Coal of the Narragansett basin generally has been considered to be anthracite and/or meta-anthracite. However, no single reliable method has been used to distinguish these two ranks in this basin. Three methods — chemical, X-ray, and petrographic — have been used with some degree of success on coal of the Narragansett basin, but too often the results are in conflict. Chemical methods have been limited by inadequate sampling on a coal-bed-by-coal-bed basis and by a lack of analyses made according to (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974) standard specifications.
In addition, when corrections are made by using the Parr formulas, as required by the ASTM (1974) procedures, the generally high to very high ash content of coal from the Narragansett basin causes the fixed-carbon content to appear higher than it actually is. X-ray methods using the degree of graphitization as a measure of rank are not reliable because some of the graphite is related to shearing and brecciation associated with folding and faulting. Petrographic methods using reflectance on vitrinite give results that are generally consistent with results from chemical determinations. However, it is not clear whether the mean maximum reflectance or mean bireflectance is a better indicator of similar rank of such high-rank coals that have been structurally deformed.
Coal from the Cranston Mine, RI, is probably meta-anthracite and coal from the Portsmouth Mine is probably anthracite. These ranks are based on chemical,X-ray, and petrographic data and are supported by associated metamorphic mineral assemblages that indicate that the Cranston Mine is in a higher metamorphic zone than the zone containing the Porthmouth Mine. Interpretation of the rank of Mansfield, MA, coal on the basis of extant chemical data is difficult because it is an impure coal with an ash content of 33 to 50%. Reflectance data indicate that the Mansfield, Foxborough, and Plainville coals in the northern part of the Narragansett basin are meta-anthracite but this is in disagreement with the rank suggested by the low degree of metamorphism of the associated rocks.
Twenty-one tree-ring stations, totaling 116 trees, were sampled at various localities within the forest trimlines fronting the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana. Tree ages within these zones became progressively younger from the region of the maximum late-Neoglacial position to the bases of the bedrock slopes on which these glaciers are now confined. The age of the oldest tree plus 15 yr was used to estimate the date of glacier withdrawal from a given station. It was found that both the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers began to retreat from their maximum late-Neoglacial positions about 1860. Hence, Matthes's (1940) estimate of glacial advances culminating about 1850 to 1855 for many glaciers in the western United States seems reasonable for the Glacier National Park region. Retreat rates, derived from the tree-ring data, appear to have been modest (<7 m yr-1) until about 1910 when they increased reaching more than 40 m yr-1 for the Agassiz Glacier between 1917 and 1926. Retreat rates after the late 1920s could not be monitored by tree-ring analysis as both glaciers had retreated onto bare bedrock dip slopes. However, from various literature descriptions and National Park Service records, both glaciers experienced rapid retreat (>100 m yr-1) from this time until 1932. In addition, while the Agassiz Glacier was monitored by the National Park Service (1932 to 1942) retreat continued at a rapid rate (>90 m yr-1). This period of rapid retreat corresponds with a period of above-average summer temperatures and decreased precipitation in the climatic record of the region. Since the mid-1940s the retreat rate of both glaciers has slowed markedly.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1551194","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P., and McGimsey, R.G., 1981, The late-Neoglacial histories of the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 13, no. 2, p. 183-196, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551194.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"196","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad88e4b08c986b323c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011748,"text":"70011748 - 1981 - The P-wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of the Rio Grande rift region of north central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:19:12.946256","indexId":"70011748","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The P-wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of the Rio Grande rift region of north central New Mexico","docAbstract":"A network of seismograph stations has operated in north-central New Mexico since 1975. The network is approximately 200 by 300 km in size and encompasses the Rio Grande rift there. Several seismic refraction experiments have been reported in the literature for the region of the network and adjacent areas. Because all of the seismic refraction lines are unreversed, Pn velocities reported were mainly of the inverse travel time slope for the direction of the corresponding line. The values of the inverse slope for those studies range from 7.6 to 8.2 km/s. The purpose of our study is to estimate the P wave velocity of the uppermost mantle by using the time term method. First, we timed the Pn waves of strong signals from five explosions and eight shallow earthquakes recorded by the network. The main data set, which contains 87 time-distance pairs, was processed by using the time term method. The Pn velocity estimated by this method is 8.0 ± 0.1 km/s. To corroborate this estimate, we then processed 10 subsets of the main data set in the same way. Almost all of the solutions show velocities of 7.9–8.1 km/s, in agreement with the velocity determined for the main data set. The station time terms of the main data set also are substantiated, and they suggest that the base of the crust dips northward by a few degrees in the region of the survey. The smallest value reported by other investigators for the inverse slope (7.6 km/s) appears to be related to the dip. The normal P wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of north-central New Mexico places restrictions on thermal models of the rift. For instance, the results exclude the likelihood of a wide zone of asthenosphere at the base of the crust beneath the rift, but they do not exclude a narrow such zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB08p07055","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Murdock, J., and Jaksha, L., 1981, The P-wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of the Rio Grande rift region of north central New Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B8, p. 7055-7063, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB08p07055.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7055","endPage":"7063","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba870e4b08c986b321c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdock, J.N.","contributorId":41589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdock","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaksha, L.H.","contributorId":26298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaksha","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012057,"text":"70012057 - 1981 - Magneto-stratigraphic studies in Neogene deposits of Taylor Valley and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T15:03:36.677421","indexId":"70012057","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2140,"text":"Journal Royal Society New Zealand","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magneto-stratigraphic studies in Neogene deposits of Taylor Valley and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Magnetic polarity and susceptibility zonations obtained from drill cores have served to refine temporal correlations in glaciogenic sections cored in eastern Taylor Valley. The zonations have led to a better understanding of the glacial and structural history for an interval of time that extends from the late Miocene (about 7 m.y. ago) to perhaps near the end of the Pliocene (- 2.4 to 1.8 m.y.). However polarity data from a core drilled in McMurdo Sound (hole MSSTS-I) were found to be less useful. In this core, normal and reverse polarity deposits of Holocene, Pleistocene, and Pliocene age are nearly 40 m thick and appear to unconformably overlie strata assigned to the middle Miocene on the basis of a reworked fauna and flora. Gaps in the stratigraphic coverage of the Miocene strata, and two intervals in which the magnetisation post-dates deposition, however, have made development of a reliable polarity zonation impossible, and no firm correlation could be made with the magnetic polarity time scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/03036758.1981.10423337","usgsCitation":"Elston, D.P., and Bressler, S., 1981, Magneto-stratigraphic studies in Neogene deposits of Taylor Valley and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Journal Royal Society New Zealand, v. 11, no. 4, p. 481-486, https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1981.10423337.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487620,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1981.10423337","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":221924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b9ee4b0c8380cd6969e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elston, D. P.","contributorId":96334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elston","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bressler, S.L.","contributorId":40221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bressler","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011755,"text":"70011755 - 1981 - Vitrinite reflectance geothermometry and apparent heating duration in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T18:31:05.22718","indexId":"70011755","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vitrinite reflectance geothermometry and apparent heating duration in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field","docAbstract":"Vitrinite reflectance measured in immersion oil (Ro) on kerogen extracted from hydrothermally altered mudstones in borehole M-84 at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field exhibit an increase in mean reflectance (
A comparison of temperature-
Comparison of the temperature-
Many recently developed watershed models utilize accumulation and washoff equations to simulate the quality of runofffrom urban impervious areas. These models often have been calibrated by trial and error and with little understanding of model sensitivity to the various parameters. Methodologies for estimating best fit values of the washoff parameters commonly used in these models have been presented previously. In this paper, parameter identification techniques for estimating the accumulation parameters from measured runoff quality data are presented along with a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Results from application of the techniques and the sensitivity analysis suggest a need for data quantifying the magnitude and identifying the shape of constituent accumulation curves. An exponential accumulation curve is shown to be more general than the linear accumulation curves used in most urban runoff quality models. When determining accumulation rates, attention needs to be given to the effects of residual amounts of constituents remaining after the previous period of storm runoff or street sweeping.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i006p01657","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1981, Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1657-1664, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i006p01657.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1664","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6fe4b0c8380cd5270c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011917,"text":"70011917 - 1981 - Geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbons in the outer continental shelf, Southern Bering Sea, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T14:05:36.878562","indexId":"70011917","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbons in the outer continental shelf, Southern Bering Sea, Alaska","docAbstract":"This geochemical survey is based on 20 stations located on the outer continental shelf of the southern Bering Sea in an area of 30,000 km2 that includes St. George basin. Hydrocarbon gases from sediment samples recovered by gravity coring at each of the stations were analyzed by gas chromatography. Data are summarized for a subbottom depth of 0.5 m, because core penetration, although variable, reached at least this depth at all of these stations. Two parameters were used to distinguish the possible presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons: (1) ratios less than 50 of methane to ethane plus propane; and (2) ratios greater than 1 of ethane to ethene. No major hydrocarbon anomalies were discovered; however, at two stations at the northern end of St. George basin, our data indicate that thermogenic hydrocarbons may be present at depth. Major faulting in the vicinity of these stations could provide the pathways for the gas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90113-8","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., Vogel, T., and Gardner, J., 1981, Geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbons in the outer continental shelf, Southern Bering Sea, Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, no. C, p. 209-219, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90113-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1693e4b0c8380cd551c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogel, T.M.","contributorId":30360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011865,"text":"70011865 - 1981 - Economics and coal resource appraisal: strippable coal in the Illinois Basin ( USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:57:52","indexId":"70011865","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3446,"text":"Southern Economic Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economics and coal resource appraisal: strippable coal in the Illinois Basin ( USA)","docAbstract":"Coal-resource appraisals generally describe the location and general characteristics of coal beds. Estimates are made of the average overburden depth (depth of the coal bed below the surface), bed thickness, and perhaps certain chemical properties of the coal [1]. Although such resource compilations represent an important initial step, neither they nor current estimates provide sufficient information to determine the costs of alternative options for National energy policy. Because coal is expected to provide an increasing part of future overall U.S. energy supply, it is crucial for long term planning that coalresource appraisals convey sufficient information regarding the degree of economic resource scarcity (escalation of unit costs for mining remaining deposits as the best deposits in an area are mined out) expected as coal consumption increases. However, assumptions embodied in most large-scale models of coal supply [13; 20] imply that the coal reserves that exist can be commercially produced as needed. As demonstrated by the embargo of 1973-1974 and more recent difficulties in obtaining crude oil, even a slight temporary commodity shortfall will result in significant economic losses when the commodity supplies a large proportion of the total energy used by an economy. For the United States, crude oil resource estimates did not give warning of a decline in domestic petroleum product.
In this paper we argue that coal-resource estimates, as they are now made, will not give warning of future supply difficulties. A method for incorporating an economic dimension into appraisals of strippable coal resources is presented and is applied to a major U.S. coal-producing region, the Illinois part of the Illinois basin. Illinois accounts for nearly 70% of the demonstrated strippable coal reserve base of the Illinois basin [12]. In particular, a long-run incremental cost function (that is unit costs vs. cumulative reserves extracted) is estimated for strippable coal in Illinois. The estimated cost function exhibits an initial range over which costs increase at a constant rate-followed by a range where costs increase very rapidly and the function becomes quite inelastic. This long-run incremental cost function is significant for two reasons. Comparison of the demonstrated reserve base for strippable coal (14.8 billion tons) with cumulative production (since 1920 of 1.1 billion tons) might suggest that future depletion will not be significant when, in fact, the cost function presented here indicates otherwise. Because the only states having more reserves of strippable coal than Illinois are Montana and Wyoming [18], these results have implications for national coal-resource appraisal. Secondly, most models used to study the effects of alternative public policies in coal markets are static in nature [15; 16] and cannot consider the effects of increasing costs. Furthermore, models which are multi-period in nature [11; 13] appear to have little empirical basis for their assumptions regarding the escalation of production costs resulting from depletion.
The plan of the paper is as follows. First a description of the analytical approach for constructing the long-run incremental cost-reserve function is discussed. Following this, the descriptions of the Illinois basin and the basic physical data are presented. In the concluding section, the main results are presented and their implications are explored
","language":"English","publisher":"Southern Economic Association","issn":"00384038","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., and Green, E., 1981, Economics and coal resource appraisal: strippable coal in the Illinois Basin ( USA): Southern Economic Journal, v. 47, no. 3, p. 742-752.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"742","endPage":"752","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a058ee4b0c8380cd50e41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, E.K.","contributorId":15760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011956,"text":"70011956 - 1981 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14211,"text":"ofr80660 - 1980 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of the Appalachian Basin","indexId":"ofr80660","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of the Appalachian Basin"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011956,"text":"70011956 - 1981 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","indexId":"70011956","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T17:37:46.037306","indexId":"70011956","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"Comparison of Munsell color value with organic carbon content of 880 samples from 50 drill holes in the Appalachian basin shows that a power curve is the best fit for the data. A color value below 3 to 3.5 indicates the presence of organic carbon but is meaningless in determining the organic carbon content because a large increase in amount of organic carbon causes only a minor decrease in color value. Above 4, the color value is one of the factors that can be used in calculating the organic content. For samples containing equal amounts of organic carbon, calcareous shale containing more than 5% calcite is darker than shale containing less than 5% calcite.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F9197CE-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Hosterman, J.W., and Whitlow, S.I., 1981, Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 333-335, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9197CE-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"335","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60d5e4b0c8380cd716d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosterman, John W.","contributorId":48962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosterman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitlow, Sallie I.","contributorId":8854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlow","given":"Sallie","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001697,"text":"1001697 - 1981 - Use of 35-mm color aerial photography to acquire mallard sex ratio data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:40:12","indexId":"1001697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 35-mm color aerial photography to acquire mallard sex ratio data","docAbstract":"A conventional 35-mm camera equipped with an f2.8 135-mm lens and ASA 64 color film was used to acquire sex ratio data on mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) wintering in the Platte River Valley of south-central Nebraska. Prelight focusing for a distance of 30.5 metres and setting of shutter speed at 1/2000 of a second eliminated focusing and reduced image motion problems and resulted in high-resolution, large-scale aerial photography of small targets. This technique has broad application to the problem of determining sex ratios of various species of waterfowl concentrated on wintering and staging areas. The aerial photographic method was cheaper than the ground ocular method when costs were compared on a per-100 bird basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, E.L., Jorde, D., and Sease, J.L., 1981, Use of 35-mm color aerial photography to acquire mallard sex ratio data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 6, p. 823-827.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"823","endPage":"827","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337020,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/1981_jun_823-827"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Platte River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.40777587890625,\n 41.272129916452585\n ],\n [\n -96.27937316894531,\n 41.272129916452585\n ],\n [\n -96.27937316894531,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -96.40777587890625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -96.40777587890625,\n 41.272129916452585\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605239","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, Edgar L.","contributorId":77210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Edgar","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jorde, Dennis G. djorde@usgs.gov","contributorId":12804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorde","given":"Dennis G.","email":"djorde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sease, John L.","contributorId":61009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sease","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85371,"text":"85371 - 1981 - Improved population estimates through the use of auxiliary information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T12:50:17","indexId":"85371","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Improved population estimates through the use of auxiliary information","docAbstract":"When estimating the size of a population of birds, the investigator may have, in addition to an estimator based on a statistical sample, information on one of several auxiliary variables, such as: (1) estimates of the population made on previous occasions, (2) measures of habitat variables associated with the size of the population, and (3) estimates of the population sizes of other species that correlate with the species of interest. Although many studies have described the relationships between each of these kinds of data and the population size to be estimated, very little work has been done to improve the estimator by incorporating such auxiliary information. A statistical methodology termed 'empirical Bayes' seems to be appropriate to these situations. The potential that empirical Bayes methodology has for improved estimation of the population size of the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is explored. In the example considered, three empirical Bayes estimators were found to reduce the error by one-fourth to one-half of that of the usual estimator.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds. Cooper Ornithological Society Studies in Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., 1981, Improved population estimates through the use of auxiliary information, chap. of Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds. Cooper Ornithological Society Studies in Avian Biology, p. 436-440.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"440","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d3e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C.J.","contributorId":38252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504443,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504444,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011938,"text":"70011938 - 1981 - New maps of Federal coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:48:12.113669","indexId":"70011938","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New maps of Federal coal","docAbstract":"Compilation and analysis of publicly available data on Federal coal are resulting in voluminous map sets showing coal isopachs, structure contours, and overburden isopachs on each known minable coal bed. As of the spring of 1981, there are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Services Section in Denver map sets at 1:24,000 scale or microfiche sets covering approximately 470 of the ultimately 1,400 quadrangles in the program. Because Congress in 1976 mandated the prompt “inventorying” of all unleased Federal coal for Government land-use planning, and because dollars but not employee positions were provided for the work, the U.S. Geological Survey was obliged to contract for the compilations.
A typical map set has a short text and about 20 plates, including a data sheet; a Federal mineral ownership map; and correlation charts. For each coal bed, there are isopachs, structure contours, stripping limits, and mining ratios extending as far as the data will permit, regardless of coal ownership. Reserve base tonnages and relative development potentials are calculated, but only for unleased Federal coal areas.
Termed “minable” are coal beds at least 1.524 m (5 ft) thick and less than 914.4 m (3,000 ft) deep. For conventional underground mining methods, beds dipping more than 15° are excluded; also excluded are all but 3.66 m (12 ft) of thick beds. For in situ conversion methods, the minimum dip is 15° except for the deep thick beds in the Powder River Basin.
Arbitrary parameters classify the development potential of each unleased 16.19-hectare (40-acre) tract as high, moderate, low, unknown, or negative. The former Secretary of the Interior announced his intention to restrict leasing in general to tracts classified as having high to moderate potential for development.
Many geologists will find these systematic map compilations to be useful bases for adding new data points and making their own interpretations, correlations, extrapolations, and reserve estimates.
The science of earthquakes in complex, requiring data and research in seismology, geology, soil mechanics, geophysics, hydrology, and engineering. Nevertheless, if earthquake hazards are to be reduced, earth science information must be translated from scientific and technical language into a form that can be effectively used by planners and decisionmakers.
\nOut of the need to use earth science information in local and regional planning and decisionmaking came an experimental program-the San Francisco Bay Region Environment and Resources Planning Study. the study, begun in 1970, was jointly supported by the U.S Geological Survey and the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Association of Bay Area Governments and the planning firm of William Spangle and Associates, Inc., participated in the study and provided a liaison and communication link with other regional agencies and with local governments.
\nSince 1975, the composition of the core group within the U.S Geological Survey concerned with seismic zonation has evolved to include seismoloists and engineers concerned with probabilistic approaches to earthquake damage and a planner to assist in the information transfer from scientists and engineers to city, county, and regional planning staffs.
\nThree events have encouraged communities to attempt seismic zonation: passage of the Alquist Priolo Act by the California Legislature requiring special studies in zones encompassing potentially and recently active faults, preparation and adoption of seismic safety plan elements by cities and counties as required by California statute, and further development of a seismic zonation method. The method has four steps: postulating an earthquake of a given size and location; grouping geological materials with similar physical properties; predicting effects of the postulated earthquakes for each geologic unit by type of hazard of failure, namely surface rupture, ground shaking, flooding, liquefaction potential, and landsliding; and combining geologic effects by zones on the map (fig. 1).
\nExamples of seismic zonation at various scales by cities and counties in the San Francisco Bay region show that scientific information can be used effectively in avoiding earthquake hazards and mitigating damage. Six examples were presented at the Second International Conference on Microzonation in 1978 and reprinted in a Survey Circular on the progress on seismic zonation.
\nThe method has been used in California by the cities of Mountain View, Novator, and San Francisco and the counties of Marin, Santa Clara, and San Mateo to develop zones which were used as a basis for their general plans, seismic safety plans, development policies or odrinances. Two of these examples, a city and a county, are described here.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Kockelman, W., and Brabb, E.E., 1981, Two examples of seismic zonation in the San Francisco Bay region: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 3, p. 80-84.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.17321777343749,\n 38.496593518947556\n ],\n [\n -121.651611328125,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -121.0089111328125,\n 37.112145754751516\n ],\n [\n -121.90979003906249,\n 36.87522650673951\n ],\n [\n -122.0745849609375,\n 36.81368259124586\n ],\n [\n -123.255615234375,\n 38.47079371120379\n ],\n [\n -123.17321777343749,\n 38.496593518947556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be56e4b0f59b85e02f5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kockelman, W. J.","contributorId":55427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kockelman","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000391,"text":"1000391 - 1981 - Allelic variability in species and stocks of Lake Superior ciscoes (Coregoninae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T14:52:48","indexId":"1000391","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Allelic variability in species and stocks of Lake Superior ciscoes (Coregoninae)","docAbstract":"Starch gel electrophoresis was used as a means of recognizing species and stocks in Lake Superior Coregonus. Allelic variability at isocitrate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase loci was recorded for samples of lake herring (Coregonus artedii), bloater (C. hoyi), kiyi (C. kiyi), and shortjaw cisco (C. zenithicus) from five Lake Superior localities. The observed frequencies of genotypes within each subsample did not differ significantly from those expected on the basis of random mating, and suggested that each subsample represented either a random sample from a larger randomly mating population or an independent and isolated subpopulation within which mating was random. Significant contingency X2 values for comparisons between both localities and species suggested that more than one randomly mating population occurred among the Lake Superior ciscoes, but did not reveal how many such populations there were. In contrast to the genetic results of this study, morphology seems to be a better descriptor of cisco stocks, and identification of cisco stocks and species will still have to be based on morphological criteria until more data are forthcoming. Where several species are sympatric, management should strive to preserve the least abundant. Failure to do so could result in the extinction or depletion of the rarer forms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/f81-227","usgsCitation":"Todd, T.N., 1981, Allelic variability in species and stocks of Lake Superior ciscoes (Coregoninae): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1808-1813, https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-227.","productDescription":"p. 1808-1813","startPage":"1808","endPage":"1813","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266958,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f81-227"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011933,"text":"70011933 - 1981 - Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:50:16.705788","indexId":"70011933","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","docAbstract":"
Many Chrysophyte algae produce morphologically distinctive, siliceous, microscopic cysts during a resting stage of their life cycles; these cysts are often preserved in sediments. Scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski optics permit much more detailed observation of these cysts than was heretofore possible. We have used an ecologic and biogeographic approach to study the distribution of cyst forms in sediments and have established that many cyst types are found only in specific habitats, such as montane lakes, wet meadows, ephemeral ponds, and Sphagnum bogs. In the samples we have studied, cysts seem to be most common in fluctuating fresh-water habitats of low to moderate pH and some winter freezing. Numerous taxonomic problems have yet to be resolved. We believe that chrysophyte cysts have the potential to become a useful tool for both modern environmental assessments and paleoecological studies of Cenozoic fresh-water lacustrine deposits.
Flow through fractures is often idealized as flow between two parallel plates (plane Poiseuille flow). The opening or aperture between parallel plates is unambiguous and its relation to flowrate is well known. However, fractures in rock have uneven walls and a variable aperture. A model for flow in a fracture is proposed wherein the fracture is represented by a set of parallel plate openings with different apertures. The model leads to a modified Poiseuille equation for flow which includes an aperture frequency distribution for the fracture. Any arbitrary aperture distribution can be used; in order to simplify computation and demonstrate the properties of the model a log normal form of distribution is assumed. Even when an analytical form of the distribution is assumed, two parameters, rather than a single value representing ‘aperture size’ are required to determine flowrate. Models of aperture change for a fracture undergoing compression (fracture walls deforming) and extension (fracture walls separating) are developed which constrain the additional parameter and allow calculation of flowrate as a function of mean aperture. The theoretical relationships developed between mean aperture and flowrate can be used to interpret published laboratory data for single fractures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00191","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., and Tracy, J.V., 1981, Flow through fractures: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 191-199, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00191.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"199","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1255e4b0c8380cd5427d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tracy, James V.","contributorId":52585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011932,"text":"70011932 - 1981 - Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:01:57.636035","indexId":"70011932","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity","docAbstract":"A wide range of rock types (abyssal tholeiite, Fe-Ti-rich basalt, andesite, and rhyodacite) were dredged from near 95°W and 85°W on the Galapagos spreading center. Computer modeling of major element compositions has shown that these rocks could be derived from common parental magmas by successive degrees of fractional crystallization. However, the P2O5/K2O ratio averages 0.83 at 95°W and 1.66 at 85°W and implies distinct mantle source compositions for the two areas. These source regions also have different rare earth element (REE) abundance patterns, with [La/Sm]EF = 0.67 at 95°W and 0.46 at 85°W. The sequence of fractionated lavas differs for the two areas and indicates earlier fractionation of apatite and titanomagnetite in the lavas from 95°W. The mantle source regions for these two areas are interpreted to be depleted in incompatible (and volatile?) elements, although the source region beneath 95°W is less severely depleted in La and K. Incompatible trace element abundances in 26 samples are used to infer that the range of Fe-Ti-rich basalt from 85°W represents 19 to 35% residual liquid following crystal fractionation of a mineral assemblage of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine. The most highly differentiated samples have also had less than 1% titanomagnetite removed. Most samples from 85°W can be related to a common parental magma that contained approximately 9 wt % FeO*, 1 wt % TiO2, and had an Mg number (Mg# = 100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) of about 65. Although the samples from 95°W cannot all be derived from a common parental magma, the inferred parental magmas may have been derived by varying degrees of partial melting of a common source. The fractionation sequence consists of two parts: an initial iron enrichment trend followed by a silica enrichment trend. We interpret the trace element data to indicate that the most iron rich lavas represent about 32% residual liquid derived by crystal fractionation of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and lesser olivine from a parental magma with an Mg number of about 66. The silica enrichment trend results from crystallization of titanomagnetite and some apatite. Fractionation of pigeonite, which is a minor phase in the major element models, cannot be distinguished from clinopyroxene fractionation by using trace elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09469","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Frey, F., Thompson, G., and Rindge, S., 1981, Minor and trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Galapagos spreading center: Role of crystal fractionation and mantle heterogeneity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9469-9482, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09469.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"9469","endPage":"9482","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b1fe4b0c8380cd6f340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frey, F.A.","contributorId":12618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, G.","contributorId":55958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rindge, S.","contributorId":55959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rindge","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012169,"text":"70012169 - 1981 - Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economies of scale.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012169","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2598,"text":"Land Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economies of scale.","docAbstract":"Seeks evidence concerning the issues of the relative efficiencies of different institutional arrangements for pollution control and the implications of control requirements for economies of scale and barriers to entry. Data is derived from the estimation of a production function for 30 pulp and paper mills in Wisconsin and Michigan. Concludes that the systematic differences in marginal treatment costs for different mills are evidence of serious inefficiencies resulting from the current (US) system of pollution control regulation. The positive association of pollution control intensity with economies of scale suggests that any pollution control regime has some negative allocational effects in this industry (and presumably others). -K.Turner","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land Economics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Pittman, R., 1981, Issue in pollution control: interplant cost differences and economies of scale.: Land Economics, v. 57, no. 1, p. 1-17.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fc4e4b0c8380cd647da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pittman, R.W.","contributorId":20901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011836,"text":"70011836 - 1981 - Geology of central Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:54:00.260751","indexId":"70011836","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of central Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The geology beneath Lake Michigan between 43°00' and 44°00' N and between 86°30' and 87°40' W is interpreted from a synthesis of 1,700 km of continuous seismic reflection profile data, bathymetry, grab samples, and onshore surface and subsurface information.
The continuous seismic reflection profiles and bathymetry provided information for maps of unconsolidated sediment thickness and Paleozoic bedrock topography. The map of unconsolidated sediment (primarily Pleistocene) shows thicknesses ranging from 180 m in a steep-walled, northeast-trending valley to less than 10 m over a mid-lake topographic high. This valley and the mid-lake high are the dominant topographic features developed on the gently eastward-dipping Paleozoic rocks along this part of the western flank of the Michigan basin.
Two structural-stratigraphic cross sections of the study area were constructed by utilizing a composite subsurface-surface section for eastern Wisconsin and two control wells in western Michigan. The cross sections, grab samples previously described in the literature, the bedrock topographic map, and published maps were used to construct a Paleozoic geologic map for central Lake Michigan. Rocks from Middle Silurian through Early Mississippian age form subcrops beneath the study area, whereas rocks of Early Silurian, Ordovician, and Late Cambrian age are present at greater depth. The Upper Cambrian rocks unconformably overlie Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks.
The structural-stratigraphic cross sections also allow us to speculate about the petroleum potential beneath Lake Michigan. The possibility of oil occurrences within the Silurian is enhanced by major east-west facies changes, and other horizons with promise are present in Devonian and Ordovician rocks. Although Michigan and Wisconsin laws currently prohibit petroleum exploration in Lake Michigan, it is an area with future potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59634-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Wood, R.J., Paull, R.A., Wolosin, C.A., and Friedel, R.J., 1981, Geology of central Lake Michigan: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 9, p. 1621-1632, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59634-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1621","endPage":"1632","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.00416700452574,\n 43.03076292816351\n ],\n [\n -86.28947402219616,\n 43.03076292816351\n ],\n [\n -86.28947402219616,\n 44.05660529042555\n ],\n [\n -88.00416700452574,\n 44.05660529042555\n ],\n [\n -88.00416700452574,\n 43.03076292816351\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a24bde4b0c8380cd58345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, R. J.","contributorId":33844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, R. A.","contributorId":78471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paull","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolosin, C. A.","contributorId":63166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolosin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedel, R. J.","contributorId":51911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011871,"text":"70011871 - 1981 - Solubility of NaCl in aqueous electrolyte solutions from 10 to 100°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T14:08:15","indexId":"70011871","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2209,"text":"Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solubility of NaCl in aqueous electrolyte solutions from 10 to 100°C","docAbstract":"The solubilities of NaCl in aqueous KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and mixed CaCl2-KCl solutions have been determined from 10 to 100??C. The data were fit to an equation, and the equation was used to calculate values of the change in solubility of NaCl, ???[NaCl]/???T. These values are required for calculations of the rate of migration of fluids in a thermal gradient in rock salt. The data obtained here indicate that the values of ???[NaCl]/???T are 36-73% greater for solutions containing divalent ions than for the NaCl-H2O system.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/je00026a014","issn":"00219568","usgsCitation":"Clynne, M., Potter, R., and Haas, J., 1981, Solubility of NaCl in aqueous electrolyte solutions from 10 to 100°C: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, v. 26, no. 4, p. 396-398, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00026a014.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"398","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9243e4b08c986b319dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, R.W. II","contributorId":16857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"R.W.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haas, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":31397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011968,"text":"70011968 - 1981 - Analysis of variance of thematic mapping experiment data.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011968","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of variance of thematic mapping experiment data.","docAbstract":"As an example of the methodology, data from an experiment using three scales of land-use and land-cover mapping have been analyzed. The binomial proportions of correct interpretations have been analyzed untransformed and transformed by both the arcsine and the logit transformations. A weighted analysis of variance adjustment has been used. There is evidence of a significant difference among the three scales of mapping (1:24 000, 1:100 000 and 1:250 000) using the transformed data. Multiple range tests showed that all three scales are different for the arcsine transformed data. - from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Rosenfield, G., 1981, Analysis of variance of thematic mapping experiment data.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 12, p. 1685-1692.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1692","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb47e4b0c8380cd48d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenfield, G.H.","contributorId":94670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfield","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012040,"text":"70012040 - 1981 - Heavy metals and manganese oxides in the genesee watershed, New York state: Effects of geology and land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T13:35:27.878189","indexId":"70012040","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals and manganese oxides in the genesee watershed, New York state: Effects of geology and land use","docAbstract":"Manganese oxide coatings on gravels from 255 sites on tributary streams in the Genesee River Watershed were analyzed for Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cu. The results were compared with data on bedrock geology, surficial geology and land use, using factor analysis and stepwise multiple regression. All metals except Pb show strong positive correlation with Mn. This association results from the well-known tendency of Mn oxide precipitates to adsorb and incorporate dissolved trace metals. Pb may be present in a separate phase on the gravel surfaces; alternatively Pb abundance may be so strongly influenced by environmental factors that the effect of varying abundance of the carrier phase becomes relatively unimportant. When the effects of varying Mn abundance are allowed for, Pb and to a lesser extent Zn and Cu abundances are seen to be related to commercial, industrial and residential land use. In addition to this pollution effect, all the trace metals, Cd and Ni most strongly, tend to be more abundant in oxide coatings from streams in the forested uplands in the southern part of the area. This probably reflects increased geochemical mobility of the metals in the more acid soils and groundwater of the southern region.
A strong Zn anomaly is present in streams draining areas underlain by the Lockport Formation. Oxide coatings in these streams contain up to 5% Zn, originating from disseminated sphalerite in the Lockport and secondary Zn concentrations in the overlying muck soils.
The same group of metals, plus calcium and loss on ignition, were determined in the silt and clay (minus 230 mesh) fraction of stream sediments from 129 of the same sites, using a hot nitric acid leach. The amounts of manganese in the sediments are low (average 1020 ppm) and manganese oxides are, at most, of relatively minor significance in the trace-metal geochemistry of these sediments. The bulk of the trace metals in sediment appears to be associated with iron oxides, clays and organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90106-0","usgsCitation":"Whitney, P., 1981, Heavy metals and manganese oxides in the genesee watershed, New York state: Effects of geology and land use: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, p. 95-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90106-0.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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York\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3011e4b0c8380cd5d354","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, P.R.","contributorId":46671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011867,"text":"70011867 - 1981 - Magnetic signals from the core of the earth and secular variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:08:37.463196","indexId":"70011867","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic signals from the core of the earth and secular variation","docAbstract":"An oscillating, radial magnetic dipole source was assumed to exist in the core of the earth, 100 km beneath the core-mantle boundary. As an approximation, electromagnetic propagation was assumed in the core in lieu of hydromagnetic propagation, which could not be used because of unknown internal fields.Using Debye potentials, the radial and horizontal components of the surface fields were calculated using various assumed conductivity parameters in the core and in the mantle. It is concluded that most spherical harmonic models of the earth's magnetic field do not include enough terms to describe properly the field of core sources with periods of tens of years. These short-period variations are especially important in describing the secular variation. Because of this, a proper description of the secular variation requires more spherical harmonic terms than are required for the field itself. Inadequate representation of short-period variations in spherical harmonic models may contribute to the rapid deterioration of predictive models. Alternatives to spherical harmonic analysis for secular variation should be investigated; regardless of the method used, a much greater spatial distribution of high quality secular variation data is needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB09p07957","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., 1981, Magnetic signals from the core of the earth and secular variation: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B9, p. 7957-7965, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB09p07957.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7957","endPage":"7965","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b81e4b0c8380cd695bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010322,"text":"70010322 - 1981 - Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:02:50","indexId":"70010322","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration","docAbstract":"A large number of Earth-observation satellites orbit our world several times each day, providing new information about the land and sea surfaces and the overlying thin layer of atmosphere that makes our planet unique. Meteorological satellites have had the longest history of experimental use and most are now considered operational. The geologic information collected by the Landsat, Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (POGO), Magsat, Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) and Seasat land and ocean observation systems is being thoroughly tested, and some of these systems are now approaching operational use.
\nLandsat multispectral images provide views of large areas of the Earth under uniform lighting conditions and can be obtained at a variety of scales and formats. Not only do the Landsat data provide highly useful images showing surficial materials and structures such as folds and faults, but also measurements and computer-derived ratios of the brightness of different rock types, alteration zones, and mineral associations. These data have led to the finding of a variety of new ore deposits. In addition, the combination of Landsat digital data and aeromagnetic data has extended the use of Landsat as an exploration tool which can be used to readily relate surface features to subsurface anomalies.
\nMagsat data, now being collected, are helping refine information on major crustal anomalies that were first recognized during the analysis of POGO data. The more nearly circular orbit, lower altitude, and increased sophistication of its vector magnetometer enable Magsat to provide more precise information than POGO. Information of this type is required to develop crustal models. Although Magsat is designed to operate for only 4–8 months, the number of orbits that it should be able to make will be sufficient to accomplish its mission and to record a major magnetic storm expected in 1980.
\nHCMM is a two-band visible to near-IR (0.55–1.1 μm) and thermal infrared (10.2–12.5 μm) system designed to measure reflected solar energy, determine the heat capacity of rocks and to monitor soil moisture, thermal effluents, plant canopy temperatures and snow cover. Launched in April 1978, it is in sun-synchronous, circular orbit at an altitude of 620 km. It is a relatively low-resolution system with an instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 500–600 m and a swath width of 716 km. However, the system is designed to detect objects in the range of 260°–340° K with a sensitivity (NEδT) of 0.4°K at 280°. Recording the thermal radiation of urban heat islands and high thermal inertia of quartzite strata in the Appalachian region are two examples of its land applications.
\nLaunched in June 1978, Seasat operated for only 100 days, but successfully acquired much information over both sea and land. The collection of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and radar altimetry was particularly important to geologists. Although there are difficulties in processing and distributing these data in a timely manner, initial evaluations indicate that the radar imagery supplements Landsat data by increasing the spectral range and offering a different look angle. The radar altimeter provides accurate profiles over narrow strips of land (1 km wide) and has demonstrated usefulness in measuring icecap surfaces (Greenland, Iceland, and Antarctica). The Salar of Uyuni in southern Bolivia served as a calibration site for the altimeter and has enabled investigators to develop a land-based smoothing algorithm that is believed to increase the accuracy of the system to 10 cm. Data from the altimeter are currently being used to measure subsidence resulting from ground water withdrawal in the Phoenix-Tucson area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., 1981, Significant results from using earth observation satellites for mineral and energy resource exploration: Advances in Space Research, v. 1, no. 10, p. 261-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266021,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(81)90402-6"}],"volume":"1","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f2de4b08c986b318d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, William D.","contributorId":64567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}