and porosity in clays and shales and permeabilities that, even at large scales, are significantly lower than usually assumed. Permeabilities between 10<sup>−23</sup>and 10<sup>−17</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>have been obtained at porosities between 0.1 and 0.4 in both laboratory and regional studies. Although it is clear that transmissive fractures or other heterogeneities control the large-scale hydraulic behavior of certain argillaceous units, the permeability of many others is apparently scale independent. These results have significant implications for understanding fluid transport rates and abnormal pressure generation in basins, and could prove important for waste isolation efforts.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02930","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., 1994, How permeable are clays and shales?: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 145-150, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02930.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"145","endPage":"150","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.471.531","text":"External Repository"},{"id":340806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590aec4be4b0fc4e4492abaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}