This report provides hydrologic data related to water-level measurements in observation wells in western and south-central Kansas during January 1981. Annual water-level measurements are made by personnel from the Division of Water Resources, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, and from the U.S. Geological Survey . State-agency support for this cooperative program is provided by the Kansas Geological Survey.
Water-level measurements are made in mid-winter of each year, mostly in January, to minimize the effect of seasonal pumping. However, a few water-level measurements that are made in mid-winter of some years may reflect either the effects of recent pumping by the observation well or by nearby wells, or the effects of barometric-pressure changes. Thus, a significant change in water-levels for a particular well during a 1-year period may represent only a temporary condition, and any indication of a developing trend should be based on a comparison of changes that occur over a period of several years.
Hydrologic data in this report relate water-level changes from: (1) A \"base-reference year\" ( predevelopment year), (2) a year of abnormally high rainfall and minimum pumpage (1966 or 1974) , and (3) each of seven consecutive years of measurement (1975-81). The \"base-reference year\" is designated as 1940 for the southwestern area, 1944 for the south-central area, and 1950 for the northwestern and west-central areas (fig. 1). Water levels for the \"base-reference year\" are established by measurements made during that year and by interpretation of maps showing water-level altitudes. Depth to bedrock, used in computing saturated thickness of water-bearing deposits, are based on driller' s logs, reported depths of wells, and interpretation of maps showing the altitude of the bedrock surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr811001","usgsCitation":"Pabst, M.E., 1981, January 1981 water levels, and data related to water-level changes, western and south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1001, 168 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811001.","productDescription":"168 p.","numberOfPages":"171","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1001/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.4868,38.6968],[-98.4809,38.6972],[-98.4815,38.5214],[-97.9262,38.5227],[-97.9242,38.2608],[-97.9213,38.2607],[-97.922,38.1737],[-97.7018,38.1739],[-97.7017,37.9123],[-97.7021,37.8253],[-97.6986,37.8253],[-97.6978,37.7351],[-97.7718,37.7342],[-97.8073,37.7335],[-97.8075,37.7108],[-97.8068,37.4746],[-97.807,37.3867],[-98.3503,37.3854],[-98.4668,37.385],[-98.4661,37.4716],[-99.0136,37.471],[-99.0135,37.3849],[-99.434,37.3824],[-99.4462,37.3832],[-99.5435,37.3828],[-99.5551,37.3832],[-99.5557,37.4689],[-100.1068,37.4751],[-100.106,37.3862],[-100.0898,37.3855],[-100.0902,36.9983],[-100.1079,36.9983],[-100.6337,36.9986],[-100.9441,36.9988],[-100.9536,36.9988],[-101.0671,36.9978],[-101.2679,36.9967],[-101.544,36.9952],[-101.5552,36.9951],[-101.918,36.9929],[-101.9881,36.9925],[-102.0281,36.9925],[-102.0417,36.9922],[-102.0423,36.9922],[-102.042,37.1102],[-102.0421,37.156],[-102.0421,37.1705],[-102.0422,37.2],[-102.0422,37.2127],[-102.0423,37.244],[-102.0423,37.2562],[-102.0425,37.3882],[-102.043,37.6429],[-102.0432,37.7384],[-102.0443,38.2627],[-102.0443,38.2676],[-102.0454,38.6138],[-102.0455,38.6953],[-102.0461,39.0456],[-102.0463,39.1339],[-102.0475,39.5689],[-102.0476,39.5737],[-102.0485,40.0039],[-101.8612,40.0039],[-101.7787,40.0039],[-101.6233,40.0042],[-101.5453,40.0043],[-101.4107,40.0045],[-101.3694,40.0043],[-101.3224,40.0042],[-101.299,40.0042],[-101.0006,40.0037],[-100.7597,40.0033],[-100.7568,40.0033],[-100.7399,40.0033],[-100.6854,40.0033],[-100.1946,40.0028],[-100.1919,40.0028],[-100.1784,40.0028],[-100.1793,39.9144],[-100.1797,39.8287],[-100.1807,39.7407],[-100.181,39.6541],[-100.1814,39.5675],[-100.1635,39.5673],[-100.0788,39.5675],[-100.0507,39.5674],[-99.9642,39.5671],[-99.9373,39.5669],[-99.852,39.5665],[-99.8251,39.5668],[-99.7398,39.5672],[-99.7135,39.567],[-99.6282,39.5674],[-99.6019,39.5672],[-99.6024,39.4806],[-99.6035,39.3949],[-99.6039,39.3074],[-99.6044,39.2194],[-99.6054,39.1329],[-99.7027,39.1329],[-99.7157,39.1323],[-99.8142,39.1322],[-99.8279,39.132],[-99.9251,39.1323],[-99.9388,39.1326],[-100.0355,39.1324],[-100.0521,39.1326],[-100.1488,39.1318],[-100.1543,38.6966],[-100.0269,38.6964],[-99.5982,38.6964],[-99.5847,38.6961],[-99.5854,38.3489],[-99.0332,38.3484],[-99.0334,38.697],[-98.5976,38.6954],[-98.5906,38.6963],[-98.4868,38.6968]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Barton\",\"state\":\"KS\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db666fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pabst, Marilyn E.","contributorId":25566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pabst","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56909,"text":"wdrPA802 - 1981 - Water resources data for Pennsylvania, water year 1980; Volume 2, Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T11:47:26","indexId":"wdrPA802","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PA-80-2","title":"Water resources data for Pennsylvania, water year 1980; Volume 2, Susquehanna and Potomac River basins","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA802","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for Pennsylvania, water year 1980; Volume 2, Susquehanna and Potomac River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PA-80-2, vii, 353 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPA802.","productDescription":"vii, 353 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-79.916171,39.720893],[-80.075947,39.72135],[-80.421388,39.721189],[-80.519342,39.721403],[-80.519423,39.806181],[-80.518891,39.890964],[-80.519248,39.936967],[-80.51896,40.078089],[-80.519039,40.342101],[-80.517991,40.367968],[-80.51769,40.462467],[-80.51899,40.473667],[-80.519002,40.877543],[-80.519891,40.906661],[-80.519091,40.921061],[-80.518928,41.070954],[-80.519144,41.171203],[-80.518693,41.248855],[-80.518993,41.268155],[-80.518794,41.305509],[-80.519129,41.312408],[-80.519345,41.340145],[-80.518993,41.435454],[-80.519339,41.539297],[-80.519425,41.977522],[-80.435451,42.005611],[-80.409776,42.011578],[-80.373066,42.024102],[-80.371869,42.023966],[-80.363251,42.027973],[-80.349169,42.030243],[-80.329976,42.036168],[-80.296758,42.049076],[-80.230486,42.077957],[-80.188085,42.094257],[-80.165884,42.105857],[-80.154084,42.114757],[-80.136213,42.149937],[-80.13043,42.156331],[-80.117368,42.166341],[-80.088512,42.173184],[-80.077388,42.171262],[-80.073381,42.168658],[-80.080028,42.163625],[-80.071981,42.155357],[-80.078781,42.151457],[-80.076281,42.147857],[-80.07198,42.146057],[-80.06108,42.144857],[-79.989186,42.177051],[-79.931324,42.206737],[-79.923924,42.207546],[-79.90105,42.216701],[-79.886187,42.224933],[-79.867979,42.230999],[-79.844661,42.235486],[-79.798447,42.255939],[-79.761951,42.26986],[-79.762152,42.243054],[-79.761759,42.162675],[-79.762122,42.131246],[-79.761709,42.11899],[-79.761798,42.019042],[-79.761374,41.999067],[-79.670128,41.999335],[-79.472472,41.998255],[-79.249772,41.998807],[-79.17857,41.999458],[-79.061265,41.999259],[-78.983065,41.998949],[-78.874759,41.997559],[-78.749754,41.998109],[-78.59665,41.999877],[-78.308128,41.999415],[-78.271204,41.998968],[-78.12473,42.000452],[-78.031177,41.999415],[-77.997508,41.998758],[-77.83203,41.998524],[-77.505308,42.00007],[-77.124693,41.999395],[-77.063676,42.000461],[-76.920784,42.001774],[-76.749675,42.001689],[-76.558118,42.000155],[-76.462155,41.998934],[-76.343722,41.998346],[-76.131201,41.998954],[-75.98025,41.999035],[-75.870677,41.998828],[-75.742217,41.997864],[-75.610316,41.99896],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-75.353504,41.99711],[-75.346568,41.995324],[-75.341125,41.992772],[-75.337602,41.9867],[-75.337791,41.984386],[-75.34246,41.974303],[-75.342204,41.972872],[-75.339488,41.970786],[-75.335771,41.970315],[-75.329318,41.968232],[-75.322384,41.961693],[-75.32004,41.960867],[-75.318168,41.954236],[-75.312817,41.950182],[-75.310358,41.949012],[-75.303966,41.948216],[-75.301664,41.94838],[-75.301233,41.9489],[-75.301593,41.952811],[-75.300409,41.953871],[-75.29858,41.954521],[-75.293713,41.954593],[-75.29143,41.952477],[-75.291762,41.947092],[-75.290966,41.945039],[-75.289383,41.942891],[-75.279094,41.938917],[-75.277243,41.933598],[-75.276501,41.926679],[-75.276552,41.922208],[-75.275368,41.919564],[-75.269736,41.911363],[-75.267562,41.907054],[-75.267773,41.901971],[-75.272778,41.897112],[-75.272581,41.893168],[-75.271292,41.88736],[-75.267789,41.885982],[-75.263005,41.885109],[-75.260623,41.883783],[-75.257564,41.877108],[-75.258439,41.875087],[-75.261488,41.873277],[-75.263815,41.870757],[-75.263673,41.868105],[-75.262802,41.866213],[-75.260527,41.8638],[-75.257825,41.862154],[-75.251197,41.86204],[-75.248045,41.8633],[-75.243345,41.866875],[-75.241134,41.867118],[-75.238743,41.865699],[-75.234565,41.861569],[-75.231612,41.859459],[-75.22572,41.857481],[-75.223734,41.857456],[-75.220125,41.860534],[-75.21497,41.867449],[-75.209741,41.86925],[-75.204002,41.869867],[-75.197836,41.868807],[-75.194382,41.867287],[-75.191441,41.865063],[-75.190203,41.862454],[-75.188888,41.861264],[-75.186993,41.860109],[-75.185254,41.85993],[-75.183937,41.860515],[-75.182271,41.862198],[-75.180497,41.86568],[-75.179134,41.869935],[-75.176633,41.872371],[-75.174574,41.87266],[-75.170565,41.871608],[-75.169142,41.87029],[-75.168053,41.867043],[-75.168733,41.859258],[-75.166217,41.853862],[-75.164168,41.851586],[-75.161541,41.849836],[-75.156512,41.848327],[-75.152898,41.848564],[-75.143824,41.851737],[-75.140241,41.852078],[-75.130983,41.845145],[-75.127913,41.844903],[-75.118789,41.845819],[-75.115598,41.844638],[-75.114399,41.843583],[-75.113369,41.840698],[-75.113441,41.836298],[-75.114998,41.8303],[-75.115147,41.827285],[-75.114837,41.82567],[-75.113334,41.822782],[-75.100024,41.818347],[-75.093537,41.813375],[-75.089484,41.811576],[-75.085789,41.811626],[-75.079818,41.814815],[-75.078063,41.815112],[-75.074409,41.815088],[-75.072172,41.813732],[-75.071751,41.811901],[-75.072168,41.808327],[-75.074412,41.802191],[-75.076889,41.798509],[-75.07827,41.797467],[-75.081415,41.796483],[-75.088328,41.797534],[-75.092876,41.796386],[-75.101463,41.787941],[-75.102329,41.786503],[-75.103548,41.782008],[-75.10464,41.774203],[-75.104334,41.772693],[-75.103492,41.771238],[-75.10099,41.769121],[-75.095451,41.768366],[-75.09281,41.768361],[-75.079478,41.771205],[-75.075942,41.771518],[-75.074231,41.770518],[-75.072664,41.768807],[-75.068567,41.767298],[-75.064901,41.766686],[-75.060759,41.764638],[-75.053431,41.752538],[-75.052808,41.744725],[-75.054818,41.735168],[-75.053527,41.72715],[-75.049699,41.715093],[-75.049862,41.713309],[-75.050689,41.711969],[-75.052226,41.711396],[-75.061174,41.712935],[-75.06663,41.712588],[-75.068642,41.710146],[-75.06883,41.708161],[-75.067278,41.705434],[-75.059829,41.699716],[-75.056745,41.695703],[-75.052736,41.688393],[-75.051234,41.682439],[-75.051285,41.679961],[-75.052653,41.678436],[-75.058765,41.674412],[-75.059332,41.67232],[-75.05843,41.669653],[-75.057251,41.668933],[-75.053991,41.668194],[-75.04992,41.662556],[-75.048683,41.656317],[-75.049281,41.641862],[-75.048658,41.633781],[-75.048199,41.632011],[-75.043562,41.62364],[-75.044224,41.617978],[-75.045508,41.616203],[-75.047298,41.615791],[-75.048385,41.615986],[-75.051856,41.618157],[-75.05385,41.618655],[-75.060098,41.617482],[-75.06156,41.616429],[-75.061675,41.615468],[-75.059956,41.612306],[-75.059725,41.610801],[-75.062716,41.609639],[-75.067795,41.610143],[-75.071667,41.609501],[-75.074626,41.607905],[-75.074613,41.605711],[-75.066955,41.599428],[-75.063677,41.594739],[-75.060012,41.590813],[-75.052858,41.587772],[-75.04676,41.583258],[-75.043879,41.575094],[-75.04049,41.569688],[-75.036989,41.567049],[-75.033162,41.565092],[-75.029211,41.564637],[-75.027343,41.563541],[-75.018524,41.551802],[-75.016328,41.546501],[-75.016144,41.544246],[-75.017626,41.542734],[-75.022828,41.541456],[-75.024798,41.539801],[-75.024757,41.535099],[-75.024206,41.534018],[-75.023018,41.533147],[-75.016616,41.53211],[-75.014919,41.531399],[-75.009552,41.528461],[-75.00385,41.524052],[-75.001297,41.52065],[-75.000911,41.519292],[-75.000935,41.517638],[-75.002592,41.51456],[-75.003706,41.511118],[-75.003694,41.509295],[-75.003151,41.508101],[-74.999612,41.5074],[-74.993893,41.508754],[-74.987645,41.508738],[-74.985653,41.507926],[-74.984372,41.506611],[-74.982385,41.500981],[-74.982168,41.498486],[-74.982463,41.496467],[-74.985247,41.489113],[-74.985595,41.485863],[-74.985004,41.483703],[-74.983341,41.480894],[-74.981652,41.479945],[-74.969887,41.477438],[-74.95826,41.476396],[-74.956411,41.476735],[-74.94808,41.480625],[-74.945634,41.483213],[-74.941798,41.483542],[-74.932585,41.482323],[-74.926835,41.478327],[-74.924092,41.477138],[-74.917282,41.477041],[-74.912517,41.475605],[-74.909181,41.472436],[-74.908133,41.468117],[-74.908103,41.464639],[-74.906887,41.461131],[-74.9042,41.459806],[-74.895069,41.45819],[-74.892114,41.456959],[-74.890358,41.455324],[-74.889116,41.452534],[-74.889075,41.451245],[-74.894931,41.446099],[-74.896399,41.442179],[-74.896025,41.439987],[-74.893913,41.43893],[-74.888691,41.438259],[-74.876721,41.440338],[-74.864688,41.443993],[-74.858578,41.444427],[-74.8542,41.443166],[-74.848602,41.440179],[-74.845572,41.437577],[-74.836915,41.431625],[-74.834635,41.430796],[-74.830671,41.430503],[-74.828592,41.430698],[-74.826031,41.431736],[-74.82288,41.436792],[-74.817995,41.440505],[-74.812123,41.442982],[-74.807582,41.442847],[-74.805655,41.442101],[-74.801225,41.4381],[-74.80037,41.43606],[-74.800095,41.432661],[-74.799546,41.43129],[-74.795396,41.42398],[-74.793856,41.422671],[-74.790417,41.42166],[-74.784339,41.422397],[-74.778029,41.425104],[-74.773239,41.426352],[-74.77065,41.42623],[-74.763701,41.423612],[-74.758587,41.423287],[-74.754359,41.425147],[-74.75068,41.427984],[-74.743821,41.430635],[-74.740932,41.43116],[-74.738455,41.430641],[-74.736688,41.429228],[-74.735519,41.427465],[-74.734893,41.425818],[-74.734731,41.422699],[-74.738684,41.413463],[-74.741086,41.411413],[-74.741717,41.40788],[-74.740963,41.40512],[-74.738554,41.401191],[-74.736103,41.398398],[-74.73364,41.396975],[-74.730384,41.39566],[-74.720891,41.39469],[-74.715979,41.392584],[-74.713411,41.389814],[-74.710391,41.382102],[-74.708458,41.378901],[-74.703282,41.375093],[-74.694968,41.370431],[-74.691129,41.367324],[-74.689516,41.363843],[-74.689767,41.361558],[-74.691076,41.36034],[-74.696398,41.357339],[-74.694914,41.357423],[-74.700595,41.354553],[-74.704429,41.354043],[-74.708514,41.352734],[-74.720923,41.347384],[-74.730373,41.345983],[-74.735622,41.346518],[-74.753239,41.346122],[-74.755971,41.344953],[-74.760325,41.340325],[-74.763499,41.331568],[-74.766714,41.328558],[-74.771588,41.325079],[-74.774887,41.324326],[-74.781584,41.324229],[-74.789095,41.323281],[-74.792116,41.322465],[-74.79504,41.320407],[-74.795822,41.318516],[-74.792377,41.314088],[-74.791991,41.311639],[-74.792558,41.310628],[-74.806858,41.303155],[-74.812033,41.298157],[-74.815703,41.296151],[-74.821884,41.293838],[-74.830057,41.2872],[-74.834067,41.281111],[-74.838366,41.277286],[-74.841137,41.27098],[-74.846319,41.263077],[-74.846506,41.261576],[-74.845031,41.258055],[-74.845883,41.254945],[-74.846932,41.253318],[-74.848987,41.251192],[-74.854669,41.25051],[-74.856003,41.250094],[-74.857151,41.248975],[-74.861678,41.241575],[-74.862049,41.237609],[-74.866182,41.232132],[-74.867405,41.22777],[-74.866839,41.226865],[-74.860837,41.222317],[-74.859323,41.220507],[-74.859632,41.219077],[-74.860398,41.217454],[-74.867287,41.208754],[-74.874034,41.198543],[-74.878275,41.190489],[-74.878492,41.187504],[-74.882139,41.180836],[-74.889424,41.1736],[-74.899701,41.166181],[-74.901172,41.16387],[-74.90178,41.161394],[-74.905256,41.155668],[-74.923169,41.138146],[-74.931141,41.133387],[-74.945067,41.129052],[-74.947714,41.126292],[-74.947334,41.124439],[-74.947912,41.12356],[-74.964294,41.114237],[-74.966298,41.113669],[-74.969312,41.113869],[-74.972917,41.113327],[-74.979873,41.110423],[-74.982212,41.108245],[-74.991718,41.092284],[-74.991815,41.089132],[-74.991013,41.088578],[-74.988263,41.088222],[-74.984782,41.088545],[-74.981314,41.08986],[-74.975298,41.094073],[-74.972036,41.095562],[-74.969434,41.096074],[-74.967464,41.095327],[-74.966759,41.093425],[-74.968389,41.087797],[-74.970987,41.085293],[-74.98259,41.079172],[-74.989332,41.078319],[-74.994847,41.076556],[-74.999617,41.073943],[-75.006376,41.067546],[-75.011133,41.067521],[-75.01257,41.066281],[-75.015271,41.061215],[-75.015867,41.05821],[-75.017239,41.055491],[-75.019186,41.052968],[-75.025702,41.046482],[-75.026376,41.04444],[-75.02543,41.04071],[-75.025777,41.039806],[-75.030701,41.038416],[-75.034496,41.036755],[-75.040668,41.031755],[-75.070532,41.01862],[-75.074999,41.01713],[-75.081101,41.016838],[-75.089787,41.014549],[-75.090312,41.013302],[-75.095556,41.008874],[-75.100682,41.006716],[-75.109114,41.004102],[-75.110595,41.002174],[-75.123423,40.996129],[-75.127196,40.993954],[-75.130575,40.991093],[-75.131619,40.9889],[-75.13153,40.984914],[-75.132106,40.982566],[-75.133086,40.980179],[-75.135521,40.976865],[-75.135526,40.973807],[-75.13378,40.970973],[-75.131364,40.969277],[-75.129074,40.968976],[-75.122603,40.970152],[-75.120514,40.968369],[-75.11977,40.96651],[-75.12065,40.964028],[-75.119893,40.961646],[-75.118904,40.956361],[-75.117764,40.953023],[-75.111683,40.948111],[-75.106153,40.939671],[-75.105524,40.936294],[-75.095526,40.924152],[-75.079279,40.91389],[-75.076956,40.90988],[-75.076092,40.907042],[-75.075188,40.900154],[-75.075957,40.895694],[-75.07534,40.894162],[-75.07392,40.892176],[-75.065438,40.885682],[-75.062149,40.882289],[-75.058655,40.877654],[-75.053664,40.87366],[-75.051508,40.870224],[-75.050839,40.868067],[-75.051029,40.865662],[-75.053294,40.8599],[-75.060491,40.85302],[-75.064328,40.848338],[-75.066014,40.847591],[-75.07083,40.847392],[-75.073544,40.84894],[-75.076684,40.849875],[-75.090962,40.849187],[-75.095784,40.847082],[-75.097221,40.844672],[-75.097586,40.843042],[-75.097572,40.840967],[-75.097006,40.839336],[-75.09494,40.837103],[-75.085517,40.830085],[-75.083822,40.827805],[-75.083929,40.824471],[-75.085387,40.821972],[-75.090518,40.815913],[-75.096147,40.812211],[-75.098279,40.810286],[-75.100277,40.807578],[-75.100739,40.805488],[-75.100165,40.803],[-75.100277,40.801176],[-75.1008,40.799797],[-75.108505,40.791094],[-75.111343,40.789896],[-75.116842,40.78935],[-75.123088,40.786746],[-75.125867,40.784026],[-75.131465,40.77595],[-75.133303,40.774124],[-75.1344,40.773765],[-75.139106,40.773606],[-75.149378,40.774786],[-75.16365,40.778386],[-75.169523,40.778473],[-75.171587,40.777745],[-75.173349,40.776129],[-75.17562,40.772923],[-75.176855,40.768721],[-75.177477,40.764225],[-75.17904,40.761897],[-75.183037,40.759344],[-75.191796,40.75583],[-75.196533,40.751631],[-75.196861,40.750097],[-75.196325,40.747137],[-75.195349,40.745473],[-75.18578,40.737266],[-75.182804,40.73365],[-75.182084,40.731522],[-75.1825,40.729922],[-75.186372,40.72397],[-75.189412,40.71797],[-75.192612,40.715874],[-75.19442,40.714018],[-75.19872,40.705298],[-75.20392,40.691498],[-75.20092,40.685498],[-75.19692,40.681299],[-75.19058,40.679379],[-75.184516,40.679971],[-75.180564,40.679363],[-75.177587,40.677731],[-75.176803,40.675715],[-75.177491,40.672595],[-75.182756,40.665971],[-75.18794,40.663811],[-75.190852,40.661939],[-75.196676,40.655123],[-75.200452,40.649219],[-75.200468,40.646899],[-75.193492,40.642275],[-75.192276,40.640803],[-75.191059,40.637971],[-75.188579,40.624628],[-75.189283,40.621492],[-75.190691,40.619956],[-75.197891,40.619332],[-75.200708,40.618356],[-75.201812,40.617188],[-75.201348,40.614628],[-75.198499,40.611492],[-75.195923,40.606788],[-75.192291,40.602676],[-75.190146,40.590359],[-75.190796,40.586838],[-75.194656,40.58194],[-75.195114,40.579689],[-75.194046,40.576256],[-75.192352,40.574257],[-75.186737,40.569406],[-75.183151,40.567354],[-75.175307,40.564996],[-75.168609,40.564111],[-75.162871,40.564096],[-75.158446,40.565286],[-75.147368,40.573152],[-75.141906,40.575273],[-75.136748,40.575731],[-75.117292,40.573211],[-75.110903,40.570671],[-75.100325,40.567811],[-75.0957,40.564401],[-75.078503,40.548296],[-75.068615,40.542223],[-75.067257,40.539584],[-75.066426,40.536619],[-75.06509,40.526148],[-75.065853,40.519495],[-75.066001,40.510716],[-75.065275,40.504682],[-75.062373,40.491689],[-75.061937,40.486362],[-75.062227,40.481391],[-75.064327,40.476795],[-75.067776,40.472827],[-75.06805,40.468578],[-75.067302,40.464954],[-75.070568,40.456348],[-75.070568,40.455165],[-75.067425,40.448323],[-75.062923,40.433407],[-75.061489,40.422848],[-75.058848,40.418065],[-75.056102,40.416066],[-75.046473,40.413792],[-75.043071,40.411603],[-75.041651,40.409894],[-75.036616,40.406796],[-75.028315,40.403883],[-75.024775,40.403455],[-75.017221,40.404638],[-75.003351,40.40785],[-74.998651,40.410093],[-74.996378,40.410528],[-74.988901,40.408773],[-74.985467,40.405935],[-74.982735,40.404432],[-74.969597,40.39977],[-74.965508,40.397337],[-74.963997,40.395246],[-74.953697,40.376081],[-74.948722,40.364768],[-74.946006,40.357306],[-74.945088,40.347332],[-74.943776,40.342564],[-74.939711,40.338006],[-74.933111,40.333106],[-74.92681,40.329406],[-74.91741,40.322406],[-74.90831,40.316907],[-74.90331,40.315607],[-74.896409,40.315107],[-74.891609,40.313007],[-74.887109,40.310307],[-74.880609,40.305607],[-74.868209,40.295207],[-74.860492,40.284584],[-74.856508,40.277407],[-74.853108,40.269707],[-74.846608,40.258808],[-74.842308,40.250508],[-74.836307,40.246208],[-74.823907,40.241508],[-74.819507,40.238508],[-74.795306,40.229408],[-74.781206,40.221508],[-74.77136,40.215399],[-74.770406,40.214508],[-74.766905,40.207709],[-74.760605,40.198909],[-74.756905,40.189409],[-74.755605,40.186709],[-74.754305,40.185209],[-74.751705,40.183309],[-74.744105,40.181009],[-74.737205,40.177609],[-74.733804,40.174509],[-74.722304,40.160609],[-74.721504,40.158409],[-74.721604,40.15381],[-74.722604,40.15001],[-74.724304,40.14701],[-74.725663,40.145495],[-74.740605,40.13521],[-74.742905,40.13441],[-74.745905,40.13421],[-74.755305,40.13471],[-74.758882,40.134036],[-74.762864,40.132541],[-74.769488,40.129145],[-74.782106,40.12081],[-74.785106,40.12031],[-74.788706,40.12041],[-74.800607,40.12281],[-74.812807,40.12691],[-74.816307,40.12761],[-74.819007,40.12751],[-74.822307,40.12671],[-74.825907,40.12391],[-74.828408,40.12031],[-74.832808,40.11171],[-74.835108,40.10391],[-74.838008,40.10091],[-74.843408,40.09771],[-74.851108,40.09491],[-74.854409,40.09311],[-74.856509,40.09131],[-74.858209,40.08881],[-74.859809,40.08491],[-74.860909,40.08371],[-74.863809,40.08221],[-74.880209,40.07881],[-74.88781,40.07581],[-74.909011,40.07021],[-74.911911,40.06991],[-74.920811,40.07111],[-74.925311,40.07071],[-74.932211,40.068411],[-74.944412,40.063211],[-74.974713,40.048711],[-74.983913,40.042711],[-74.989914,40.037311],[-75.007914,40.023111],[-75.011115,40.021311],[-75.015515,40.019511],[-75.039316,40.013012],[-75.047016,40.008912],[-75.051217,40.004512],[-75.059017,39.992512],[-75.072017,39.980612],[-75.088618,39.975212],[-75.093718,39.974412],[-75.108119,39.970312],[-75.11922,39.965412],[-75.12692,39.961112],[-75.13012,39.958712],[-75.13352,39.954412],[-75.13572,39.947112],[-75.13612,39.933912],[-75.13502,39.927312],[-75.13282,39.921612],[-75.13012,39.917013],[-75.12792,39.911813],[-75.13082,39.900213],[-75.13342,39.896213],[-75.140221,39.888213],[-75.145421,39.884213],[-75.150721,39.882713],[-75.183023,39.882013],[-75.189323,39.880713],[-75.195324,39.877013],[-75.210425,39.865913],[-75.221025,39.861113],[-75.235026,39.856613],[-75.243431,39.854597],[-75.271159,39.84944],[-75.293376,39.848782],[-75.309674,39.850179],[-75.323232,39.849812],[-75.330433,39.849012],[-75.341765,39.846082],[-75.3544,39.839917],[-75.371835,39.827612],[-75.390536,39.815312],[-75.403737,39.807512],[-75.415041,39.801786],[-75.428038,39.809212],[-75.45374,39.820312],[-75.463341,39.823812],[-75.481242,39.829112],[-75.498843,39.833312],[-75.518444,39.836311],[-75.539346,39.838211],[-75.570464,39.839007],[-75.579849,39.838526],[-75.593666,39.837455],[-75.617251,39.833999],[-75.634706,39.830164],[-75.641518,39.828363],[-75.662822,39.82115],[-75.685991,39.811054],[-75.701208,39.802606],[-75.716969,39.791998],[-75.727049,39.784126],[-75.736489,39.775759],[-75.744394,39.767855],[-75.753066,39.757631],[-75.760346,39.747231],[-75.766058,39.737811],[-75.773558,39.722411],[-75.788359,39.721811],[-75.998649,39.721576],[-76.013067,39.72192],[-76.233259,39.721305],[-76.715594,39.721103],[-76.8901,39.720401],[-76.936601,39.720701],[-76.990903,39.7198],[-77.058204,39.7202],[-77.534758,39.720134],[-77.724115,39.720894],[-77.874719,39.722219],[-78.330715,39.722689],[-78.337111,39.722461],[-78.438839,39.722481],[-78.461422,39.722869],[-78.537702,39.72249],[-78.546415,39.722869],[-78.575893,39.722561],[-78.723529,39.723043],[-79.045548,39.722883],[-79.548465,39.720778],[-79.610623,39.721245],[-79.763774,39.720776],[-79.916171,39.720893]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pennsylvania\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207147,"text":"70207147 - 1981 - Estimating usable resources from historical industry data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T13:26:15.274605","indexId":"70207147","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T12:10:33","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating usable resources from historical industry data","docAbstract":"Historical production statistics are used to predict the quantity of remaining usable resources. The commodities considered are mercury, copper and its byproducts gold and silver, and petroleum; the production and discovery data are for the United States. The results of the study indicate that the cumulative return per unit of effort, herein measured as grade of metal ores and discovery rate of recoverable petroleum, is proportional to a negative power of total effort expended, herein measured as total ore mined and total exploratory wells or footage drilled. This power relationship can be extended to some limiting point (a lower ore grade or a maximum number of exploratory wells or footage), and the apparent quantity of available remaining resource at that limit can be calculated. For mercury ore of grades at and above 0.1 percent, the remaining usable resource in the United States is calculated to be 54 million kg (1,567,000 flasks). For copper ore of grades at and above 0.2 percent, the remaining usable copper resource is calculated to be 270 million metric tons (298 million short tons); remaining resources of its by-products gold and silver are calculated to be 3,656 metric tons (118 million troy ounces) and 64,676 metric tons (2,079 million troy ounces), respectively. The undiscovered recoverable crude oil resource in the conterminous United States, at 3 billion feet of additional exploratory drilling, is calculated to be nearly 37.6 billion barrels; the undiscovered recoverable petroleum resource in the Permian basin of western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, at 300 million feet of additional exploratory drilling or 50,000 additional exploratory wells, is calculated to be about 6.2 billion BOE (barrels of oil equivalent).
Uranium-series and 14C dates and the extent of amino acid racemization are reported for 24 marine shell samples from three areas of Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. When the radiometric dates are plotted against the ratio of D-alloisoleucene:L-isoleucene in the shells, five broad age groups are recognized. The uranium-series data indicate that 231Pa is incompletely retained in most fossil shells and that 230Th is lost from some of the samples. Therefore, their apparent ages are minimum. However, a few dated samples in each group have yielded useful age results, and the minimum ages of the five groups of samples are estimated as 7,000 to 11,000, ≥ 70,000, ≥ 136,000, ≥ 190,000, and > 300,000 yr. Calculated integrated thermal histories based on the epimerization reaction in the mollusc Hiatella arctica Linné give paleotemperature estimates of around −5 °C, compared to the present mean annual air temperature of about −11 °C.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<451:COURAA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., Miller, G.H., Andrews, J.T., and Stuiver, M., 1981, Comparison of uranium-series, radiocarbon, and amino acid data from marine molluscs, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: Geology, v. 9, no. 10, p. 451-457, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<451:COURAA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"457","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Baffin Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -76.4208984375,\n 63.99523519297698\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 64.1297836764257\n ],\n [\n -74.4873046875,\n 64.26368374017731\n ],\n [\n -72.59765625,\n 63.35212928507874\n ],\n [\n -71.71875,\n 62.99515845212052\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 62.471723714758724\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 62.32920841458002\n ],\n [\n -67.8076171875,\n 61.91827102335593\n ],\n [\n -66.6650390625,\n 61.689872200460016\n ],\n [\n -64.4677734375,\n 61.12201916813026\n ],\n [\n -63.8525390625,\n 61.64816245852389\n ],\n [\n -63.720703125,\n 62.552856958572896\n ],\n [\n -64.072265625,\n 62.91523303947614\n ],\n [\n -63.45703124999999,\n 63.450509218001095\n ],\n [\n -63.8525390625,\n 63.860035895395306\n ],\n [\n -64.5556640625,\n 64.18724867664994\n ],\n [\n -64.64355468749999,\n 64.79284777557432\n ],\n [\n -65.91796875,\n 64.99793920061401\n ],\n [\n -66.5771484375,\n 65.38514722188854\n ],\n [\n -67.1484375,\n 65.83877570688918\n ],\n [\n -66.4013671875,\n 66.05371622067922\n ],\n [\n -66.0498046875,\n 65.74868289493749\n ],\n [\n -65.302734375,\n 65.25670649344259\n ],\n [\n -63.54492187500001,\n 64.58618480339979\n ],\n [\n -61.52343749999999,\n 65.85675647909318\n ],\n [\n -60.90820312499999,\n 66.70516871330432\n ],\n [\n -61.2158203125,\n 66.96447630005638\n ],\n [\n -61.87499999999999,\n 67.2720426739952\n ],\n [\n -62.9296875,\n 67.5421666883853\n ],\n [\n -64.5556640625,\n 67.941650035336\n ],\n [\n -65.56640625,\n 68.30190453001559\n ],\n [\n -67.1484375,\n 68.5924865825295\n ],\n [\n -67.1044921875,\n 68.9110048456202\n ],\n [\n -66.1376953125,\n 69.2249968541159\n ],\n [\n -66.533203125,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -66.70898437499999,\n 70.17020068549206\n ],\n [\n -69.43359375,\n 70.9883492241249\n ],\n [\n -71.7626953125,\n 71.7050925307212\n ],\n [\n -74.5751953125,\n 72.23551372557404\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 72.73800301833366\n ],\n [\n -76.0693359375,\n 73.02259157147301\n ],\n [\n -76.904296875,\n 73.46598351882643\n ],\n [\n -77.95898437499999,\n 73.6896106541099\n ],\n [\n -78.9697265625,\n 73.8125737670852\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 73.83705790733424\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 73.77577986189993\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 73.76349715052719\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 73.57816726137321\n ],\n [\n -84.462890625,\n 73.67726447634907\n ],\n [\n -85.4736328125,\n 73.89811065820952\n ],\n [\n -86.6162109375,\n 73.94679115710252\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 73.71427576088443\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 73.26470377263846\n ],\n [\n -90.3515625,\n 72.6857649417295\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 71.5944122077672\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 70.75796562654924\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -85.5615234375,\n 69.77895177646761\n ],\n [\n -84.3310546875,\n 69.8698915662856\n ],\n [\n -83.27636718749999,\n 69.8244707739378\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 69.4421276134176\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 69.38031271734351\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 69.33383491964828\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 68.87935761076949\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 68.72044056989829\n ],\n [\n -76.552734375,\n 68.49604022839505\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 68.72044056989829\n ],\n [\n -75.673828125,\n 68.47992564291266\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 68.33437594128185\n ],\n [\n -74.619140625,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -73.564453125,\n 68.17155518732503\n ],\n [\n -72.7294921875,\n 67.59247495012802\n ],\n [\n -72.7294921875,\n 67.25505812564363\n ],\n [\n -73.6083984375,\n 66.8265202749748\n ],\n [\n -74.35546875,\n 66.42553717157787\n ],\n [\n -74.6630859375,\n 66.08936427047088\n ],\n [\n -73.95996093749999,\n 65.6582745198266\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 65.53117097417717\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 65.45826097864811\n ],\n [\n -76.728515625,\n 65.5129625532949\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n 65.69447579373418\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 65.4034447883078\n ],\n [\n -77.82714843749999,\n 65.18303007291382\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 65.03506043658815\n ],\n [\n -78.57421875,\n 64.71787992684128\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 64.41592147626879\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59521d2ae4b062508e3c36f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, G. H.","contributorId":54732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, J. T.","contributorId":191135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andrews","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuiver, M.","contributorId":54730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuiver","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188955,"text":"70188955 - 1981 - Conceptual models governing leaching behavior and their long-term predictive capability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T18:21:14","indexId":"70188955","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5440,"text":"Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conceptual models governing leaching behavior and their long-term predictive capability","docAbstract":"Six models that may be used to describe the interaction of radioactive waste solids with aqueous solutions are as follows:
Some of these models lead to either illogical or unrealistic predictions when published data are extrapolated to long times. These predictions result because most data result from short-term experimentation. Probably for longer times, processes will occur that have not been observed in the shorter experiments. This hypothesis has been verified by mass-transfer data from laboratory experiments using natural volcanic glass to predict the composition of groundwater. That such rate-limiting mechanisms do occur is reassuring, although now it is not possible to deduce a single mass-transfer limiting mechanism that could control the solution concentration of all components of all waste forms being investigated. Probably the most reasonable mechanisms are surface sorption and chemical precipitation of the species of interest. Another is limiting of mass transfer by chemical precipitation on the waste form surface of a substance not containing the species of interest, that is, presence of a diffusion-limiting layer. The presence of sorption and chemical precipitation as factors limiting mass transfer has been verified in natural groundwater systems, whereas the diffusion-limiting mechanism has not been verified yet.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-815X(81)90056-5","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H.C., 1981, Conceptual models governing leaching behavior and their long-term predictive capability: Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, v. 2, no. 4, p. 307-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-815X(81)90056-5.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"313","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ee1e4b062508e3c7b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, Hans C.","contributorId":25165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":701605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186551,"text":"70186551 - 1981 - Rectangular harmonic analysis applied to the geomagnetic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:43:37","indexId":"70186551","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rectangular harmonic analysis applied to the geomagnetic field","docAbstract":"Spherical harmonic analysis of the earth's magnetic field is limited in the resolution that can be obtained. This limitation is caused by inadequacies of computers and of available data sets. The fundamental wavelength in spherical harmonic analysis is the circumference of the earth. To resolve wavelengths as short as 100 km would require a spherical harmonic analysis carried out to a degree and order 400 involving 160,800 coefficients. This is impractical even with modern computers. This limitation of spherical harmonic analysis can be overcome by using rectangular harmonic analysis in successively smaller areas so that the data are more fully utilized. Rectangular harmonic analysis is illustrated for data from Europe and then again for a subset of the data from a smaller area of Europe. The magnetic field at 15 observatories for the smaller area can be computed to an rms residual of only 7 nT for all three components using two sets of rectangular harmonic coefficients and the AWC/75 world chart model. Rectangular harmonic analysis and spherical harmonic analysis are complementary.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p03021","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., 1981, Rectangular harmonic analysis applied to the geomagnetic field: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 3021-3026, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p03021.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3021","endPage":"3026","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europe","volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60286e4b09da6799ac6f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188749,"text":"70188749 - 1981 - Estimation of depth to magnetic source using maximum entropy power spectra, with application to the Peru-Chile Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T15:53:22","indexId":"70188749","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of depth to magnetic source using maximum entropy power spectra, with application to the Peru-Chile Trench","docAbstract":"Estimations of the depth to magnetic sources using the power spectrum of magnetic anomalies generally require long magnetic profiles. The method developed here uses the maximum entropy power spectrum (MEPS) to calculate depth to source on short windows of magnetic data; resolution is thereby improved. The method operates by dividing a profile into overlapping windows, calculating a maximum entropy power spectrum for each window, linearizing the spectra, and calculating with least squares the various depth estimates. The assumptions of the method are that the source is two dimensional and that the intensity of magnetization includes random noise; knowledge of the direction of magnetization is not required. The method is applied to synthetic data and to observed marine anomalies over the Peru-Chile Trench. The analyses indicate a continuous magnetic basement extending from the eastern margin of the Nazca plate and into the subduction zone. The computed basement depths agree with acoustic basement seaward of the trench axis, but deepen as the plate approaches the inner trench wall. This apparent increase in the computed depths may result from the deterioration of magnetization in the upper part of the ocean crust, possibly caused by compressional disruption of the basaltic layer. Landward of the trench axis, the depth estimates indicate possible thrusting of the oceanic material into the lower slope of the continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM154-p667","usgsCitation":"Blakely, R.J., 1981, Estimation of depth to magnetic source using maximum entropy power spectra, with application to the Peru-Chile Trench: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 154, p. 667-682, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM154-p667.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"682","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342787,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile, Peru","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-68.63401,-52.63637],[-68.63335,-54.8695],[-67.56244,-54.87001],[-66.95992,-54.89681],[-67.29103,-55.30124],[-68.14863,-55.61183],[-68.63999,-55.58002],[-69.2321,-55.49906],[-69.95809,-55.19843],[-71.00568,-55.05383],[-72.2639,-54.49514],[-73.2852,-53.95752],[-74.66253,-52.83749],[-73.8381,-53.04743],[-72.43418,-53.7154],[-71.10773,-54.07433],[-70.59178,-53.61583],[-70.26748,-52.93123],[-69.34565,-52.5183],[-68.63401,-52.63637]]],[[[-68.21991,-21.49435],[-67.82818,-22.87292],[-67.10667,-22.73592],[-66.98523,-22.98635],[-67.32844,-24.0253],[-68.41765,-24.51855],[-68.386,-26.18502],[-68.5948,-26.50691],[-68.29554,-26.89934],[-69.00123,-27.52121],[-69.65613,-28.45914],[-70.01355,-29.36792],[-69.91901,-30.33634],[-70.53507,-31.36501],[-70.0744,-33.09121],[-69.81478,-33.27389],[-69.81731,-34.19357],[-70.38805,-35.16969],[-70.36477,-36.00509],[-71.12188,-36.65812],[-71.11863,-37.57683],[-70.81466,-38.553],[-71.41352,-38.91602],[-71.68076,-39.80816],[-71.91573,-40.83234],[-71.7468,-42.05139],[-72.1489,-42.25489],[-71.91542,-43.40856],[-71.46406,-43.78761],[-71.79362,-44.20717],[-71.3298,-44.40752],[-71.22278,-44.78424],[-71.65932,-44.97369],[-71.55201,-45.56073],[-71.91726,-46.88484],[-72.44736,-47.73853],[-72.33116,-48.24424],[-72.64825,-48.87862],[-73.41544,-49.31844],[-73.32805,-50.37879],[-72.97575,-50.74145],[-72.30997,-50.67701],[-72.3294,-51.42596],[-71.9148,-52.00902],[-69.49836,-52.14276],[-68.57155,-52.29944],[-69.46128,-52.29195],[-69.94278,-52.53793],[-70.8451,-52.8992],[-71.00633,-53.83325],[-71.42979,-53.85645],[-72.55794,-53.53141],[-73.70276,-52.83507],[-74.94676,-52.26275],[-75.26003,-51.62935],[-74.97663,-51.0434],[-75.47975,-50.37837],[-75.60802,-48.67377],[-75.18277,-47.71192],[-74.12658,-46.93925],[-75.6444,-46.64764],[-74.69215,-45.76398],[-74.35171,-44.10304],[-73.24036,-44.45496],[-72.7178,-42.38336],[-73.3889,-42.11753],[-73.70134,-43.36578],[-74.33194,-43.22496],[-74.01796,-41.79481],[-73.6771,-39.94221],[-73.21759,-39.25869],[-73.50556,-38.28288],[-73.58806,-37.15628],[-73.16672,-37.12378],[-72.55314,-35.50884],[-71.86173,-33.90909],[-71.43845,-32.4189],[-71.66872,-30.92064],[-71.37008,-30.09568],[-71.48989,-28.86144],[-70.90512,-27.64038],[-70.72495,-25.70592],[-70.40397,-23.629],[-70.09125,-21.39332],[-70.16442,-19.75647],[-70.37257,-18.34798],[-71.37525,-17.7738],[-71.46204,-17.36349],[-73.44453,-16.35936],[-75.23788,-15.26568],[-76.00921,-14.64929],[-76.42347,-13.82319],[-76.25924,-13.53504],[-77.10619,-12.22272],[-78.09215,-10.37771],[-79.03695,-8.38657],[-79.44592,-7.93083],[-79.76058,-7.19434],[-80.53748,-6.54167],[-81.25,-6.13683],[-80.92635,-5.69056],[-81.41094,-4.73676],[-81.09967,-4.03639],[-80.30256,-3.40486],[-80.18401,-3.82116],[-80.46929,-4.05929],[-80.44224,-4.42572],[-80.02891,-4.34609],[-79.62498,-4.4542],[-79.20529,-4.95913],[-78.6399,-4.54778],[-78.45068,-3.8731],[-77.8379,-3.00302],[-76.63539,-2.60868],[-75.545,-1.56161],[-75.23372,-0.91142],[-75.37322,-0.15203],[-75.10662,-0.05721],[-74.4416,-0.53082],[-74.1224,-1.00283],[-73.6595,-1.26049],[-73.07039,-2.30895],[-72.32579,-2.43422],[-71.77476,-2.16979],[-71.41365,-2.3428],[-70.81348,-2.25686],[-70.04771,-2.72516],[-70.69268,-3.74287],[-70.39404,-3.76659],[-69.89364,-4.29819],[-70.79477,-4.25126],[-70.92884,-4.40159],[-71.74841,-4.59398],[-72.89193,-5.27456],[-72.96451,-5.74125],[-73.21971,-6.08919],[-73.12003,-6.62993],[-73.72449,-6.9186],[-73.7234,-7.341],[-73.98724,-7.52383],[-73.57106,-8.42445],[-73.01538,-9.03283],[-73.22671,-9.46221],[-72.56303,-9.52019],[-72.18489,-10.0536],[-71.30241,-10.07944],[-70.48189,-9.49012],[-70.54869,-11.00915],[-70.09375,-11.12397],[-69.52968,-10.95173],[-68.66508,-12.5613],[-68.88008,-12.89973],[-68.92922,-13.60268],[-68.94889,-14.45364],[-69.33953,-14.9532],[-69.16035,-15.32397],[-69.38976,-15.66013],[-68.95964,-16.5007],[-69.59042,-17.58001],[-69.10025,-18.26013],[-68.96682,-18.98168],[-68.44223,-19.40507],[-68.75717,-20.37266],[-68.21991,-21.49435]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Chile\"}}]}","volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594cd744e4b062508e3951fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":699646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231494,"text":"70231494 - 1981 - Image enhancement through film recorder response contouring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T16:13:31.090409","indexId":"70231494","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-06T11:05:43","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Image enhancement through film recorder response contouring","docAbstract":"In contrast to the traditional recording from high-altitude aircraft of Earth images directly onto film in their inherently continuous analog form, a Landsat Earth resources satellite samples the ground image brightness and records it on a digital, electronic medium. Although digitization incurs several extra steps in the reproduction of the imagery, it permits manipulation or enhancement of the data for special uses. For instance, image data enhancement techniques can be applied to partially restore contrast lost because of atmospheric luminance and scatter. More significantly, the digital-to-analog transfer function of the film recorder can be modified to simulate certain characteristics of other film types. Manipulation of a film's apparent gamma, relative speed, and linear-response region is easily accomplished by mapping the input data to a new distribution in real time using a hardware-implemented lookup table. To accomplish the desired photographic results, however, full cooperation and communication between photographic, electronic, and computer technologists is essential.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Volume 0278, Electro-Optical Instrumentation for Resources Evaluation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1981 Technical Symposium East","conferenceDate":"November 6, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D. C., United States","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","doi":"10.1117/12.931938","usgsCitation":"Boyd, J.E., 1981, Image enhancement through film recorder response contouring, in Proceedings Volume 0278, Electro-Optical Instrumentation for Resources Evaluation, v. 278, Washington, D. C., United States, November 6, 1981, p. 157-166, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931938.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400512,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"278","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, John E.","contributorId":138984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186168,"text":"70186168 - 1981 - Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T20:00:11.444584","indexId":"70186168","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","docAbstract":"The increasing public awareness and concern about the hazards of toxic chemicals contaminating aquifers has created an increased need for predictive capabilities to analyze ground-water contamination problems. Several digital models to simulate the movement and concentration of ground-water contaminants have been documented recently. Most simulate the transport and dispersion of a nonreactive solute, but some include mathematically simple reaction terms to represent decay and sorption processes. For applications to field problems, these solute-transport models impose data requirements that, in general, exceed our practical capabilities to accurately describe the field properties and stresses of the hydraulic and chemical systems. Thus, interpretations based on model analyses must recognize the significance of uncertainties in input data. Models of ground-water systems should be regarded as just one tool among many that can be used in the analysis of a ground-water quality problem. Numerical simulation can help the analyst integrate available data, evaluate conceptual models, test hypotheses pertaining to flow and quality changes, and predict system responses to alternative stresses. The models do not replace field data, but they do offer a feedback mechanism that can help to guide the design of a more effective and more efficient data-collection program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems: Science of the Total Environment, v. 21, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1955e4b02ff32c699ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113032,"text":"70113032 - 1981 - The role of change data in a land use and land cover map updating program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T17:00:29","indexId":"70113032","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:52:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of change data in a land use and land cover map updating program","docAbstract":"An assessment of current land use and a process for identifying and measuring change are needed to evaluate trends and problems associated with the use of our Nation's land resources. The U. S. Geological Survey is designing a program to maintain the currency of its land use and land cover maps and digital data base and to provide data on changes in our Nation's land use and land cover. Ways to produce and use change data in a map updating program are being evaluated. A dual role for change data is suggested. For users whose applications require specific polygon data on land use change, showing the locations of all individual category changes and detailed statistical data on these changes can be provided as byproducts of the map-revision process. Such products can be produced quickly and inexpensively either by conventional mapmaking methods or as specialized output from a computerized geographic information system. Secondly, spatial data on land use change are used directly for updating existing maps and statistical data. By incorporating only selected change data, maps and digital data can be updated in an efficient and timely manner without the need for complete and costly detailed remapping and redigitization of polygon data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Milazzo, V.A., 1981, The role of change data in a land use and land cover map updating program: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 189-200.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7870e4b0abf75cf2d4f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milazzo, Valerie A.","contributorId":88717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113017,"text":"70113017 - 1981 - Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T11:26:01","indexId":"70113017","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:25:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification","docAbstract":"Elevation data is generally associated with topographic maps and expressed by contours and spot elevations. However, elevation data is also essential to the proper classification of land use and land cover by remote sensing techniques. Absolute elevation governs various types of vegetative growth as does the degree and direction of slope. However, the effect of terrain aspect (slope and direction) on reflectance is of even greater significance. The angular relationship of a surface to the sun can significantly effect the radiometric response. For flat areas this effect is contract but she slopes are involved they must be considered if automated classification is to be applied. To overcome the terrain aspect effect, rating of multi-spectral responses is used in an attempt to eliminate the terrain aspect. However, this is only partially effective and when the terrain aspect controls group cover it is of little or no value.
\n\n
The proper solution to the aspect problem is to obtain and utilize suitable digital elevation data in conjunction with remote sensor response. The relationship of the aspect to the response can be developed by theory of empirical test and when properly applied can neutralize the aspect response. Then the classification of land use and land cover can proceed without the unwanted radiometric anomalies of terrain aspect.
\n\n
In relatively well mapped areas such as the United States and Europe, digital data can be developed from topographic maps or from the stereo aerial photographic movie. For poorer mapped areas (which involved most of the world's land areas), a satellite designed to obtain stereo data offers the best hope for a digital elevation database. Such a satellite, known as Mapsat, has been defined by the U.S. Geological Survey. Utilizing modern solid state technology, there is no reason why such stereo data cannot be acquired simultaneously with the multispectral response, thus simplifying the overall problem of land use and land cover classification.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1981, Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 92-93.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7683e4b0abf75cf2bf7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113016,"text":"70113016 - 1981 - Classification systems for natural resource management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T16:24:03","indexId":"70113016","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:17:37","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification systems for natural resource management","docAbstract":"Resource managers employ various types of resource classification systems in their management activities such as inventory, mapping, and data analysis. Classification is the ordering or arranging of objects into groups or sets on the basis of their relationships, and as such, provide the resource managers with a structure for organizing their needed information. In addition of conforming to certain logical principles, resource classifications should be flexible, widely applicable to a variety of environmental conditions, and useable with minimal training. The process of classification may be approached from the bottom up (aggregation) or the top down (subdivision) or a combination of both, depending on the purpose of the classification. Most resource classification systems in use today focus on a single resource and are used for a single, limited purpose. However, resource managers now must employ the concept of multiple use in their management activities. What they need is an integrated, ecologically based approach to resource classification which would fulfill multiple-use mandates. In an effort to achieve resource-data compatibility and data sharing among Federal agencies, and interagency agreement has been signed by five Federal agencies to coordinate and cooperate in the area of resource classification and inventory.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Kleckner, R.L., 1981, Classification systems for natural resource management: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 65-70.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7655e4b0abf75cf2bf2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleckner, Richard L.","contributorId":98881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleckner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113227,"text":"70113227 - 1981 - A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T09:25:17","indexId":"70113227","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T09:20:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data","docAbstract":"Several numerical methods were computerize in order to evaluate edge finding techniques for accuracy, versatility and computer time and cost. The study was preformed primarily to select edge detection operators which will be used to do spatial correlation between images for image registration of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes. These method are also used to enhance and discriminate certain types of boundaries; such boundaries or edges are related to geologic structure, topographic relief, albedo and color changes. Application of these techniques has an aid in geologic and geographic remote sensing is evaluated. Landsat scenes of Washington, D.C. and Death Valley were chosen to test the applicability of techniques both in arid desert and vegetation--water--urban cases.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Shaw, R., Sowers, L., and Sanchez, E., 1981, A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 529-542.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":195,"text":"Computer Center Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7610e4b0abf75cf2be69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, Robert","contributorId":50020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sowers, Lynda","contributorId":6298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sowers","given":"Lynda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanchez, Ellen","contributorId":60058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70113223,"text":"70113223 - 1981 - The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:58:01","indexId":"70113223","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:58:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observations Systems Data Center, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, developed and tested techniques that used remotely sensed and other spatial data in predictive models to evaluate irrigation agriculture in the Umatilla River Basin of north-central Oregon. Landsat data and 1:24,000-scale aerial photographs were initially used to map he expansion of irrigate from 1973 to 1979 and to identify crops under irrigation in 1979. The crop data were then used with historical water requirement figures and digital topographic and hydrographic data to estimate water and power use for the 1979 irrigation season. The final project task involved production of a composite map of land suitability for irrigation development based on land cover (from Landsat), land-ownership, soil irrigability, slope gradient, and potential energy costs.
\nThe methods and data used in the study demonstrated the flexibility of remotely sensed and other spatial data as input for predictive models. When combined, they provided useful answers to complex questions facing resource managers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., and Johnson, G., 1981, The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 442-454.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Umatilla","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.368996,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.877651 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7870e4b0abf75cf2d507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gary E.","contributorId":65007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113222,"text":"70113222 - 1981 - The development and application of a county-level geographic database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-12T15:02:42.041751","indexId":"70113222","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:52:36","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The development and application of a county-level geographic database","docAbstract":"The purpose of this paper us to describe the collection of land use data by remote sensing techniques, the incorporation of land use, soils and slope data into a geographic database, and an application of geographic database techniques to a county planning problem. Land use data were successfully interpreted from aerial photographs and incorporated in a geographic database along with digital slope and soils data. All data were registered to a common map base and rasterized to 50- by 50-meter grid cells. Data combination procedures were applied to the database to produce an image depicting areas of relative suitability for dwelling unit construction. This image can be used for planning future urban development. However, the limitations of this suitability image, which have been introduced through data resolution, data combination techniques, and subjectively made decisions, must be considered by data users.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing — An input to geographic information systems in the 1980's, William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, 7th","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"7th William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Sturdevant, J.A., 1981, The development and application of a county-level geographic database, in Remote sensing — An input to geographic information systems in the 1980's, William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, 7th, p. 383-392.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"392","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7866e4b0abf75cf2d42a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturdevant, James A.","contributorId":67563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturdevant","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113221,"text":"70113221 - 1981 - From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T08:51:40","indexId":"70113221","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:47:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems were common elements in two kinds of interdisciplinary regional demonstration projects in the 1970's. Ecological test sits attempted to provide for more efficient remote-sensing data delivery for regional environmental management. Regional environmental systems analysis attempted to formally describe and model the interacting regional social and environmental processes, including the resource-use decision making process. Lessons for the 1980's are drawn from recent evaluations and assessments of these programs, focusing on cost, rates of system development and technology transfer, program coordination, integrative analysis capability, and the involvement of system users and decision makers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.H., 1981, From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 359-365.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae76cfe4b0abf75cf2c028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Robert H.","contributorId":53807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113218,"text":"70113218 - 1981 - Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T11:34:28","indexId":"70113218","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:39:32","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions","docAbstract":"Image processing systems (IPS) and techniques effectively transform satellite imagery into data for input into a spatial database. Geographic information systems (GIS), consisting of graphic input and spatial database management subsystems, are capable of processing digital map and map overlay data to build and manipulate a spatial database. These systems can be successfully integrated to create a successful spatial data handling capability provided certain obstacle are understood and overcome.
\n\n
One of the obstacles faced by all spatial data handling activities involving the extensive regions is the tremendous volume of areal data. Raster formats for representing areal data provide a means of easily integrating IPS and GIS. A compressed raster format has been developed for handling map/image data which greatly reduce the volume of spatial data. By using compressed data strings as basic spatial entities for areal data sets, many complex data processing operations can be simplified.
\n\n
A second set of related problems deals with how this format and other representations of spatial entities, such as vector formats for point and line features, can be interrelated for manipulation, retrieval, and analysis by a spatial database management subsystem. Methods have been developed for interrelating areal data sets in the raster format with point and line data in a vector format and these are described.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Miller, S.W., 1981, Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 341-358.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"358","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae765de4b0abf75cf2bf44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Stephan W.","contributorId":146852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70236953,"text":"70236953 - 1981 - Assessing accuracy of digital land use and terrain data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:19:09.646521","indexId":"70236953","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-01T08:07:43","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessing accuracy of digital land use and terrain data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"80's era of change: Fall technical meeting 1981","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fall Technical Meeting 1981","conferenceDate":"September 9-1 and 14-16, 1981","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, California and Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","usgsCitation":"Sturdevant, J.A., 1981, Assessing accuracy of digital land use and terrain data, in 80's era of change: Fall technical meeting 1981, San Francisco, California and Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States, September 9-1 and 14-16, 1981, p. 101-112.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Sioux Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.83280944824219,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.64192199707031,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.64192199707031,\n 43.60973097491503\n ],\n [\n -96.83280944824219,\n 43.60973097491503\n ],\n [\n -96.83280944824219,\n 43.48481212891603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturdevant, James A.","contributorId":67563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturdevant","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011970,"text":"70011970 - 1981 - State of stress and intraplate earthquakes in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:09:02.415771","indexId":"70011970","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State of stress and intraplate earthquakes in the United States","docAbstract":"Recently compiled data on the state of stress have been used to define stress provinces in the conterminous United States in which the orientation and relative magnitude of the horizontal principal stresses are fairly uniform. The observed patterns of stress constrain mechanisms for generating intraplate lithospheric stresses. Coupled with new information on geologic structure and tectonism in seismically active areas of the Midcontinent and East, these data help to define some characteristics common to these areas and to identify key questions regarding why certain faults seem to be seismically active.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.96","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M.D., and Zoback, M., 1981, State of stress and intraplate earthquakes in the United States: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 96-104, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.96.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"104","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221557,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -162.255031,\n 54.978353\n ],\n [\n -162.30058,\n 54.832594\n ],\n [\n -162.41737,\n 54.877491\n ],\n [\n -162.255031,\n 54.978353\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -160.0179,\n 55.15613\n ],\n [\n -159.889174,\n 55.287138\n ],\n [\n -159.905365,\n 55.164689\n ],\n [\n -159.816419,\n 55.178051\n ],\n [\n -160.183466,\n 54.91568\n ],\n [\n -160.191392,\n 55.108574\n ],\n [\n -160.0179,\n 55.15613\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -159.455311,\n 55.061452\n ],\n [\n -159.328791,\n 54.980598\n ],\n [\n -159.426615,\n 54.942266\n ],\n [\n -159.455311,\n 55.061452\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -161.718614,\n 55.154166\n ],\n [\n -161.608634,\n 55.116906\n ],\n [\n -161.862504,\n 55.127598\n ],\n [\n -161.718614,\n 55.154166\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -160.506927,\n 55.32773\n ],\n [\n -160.486174,\n 55.193617\n ],\n [\n -160.806009,\n 55.12567\n ],\n [\n -160.797147,\n 55.381521\n ],\n [\n -160.344369,\n 55.362962\n ],\n [\n -160.330722,\n 55.261045\n ],\n [\n -160.506927,\n 55.32773\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -160.21178,\n 55.455862\n ],\n [\n -160.141834,\n 55.387154\n ],\n [\n -160.27997,\n 55.395905\n ],\n [\n -160.21178,\n 55.455862\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -165.790523,\n 54.171758\n ],\n [\n -165.714198,\n 54.120815\n ],\n [\n -166.098255,\n 54.103538\n ],\n [\n -166.002465,\n 54.213629\n ],\n [\n -165.790523,\n 54.171758\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -165.523466,\n 54.299895\n ],\n [\n -165.405377,\n 54.212837\n ],\n [\n -165.629725,\n 54.132558\n ],\n [\n -165.681458,\n 54.236914\n ],\n [\n -165.523466,\n 54.299895\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -162.801865,\n 54.48944\n ],\n [\n -162.588883,\n 54.450064\n ],\n [\n -162.611891,\n 54.368077\n ],\n [\n -162.86005,\n 54.425452\n ],\n [\n -162.801865,\n 54.48944\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -170.286318,\n 57.128169\n ],\n [\n -170.311707,\n 57.219122\n ],\n [\n -170.161647,\n 57.229656\n ],\n [\n -170.286318,\n 57.128169\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -176.762478,\n 51.867878\n ],\n [\n -176.789558,\n 51.957211\n ],\n [\n -176.603598,\n 51.997056\n ],\n [\n -176.543309,\n 51.838624\n ],\n [\n -176.268243,\n 51.785498\n ],\n [\n -176.930952,\n 51.59247\n ],\n [\n -176.918065,\n 51.788003\n ],\n [\n -176.762478,\n 51.867878\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -177.800647,\n 51.778294\n ],\n [\n -177.909185,\n 51.596671\n ],\n [\n -178.172666,\n 51.839985\n ],\n [\n -177.615311,\n 51.85508\n ],\n [\n -177.800647,\n 51.778294\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -177.360408,\n 51.727533\n ],\n [\n -177.631523,\n 51.696844\n ],\n [\n -177.099266,\n 51.936119\n ],\n [\n -177.13096,\n 51.762772\n ],\n [\n -177.360408,\n 51.727533\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -174.301818,\n 52.278949\n ],\n [\n -174.408277,\n 52.289872\n ],\n [\n -174.185347,\n 52.417788\n ],\n [\n -173.989415,\n 52.325275\n ],\n [\n -174.177679,\n 52.233638\n ],\n [\n -174.090169,\n 52.139119\n ],\n [\n -175.27485,\n 52.018619\n ],\n [\n -174.301818,\n 52.278949\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -173.602446,\n 52.153773\n ],\n [\n -173.019588,\n 52.097881\n ],\n [\n -174.04675,\n 52.122403\n ],\n [\n -173.602446,\n 52.153773\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -168.211705,\n 53.256184\n ],\n [\n -169.041338,\n 52.839348\n ],\n [\n -168.617143,\n 53.260985\n ],\n [\n -168.366519,\n 53.252024\n ],\n [\n -168.315847,\n 53.481729\n ],\n [\n -167.816998,\n 53.517947\n ],\n [\n -167.872879,\n 53.36736\n ],\n [\n -168.211705,\n 53.256184\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -166.728918,\n 54.003111\n ],\n [\n -166.57509,\n 53.879236\n ],\n [\n -166.373689,\n 54.01003\n ],\n [\n -166.210964,\n 53.933557\n ],\n [\n -166.547438,\n 53.749404\n ],\n [\n -166.119922,\n 53.855048\n ],\n [\n -166.111317,\n 53.776856\n ],\n [\n -166.656234,\n 53.487119\n ],\n [\n -167.798984,\n 53.284757\n ],\n [\n -167.102305,\n 53.515077\n ],\n [\n -167.16164,\n 53.605909\n ],\n [\n -167.041245,\n 53.707929\n ],\n [\n -166.779991,\n 53.719126\n ],\n [\n -167.141966,\n 53.826932\n ],\n [\n -166.728918,\n 54.003111\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -169.553937,\n 56.608682\n ],\n [\n -169.473138,\n 56.601741\n ],\n [\n -169.75575,\n 56.591922\n ],\n [\n -169.553937,\n 56.608682\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -165.721389,\n 60.16962\n ],\n [\n -165.539367,\n 59.965175\n ],\n [\n -166.157071,\n 59.748886\n ],\n [\n -167.111785,\n 59.989349\n ],\n [\n -167.421489,\n 60.205431\n ],\n [\n -166.847438,\n 60.213592\n ],\n [\n -166.124379,\n 60.414253\n ],\n [\n -165.697326,\n 60.297238\n ],\n [\n -165.721389,\n 60.16962\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -173.052751,\n 60.515252\n ],\n [\n -172.951862,\n 60.605671\n ],\n [\n -172.269754,\n 60.333887\n ],\n [\n -172.595895,\n 60.318233\n ],\n [\n -173.052751,\n 60.515252\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -160.918586,\n 58.746935\n ],\n [\n -160.700627,\n 58.817368\n ],\n [\n -160.880515,\n 58.581325\n ],\n [\n -161.07563,\n 58.549916\n ],\n [\n -160.918586,\n 58.746935\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -151.930565,\n 60.51632\n ],\n [\n -151.839194,\n 60.485862\n ],\n [\n -152.079995,\n 60.341191\n ],\n [\n -151.930565,\n 60.51632\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -131.246018,\n 54.989555\n ],\n [\n -131.253671,\n 54.866779\n ],\n [\n -131.469097,\n 54.913153\n ],\n [\n -131.246018,\n 54.989555\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -131.759896,\n 55.381845\n ],\n [\n -131.748334,\n 55.128588\n ],\n [\n -131.870568,\n 55.364553\n ],\n [\n -131.759896,\n 55.381845\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -158.800682,\n 55.891025\n ],\n [\n -158.7036,\n 55.841532\n ],\n [\n -158.889198,\n 55.810123\n ],\n [\n -158.800682,\n 55.891025\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -131.56956,\n 55.284114\n ],\n [\n -131.350575,\n 55.067042\n ],\n [\n -131.579882,\n 55.017576\n ],\n [\n -131.56956,\n 55.284114\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -133.344847,\n 55.569327\n ],\n [\n -133.289854,\n 55.50187\n ],\n [\n -133.609073,\n 55.241486\n ],\n [\n -133.690174,\n 55.304409\n ],\n [\n -133.733029,\n 55.558757\n ],\n [\n -133.644202,\n 55.470815\n ],\n [\n -133.344847,\n 55.569327\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -133.104304,\n 55.426907\n ],\n [\n -133.416549,\n 55.739647\n ],\n [\n -133.701152,\n 55.78516\n ],\n [\n -133.347915,\n 55.803943\n ],\n [\n -133.384089,\n 55.87677\n ],\n [\n -133.799931,\n 55.925349\n ],\n [\n -133.548802,\n 56.14284\n ],\n [\n -133.593728,\n 56.352192\n ],\n [\n -133.094977,\n 56.250583\n ],\n [\n -132.146062,\n 55.470346\n ],\n [\n -132.514798,\n 55.576767\n ],\n [\n -132.608786,\n 55.486348\n ],\n [\n -132.408317,\n 55.512522\n ],\n [\n -132.166857,\n 55.363039\n ],\n [\n -132.214912,\n 55.2457\n ],\n [\n -131.979818,\n 55.211787\n ],\n [\n -132.180334,\n 55.015557\n ],\n [\n -131.984592,\n 55.027978\n ],\n [\n -131.999591,\n 54.731975\n ],\n [\n -132.142277,\n 54.691674\n ],\n [\n -132.55839,\n 54.932612\n ],\n [\n -132.598675,\n 55.150482\n ],\n [\n -132.748854,\n 54.996007\n ],\n [\n -133.119294,\n 55.251405\n ],\n [\n -132.909706,\n 54.923594\n ],\n [\n -132.650001,\n 54.904387\n ],\n [\n -132.676226,\n 54.680865\n ],\n [\n -132.866355,\n 54.700386\n ],\n [\n -133.21042,\n 55.040269\n ],\n [\n -133.223791,\n 55.229317\n ],\n [\n -133.473593,\n 55.255547\n ],\n [\n -133.021557,\n 55.366336\n ],\n [\n -133.104304,\n 55.426907\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -147.483828,\n 60.618636\n ],\n [\n -147.487635,\n 60.728092\n ],\n [\n -147.3087,\n 60.665274\n ],\n [\n -147.483828,\n 60.618636\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -147.217704,\n 60.293504\n ],\n [\n -146.962633,\n 60.311911\n ],\n [\n -147.533041,\n 59.852401\n ],\n [\n -147.912883,\n 59.79224\n ],\n [\n -147.217704,\n 60.293504\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -147.562801,\n 60.579821\n ],\n [\n -147.720124,\n 60.202002\n ],\n [\n -147.908985,\n 60.224359\n ],\n [\n -147.782548,\n 60.4833\n ],\n [\n -147.562801,\n 60.579821\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -132.977163,\n 56.439673\n ],\n [\n -132.634335,\n 56.422174\n ],\n [\n -132.662081,\n 56.274795\n ],\n [\n -133.010587,\n 56.309492\n ],\n [\n -132.977163,\n 56.439673\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -135.631777,\n 58.380673\n ],\n [\n -135.538502,\n 58.337842\n ],\n [\n -135.727908,\n 58.365444\n ],\n [\n -135.631777,\n 58.380673\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -134.713987,\n 58.220748\n ],\n [\n -134.215981,\n 58.162128\n ],\n [\n -133.832895,\n 57.635733\n ],\n [\n -134.202353,\n 57.90633\n ],\n [\n -133.870327,\n 57.381298\n ],\n [\n -134.565687,\n 57.023737\n ],\n [\n -134.646773,\n 57.226327\n ],\n [\n -134.578511,\n 57.400291\n ],\n [\n -134.486023,\n 57.372492\n ],\n [\n -134.969189,\n 58.367542\n ],\n [\n -134.713987,\n 58.220748\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -155.656727,\n 55.860872\n ],\n [\n -155.564404,\n 55.809476\n ],\n [\n -155.718593,\n 55.772356\n ],\n [\n -155.656727,\n 55.860872\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -152.24289,\n 58.241192\n ],\n [\n -152.265111,\n 58.135732\n ],\n [\n -152.562829,\n 58.177979\n ],\n [\n -152.706831,\n 58.050577\n ],\n [\n -153.075746,\n 58.099571\n ],\n [\n -152.876788,\n 58.002307\n ],\n [\n -152.982406,\n 57.984697\n ],\n [\n -153.419783,\n 58.059638\n ],\n [\n -153.156402,\n 58.090087\n ],\n [\n -153.209672,\n 58.15035\n ],\n [\n -152.610955,\n 58.475775\n ],\n [\n -152.56771,\n 58.621304\n ],\n [\n -152.354709,\n 58.63828\n ],\n [\n -152.493991,\n 58.354684\n ],\n [\n -152.328063,\n 58.434372\n ],\n [\n -151.964103,\n 58.269049\n ],\n [\n -152.081083,\n 58.154275\n ],\n [\n -152.24289,\n 58.241192\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -153.940505,\n 56.558317\n ],\n [\n -154.343096,\n 56.510171\n ],\n [\n -154.223759,\n 56.612955\n ],\n [\n -153.940505,\n 56.558317\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -152.417424,\n 57.815464\n ],\n [\n -152.324284,\n 57.824444\n ],\n [\n -152.468172,\n 57.600996\n ],\n [\n -152.179531,\n 57.624809\n ],\n [\n -152.323683,\n 57.467861\n ],\n [\n -152.9663,\n 57.51217\n ],\n [\n -152.601148,\n 57.382165\n ],\n [\n -153.079288,\n 57.32196\n ],\n [\n -152.97091,\n 57.282624\n ],\n [\n -153.163333,\n 57.216713\n ],\n [\n -152.874839,\n 57.16095\n ],\n [\n -153.301142,\n 56.991192\n ],\n [\n -153.328206,\n 57.141993\n ],\n [\n -153.675981,\n 57.06983\n ],\n [\n -153.543429,\n 56.995245\n ],\n [\n -153.97178,\n 56.744861\n ],\n [\n -154.129017,\n 56.742168\n ],\n [\n -153.804787,\n 57.113158\n ],\n [\n -154.298965,\n 56.846479\n ],\n [\n -154.574343,\n 57.239919\n ],\n [\n -154.777368,\n 57.280008\n ],\n [\n -154.629678,\n 57.510197\n ],\n [\n -154.22566,\n 57.661366\n ],\n [\n -153.994572,\n 57.656905\n ],\n [\n -153.802932,\n 57.350896\n ],\n [\n -153.877756,\n 57.629529\n ],\n [\n -153.667261,\n 57.639008\n ],\n [\n -153.93522,\n 57.813047\n ],\n [\n -153.721176,\n 57.890615\n ],\n [\n -153.557647,\n 57.734741\n ],\n [\n -153.324872,\n 57.831048\n ],\n [\n -153.528697,\n 57.921717\n ],\n [\n -153.469421,\n 57.977282\n ],\n [\n -153.127278,\n 57.856748\n ],\n [\n -153.299009,\n 57.985626\n ],\n [\n -152.723425,\n 57.99172\n ],\n [\n -152.904312,\n 57.750825\n ],\n [\n -152.415177,\n 57.973081\n ],\n [\n -152.324103,\n 57.916604\n ],\n [\n -152.417424,\n 57.815464\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -134.283312,\n 55.925175\n ],\n [\n -134.173104,\n 55.918519\n ],\n [\n -134.327238,\n 55.83644\n ],\n [\n -134.283312,\n 55.925175\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -134.121514,\n 56.069847\n ],\n [\n -134.224073,\n 56.065223\n ],\n [\n -134.292353,\n 56.352644\n ],\n [\n -134.067466,\n 56.390987\n ],\n [\n -134.089604,\n 56.472582\n ],\n [\n -134.401407,\n 56.725419\n ],\n [\n -134.339168,\n 56.90183\n ],\n [\n -134.19095,\n 56.861675\n ],\n [\n -134.273113,\n 56.933823\n ],\n [\n -133.76778,\n 56.780469\n ],\n [\n -133.713331,\n 56.598298\n ],\n [\n -133.895746,\n 56.511217\n ],\n [\n -133.971228,\n 56.083293\n ],\n [\n -134.054411,\n 56.224854\n ],\n [\n -134.121514,\n 56.069847\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -132.546463,\n 56.606563\n ],\n [\n -132.984751,\n 56.51264\n ],\n [\n -133.325392,\n 56.791864\n ],\n [\n -133.089388,\n 56.535474\n ],\n [\n -133.603669,\n 56.435413\n ],\n [\n -133.689996,\n 56.839421\n ],\n [\n -134.049218,\n 57.029203\n ],\n [\n -133.104611,\n 57.005701\n ],\n [\n -132.546463,\n 56.606563\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -134.666587,\n 56.169947\n ],\n [\n -135.054049,\n 56.527658\n ],\n [\n -135.005249,\n 56.602252\n ],\n [\n -135.398678,\n 56.779201\n ],\n [\n -135.372021,\n 57.228003\n ],\n [\n -135.674687,\n 57.336747\n ],\n [\n -135.526036,\n 57.509697\n ],\n [\n -134.849477,\n 57.40967\n ],\n [\n -134.615955,\n 56.637289\n ],\n [\n -134.666587,\n 56.169947\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -135.587961,\n 57.89732\n ],\n [\n -135.29156,\n 57.737468\n ],\n [\n -134.929726,\n 57.759203\n ],\n [\n -134.824891,\n 57.500067\n ],\n [\n -135.025148,\n 57.454315\n ],\n [\n -135.571606,\n 57.674397\n ],\n [\n -135.669416,\n 57.389296\n ],\n [\n -135.892131,\n 57.408048\n ],\n [\n -136.563223,\n 58.035052\n ],\n [\n -136.354836,\n 58.192279\n ],\n [\n -136.404805,\n 58.267232\n ],\n [\n -136.239246,\n 58.171913\n ],\n [\n -135.823562,\n 58.282975\n ],\n [\n -135.522646,\n 58.185909\n ],\n [\n -135.581753,\n 57.997568\n ],\n [\n -135.420107,\n 58.144202\n ],\n [\n -134.912854,\n 57.979287\n ],\n [\n -135.140674,\n 57.926114\n ],\n [\n -134.991819,\n 57.835436\n ],\n [\n -135.19896,\n 57.775092\n ],\n [\n -135.587961,\n 57.89732\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -135.703464,\n 57.32204\n ],\n [\n -135.575722,\n 57.104231\n ],\n [\n -135.854131,\n 56.995043\n ],\n [\n -135.755997,\n 57.121225\n ],\n [\n -135.849974,\n 57.265895\n ],\n [\n -135.703464,\n 57.32204\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -162.587754,\n 63.275727\n ],\n [\n -162.252411,\n 63.541753\n ],\n [\n -161.310181,\n 63.471312\n ],\n [\n -160.809089,\n 63.731332\n ],\n [\n -160.976038,\n 64.235761\n ],\n [\n -161.492926,\n 64.407851\n ],\n [\n -161.388621,\n 64.532783\n ],\n [\n -161.024185,\n 64.499719\n ],\n [\n -160.783398,\n 64.71716\n ],\n [\n -161.149655,\n 64.911985\n ],\n [\n -161.42986,\n 64.759027\n ],\n [\n -162.188146,\n 64.672395\n ],\n [\n -162.790167,\n 64.325182\n ],\n [\n -162.940776,\n 64.542417\n ],\n [\n -163.217757,\n 64.632062\n ],\n [\n -163.311983,\n 64.58828\n ],\n [\n -163.033231,\n 64.519314\n ],\n [\n -163.175336,\n 64.399334\n ],\n [\n -163.597834,\n 64.563356\n ],\n [\n -165.001961,\n 64.433917\n ],\n [\n -166.189546,\n 64.575798\n ],\n [\n -166.451788,\n 64.691761\n ],\n [\n -166.410198,\n 64.827968\n ],\n [\n -166.530518,\n 64.937114\n ],\n [\n -166.911922,\n 65.125965\n ],\n [\n -166.521506,\n 65.149242\n ],\n [\n -166.439404,\n 65.319058\n ],\n [\n -167.398458,\n 65.400259\n ],\n [\n -168.127044,\n 65.626584\n ],\n [\n -165.80503,\n 66.33331\n ],\n [\n -164.400727,\n 66.58111\n ],\n [\n -163.754171,\n 66.551284\n ],\n [\n -163.904813,\n 66.230303\n ],\n [\n -164.046937,\n 66.209404\n ],\n [\n -163.623921,\n 66.058281\n ],\n [\n -161.838018,\n 66.022582\n ],\n [\n -161.548429,\n 66.239912\n ],\n [\n -161.067871,\n 66.235164\n ],\n [\n -161.360743,\n 66.375943\n ],\n [\n -161.912946,\n 66.344436\n ],\n [\n -161.87488,\n 66.511446\n ],\n [\n -162.501415,\n 66.742503\n ],\n [\n -162.601052,\n 66.898455\n ],\n [\n -162.271769,\n 66.904144\n ],\n [\n -162.013623,\n 66.779406\n ],\n [\n -162.033156,\n 66.631585\n ],\n [\n -161.624334,\n 66.450143\n ],\n [\n -161.326349,\n 66.478371\n ],\n [\n -161.86618,\n 66.704978\n ],\n [\n -161.719587,\n 66.916898\n ],\n [\n -161.485121,\n 66.945647\n ],\n [\n -161.62216,\n 67.008146\n ],\n [\n -163.69887,\n 67.114443\n ],\n [\n -163.878781,\n 67.416125\n ],\n [\n -164.209816,\n 67.639079\n ],\n [\n -166.784578,\n 68.340431\n ],\n [\n -166.305962,\n 68.46154\n ],\n [\n -166.222496,\n 68.860441\n ],\n [\n -163.973678,\n 68.985044\n ],\n [\n -163.137614,\n 69.352178\n ],\n [\n -163.016456,\n 69.538142\n ],\n [\n -163.118176,\n 69.589156\n ],\n [\n -162.916958,\n 69.692512\n ],\n [\n -163.010545,\n 69.728109\n ],\n [\n -161.922949,\n 70.291599\n ],\n [\n -160.839536,\n 70.344534\n ],\n [\n -159.209082,\n 70.870067\n ],\n [\n -159.132483,\n 70.828359\n ],\n [\n -159.290577,\n 70.811262\n ],\n [\n -159.13779,\n 70.758609\n ],\n [\n -157.768452,\n 70.875842\n ],\n [\n -156.56865,\n 71.352561\n ],\n [\n -155.513987,\n 71.096794\n ],\n [\n -155.95205,\n 70.964831\n ],\n [\n -155.969194,\n 70.827982\n ],\n [\n -155.543031,\n 70.847175\n ],\n [\n -155.03174,\n 71.146473\n ],\n [\n -154.61605,\n 71.026182\n ],\n [\n -154.577386,\n 70.835335\n ],\n [\n -154.181863,\n 70.768325\n ],\n [\n -153.23848,\n 70.922467\n ],\n [\n -152.259966,\n 70.84282\n ],\n [\n -152.187197,\n 70.801546\n ],\n [\n -152.471531,\n 70.68884\n ],\n [\n -152.433781,\n 70.616926\n ],\n [\n -151.695162,\n 70.549675\n ],\n [\n -151.91921,\n 70.472686\n ],\n [\n -151.844375,\n 70.434959\n ],\n [\n -149.461755,\n 70.518271\n ],\n [\n -147.681722,\n 70.199954\n ],\n [\n -145.842689,\n 70.164102\n ],\n [\n -144.902304,\n 69.96451\n ],\n [\n -143.574986,\n 70.154598\n ],\n [\n -142.746807,\n 70.042531\n ],\n [\n -141.377718,\n 69.634631\n ],\n [\n -141.002672,\n 69.645609\n ],\n [\n -141.00184,\n 60.306105\n ],\n [\n -139.989142,\n 60.18524\n ],\n [\n -139.738924,\n 60.31842\n ],\n [\n -139.086669,\n 60.357654\n ],\n [\n -139.200346,\n 60.090701\n ],\n [\n -137.604277,\n 59.243057\n ],\n [\n -137.526424,\n 58.906834\n ],\n [\n -136.581521,\n 59.164909\n ],\n [\n -136.474326,\n 59.464194\n ],\n [\n -136.234229,\n 59.524731\n ],\n [\n -136.256889,\n 59.623646\n ],\n [\n -135.477436,\n 59.799626\n ],\n [\n -135.254125,\n 59.701339\n ],\n [\n -135.027456,\n 59.563692\n ],\n [\n -134.961972,\n 59.280376\n ],\n [\n -134.702383,\n 59.247836\n ],\n [\n -134.250526,\n 58.858046\n ],\n [\n -133.379908,\n 58.427909\n ],\n [\n -133.461475,\n 58.385526\n ],\n [\n -132.29792,\n 57.269469\n ],\n [\n -132.371312,\n 57.095229\n ],\n [\n -132.051044,\n 57.051155\n ],\n [\n -132.080262,\n 56.850926\n ],\n [\n -131.9301,\n 56.835211\n ],\n [\n -131.849898,\n 56.661227\n ],\n [\n -130.102761,\n 56.116696\n ],\n [\n -130.023189,\n 55.930665\n ],\n [\n -130.150595,\n 55.767031\n ],\n [\n -129.982348,\n 55.302079\n ],\n [\n -130.409764,\n 54.881192\n ],\n [\n -130.854966,\n 54.766341\n ],\n [\n -131.093806,\n 55.191335\n ],\n [\n -130.925069,\n 55.300713\n ],\n [\n -130.901872,\n 55.69738\n ],\n [\n -131.093956,\n 55.895675\n ],\n [\n -131.243491,\n 55.973689\n ],\n [\n -130.94683,\n 55.650716\n ],\n [\n -130.959772,\n 55.315892\n ],\n [\n -131.000594,\n 55.398012\n ],\n [\n -131.160492,\n 55.197481\n ],\n [\n -131.263089,\n 55.208318\n ],\n [\n -131.191595,\n 55.360527\n ],\n [\n -131.402931,\n 55.238065\n ],\n [\n -131.828446,\n 55.445214\n ],\n [\n -131.664629,\n 55.581525\n ],\n [\n -131.713742,\n 55.853263\n ],\n [\n -131.828176,\n 55.877284\n ],\n [\n -131.936689,\n 55.535151\n ],\n [\n -132.183207,\n 55.588128\n ],\n [\n -132.283594,\n 55.761774\n ],\n [\n -132.067412,\n 55.875078\n ],\n [\n -131.943402,\n 56.192557\n ],\n [\n -132.320487,\n 55.887648\n ],\n [\n -132.708697,\n 56.112124\n ],\n [\n -132.543076,\n 56.332276\n ],\n [\n -132.382793,\n 56.299203\n ],\n [\n -132.394268,\n 56.485579\n ],\n [\n -132.204367,\n 56.372086\n ],\n [\n -132.371589,\n 56.672473\n ],\n [\n -132.528446,\n 56.702056\n ],\n [\n -132.432385,\n 56.782385\n ],\n [\n -132.770404,\n 56.837486\n ],\n [\n -132.91197,\n 56.966651\n ],\n [\n -132.813684,\n 57.030218\n ],\n [\n -133.466932,\n 57.159356\n ],\n [\n -133.489738,\n 57.305192\n ],\n [\n -133.287052,\n 57.30292\n ],\n [\n -133.475998,\n 57.380394\n ],\n [\n -133.478086,\n 57.56173\n ],\n [\n -133.65855,\n 57.707924\n ],\n [\n -133.234598,\n 57.608749\n ],\n [\n -134.087674,\n 58.181952\n ],\n [\n -134.631203,\n 58.247446\n ],\n [\n -135.368331,\n 59.263275\n ],\n [\n -135.295084,\n 59.08761\n ],\n [\n -135.38931,\n 58.990528\n ],\n [\n -135.142322,\n 58.61637\n ],\n [\n -135.056227,\n 58.189884\n ],\n [\n -135.433061,\n 58.399899\n ],\n [\n -135.90731,\n 58.380839\n ],\n [\n -136.120307,\n 58.968418\n ],\n [\n -136.150772,\n 58.757266\n ],\n [\n -136.247343,\n 58.752935\n ],\n [\n -136.877826,\n 58.962392\n ],\n [\n -136.928643,\n 58.900131\n ],\n [\n -136.463258,\n 58.781607\n ],\n [\n -136.422309,\n 58.647412\n ],\n [\n -136.246368,\n 58.663185\n ],\n [\n -136.041818,\n 58.380161\n ],\n [\n -136.70125,\n 58.219416\n ],\n [\n -137.608804,\n 58.601234\n ],\n [\n -138.131,\n 59.002613\n ],\n [\n -139.855565,\n 59.53666\n ],\n [\n -139.51818,\n 59.687814\n ],\n [\n -139.625896,\n 59.904084\n ],\n [\n -139.486032,\n 60.012407\n ],\n [\n -140.272266,\n 59.700609\n ],\n [\n -141.423134,\n 59.877329\n ],\n [\n -141.299609,\n 59.937397\n ],\n [\n -141.384318,\n 60.071598\n ],\n [\n -141.73624,\n 59.961905\n ],\n [\n -142.698419,\n 60.093333\n ],\n [\n -144.035037,\n 60.020202\n ],\n [\n -144.59088,\n 59.795581\n ],\n [\n -144.052539,\n 60.041759\n ],\n [\n -144.892815,\n 60.292821\n ],\n [\n -144.964135,\n 60.444466\n ],\n [\n -145.113885,\n 60.300978\n ],\n [\n -145.9469,\n 60.455395\n ],\n [\n -145.712891,\n 60.583249\n ],\n [\n -146.689523,\n 60.271279\n ],\n [\n -146.637783,\n 60.467178\n ],\n [\n -145.795141,\n 60.601121\n ],\n [\n -145.841742,\n 60.685893\n ],\n [\n -146.253471,\n 60.622315\n ],\n [\n -146.101458,\n 60.719277\n ],\n [\n -146.191553,\n 60.73199\n ],\n [\n -146.668151,\n 60.692761\n ],\n [\n -146.183555,\n 60.846969\n ],\n [\n -146.262969,\n 60.867787\n ],\n [\n -146.801009,\n 60.80516\n ],\n [\n -146.653827,\n 61.047752\n ],\n [\n -146.262451,\n 61.090246\n ],\n [\n -146.613659,\n 61.118799\n ],\n [\n -147.378483,\n 60.877845\n ],\n [\n -147.525453,\n 60.896057\n ],\n [\n -147.514173,\n 61.096127\n ],\n [\n -147.66899,\n 60.841563\n ],\n [\n -148.134384,\n 60.791268\n ],\n [\n -147.715826,\n 61.249669\n ],\n [\n -148.426951,\n 60.827113\n ],\n [\n -148.384491,\n 60.687754\n ],\n [\n -148.148059,\n 60.758536\n ],\n [\n -148.091712,\n 60.676249\n ],\n [\n -148.30652,\n 60.550702\n ],\n [\n -148.115163,\n 60.596029\n ],\n [\n -147.942106,\n 60.444029\n ],\n [\n -148.025994,\n 60.279029\n ],\n [\n -148.171278,\n 60.335266\n ],\n [\n -148.362497,\n 60.221849\n ],\n [\n -147.913221,\n 60.132576\n ],\n [\n -148.016432,\n 59.999344\n ],\n [\n -147.848469,\n 60.078962\n ],\n [\n -147.917935,\n 59.985997\n ],\n [\n -148.225235,\n 59.950195\n ],\n [\n -148.148011,\n 59.994952\n ],\n [\n -148.274241,\n 60.013318\n ],\n [\n -148.293213,\n 60.151289\n ],\n [\n -148.401601,\n 59.9976\n ],\n [\n -149.133115,\n 60.044918\n ],\n [\n -149.287588,\n 59.906506\n ],\n [\n -149.341584,\n 60.076762\n ],\n [\n -149.584254,\n 59.866905\n ],\n [\n -149.526358,\n 59.703258\n ],\n [\n -149.666147,\n 59.850527\n ],\n [\n -149.746364,\n 59.860881\n ],\n [\n -149.74622,\n 59.637585\n ],\n [\n -150.028296,\n 59.788652\n ],\n [\n -149.928962,\n 59.723245\n ],\n [\n -150.392481,\n 59.387265\n ],\n [\n -150.316945,\n 59.585285\n ],\n [\n -150.478742,\n 59.458498\n ],\n [\n -150.547729,\n 59.590331\n ],\n [\n -150.942212,\n 59.233136\n ],\n [\n -151.915684,\n 59.227522\n ],\n [\n -151.991618,\n 59.313617\n ],\n [\n -151.826047,\n 59.439049\n ],\n [\n -151.272459,\n 59.555823\n ],\n [\n -150.927312,\n 59.793431\n ],\n [\n -151.503822,\n 59.633662\n ],\n [\n -151.829137,\n 59.720151\n ],\n [\n -151.71801,\n 60.009473\n ],\n [\n -151.30609,\n 60.387257\n ],\n [\n -151.40927,\n 60.720558\n ],\n [\n -150.353702,\n 61.031822\n ],\n [\n -150.217179,\n 60.930001\n ],\n [\n -149.111617,\n 60.878949\n ],\n [\n -150.039304,\n 61.144291\n ],\n [\n -149.429513,\n 61.447165\n ],\n [\n -149.542776,\n 61.489995\n ],\n [\n -149.919682,\n 61.26347\n ],\n [\n -150.646221,\n 61.296689\n ],\n [\n -151.783271,\n 60.868713\n ],\n [\n -151.702833,\n 60.727778\n ],\n [\n -151.860179,\n 60.753282\n ],\n [\n -152.309221,\n 60.506384\n ],\n [\n -152.234199,\n 60.393888\n ],\n [\n -152.715881,\n 60.241274\n ],\n [\n -152.596784,\n 60.101071\n ],\n [\n -152.745083,\n 59.904232\n ],\n [\n -153.225937,\n 59.858343\n ],\n [\n -153.021945,\n 59.834133\n ],\n [\n -153.214156,\n 59.634271\n ],\n [\n -153.366613,\n 59.633729\n ],\n [\n -153.439977,\n 59.784652\n ],\n [\n -153.577828,\n 59.555991\n ],\n [\n -154.087803,\n 59.367967\n ],\n [\n -154.260121,\n 59.14302\n ],\n [\n -153.254798,\n 58.861756\n ],\n [\n -153.445002,\n 58.70931\n ],\n [\n -153.851432,\n 58.611872\n ],\n [\n -154.291163,\n 58.13568\n ],\n [\n -154.990431,\n 58.013424\n ],\n [\n -155.37861,\n 57.710766\n ],\n [\n -155.617188,\n 57.769715\n ],\n [\n -155.731412,\n 57.555546\n ],\n [\n -156.044031,\n 57.564455\n ],\n [\n -156.036722,\n 57.470941\n ],\n [\n -156.481632,\n 57.338705\n ],\n [\n -156.551239,\n 57.2908\n ],\n [\n -156.336427,\n 57.336081\n ],\n [\n -156.355401,\n 57.159679\n ],\n [\n -156.5472,\n 56.986488\n ],\n [\n -157.201724,\n 56.767511\n ],\n [\n -157.45759,\n 56.848204\n ],\n [\n -157.536486,\n 56.615317\n ],\n [\n -158.042012,\n 56.596744\n ],\n [\n -157.859766,\n 56.483668\n ],\n [\n -158.402954,\n 56.455193\n ],\n [\n -158.498837,\n 56.38011\n ],\n [\n -158.112718,\n 56.240286\n ],\n [\n -158.475258,\n 56.093405\n ],\n [\n -158.417889,\n 56.036796\n ],\n [\n -158.575042,\n 56.121129\n ],\n [\n -158.737009,\n 55.953313\n ],\n [\n -159.472801,\n 55.83905\n ],\n [\n -159.696713,\n 55.573306\n ],\n [\n -159.627482,\n 55.803248\n ],\n [\n -159.81107,\n 55.85657\n ],\n [\n -160.410823,\n 55.66538\n ],\n [\n -160.481633,\n 55.489068\n ],\n [\n -160.909625,\n 55.52414\n ],\n [\n -161.231535,\n 55.357452\n ],\n [\n -161.445196,\n 55.368103\n ],\n [\n -161.376102,\n 55.569794\n ],\n [\n -161.587047,\n 55.62006\n ],\n [\n -161.878076,\n 55.223599\n ],\n [\n -162.041236,\n 55.236806\n ],\n [\n -162.053281,\n 55.074212\n ],\n [\n -162.489735,\n 55.064849\n ],\n [\n -162.4168,\n 55.104096\n ],\n [\n -162.584872,\n 55.298386\n ],\n [\n -162.692309,\n 55.197313\n ],\n [\n -162.569289,\n 54.97124\n ],\n [\n -162.881639,\n 54.934785\n ],\n [\n -163.165036,\n 55.099214\n ],\n [\n -163.226313,\n 55.042694\n ],\n [\n -163.067008,\n 54.979302\n ],\n [\n -163.373207,\n 54.800841\n ],\n [\n -163.057228,\n 54.688101\n ],\n [\n -163.344791,\n 54.751211\n ],\n [\n -163.572383,\n 54.623211\n ],\n [\n -164.179617,\n 54.599188\n ],\n [\n -164.41682,\n 54.431713\n ],\n [\n -164.844931,\n 54.417583\n ],\n [\n -164.949781,\n 54.575697\n ],\n [\n -164.48678,\n 54.922441\n ],\n [\n -163.568159,\n 55.049145\n ],\n [\n -163.318885,\n 54.88012\n ],\n [\n -163.268767,\n 55.145465\n ],\n [\n -162.86152,\n 55.198339\n ],\n [\n -161.816225,\n 55.888993\n ],\n [\n -160.898682,\n 55.999014\n ],\n [\n -160.814205,\n 55.953834\n ],\n [\n -160.940845,\n 55.822529\n ],\n [\n -160.806014,\n 55.738241\n ],\n [\n -160.668102,\n 55.723556\n ],\n [\n -160.769155,\n 55.858268\n ],\n [\n -160.293924,\n 55.765556\n ],\n [\n -160.273176,\n 55.856881\n ],\n [\n -160.534541,\n 55.989498\n ],\n [\n -160.357156,\n 56.279582\n ],\n [\n -158.957471,\n 56.851184\n ],\n [\n -158.660298,\n 56.789015\n ],\n [\n -158.659945,\n 57.034585\n ],\n [\n -158.376249,\n 57.265542\n ],\n [\n -157.786046,\n 57.542189\n ],\n [\n -157.573472,\n 57.522732\n ],\n [\n -157.703782,\n 57.721768\n ],\n [\n -157.596601,\n 58.08867\n ],\n [\n -157.39735,\n 58.173383\n ],\n [\n -157.524477,\n 58.414506\n ],\n [\n -156.980888,\n 58.891031\n ],\n [\n -158.190283,\n 58.61371\n ],\n [\n -158.512547,\n 58.78311\n ],\n [\n -158.487015,\n 58.999872\n ],\n [\n -158.179588,\n 59.012245\n ],\n [\n -158.522231,\n 59.021763\n ],\n [\n -158.789632,\n 58.814257\n ],\n [\n -158.827852,\n 58.626432\n ],\n [\n -158.704052,\n 58.482759\n ],\n [\n -158.880927,\n 58.39067\n ],\n [\n -159.657362,\n 58.938712\n ],\n [\n -159.908386,\n 58.779903\n ],\n [\n -160.322922,\n 58.953953\n ],\n [\n -160.31778,\n 59.070477\n ],\n [\n -161.751999,\n 58.551842\n ],\n [\n -162.171722,\n 58.648441\n ],\n [\n -161.769501,\n 58.774937\n ],\n [\n -161.828171,\n 59.062702\n ],\n [\n -162.048584,\n 59.254177\n ],\n [\n -161.738312,\n 59.46701\n ],\n [\n -162.453176,\n 60.27854\n ],\n [\n -162.1724,\n 60.624038\n ],\n [\n -162.571198,\n 60.25189\n ],\n [\n -162.453176,\n 60.197639\n ],\n [\n -162.503647,\n 59.99923\n ],\n [\n -163.349027,\n 59.81989\n ],\n [\n -164.079837,\n 59.828034\n ],\n [\n -164.1916,\n 60.024496\n ],\n [\n -165.129403,\n 60.433707\n ],\n [\n -164.961439,\n 60.508391\n ],\n [\n -165.362975,\n 60.506866\n ],\n [\n -164.97125,\n 60.711434\n ],\n [\n -164.945958,\n 60.92106\n ],\n [\n -165.132488,\n 60.850145\n ],\n [\n -165.194945,\n 60.9739\n ],\n [\n -164.87045,\n 61.079564\n ],\n [\n -165.2897,\n 61.181714\n ],\n [\n -165.403007,\n 61.06706\n ],\n [\n -165.578127,\n 61.100361\n ],\n [\n -165.662892,\n 61.29457\n ],\n [\n -165.921194,\n 61.40308\n ],\n [\n -165.807627,\n 61.529171\n ],\n [\n -166.165232,\n 61.550618\n ],\n [\n -166.158976,\n 61.700437\n ],\n [\n -165.82214,\n 61.67061\n ],\n [\n -166.092081,\n 61.800733\n ],\n [\n -165.640216,\n 61.848041\n ],\n [\n -165.706155,\n 62.108365\n ],\n [\n -164.837703,\n 62.685267\n ],\n [\n -164.783858,\n 62.946154\n ],\n [\n -164.493118,\n 63.17767\n ],\n [\n -164.066991,\n 63.262276\n ],\n [\n -163.316203,\n 63.037763\n ],\n [\n -162.587754,\n 63.275727\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -169.267598,\n 63.343995\n ],\n [\n -168.692939,\n 63.302282\n ],\n [\n -168.818344,\n 63.163224\n ],\n [\n -169.396308,\n 63.136617\n ],\n [\n -169.638309,\n 62.937527\n ],\n [\n -170.512102,\n 63.341881\n ],\n [\n -171.067663,\n 63.424579\n ],\n [\n -171.433319,\n 63.307578\n ],\n [\n -171.849984,\n 63.485039\n ],\n [\n -171.699647,\n 63.781728\n ],\n [\n -170.950817,\n 63.570127\n ],\n [\n -170.281988,\n 63.68502\n ],\n [\n -169.974858,\n 63.470618\n ],\n [\n -169.267598,\n 63.343995\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -162.614621,\n 63.621832\n ],\n [\n -162.341892,\n 63.594062\n ],\n [\n -162.676581,\n 63.555648\n ],\n [\n -162.614621,\n 63.621832\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -106.190554,\n 40.997607\n ],\n [\n -102.124972,\n 41.002338\n ],\n [\n -102.04192,\n 37.035083\n ],\n [\n -109.045223,\n 36.999084\n ],\n [\n -109.050076,\n 41.000659\n ],\n [\n -106.190554,\n 40.997607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"Alaska\",\n \"nation\": \"USA \"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96cee4b08c986b31b70a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mary Lou","contributorId":10029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mary Lou","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120228,"text":"70120228 - 1981 - Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:40:05","indexId":"70120228","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-01T11:38:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California","docAbstract":"Increasing levels of visitor use and consequent resource damage have necessitated that backcountry use restrictions be established in the Mineral King area of Sequoia National Park, California. In this paper we review the steps taken in developing a trailhead quota system. The availability of acceptable campsites, based on a detailed inventory of site distribution and impact, was used to quantitatively derive use capacities for each camp area. Wilderness permit data on visitor dispersal patterns from the major trailheads, including length of stay at each camp area, were then used to translate the area capacities into daily trailhead quotas that would assure that these capacities were not surpassed. The general approach is applicable to any backcountry area, although large complex areas may require the use of available computer simulation models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/BF01867347","usgsCitation":"Parsons, D.J., Stohlgren, T.J., and Fodor, P.A., 1981, Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California: Environmental Management, v. 5, no. 4, p. 335-340, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867347.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292078,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867347"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Mineral King","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.630904,36.435104 ], [ -118.630904,36.471004 ], [ -118.566874,36.471004 ], [ -118.566874,36.435104 ], [ -118.630904,36.435104 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcbe4b02bf5a7674037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fodor, Paul A.","contributorId":23082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120243,"text":"70120243 - 1981 - Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, Thomomys talpoides (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T13:13:52","indexId":"70120243","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-01T12:56:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, Thomomys talpoides (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","docAbstract":"Studies of the bioenergetics of the northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides, are coupled with data on demography, activity budgets, and microclimates to model the energy requirements of individuals and populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah during 1976-1979. Metabolic rates during rest increased linearly with decreasing ambient temperature, but burrowing metabolic rates (16.3 mL O2 • h-1 • g-9.75) were independent of both temperature and physical properties of the soil. Radio-telemetry studies indicated that free-ranging gophers are active =50% of each day.
\nConservative estimates of true energy consumption were calculated using estimates of habitat-specific minimum daily burrowing requirements. Rates of burrowing measured in the laboratory were either ∞ 0.0 or ∞ 2.0 cm/min. The low burrowing rate was observed when the soil was frozen or saturated with water, as would occur in the field in early winter and in spring, respectively. Gophers burrowed through soil at the study site at an average rate of ∞ 1.5 cm/min. Belowground food energy densities at gopher foraging depth declined from 24.6 to 3.2 J/cm3 along a successional gradient (subalpine forb meadow to Engelmann spruce dominated forest). We conclude that individual gophers are food limited within the climax spruce seral stage. Further, daily energy costs associated with reproduction in females may exceed the belowground energy supply available in intermediate seral stages (aspen and subalpine fir). Reduction of burrowing rates for any reason will affect gophers in the late seral stages proportionately more than those resident in the meadow. The peak gopher densities recorded (from 62 individuals/ha in the meadow to 2 individuals/ha in spruce forest) support these inferences.
\nDetailed demographic information was obtained only in the meadow seral stage. Adult survivorship was lower in winter than in summer and varied greatly between years (0.18-0.70 yr-1). Juvenile survivorship from weaning through the first year was comparable to adult annual rates. The fertility rate was 3.75 young • female-1 • yr-1.
\nThe energy flow through the meadow population at moderate to high )1976-1977) densities (at least 1100 MJ • ha-1 • yr-1) indicates that pocket gophers are proficient energy movers relative to non-fossorial small mammals. Subalpine T. talpoides populations appear commonly to attain such densities. More than 30% of the annual primary productivity allocated to belowground parts of meadow forbs may be consumed by gophers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.2307/2937262","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and MacMahon, J.A., 1981, Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, Thomomys talpoides (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere: Ecological Monographs, v. 51, no. 2, p. 179-202, https://doi.org/10.2307/2937262.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292091,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937262"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcfe4b02bf5a7674088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacMahon, James A.","contributorId":9581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacMahon","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236732,"text":"70236732 - 1981 - Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T15:43:49.90895","indexId":"70236732","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-01T10:28:02","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data","docAbstract":"A spatially registered digital data base of fuels and terrain information was generated for a test site on the Lolo National Forest in Montana. The data base was developed specifically for providing spatially relevant data to a mathematical fire behavior model developed by the Forest Service which integrates this information along with current weather data to produce realistic estimates of probable fire behavior.
Methodologies for the processing and analysis of Landsat MSS and digital terrain data for the mapping of U.S. Forest Service fuel types were developed and demonstrated. Key elements in the mapping process were the development of a fuels terrain distribution model which provided a statistical description of the topographic distribution patterns of fuels within spectral classes, and secondly, the application of a layered classifier which incorporated the spectral and terrain data in a two-stage maximum likelihood classification framework for the mapping of fuels.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seventh international symposium: Machine processing of remotely sensed data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh International Symposium: Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data","conferenceDate":"June 23-26, 1981","conferenceLocation":"West Lafayette, Indiana, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Purdue Univeristy","usgsCitation":"Shasby, M., Burgan, R.E., and Johnson, G.R., 1981, Broad area forest fuels and topography mapping using digital Landsat and terrain data, in Seventh international symposium: Machine processing of remotely sensed data, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, June 23-26, 1981, p. 529-538.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"538","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lars_symp/462/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Lolo National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.13970947265625,\n 46.74927110475196\n ],\n [\n -114.09988403320312,\n 46.75679832604253\n ],\n [\n -114.09713745117188,\n 46.803819640791566\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 46.81979753343518\n ],\n [\n -114.07928466796874,\n 46.842346477463245\n ],\n [\n -114.13833618164062,\n 46.84610371505515\n ],\n [\n -114.14108276367188,\n 46.878968335076856\n ],\n [\n -114.17816162109375,\n 46.882723010671945\n ],\n [\n -114.17953491210938,\n 46.914627144654055\n ],\n [\n -114.19601440429686,\n 46.93244765730184\n ],\n [\n -114.22073364257812,\n 46.98774725646568\n ],\n [\n -114.1973876953125,\n 46.9989876381546\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 47.00835281693705\n ],\n [\n -114.10675048828125,\n 47.02333368818491\n ],\n [\n -114.10263061523436,\n 47.04766864046083\n ],\n [\n -114.11224365234375,\n 47.07853932995949\n ],\n [\n -114.11087036132811,\n 47.11686892229326\n ],\n [\n -114.14932250976561,\n 47.15517092451596\n ],\n [\n -114.19601440429686,\n 47.143963438087916\n ],\n [\n -114.21661376953125,\n 47.135556272359196\n ],\n [\n -114.23446655273438,\n 47.14302937421008\n ],\n [\n -114.26055908203125,\n 47.127147777248645\n ],\n [\n -114.33883666992188,\n 47.16357498846737\n ],\n [\n -114.32510375976562,\n 47.17104415159213\n ],\n [\n -114.3402099609375,\n 47.19624482325592\n ],\n [\n -114.44595336914061,\n 47.22143353240336\n ],\n [\n -114.54208374023438,\n 47.25872815157009\n ],\n [\n -114.68353271484375,\n 47.28388717948357\n ],\n [\n -114.6807861328125,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -114.77828979492188,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 47.45037978769006\n ],\n [\n -114.92385864257811,\n 47.455951443369926\n ],\n [\n -114.9334716796875,\n 47.475447589655055\n ],\n [\n -114.91836547851562,\n 47.491224888201955\n ],\n [\n -114.927978515625,\n 47.50514209901774\n ],\n [\n -114.99114990234375,\n 47.52183788271235\n ],\n [\n -115.02410888671875,\n 47.519055620971265\n ],\n [\n -115.05157470703126,\n 47.52925652601813\n ],\n [\n -115.18890380859374,\n 47.58023129789275\n ],\n [\n -115.25619506835938,\n 47.57559927673143\n ],\n [\n -115.26443481445311,\n 47.56633400505088\n ],\n [\n -115.31112670898436,\n 47.57374635352771\n ],\n [\n -115.32897949218749,\n 47.589494110887394\n ],\n [\n -115.367431640625,\n 47.59875528481801\n ],\n [\n -115.40313720703125,\n 47.63300737749619\n ],\n [\n -115.40176391601562,\n 47.67186094318796\n ],\n [\n -115.42510986328124,\n 47.68850362252604\n ],\n [\n -115.43472290039062,\n 47.702368466573716\n ],\n [\n -115.41961669921875,\n 47.72269690266809\n ],\n [\n -115.44296264648438,\n 47.73193447949174\n ],\n [\n -115.4608154296875,\n 47.75132805819867\n ],\n [\n -115.48416137695311,\n 47.76148371616669\n ],\n [\n -115.48416137695311,\n 47.779943470641264\n ],\n [\n -115.50888061523438,\n 47.80485374589339\n ],\n [\n -115.55557250976562,\n 47.81776548407309\n ],\n [\n -115.56518554687499,\n 47.83159592699297\n ],\n [\n -115.60638427734375,\n 47.85371697106819\n ],\n [\n -115.66131591796875,\n 47.86293128876346\n ],\n [\n -115.70938110351562,\n 47.88503897004144\n ],\n [\n -115.69564819335938,\n 47.90345483298757\n ],\n [\n -115.69839477539062,\n 47.933826688535746\n ],\n [\n -115.72586059570312,\n 47.95222519664453\n ],\n [\n -115.75607299804688,\n 47.99451691556855\n ],\n [\n -115.80276489257812,\n 48.00830020485928\n ],\n [\n -115.87280273437499,\n 48.034937455397866\n ],\n [\n -115.88790893554686,\n 48.058807426879575\n ],\n [\n -115.91949462890624,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -115.91812133789062,\n 48.03218251603595\n ],\n [\n -115.96618652343749,\n 48.03034580796616\n ],\n [\n -115.97854614257812,\n 48.039528693690556\n ],\n [\n -116.01974487304688,\n 48.058807426879575\n ],\n [\n -116.05545043945312,\n 48.06706753191901\n ],\n [\n -116.05545043945312,\n 47.97797210710751\n ],\n [\n -116.03347778320314,\n 47.96601978044179\n ],\n [\n -115.97305297851562,\n 47.89701002596687\n ],\n [\n -115.94558715820312,\n 47.88043398091892\n ],\n [\n -115.90713500976561,\n 47.837127072368524\n ],\n [\n -115.88516235351562,\n 47.84634433782511\n ],\n [\n -115.87417602539061,\n 47.83159592699297\n ],\n [\n -115.85769653320311,\n 47.824220149350246\n ],\n [\n -115.85357666015625,\n 47.78917089079263\n ],\n [\n -115.83572387695312,\n 47.74394088010389\n ],\n [\n -115.80551147460938,\n 47.75225138174104\n ],\n [\n -115.78903198242188,\n 47.74394088010389\n ],\n [\n -115.79177856445312,\n 47.730087095193056\n ],\n [\n -115.77804565429688,\n 47.71622962407298\n ],\n [\n -115.75881958007812,\n 47.714381682734256\n ],\n [\n -115.73272705078124,\n 47.695898664798875\n ],\n [\n -115.7464599609375,\n 47.6524377737497\n ],\n [\n -115.73959350585938,\n 47.63948497925488\n ],\n [\n -115.71762084960936,\n 47.63023101663225\n ],\n [\n -115.70114135742186,\n 47.619124098197325\n ],\n [\n -115.70938110351562,\n 47.611718174784926\n ],\n [\n -115.69976806640625,\n 47.59505101193038\n ],\n [\n -115.76431274414061,\n 47.55335987085899\n ],\n [\n -115.76019287109375,\n 47.5394554474239\n ],\n [\n -115.7135009765625,\n 47.52925652601813\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 47.519983057945794\n ],\n [\n -115.69290161132812,\n 47.48194469821279\n ],\n [\n -115.66955566406249,\n 47.47266286861342\n ],\n [\n -115.63934326171874,\n 47.47637579720933\n ],\n [\n -115.64895629882812,\n 47.46152250874388\n ],\n [\n -115.67092895507811,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -115.68466186523438,\n 47.46709298382174\n ],\n [\n -115.75881958007812,\n 47.44387877663593\n ],\n [\n -115.76980590820312,\n 47.42065432071318\n ],\n [\n -115.69976806640625,\n 47.41043231312493\n ],\n [\n -115.68191528320312,\n 47.39927876897186\n ],\n [\n -115.65719604492186,\n 47.38998234483188\n ],\n [\n -115.65032958984375,\n 47.372314620566925\n ],\n [\n -115.61050415039061,\n 47.37603463349758\n ],\n [\n -115.56381225585936,\n 47.342545069660225\n ],\n [\n -115.53497314453126,\n 47.29599652002003\n ],\n [\n -115.49102783203125,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -115.43609619140624,\n 47.27550216573706\n ],\n [\n -115.41549682617188,\n 47.261524189742026\n ],\n [\n -115.32623291015625,\n 47.253135632244216\n ],\n [\n -115.33447265625,\n 47.2447457457832\n ],\n [\n -115.30426025390625,\n 47.21583707523794\n ],\n [\n -115.30975341796875,\n 47.184112659842015\n ],\n [\n -115.27954101562499,\n 47.17477833929903\n ],\n [\n -115.26031494140625,\n 47.14116119721898\n ],\n [\n -115.22186279296874,\n 47.14116119721898\n ],\n [\n -115.18615722656249,\n 47.10378387099161\n ],\n [\n -115.16143798828126,\n 47.09630525444073\n ],\n [\n -115.15045166015625,\n 47.06638028321398\n ],\n [\n -115.10101318359375,\n 47.034566583590426\n ],\n [\n -115.05706787109375,\n 46.961510504873104\n ],\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 46.965259400349275\n ],\n [\n -114.94171142578124,\n 46.916503267244835\n ],\n [\n -114.96368408203125,\n 46.85079989251277\n ],\n [\n -114.90875244140624,\n 46.803819640791566\n ],\n [\n -114.80163574218751,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n -114.7796630859375,\n 46.74738913515841\n ],\n [\n -114.79888916015624,\n 46.70596917928676\n ],\n [\n -114.76593017578124,\n 46.68713141244413\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 46.70596917928676\n ],\n [\n -114.68353271484375,\n 46.72856582519053\n ],\n [\n -114.66156005859376,\n 46.73421350813988\n ],\n [\n -114.63958740234375,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -114.65881347656249,\n 46.67394106549699\n ],\n [\n -114.61212158203124,\n 46.6268063953552\n ],\n [\n -114.54620361328125,\n 46.63623661551964\n ],\n [\n -114.46929931640624,\n 46.62303384721474\n ],\n [\n -114.43634033203125,\n 46.64755071082884\n ],\n [\n -114.356689453125,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -114.34844970703125,\n 46.69089949154197\n ],\n [\n -114.3072509765625,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -114.29351806640625,\n 46.751153008636884\n ],\n [\n -114.13970947265625,\n 46.74927110475196\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shasby, Mark shasbym@usgs.gov","contributorId":223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shasby","given":"Mark","email":"shasbym@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgan, Robert E.","contributorId":149864,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgan","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gregg R. grjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregg","email":"grjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":852042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221696,"text":"5221696 - 1981 - Species differences in hematological values of captive cranes, geese, raptors, and quail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T16:17:33.997354","indexId":"5221696","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species differences in hematological values of captive cranes, geese, raptors, and quail","docAbstract":"Hematological and serum chemical constituents of blood were determined for 12 species, including 7 endangered species, of cranes, geese, raptors, and quail in captivity at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Means, standard deviations, analysis of variance by species and sex, and a series of multiple comparisons of means were derived for each parameter investigated. Differences among some species means were observed in all blood parameters except gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Although sampled during the reproductively quiescent period, an influence of sex was noted in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, Ca, and P. Our data and values reported in literature indicate that most hematological parameters vary among species and, in some cases, according to methods used to determine them. Therefore, baseline data for captive and wild birds should be established by using standard methods, and should be made available to aid others for use in assessing physiological and pathological conditions of these species.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3807928","usgsCitation":"Gee, G.F., Carpenter, J.W., and Hensler, G.L., 1981, Species differences in hematological values of captive cranes, geese, raptors, and quail: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 2, p. 463-483, https://doi.org/10.2307/3807928.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"463","endPage":"483","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c52b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gee, George F.","contributorId":113443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, James W.","contributorId":91518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":334474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hensler, Gary L.","contributorId":23111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensler","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013613,"text":"1013613 - 1981 - An empirical methodology for estimating entrainment losses at power plants sited on estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-13T16:53:34.119923","indexId":"1013613","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical methodology for estimating entrainment losses at power plants sited on estuaries","docAbstract":"A model based on empirically derived age‐, time‐, and space‐variant entrainment susceptibility data may be used for estimating conditional entrainment mortality of aquatic organisms, particularly fish and shellfish, caused by operation of one or more power plants on an estuary. Model application requires knowledge of the morphometry of the water body, the power‐plant flow rates, the probability of entrainment survival, and the duration, distribution, and abundance of entrainable age‐groups. A novel feature of the model is that organism distribution and movement within the model are defined by information derived from field samples rather than by hydrodynamic principles and equations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<253:AEMFEE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Boreman, J., Goodyear, C., and Christensen, S., 1981, An empirical methodology for estimating entrainment losses at power plants sited on estuaries: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 110, no. 2, p. 253-260, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<253:AEMFEE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684ac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boreman, J.","contributorId":55372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boreman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodyear, C.P.","contributorId":11538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, S.W.","contributorId":8023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}