The present upper water mass of the northeastern Pacific Ocean off California has a well-developed oxygen minimum zone between 600 and 1200 m wherein concentrations of dissolved oxygen are less than 0.5 mL/L. Even at such low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, benthic burrowing organisms are abundant enough to thoroughly bioturbate the surface and near-surface sediments. These macro organisms, together with micro organisms, also consume large quantities of organic carbon produced by large seasonal stocks of plankton in the overlying surface waters, which are supported by high concentrations of nutrients within the California Current upwelling system. In contrast to modern conditions of bioturbation, laminated sediments are preserved in upper Pleistocene sections of cores collected on the continental slope at water depths within the present oxygen minimum zone from at least as far north as the California-Oregon border and as far south as Point Conception. Comparison of sediment components in the laminae with those delivered to sediment traps as pelagic marine “snow” demonstrates that the dark-light lamination couplets are indeed annual (varves). These upper Pleistocene varved sediments contain more abundant lipid-rich “sapropelic” (type II) organic matter than the overlying bioturbated, oxidized Holocene sediments. The baseline of stable carbon isotopic composition of the organic matter in these slope cores does not change with time, indicating that the higher concentrations of type II organic matter in the varved sediments represent better preservation of organic matter rather than any change in the source of organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93PA02829","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Gardner, J., and Anderson, R.Y., 1994, Geochemical evidence for enhanced preservation of organic matter in the oxygen minimum zone of the continental margin of northern California during the Late Pleistocene: Paleoceanography, v. 9, no. 1, p. 47-61, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA02829.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"47","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":61769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Roger Y.","contributorId":19251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208176,"text":"70208176 - 1994 - Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T12:25:47","indexId":"70208176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T12:19:46","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities","docAbstract":"Based on common use in wildlife management, we hypothesized that human‐constructed water sources influence faunal communities detectably compared to similar habitats that lack water. We examined 20 wildlife water units and 20 paired comparison sites without water from April to August 1992 in semiarid southern New Mexico to assess animal species associations. We sampled sites by using small‐mammal live traps, herpetofaunal and invertebrate pitfall arrays, and 30‐minute time‐area counts. We compared animal species richness and species concordance among water units (rain catchments, earthen tanks, and windmills) and comparison sites in three vegetation communities (mixed scrub, grassland, and pinyon‐juniper). We detected 134 animal taxa during field sampling. Animal species richness did not differ between water units and comparison sites among vegetation communities. Amphibians were found only at water units but occur far from units during seasonal wet periods. Greater numbers of individual small mammals and herpetofauna at water units versus comparison sites likely related to debris and disturbed soil present near water units. Taxa detected at water units and comparison sites were 65% concordant overall; discordant taxa were those rarely detected. Our data implied that definitive effects of artificial water sources on native wildlife species were not detectable. Providing water sources may be a strategic management tool but must be viewed critically regarding effect on distribution of native, feral, and exotic animals. Water units should be developed only when and where clear objectives have been stated, natural water sources have been quantified, commitment exists to ensure continued function, and feral and exotic animals will not benefit to the detriment of native species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030682.x","usgsCitation":"Burkett, D., and Thompson, B., 1994, Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 682-690, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030682.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"682","endPage":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands Missile Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 32.21280106801518\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 32.21280106801518\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 33.80653802509606\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 33.80653802509606\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 32.21280106801518\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkett, D.W.","contributorId":221953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burkett","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, B.C.","contributorId":102433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208175,"text":"70208175 - 1994 - Instream flows to assist the recovery of endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T12:05:37","indexId":"70208175","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T12:01:23","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1021,"text":"Biological Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instream flows to assist the recovery of endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin","docAbstract":"The riverine landscape of the upper Colorado River basin has been extensively modified by dams, diversions, revetments, and water abstractions. These changes, probably coupled with the introduction of many nonnative fishes, have compromised the existence of four of the native fishes (Colorado River squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius, humpback chub Gila cypha, bonytail chub Gila elegans, and razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus) of the river system. Efforts to recover these endangered fishes have emphasized reregulation of flows to provide better habitat conditions than existed during the last half century, when ranges and abundances of the fishes declined significantly. Contention emerged, however, with regard to the efficacy of methods used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to justify flow recommendations to protect the endangered fishes. The purpose of this study was to review the science pertaining to the issue of flow provision, to identify critical uncertainties, and to provide recommendations for determining the instream flow needs of the endangered fishes.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stanford, J.A., 1994, Instream flows to assist the recovery of endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin: Biological Report, v. 24, p. 47-47.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanford, J. A.","contributorId":79643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208172,"text":"70208172 - 1994 - Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:55:26","indexId":"70208172","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T11:49:43","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","docAbstract":"We investigated habitat specificity of the amber darter (Percina antesella Williams & Etnier 1977), an imperiled fish from restricted portions of 2 rivers in the southeastern United States. Foraging amber darters occupied a narrow range of riffle habitat, consistently avoiding areas < 20 cm deep and with velocity < 10 cm. s−1 near the substrate, occupying areas with cobble or gravel substrate and average water‐column velocity of 30 to 70 cm. s−1. During low to moderate flows, approximately 20% or more of the study areas contained suitable habitat for the species. Amber darters appeared rare, and the numbers of individuals were uncorrelated with the concurrent availability of suitable habitat. Protecting the amber darter may require more than maintaining adequate depths and velocities over gravel‐cobble substrates. Until we understand the potential importance of migration and dispersal for maintaining small populations, suitable habitat should be maintained over the longest contiguous stream segments possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1994.tb00106.x","usgsCitation":"Freeman, B.J., and Freeman, M., 1994, Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 3, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1994.tb00106.x.","productDescription":"10p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Conasauga River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.82337951660156,\n 34.94491019751147\n ],\n [\n -84.7463035583496,\n 34.94491019751147\n ],\n [\n -84.7463035583496,\n 35.000191114817824\n ],\n [\n -84.82337951660156,\n 35.000191114817824\n ],\n [\n -84.82337951660156,\n 34.94491019751147\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary 0000-0001-7615-6923 mcfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":3528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"mcfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208167,"text":"70208167 - 1994 - Evaluation of effects caused by high copper concentrations in Torch Lake, Michigan, on reproduction of yellow perch","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:05:06","indexId":"70208167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T10:53:49","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of effects caused by high copper concentrations in Torch Lake, Michigan, on reproduction of yellow perch","docAbstract":"Elevated concentrations of copper are present in Torch Lake, Michigan, an Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site. The sauger (Stizostedion canadense) population in Torch Lake has been extirpated and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) populations are maintained by stocking. We used yellow perch (Perca flavescens) to determine if chronic exposure to elevated copper concentrations has reduced the reproductive success of percids. Ripe yellow perch from Torch Lake and Gratiot Lake, a reference site, were captured between 6 May and 6 June 1990. Crosses were made within each lake and between lakes (both combinations); five pairs of each type were attempted. Portions of each egg mass were reared in Torch Lake water (34 ng/mL copper) and reference site water (Rice Lake) until 4 days posthatch (20-d to 28-d). Copper concentrations were found to be over two times as high as in reference samples both in Torch Lake water and in gonads of perch from Torch Lake. The percentages of eggs hatched in Torch Lake and reference lake water were not significantly different, although a trend of reduced hatch in Torch Lake water was apparent. Likewise, no significant differences were indicated in hatching success among crosses. However, duration of hatching was significantly longer for Torch Lake egg masses than for reference lake egg masses, indicating that copper may affect reproductive success through disruption of hatch coordination with food availability or reduction of larval fitness.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71169-2","usgsCitation":"Ellenberger, S., Baumann, P.C., and May, T.W., 1994, Evaluation of effects caused by high copper concentrations in Torch Lake, Michigan, on reproduction of yellow perch: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 20, no. 3, p. 531-536, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71169-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"536","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Keweenaw Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.61572265625,\n 47.327653995607115\n ],\n [\n -88.6431884765625,\n 47.18224592701489\n ],\n [\n -88.64044189453124,\n 47.09817500706038\n ],\n [\n -88.54156494140625,\n 47.034566583590426\n ],\n [\n -88.35479736328125,\n 46.931509883369316\n ],\n [\n -87.53631591796875,\n 47.4355191531953\n ],\n [\n -87.8521728515625,\n 47.56540738772852\n ],\n [\n -88.4564208984375,\n 47.4355191531953\n ],\n [\n -88.61572265625,\n 47.327653995607115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellenberger, S.A.","contributorId":221950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellenberger","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":780789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208159,"text":"70208159 - 1994 - Body composition dynamics of ruddy ducks during wing moult","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T10:23:51","indexId":"70208159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T10:16:20","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Body composition dynamics of ruddy ducks during wing moult","docAbstract":"A method was developed for indexing moulting costs in waterfowl based on intensity of moult and proportional mass of feathers in seven feather regions (ADJMOLT). This method was then applied to an examination of relations between moulting costs and size-adjusted body mass and composition of postbreeding male and female ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) collected in southwestern Manitoba, 30 July – 24 August 1985. Moderate to heavy moult (25 to > 50% of moulting feathers) was recorded in all feather regions. The intensity of down moult was greater in males than in females, but no differences between sexes in moult score by contour feather region, overall mean moult score, or ADJMOLT were detected. Relations between ADJMOLT and body fat (FAT), liver protein (LIVER), and size-adjusted body mass (ADJMASS), body protein (ADJPROT), and leg and breast muscle protein (ADJLEG and ADJBR, respectively) were not influenced by sex, but there was a sex effect on the relation of ADJMOLT to gizzard mass (GIZZWT). ADJPROT and ADJBR were negatively associated with ADJMOLT, whereas female GIZZWT was positively related to ADJMOLT. ADJMASS, ADJLEG, FAT, and LIVER were unrelated to ADJMOLT. Female ruddy ducks were structurally smaller and had less ADJMASS, ADJPROT, ADJLEG, and FAT than males, but there were no sex-related differences in ADJBR. I found no evidence of nutritional stress in post-breeding ruddy ducks, but argue that stress associated with moult in waterfowl is most likely to occur in females, especially small-bodied species that are primarily herbivorous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z93-312","usgsCitation":"Hohman, W., 1994, Body composition dynamics of ruddy ducks during wing moult: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 71, no. 11, p. 2224-2228, https://doi.org/10.1139/z93-312.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2224","endPage":"2228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Southwest Manitoba","volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hohman, W.L.","contributorId":82638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hohman","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017125,"text":"70017125 - 1994 - 500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devils Hole, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:46:55.221106","indexId":"70017125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devils Hole, Nevada","docAbstract":"The record of carbon-13 (δ13C) variations in DH-11 vein calcite core from Devils Hole, Nevada, shows four prominent minima near glacial terminations (glacial-interglacial transitions) V to II. The δ13C time series is inversely correlated with the DH-11 oxygen isotope ratio time series and leads it by as much as 7000 years. The δ13C variations likely record fluctuations in the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon of water recharging the aquifer. How such variations are transported 80 kilometers to Devils Hole without obliteration by water-rock reaction remains an enigma. The record may reflect (i) global variations in the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 and, hence, the δ13C of continental biomass or (ii) variations in extent and density of vegetation in the southern Great Basin. In the latter case, δ13C minima at 414, 334, 246, and 133 thousand years ago mark times of maximum vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.263.5145.361","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., Winograd, I., Landwehr, J., and Riggs, A., 1994, 500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devils Hole, Nevada: Science, v. 263, no. 5145, p. 361-365, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5145.361.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"365","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Devils Hole","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.36559814113079,\n 36.48038829888887\n ],\n [\n -116.36559814113079,\n 36.379062987140315\n ],\n [\n -116.24409639159839,\n 36.379062987140315\n ],\n [\n -116.24409639159839,\n 36.48038829888887\n ],\n [\n -116.36559814113079,\n 36.48038829888887\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"263","issue":"5145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e26be4b0c8380cd45b7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landwehr, J.M.","contributorId":39815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25602,"text":"wri924109_1994 - 1994 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":25602,"text":"wri924109_1994 - 1994 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109_1994","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":54031,"text":"wri924109 - 1998 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":54031,"text":"wri924109 - 1998 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T15:53:17.112706","indexId":"wri924109_1994","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4109","title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","docAbstract":"Northern Thurston County is underlain by as much as 1,000 feet of unconsolidated deposits of Pleistocene Age, that are of both glacial and nonglacial origin. Interpretation of 17 geologic sections led to the delineation of 7 major geohydrologic units, 3 of which constitute aquifers in the area. Precipitation ranges from about 35 to 65 inches per year across the study area. Estimates of gross recharge from precipitation indicate that the ground-water system of the area receives about 25 inches per year. The net recharge to the system (recharge from precipitation minus withdrawals from wells) is the equivalent of about 23 inches per year. Ground water generally moves toward marine bodies and to major surface drainage channels. Leakage from Lake St. Clair, which lies in a compound kettle within permeable glacial outwash, is almost 24 feet per year per unit area. Leakage from the lake may make up part of the water that discharges at McAllister Springs, north of the lake. Of the few water-quality problems encountered, the most widespread is seawater intrusion, which is caused by the activities of man. Most water-quality problems in the study area, however, are due to natural causes. Iron concentrations are as large as 21,000 micrograms per liter, manganese concentrations are as large as 3,400 micrograms per liter, and connate seawater is present in ground water in the southern pan of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri924109_1994","usgsCitation":"Dion, N.P., Turney, G.L., and Jones, M., 1994, Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4109, 6 Plates: 35.42 x 39.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924109_1994.","productDescription":"6 Plates: 35.42 x 39.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4109-1994/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Thurston County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.02215576171875,\n 46.97463048970666\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 46.97463048970666\n ],\n [\n -122.74749755859375,\n 47.05889641405164\n ],\n [\n -123.02215576171875,\n 47.05889641405164\n ],\n [\n -123.02215576171875,\n 46.97463048970666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e87f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207735,"text":"70207735 - 1994 - Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T14:09:28","indexId":"70207735","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-08T13:57:25","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea","docAbstract":"Sedimentologic and geochemical studies of box and gravity cores recovered from the Black Sea during the first leg of a multileg international Black Sea expedition in 1988 allow reconstruction of the basinwide Holocene environmental history of the Black Sea. In the deeper parts of the basin, box cores typically recovered a flocculent surface layer (“fluff”), laminated coccolith marls of Unit I (25–45 cm thick), and the upper 5–10 cm of finely laminated, dark‐colored sapropels of Unit II. Fine‐grained, homogeneous mud turbidites are interbedded with Units I and II over much of the basin, but the stratigraphie position of these turbidites differs, from site to site. The deposition of individual turbidites up to 15 cm thick does not appear to have significantly disturbed underlying laminae. Sediment trap deployments in the Black Sea suggest that light and dark laminae couplets represent annual increments of sedimentation (i.e., varves); we have therefore constructed a varve chronology for the sequence in order to correlate and date distinctive sedimentation and paleoenvironmental events. Distinctive groups of laminae in Unit I can be correlated across the entire deeper basin (a distance of more than 1000 km). This implies a remarkable homogeneity in production, accumulation, and preservation of biogenic material over much of the Black Sea during deposition of Unit I. The change from deposition of finely laminated, organic carbon‐rich sapropels (Unit II) to laminated, more calcareous, coccolith‐rich marls (Unit I) is thought to represent the crossing of a salinity threshold for Emiliania huxleyi. The varve chronology sets this change at about 1.63 ka (1633±100 yr B.P.), but the record of magnetic secular variation measured in several cores produces an age estimate of about 2.0 ka for the base of Unit I, or about 1.2 times the varve age. The average of six calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages for the base of Unit I is 2.7 ka, or about 1.7 times the varve age. Following the initial change to coccolith‐dominated sedimentation, deposition of sapropel resumed for at least one significant period, 1.56–1.25 ka. Since 1.25 ka, cycles of carbonate deposition with quasi‐decadal periodicities have produced characteristic darker and lighter assemblages of laminae. These cycles may have been climatically driven. Geochemical analyses coupled with the varve ages adopted herein indicate that accumulation rates of carbonate are nearly an order of magnitude higher in Unit I (averaging 35–45 g m−2 yr−1) than in sapropelic Unit II. which contains primarily detrital carbonate. The accumulation of lithogenic components in parts of Unit I is only 1.5 times the rate in Unit II. Deepwater organic carbon accumulation rates are somewhat higher in Unit I (3.5–4.5 g m−2 yr−1) than in the upper part of Unit II. Organic carbon accumulation rates in Unit I are somewhat antithetic to those of carbonate, and on the basis of this and additional constraints placed by pyrolysis and carbon isotopic analyses of organic material, it appears that terrestrial organic matter is an important component (perhaps >25%) of total organic carbon burial in the basin. Unit I in the western part of the Black Sea has a higher terrestrial organic component and higher accumulation rates of terrigenous clastic material than Unit I in the eastern part. This difference between eastern and western Black Sea is to be expected because of the major rivers that empty into the western Black Sea from eastern Europe, Ukraine, and Russia. Shallow slope sites, but still within euxinic bottom waters, have lower organic carbon accumulation rates and lower pyrolysis hydrogen indices than deepwater basinal sites, suggesting selective resuspension and oxidation of organic matter at basin margins and focusing of organic matter deposition toward the basin center. A comparison of the Black Sea data with those from several open ocean sites with similar water depths showed no significant difference between organic carbon accumulation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions. For a given bulk accumulation rate the organic carbon accumulation rates, normalized to primary productivity, are about the same in both settings.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GB00297","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M.A., Dean, W.E., Neff, E., Hay, B., King, J., and Jones, G.A., 1994, Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 8, no. 2, p. 195-217, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GB00297.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Black Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 28.125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n 30.322265625000004,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n 34.365234375,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n 40.42968749999999,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n 41.8359375,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n 41.8359375,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n 39.814453125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n 34.80468749999999,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n 34.98046875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n 33.75,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 33.486328125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n 33.75,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n 31.025390625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n 29.355468750000004,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n 28.212890625,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n 27.158203125,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n 28.125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Michael A.","contributorId":90018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neff, E.D.","contributorId":221611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, B.J.","contributorId":51772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, J.","contributorId":100143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207649,"text":"70207649 - 1994 - 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:48:31.012088","indexId":"70207649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:38:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","title":"40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","docAbstract":"Field studies and 40Ar/39Ar dating reveal that silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains part of the Trans-Pecos Texas volcanic field occurred in six episodes at 0.3 m.y. intervals between 36.8 and 35.3 Ma. Additionally, two groups of silicic intrusions were emplaced at 34.6 and 32.8 Ma. This episodicity is similar to that determined for volcanic fields dominated by ash-flow tuffs, yet voluminous, extensive silicic lavas are considerably more abundant than tuffs in the Davis Mountains, by number of flows and by volume. The preponderance of voluminous silicic lavas over tuffs most likely reflects low water contents and high temperatures of the alkalic and commonly peralkaline Davis Mountains magmas.
The earliest episode, at 36.8 Ma, included a widespread and voluminous (possibly >1,000 km3) suite of rhyolite and quartz trachyte lavas, several rhyolite domes, and a strongly rheomorphic, peralkaline ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the northern Davis Mountains. The lava suite extends well beyond the Davis Mountains. Silicic lavas of all episodes probably erupted from widespread, fissure vents. The 36.5 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to quartz trachyte lavas, also extensive and voluminous (∼200 km3). The 36.3 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to trachyte tuffs and lavas erupted from a central vent volcano in the southern Davis Mountains. The 35.9 Ma episode consisted of a single, moderately large (∼50 km3) rhyolite lava and a small-volume ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the western Davis Mountains. Rocks emplaced during the 35.6 Ma episode were also rhyolites, including an enigmatic rock that may be strongly rheomorphic ash-flow tuff or a combination of tuff and lava, followed by definite lavas. The 35.3 Ma episode consisted of two ash-flow tuffs, one of which is strongly rheomorphic, and additional voluminous rhyolite lavas (∼120 km3). The rheomorphic tuff erupted from a caldera in the southwestern Davis Mountains. The source of the other tuff is probably in the western Davis Mountains.
Intermediate and mafic rocks are minor, except around the southeastern flank of the Davis Mountains, where basalt is abundant. Mafic lavas erupted only during gaps in the silicic activity and on the flanks of the Davis Mountains. Nevertheless, basaltic magma probably drove the silicic magmatism, either by differentiation or by crustal melting, and was present throughout the time of Davis Mountains activity but could not penetrate the low-density silicic magma chambers until they cooled and solidified. The time required for cooling and solidification appears to be 0.1-0.2 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":", C., Kunk, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas: GSA Bulletin, v. 106, no. 11, p. 1359-1376, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1359","endPage":"1376","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":" Christopher D. Henry","contributorId":126897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"Christopher D. Henry","affiliations":[{"id":6689,"text":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20897,"text":"ofr94276 - 1994 - Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:45:00.293289","indexId":"ofr94276","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-276","title":"Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","docAbstract":"Twenty-four wells (21 locations) were core drilled into the limestone beneath the Keys, reef tract, and outer reefs to determine if sewage effluents injected in Class V wells onshore are reaching offshore reef areas via underground flow. These wells were fitted with PVC casings and well screens and were sampled every three months for a period of one year. Analyses showed consistent hypersalinity in most wells and a marked increase in nitrogen (as ammonia) in offshore ground water. Other forms of nitrogen (NO2 and NO3) and phosphorous were not particularly elevated in offshore ground water but were above the levels found in surface marine water. The highest levels of nitrogen (NO2 and NO3 ) and phosphorous were in shallow onshore ground waters. Sources for the nutrients in the shallow onshore ground water consist of septic tanks and cesspools (@ 24,000 and 5,000 in the Florida Keys, respectively), agricultural fertilizers, and natural vegetation. Ammonia concentrations were low in shallow ground waters beneath the Florida Keys, probably because of oxidizing conditions.
Tidal pumping is particularly active, especially nearshore. Hydraulic heads sufficient to elevate well water as much as 7 cm above sea level during falling tides were detected in all nearshore wells. During rising tides, the situation was reversed and water flowed into the wells. Tidal pumping implies considerable water movement both in and out of the upper few meters of limestone. Tidal pumping is a likely mechanism for mixing and transferring nutrient-rich ground water into the overlying marine waters. Although tidal pumping should cause rather complete mixing and dilution of any freshwater-based effluents entering the limestone via the more than 600 disposal wells in the Florida Keys, the ground waters in the 30- to 40-ft-depth range (9-12 m) nevertheless remained slightly hypersaline relative to sea water throughout the year.
Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria were associated with three Lower Keys offshore wells and two shallow onshore wells at Key Largo. On occasions, these bacteria were detected farther offshore, once in a well 4 miles off Key Largo. The bacterial analyses for Key Largo (both onshore and offshore) are supported by two independent bacteriological researchers using more sophisticated methods than the standard 100-ml membrane-filter method used in this study. Fecal bacteria can serve as tracers; thus, we conclude their presence is possible evidence for offshore transport of ground waters originating on Key Largo. Elevated nutrients (ammonia) and slightly elevated dissolved total phosphorous in offshore ground waters, however, cannot be tied to onshore sources with existing data.
Rock analyses of material from our cores do not prove or disprove the hypothesis that limestone beneath the Keys or reef tract is serving as a sink for phosphorus or other nutrients. The data, however, do not rule out phosphorus uptake by limestone adjacent to disposal sources. For the purposes of this study, monitoring wells were not positioned sufficiently close to injection wells to determine if uptake of phosphorous is taking place. Ground waters were found to contain more dissolved solids than could be accounted for if hypersalinity resulted from simple evaporation of sea water. These data indicate that ground waters in the vicinity of our wells are dissolving solids from the rock rather than precipitating material within the rock framework; however, as mentioned above, our wells were not positioned sufficiently close to disposal wells to determine if localized uptake is occurring.
Examination of rock cores from these wells revealed a general distribution of reef- and grainstone-facies belts. The Upper and Middle Keys are composed of a thin coral reef facies that extends only a few hundred feet seaward of the Keys. Reef facies give way to mudstone facies within a few yards of shore on the Florida Bay side of the Keys. On the seaward side of the Keys, beneath Hawk Channel and White Bank, the Pleistocene limestone is a mixed grainstone, packstone, and wackstone facies. Corals are rare or absent. The Pleistocene limestone beneath the outer reefs 4 to 5 miles offshore, however, consists of reef facies with the same coral fauna as that found on Key Largo. This pattern of two major reef-facies belts separated by a 2- to 4-mile-wide belt of grainstone facies may have as yet undetermined effects on groundwater circulation beneath the Florida reef tract. Grainstone is approximately an order of magnitude less permeable than the coralline Key Largo Limestone facies.
The Q3 surface, a major subsurface unconformity thought to form an effective confining zone elsewhere in south Florida, was not detected in wells drilled more than 1 mile from shore. This unconformity, however, was detected in all wells drilled on or near the Keys. What was found to be a more effective and widespread confining layer is the Holocene sediment deposited on the Pleistocene limestone during the past 6,000 to 7,000 years. These relatively impermeable sediments are extensive, forming a belt up to 5 miles wide beginning about 0.5 mile offshore. Holocene sediments generally consist of low-permeability lime mud just above the Pleistocene surface, overlain by more permeable carbonate sands and reefs. Leakage of ground water by tidal pumping is not likely to occur through lime-mud-dominated areas such as Hawk Channel but is likely to occur through isolated porous and permeable Holocene reefs situated on Pleistocene limestone highs, and in places where Holocene sediment does not cover the limestone bedrock. Leakage is therefore limited to 1) a shallow-water 0.5-mile-wide nearshore belt of exposed Key Largo Limestone, 2) Holocene patch reefs, which grow on mud-free topographic rock highs, and 3) along the seaward side of the outermost reef in 35 to 65 ft (10-20 m) of water, where Holocene reef and sediment accumulations are thin or absent.
This study did not address direct measurements of lateral groundwater movement or a hydrologic mechanism for transporting hypersaline ground water away from the Florida Keys. More recent work, however (Halley et al., 1994), shows that sea level in Florida Bay is higher than on the Atlantic side of the Keys more than 50% of the time. Higher sea level on the bay side of the Keys provides a potential for groundwater flow toward the Atlantic most of the time. Use of tracers (dyes or harmless bacteriological tracers) injected into the center of tightly spaced clusters of monitoring wells is a simple way to ascertain the net direction and rate of groundwater movement. Knowing the direction and rate of groundwater movement is needed for prediction and modeling efforts in the future
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94276","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with NOAA Sanctuaries Reserves Division, NOAA National Underwater Research Program, Florida Keys Sanctuary Advisory Committee","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Reese, R.S., and Reich, C.D., 1994, Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-276, v, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94276.","productDescription":"v, 116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50491,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/ofr94276.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":153559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.477150011148677\n ],\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -81.18896484375,\n 24.58459276519208\n ],\n [\n -80.64239501953125,\n 24.816653556469955\n ],\n [\n -80.36773681640625,\n 25.0383270525352\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 25.341543769441667\n ],\n [\n -80.14801025390625,\n 25.527571660479637\n ],\n [\n -80.22491455078125,\n 25.527571660479637\n ],\n [\n -80.26885986328125,\n 25.43087300404471\n ],\n [\n -80.42266845703124,\n 25.232273973019627\n ],\n [\n -80.55450439453125,\n 25.22978942503438\n ],\n [\n -80.6781005859375,\n 25.13533901613099\n ],\n [\n -81.1065673828125,\n 25.07316070640961\n ],\n [\n -81.20269775390624,\n 25.175116531621764\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.749325626697196\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.477150011148677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Velocity measurements were made for two time intervals on the Smith Glacier ice tongue (1973–88 and 1988–90) and three on the Dotson Ice Shelf (1972–88, 1973–88 and 1988–90). The Smith Glacier ice tongue velocities for the two intervals are similar near the grounding line but show a progressive increase toward the terminus in the late 1980s. The Dotson Ice Shelf velocities remained virtually constant during all three time intervals. The increased velocities of the Smith Glacier ice tongue may be attributed to a general loss of densely packed icebergs that buttressed the terminus during the 1970s but drifted out to sea during the late 1980s. The Smith Glacier ice tongue receded as much as 10 km between 1973 and 1988, the Dotson lee Shelf 5–7 km in the same time period. Similar observations of drifting and ca1ving were made for the adjacent Thwaites Glacier ice tongue. The cause of the loss of ice in the region is unknown but it may have been a change in winds or a warming of the air or water during the late 1980s.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/172756494794587573","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., Mullins, K.F., Smith, C.E., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1994, Velocities of the Smith Glacier Ice Tongue and Dotson Ice Shelf, Walgreen Coast, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica: Annals of Glaciology, v. 20, p. 101-109, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587573.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587573","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134be4b034bf6a813c5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":750511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullins, Kevin F.","contributorId":47950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, C. E.","contributorId":29344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":750514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006520,"text":"70006520 - 1994 - Nutrient additions by waterfowl to lakes and reservoirs: predicting their effects on productivity and water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:16","indexId":"70006520","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:35:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient additions by waterfowl to lakes and reservoirs: predicting their effects on productivity and water quality","docAbstract":"Lakes and reservoirs provide water for human needs and habitat for aquatic birds. Managers of such waters may ask whether nutrients added by waterfowl degrade water quality. For lakes and reservoirs where primary productivity is limited by phosphorus (P), we developed a procedure that integrates annual P loads from waterfowl and other external sources, applies a nutrient load-response model, and determines whether waterfowl that used the lake or reservoir degraded water quality. Annual P loading by waterfowl can be derived from a figure in this report, using the days per year that each kind spent on any lake or reservoir. In our example, over 6500 Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and 4200 ducks (mostly mallards, Anas platyrhynchos) added 4462 kg of carbon (C), 280 kg of nitrogen (N), and 88 kg of P y-1 to Wintergreen Lake in southwestern Michigan, mostly during their migration. These amounts were 69% of all C, 27% of all N, and 70% of all P that entered the lake from external sources. Loads from all external sources totaled 840 mg P m-2 y-1. Application of a nutrient load-response model to this concentration, the hydraulic load (0.25 m y-1), and the water residence time (9.7 y) of Wintergreen Lake yielded an average annual concentration of total P in the lake of 818 mg m-3 that classified the lake as hypertrophic. This trophic classification agreed with independent measures of primary productivity, chlorophyll-a, total P, total N, and Secchi disk transparency made in Wintergreen Lake. Our procedure showed that waterfowl caused low water quality in Wintergreen Lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00027847","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Manny, B.A., Johnson, W., and Wetzel, R., 1994, Nutrient additions by waterfowl to lakes and reservoirs: predicting their effects on productivity and water quality: Hydrobiologia, v. 279/280, p. 121-132, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027847.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027847"}],"volume":"279/280","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e0b1ece4b0fec3206ef875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.C.","contributorId":68003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetzel, R.G.","contributorId":60403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074773,"text":"70074773 - 1994 - Occurrence and yields of triazine herbicides in the Susquehanna river and tributaries during base-flow conditions in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland, June 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T15:08:29","indexId":"70074773","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:01:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Occurrence and yields of triazine herbicides in the Susquehanna river and tributaries during base-flow conditions in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland, June 1993","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Toward a sustainable watershed: the Chesapeake experiment, proceedings of the 1994 Chesapeake research conference, Norfolk, Virginia, June 1-3, 1994","conferenceTitle":"1994 Chesapeake research conference, Norfolk, Virginia, June 1-3, 1994","conferenceDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Norfolk, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Chesapeake Research Consortium","publisherLocation":"Edgewater, MD","usgsCitation":"Breen, K.J., Gavin, A.J., and Schnabel, R.R., 1994, Occurrence and yields of triazine herbicides in the Susquehanna river and tributaries during base-flow conditions in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland, June 1993, p. 312-328.","productDescription":"p. 312-328","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryl;Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehanna River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.0293,39.5433 ], [ -77.0293,42.7006 ], [ -74.9192,42.7006 ], [ -74.9192,39.5433 ], [ -77.0293,39.5433 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd69b3e4b0b29085102c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breen, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9447-6469 kjbreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6469","contributorId":219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"Kevin","email":"kjbreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gavin, Andrew J.","contributorId":44827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gavin","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnabel, Ronald R.","contributorId":13533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnabel","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70072626,"text":"70072626 - 1994 - The geochemistry of hot spring waters at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T09:59:48","indexId":"70072626","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:52:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The geochemistry of hot spring waters at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R.O., Thompson, J.M., and Hutchinson, R.A., 1994, The geochemistry of hot spring waters at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, in Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 18, p. 177-179.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281119,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Norris Geyser Basin;Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd77f8e4b0b2908510bd25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J. Michael","contributorId":40239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutchinson, Roderick A.","contributorId":34579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Roderick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70129400,"text":"70129400 - 1994 - Eastern Municipal Water District RO treatment/saline vegetated wetlands pilot study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T13:42:37","indexId":"70129400","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:08:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5661,"text":"Currents: Developing Technology for Tomorrow's Challenges","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eastern Municipal Water District RO treatment/saline vegetated wetlands pilot study","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Boegli, B., and Thullen, J., 1994, Eastern Municipal Water District RO treatment/saline vegetated wetlands pilot study: Currents: Developing Technology for Tomorrow's Challenges, v. Spring/Summer, p. 6-10.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295587,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Spring/Summer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775ade4b0f888a81b830c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boegli, B.","contributorId":23473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boegli","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thullen, J.","contributorId":11533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thullen","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129059,"text":"70129059 - 1994 - Evaluation of tire reefs for enhancing aquatic communities in concrete-lined canals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T13:55:22","indexId":"70129059","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:50:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of tire reefs for enhancing aquatic communities in concrete-lined canals","docAbstract":"Large earthen canals in the arid southwest are being lined with concrete to reduce seepage and conserve limited water supplies. Lining reduces habitat and increases operational velocities (relative to unaltered streams), which are detrimental to aquatic communities. Fish communities that become reestablished in these waterways exhibit lower species diversity, densities, and biomass than they did in the former earthen canals. Placement of low-profile tire reefs in the Coachella Canal, California, and the Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct, Arizona, reversed these trends. Comparative sampling revealed that invertebrate and fish densities were 3 and 20 times higher, respectively, in reef areas than in typical canal sections without reefs. Tire reefs are recommended as an effective means of enhancing aquatic communities in concrete canals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0616:EOTRFE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., and Liston, C., 1994, Evaluation of tire reefs for enhancing aquatic communities in concrete-lined canals: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, no. 3, p. 616-625, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0616:EOTRFE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"616","endPage":"625","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295421,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0616:EOTRFE>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de2ce4b0b0a643c732d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon","contributorId":96205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liston, Charles R.","contributorId":20272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liston","given":"Charles R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129058,"text":"70129058 - 1994 - A program to maintain the endangered razorback suckers in a highly modified riverine habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T13:48:58","indexId":"70129058","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:46:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"A program to maintain the endangered razorback suckers in a highly modified riverine habitat","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Enhancement of Water Projects, Proceedings of the 1993 seminar","conferenceTitle":"Environmental Enhancement of Water Projects","conferenceDate":"1993-10-14T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Sacramento, CA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., Burke, T., and Horn, M., 1994, A program to maintain the endangered razorback suckers in a highly modified riverine habitat, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de17e4b0b0a643c7329e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, G.","contributorId":81035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, T.","contributorId":73129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horn, M.","contributorId":77073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70129394,"text":"70129394 - 1994 - Managing reservoir storage for fish production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T13:45:17","indexId":"70129394","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:44:37","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Managing reservoir storage for fish production","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Water policy and management: Solving the Problems","conferenceTitle":"Water policy and management: Solving the Problems. Proceedings of the twenty-first annual conference","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Waddle, T.J., and Sandelin, J., 1994, Managing reservoir storage for fish production, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775b4e4b0f888a81b832b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddle, T. J.","contributorId":52507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandelin, J.","contributorId":95411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandelin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25156,"text":"25156 - 1994 - Coastal wetlands and sediments of the San Francisco Bay system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T10:08:40","indexId":"25156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:42:56","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Coastal wetlands and sediments of the San Francisco Bay system","docAbstract":"Selected issues in the USGS Marine and Coastal Geology Program.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25156","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Dingler, J.R., 1994, Coastal wetlands and sediments of the San Francisco Bay system, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/25156.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335586,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/coastal-wetlands/","linkHelpText":"(html)"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.510053,37.445189 ], [ -122.510053,38.144186 ], [ -122.036543,38.144186 ], [ -122.036543,37.445189 ], [ -122.510053,37.445189 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fbfbe4b0b58d96eeb565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dingler, John R.","contributorId":55795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25150,"text":"25150 - 1994 - CIMRI, Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations: a focal point for the exchange of minerals information on Latin America and the Caribbean.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T13:37:23","indexId":"25150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:36:20","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"CIMRI, Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations: a focal point for the exchange of minerals information on Latin America and the Caribbean.","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25150","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, CIMRI, Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations: a focal point for the exchange of minerals information on Latin America and the Caribbean., 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25150.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fbf4e4b0b58d96eeb556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70073905,"text":"70073905 - 1994 - Chemical, isotopic, and dissolved gas compositions of the hot springs of the Owyhee Uplands, Malheur County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T11:15:31","indexId":"70073905","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:36:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3273,"text":"Restructuring the geothermal industry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical, isotopic, and dissolved gas compositions of the hot springs of the Owyhee Uplands, Malheur County, Oregon","docAbstract":"Hot springs along the Owyhee River in southeastern Oregon between Three Forks and Lake Owyhee could be part of a north flowing regional system or a series of small separate geothermal systems Heat for the waters could be from a very young (Holocene) volcanic activity (basalt flows) of the Owyhee Uplands or the regional heat flow. The springs discharge warm to hot, dilute, slightly alkaline, sodium bicarbonate water. Chemically they are similar to the dilute thermal water at Bruneau Grand View and Twin Falls, Idaho. Maximum aquifer temperatures in the Owyhee Uplands, estimated from chemical geothermometry, are about 100°C. Dissolved helium concentrations, carbon 14 activity, and chemical and isotope data are examined fro systematic trends which would indicate a geothermal system of regional extent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restructuring the geothermal industry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","issn":"0193-5933","isbn":"0-934412-72-3","usgsCitation":"Mariner, R.H., Young, H., and Evans, W.C., 1994, Chemical, isotopic, and dissolved gas compositions of the hot springs of the Owyhee Uplands, Malheur County, Oregon: Restructuring the geothermal industry, v. 18, p. 221-228.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281421,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1006984"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Malheur County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Owyhee;Owyhee River;Three Forks","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.42,42.0 ], [ -118.42,44.44 ], [ -116.89,44.44 ], [ -116.89,42.0 ], [ -118.42,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5106e4b0b290850f3ad7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nielson, Dennis L.","contributorId":38220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509769,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70129050,"text":"70129050 - 1994 - Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: implications for aquatic systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T13:39:16","indexId":"70129050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:36:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: implications for aquatic systems","docAbstract":"We employed grass and forest versions of the CENTURY model under a range of N deposition values (0.02–1.60 g N m−2 y−1) to explore the possibility that high observed lake and stream N was due to terrestrial N saturation of alpine tundra and subalpine forest in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Model results suggest that N is limiting to subalpine forest productivity, but that excess leachate from alpine tundra is sufficient to account for the current observed stream N. Tundra leachate, combined with N leached from exposed rock surfaces, produce high N loads in aquatic ecosystems above treeline in the Colorado Front Range. A combination of terrestrial leaching, large N inputs from snowmelt, high watershed gradients, rapid hydrologic flushing and lake turnover times, and possibly other nutrient limitations of aquatic organisms constrain high elevation lakes and streams from assimilating even small increases in atmospheric N. CENTURY model simulations further suggest that, while increased N deposition will worsen the situation, nitrogen saturation is an ongoing phenomenon.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Dr W. Junk Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1007/BF00002571","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Ojima, D.S., Holland, E.A., and Parton, W.J., 1994, Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: implications for aquatic systems: Biogeochemistry, v. 27, no. 1, p. 61-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002571.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295415,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002571"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de1ae4b0b0a643c732aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill S. 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill S.","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ojima, Dennis S.","contributorId":27385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland, Elisabeth A.","contributorId":50838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parton, William J.","contributorId":25885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70129048,"text":"70129048 - 1994 - Monitoring long-term watershed/ecosystem change for preserved lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T13:28:12","indexId":"70129048","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:24:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Monitoring long-term watershed/ecosystem change for preserved lands","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Watershed '93","conferenceTitle":"Watershed 93 : a national conference on watershed management","conferenceDate":"1993-03-21T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Alexandria, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Supt. of Docs","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., 1994, Monitoring long-term watershed/ecosystem change for preserved lands, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de37e4b0b0a643c732f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, R.","contributorId":107218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70129046,"text":"70129046 - 1994 - Long-term ecosystem and watershed change: U.S./Russia bilateral research at the OKA Reserve, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T13:19:56","indexId":"70129046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:16:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Long-term ecosystem and watershed change: U.S./Russia bilateral research at the OKA Reserve, Russia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Global regional issues in environmental hydrology: Proceedings of the second USA/CIS conference on environmental hydrology and hydroecology","conferenceTitle":"Global regional issues in environmental hydrology: Proceedings of the second USA/CIS conference on environmental hydrology and hydroecology","conferenceDate":"1993-05-16T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Alexandria, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., Puzachenko, Y., Boring, L.R., Sankovsky, A., and Pierce, R., 1994, Long-term ecosystem and watershed change: U.S./Russia bilateral research at the OKA Reserve, Russia, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de33e4b0b0a643c732ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, R.","contributorId":107218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puzachenko, Y.","contributorId":82242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puzachenko","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boring, L. R.","contributorId":85110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boring","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sankovsky, A.","contributorId":26993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankovsky","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pierce, R.","contributorId":46892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}