{"pageNumber":"1665","pageRowStart":"41600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":27537,"text":"wri934196 - 1994 - Simulation of ground-water flow and potential land subsidence, upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri934196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4196","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and potential land subsidence, upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"A numerical ground-water flow model of the upper Santa Cruz basin in Pinal, Pima, and Santa Cruz Counties was developed to evaluate predevelopment conditions in 1940, ground-water withdrawals for 1940-86, and potential water-level declines and land subsidence for 1987-2024. Simulations of steady-state ground-water conditions indicate 12,900 acre-feet of ground-water inflow, 15,260 acre-feet of outflow, 53,000 acre-feet of pre- development pumpage, 29,840 acre-feet of mountain- front recharge, and 34,020 acre-feet of streamflow infiltration in 1940. Simulations of transient ground-water conditions indicate a total of 6.6 million acre-feet of net pumpage and 3.4 million acre-feet of water removed from aquifer storage for 1941-86. A difference of 1.2 million acre-feet between estimated and net pumpage is attributed to increased recharge from irrigation return flow, mine return flow, and infiltration of sewage effluent. Estimated natural recharge represents 40 percent of pumpage for 1966-86 and averaged 63,860 acre-feet per year for 1940-57 and 76,250 acre-feet per year for 1958-86. The increase in recharge after 1958 was coincident with above- average winter streamflow in the Santa Cruz River for 1959-86. Increased recharge after 1958 and decreased pumpage after 1975 contributed to decreased water-level declines or to recoveries after 1977 in wells near the Santa Cruz River and its tributaries. The results of projection simu- lations indicate that a maximum potential subsi- dence for 1987-2024 ranges from 1.2 feet for an inelastic specific storage of .0001 ft to 12 feet for an inelastic specific storage of .0015 ft. The simulations were made on the basis of pumpage and recharge rates from 1986 and by using a preconso- lidation-stress threshold of 100 feet. A permanent reduction in acquitard storage can range from 1 to 12 percent of the potential loss of 3.9 million acre-feet in aquifer-system storage for 1987-2024.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934196","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., and Benedict, J., 1994, Simulation of ground-water flow and potential land subsidence, upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4196, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS  - 52 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934196.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS  - 52 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4196/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56396,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4196/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545fa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, J.F.","contributorId":66688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28851,"text":"wri934212 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and hydrologic system of Pinal Creek Basin, Gila County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:28:48","indexId":"wri934212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4212","title":"Hydrogeology and hydrologic system of Pinal Creek Basin, Gila County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Acidic water that contains elevated concentrations of metals has contaminated a stream and alluvial aquifer in a mining district near Globe, Arizona. The contaminated aquifer is a narrow layer of unconsolidated alluvium along Miami Wash and Pinal Creek.  The alluvium overlies basin fill, which extends throughout most of the Pinal Creek basin. The alluvium and basin fill compose the primary aquifer in the basin.  Horizontal hydraulic con- ductivities were estimated at about 200 meters per day in the alluvium, and average linear ground- water flow velocities are about 5 meters per day. Water levels in the aquifer respond rapidly to periods of extended runoff in the basin and variable rates of ground-water pumping. Fluctuations of as much as 2.5 meters in 6 months have been measured.  Ground-water levels were near record highs during spring 1985 and declined as much as 13 meters by spring 1989.  Measured hydraulic gradients indicate that flow is generally upward from the basin fill to the alluvium.  From 1980 to 1984, seepage of 155 liters per second from Webster Lake and 279 liters per second streamflow infiltration were estimated to be the two largest sources of inflow to the regional aquifer.  Major outflows from the aquifer were 166 liters per second of pumpage and 240 liters per second of natural ground-water discharge to Pinal Creek.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934212","usgsCitation":"Neaville, C., and Brown, J.G., 1994, Hydrogeology and hydrologic system of Pinal Creek Basin, Gila County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4212, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934212.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57723,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4212/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57724,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Gila 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C.C.","contributorId":31436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neaville","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28705,"text":"wri934009 - 1994 - Potential hazards from floodflows within the John Muir House National Historic Site, Franklin Creek drainage basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri934009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4009","title":"Potential hazards from floodflows within the John Muir House National Historic Site, Franklin Creek drainage basin, California","docAbstract":"The drainage-area-ratio method, adjusted by multiple regression coefficients, was used to determine flood magnitudes of specific recurrence intervals in the Franklin Creek drainage basin, John Muir House National Historic Site in California. Water-surface elevations and inundation areas were determined using hydraulic equations that assume uniform flow and stable channel geometry as surveyed in the 1984 water year. Franklin Creek is expected to overflow its banks during all floods greater than the 25-year flood. Maximum flood discharges within the historic site boundaries are limited by the large culvert that conveys floodwaters into the site. The historically significant structures were constructed above the flood elevation of the 100-year flood; therefore, with the exception of the carriage house, there is little or no danger to the irreplaceable structures at the site. The carriage house could be inundated several feet during the 100-year flood.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934009","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R., 1994, Potential hazards from floodflows within the John Muir House National Historic Site, Franklin Creek drainage basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4009, iii, 9 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934009.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57544,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6831bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, R.W.","contributorId":14002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29170,"text":"wri944169 - 1994 - An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:27:07.34098","indexId":"wri944169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4169","title":"An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","docAbstract":"NETPATH is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to interpret net geochemical mass-balance reactions between an initial and final water along a hydrologic flow path. Alternatively, NETPATH computes the mixing proportions of two to five initial waters and net geochemical reactions that can account for the observed composition of a final water. The program utilizes previously defined chemical and isotopic data for waters from a hydrochemical system. For a set of mineral and (or) gas phases hypothesized to be the reactive phases in the system, NETPATH calculates the mass transfers in every possible combination of the selected phases that accounts for the observed changes in the selected chemical and (or) isotopic compositions observed along the flow path. The calculations are of use in interpreting geochemical reactions, mixing proportions, evaporation and (or) dilution of waters, and mineral mass transfer in the chemical and isotopic evolution of natural and environmental waters. Rayleigh distillation calculations are applied to each mass-balance model that satisfies the constraints to predict carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and strontium isotopic compositions at the end point, including radiocarbon dating. DB is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to enter analytical data into NETPATH, and calculate the distribution of species in aqueous solution. This report describes the types of problems that can be solved, the methods used to solve problems, and the features available in the program to facilitate these solutions. Examples are presented to demonstrate most of the applications and features of NETPATH. The codes DB and NETPATH can be executed in the UNIX or DOS1 environment. This report replaces U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4078, by Plummer and others, which described the original release of NETPATH, version 1.0 (dated December, 1991), and documents revisions and enhancements that are included in version 2.0.  1 The use of trade, brand or product names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944169","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Prestemon, E.C., and Parkhurst, D.L., 1994, An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0 (Version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4169, iv, 130 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944169.","productDescription":"iv, 130 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58044,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prestemon, Eric C.","contributorId":45352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestemon","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28994,"text":"wri944044 - 1994 - Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:45:43","indexId":"wri944044","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4044","title":"Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Hydraulic fracture-stimulation procedures typical of those provided by contractors in the water-well industry were applied to two boreholes in basaltic and gabbroic rocks near Grand Portage, Minnesota.These boreholes were considered incapable of supplying adequate ground water for even a single household although geophysical logs showed both boreholes were intersected by many apparently permeable fractures. Tests made before and after stimulation indicated that the two boreholes would produce about 0.05 and 0.25 gallon per minute before stimulation, and about 1.5 and 1.2 gallons per minute after stimulation. These increases would be enough to obtain adequate domestic water supplies from the two boreholes but would not furnish enough water for more than a single household from either borehole. Profiles of high-resolution flow made during pumping after stimulation indicated that the stimulation enhanced previously small inflows or stimulated new inflow from seven fractures or fracture zones in one borehole and from six fractures or fracture zones in the other.Geophysical logs obtained after stimulation showed no specific changes in these 13 fractures that could be related to stimulation other than the increases in flow indicated by the flowmeter logs. The results indicate that the stimulation has increased inflow to the two boreholes by improving the connectivity of favorably orientated fractures with larger scale flow zones in the surrounding rocks. Three of four possible diagnostics related to measured pressure and flow during the stimulation treatments were weakly correlated with the increases in production associated with each treatment interval. These correlations are not statistically significant on the basis of the limited sample of 16 treatment intervals in two boreholes, but the results indicate that significant correlations might be established from a much larger data set.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944044","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Olson, J.D., 1994, Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4044, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944044.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95740,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4044/report.pdf","size":"4377","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4044/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Grand Portage","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.62663650512694,\n              47.97084701460957\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.51608657836914,\n              47.97084701460957\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.51608657836914,\n              48.01978346615275\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.62663650512694,\n              48.01978346615275\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.62663650512694,\n              47.97084701460957\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Fredrick L.","contributorId":78780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Fredrick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, James D.","contributorId":34969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29256,"text":"wri914174 - 1994 - Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T22:29:22.259627","indexId":"wri914174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4174","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"A water-resources investigation was conducted during 1989 in the Rio Lapa mountain basins in southern Puerto Rico, to define the hydrology, water quality, and to describe alternatives for additional water- resources supply. The total water budget for both surface- and ground-water resources in the study area was estimated to be 7,530 acre-feet per year for 1989. The water budget for the ground-water system, from which water needs are supplied in the study area, was estimated to be 2,760 acre-feet per year for 1989. Concentration of dissolved solids and fecal bacteria increased during the dry season as both streamflow and ground-water levels decreased. Water samples collected at two stream sites exceeded the recommended U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fecal bacteria concentration for natural water of 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters during June to November 1989. Water samples obtained from a well in the Rio Lapa Valley exceeded the secondary drinking-water standard for dissolved solids of 500 milligrams per liter during four dry months. In addition, fecal bacteria concentrations at this water-supply well exceeded the primary fecal- bacteria drinking-water standard of 1 colony per 100 milliliter during June to October 1989. Existing water resources can probably be developed to meet additional demands of 110 acre-feet per year pro- jected for 1995. Storage of the surface-water runoff during the wet season and its gradual release to the study area could offset ground-water declines during the dry season. Ground-water withdrawals can be increased by the construction and use of low- capacity wells to reduce the amount of water lowing out of the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914174","usgsCitation":"Ramos-Gines, O., 1994, Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4174, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914174.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4174/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394078,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47564.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Albergue Olimpico, Rio Majoda and Rio Lapa basins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.2667,\n              18.0083\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.2167,\n              18.0083\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.2167,\n              18.0542\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.2667,\n              18.0542\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.2667,\n              18.0083\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramos-Gines, Orlando","contributorId":98358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos-Gines","given":"Orlando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29289,"text":"wri944021 - 1994 - Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T10:12:41","indexId":"wri944021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4021","title":"Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Available literature and data were reviewed to quantify data requirements for computer simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection in southeastern Mississippi. Emphasis of each review was placed on quantifying physical properties of current Class I injection zones in Harrison and Jackson Counties. Class I injection zones are zones that are used for injection of hazardous or non-hazardous liquid waste below a formation containing the lowermost underground source of drinking water located within one-quarter of a mile of the injection well.  Several mathematical models have been developed to simulate injection effects. The Basic Plume Method was selected because it is commonly used in permit applications, and the Intercomp model was selected because it is generally accepted and used in injection-related research. The input data requirements of the two models were combined into a single data requirement list inclusive of physical properties of injection zones only; injected waste and well properties are not included because such information is site-specific by industry, which is beyond the scope of this report.  Results of the reviews of available literature and data indicated that Class I permit applications and standard-reference chemistry and physics texts were the primary sources of information to quantify physical properties of injection zones in Harrison and Jackson Counties. With the exception of a few reports and supplementary data for one injection zone in Jackson County, very little additional information pertaining to physical properties of the injection zones was available in sources other than permit applications and standard-reference texts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944021","usgsCitation":"Rebich, R.A., 1994, Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4021, iv, 19 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944021.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366895,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4021/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Harrison County, Jackson County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              30.820884358222617\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.820884358222617\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rebich, Richard A. 0000-0003-4256-7171 rarebich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-7171","contributorId":2315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebich","given":"Richard","email":"rarebich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30247,"text":"wri944035 - 1994 - Lateral movement and stability of channel banks near four highway crossings in southwestern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T09:59:25","indexId":"wri944035","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4035","title":"Lateral movement and stability of channel banks near four highway crossings in southwestern Mississippi","docAbstract":"Channel meandering in alluvial streams has caused localized channel instability that has resulted in bridge failure and loss of human life in Mississippi. The U.S. Geological Survey, in coopera- tion with the Mississippi Department of Transpor- tation, conducted a study to develop a better methodology for defining and estimating channel meandering. For this report, river reaches near four bridge sites with current lateral movement of channel banks were selected for study. The lateral movement of channel banks was studied by mapping meanders from aerial photographs taken at various times, evaluating available discharge measurements, and measuring existing channel geometry and soil strength properties at these sites. Rapid, unre- stricted meander cuts and sandy banks are charac- teristic of the sites. Lateral movement was signi- ficant upstream from all four sites, and only one bridge site did not have significant lateral channel-bank movement during the study period. The development of cutbanks and localized channel-bank erosion have caused unstable conditions at three of the sites. Maps of tops of channel indicate significant lateral movement of channel banks upstream and downstream of all four sites and near the bridges at three of four sites. No significant movement occurred at the U.S. Highway 98 crossing of the Bogue Chitto near Tylertown from 1941 to 1991 despite large floods in 1983 and 1990. Slope stability analyses indicated this site to be marginally stable. The maximum lateral movement indicated from maps of tops of channel banks was 680 feet of northward movement of the right (north) bank of the Homochitto River near the State Highway 33 crossing at Rosetta from 1941 to 1983.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944035","usgsCitation":"Turnipseed, D.P., 1994, Lateral movement and stability of channel banks near four highway crossings in southwestern Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4035, vi, 33 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944035.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366883,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ce4b07f02db6a93ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turnipseed, D. Phil 0000-0002-9737-3203 pturnip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-3203","contributorId":298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.","email":"pturnip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Phil","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29265,"text":"wri944014 - 1994 - Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri944014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4014","title":"Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Monthly streamflow records from gaging stations with more than 5 years of record were extended to a 50-year base period, 1941-90, using a mixed- station, record-extension model.  Monthly streamflow characteristics were computed from the extended record.  Four statistical methods--basin characteristics, active-channel width, concurrent measurement, and weighted average were used to estimate monthly streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites and at streamflow-gaging stations with fewer than 5 years of record.  Linear- regression models were used with the basin characteristic and active-channel-width methods to define the relations between the monthly streamflow characteristics and physical basin, climatic, and channel characteristics.  The concurrent-measurement method used a Maintenance of Variance Extension, Type 1 curve-fitting technique to correlate discharge at active streamflow-gaging stations, which had computed streamflow characteristics, with discharge measured at ungaged sites.  The weighted-average method is a weighted combination of estimates from any two or all three of the other methods.  For the basin-characteristics method, the standard errors of estimate ranged from 37 to 83 percent and for the active-channel-width method, 34 to 100 percent.  Standard errors for the concurrent- measurement method ranged from 27 to 151 percent. The standard error for the weighted-average method, ranged from 18 to 82 percent, which was lower than any individual method.  Application of the equations for estimating monthly streamflow characteristics is limited to perennial streams with physical-basin, climatic, and active channel- width characteristics that are within the range of values used in the study.  The equations are not applicable to estimate flow for ephemeral streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor], 1994","doi":"10.3133/wri944014","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., Montague, E., and Lenz, B.N., 1994, Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4014, iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944014.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bda7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montague, Ellen","contributorId":62244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montague","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29848,"text":"wri944028 - 1994 - Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-08T09:09:02","indexId":"wri944028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4028","title":"Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"In 1990, the State of Hawaii proposed the Hawaii Geothermal Project for the development of as much as 500 MW of electric power from the geothermal system in the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano. This report uses data from 31 wells and 8 springs to describe the properties of the ground-water system in and adjacent to the East Rift Zone. Potential effects of this project on ground-water resources are also discussed. Data show differences in ground-water chemistry and heads within the study area that appear to be related to mixing of waters of different origins and ground-water impoundment by volcanic dikes. East of Pahoa, the ground-water system within the rift is highly transmissive and receives abundant recharge from precipitation; therefore, the pumping of freshwater to support geothermal development in that part of the rift zone would have a minimal effect on ground-water levels. To the southwest of Pahoa, dike impoundment reduces the transmissivity of the ground-water system to such an extent that wells might not be capable of supplying sufficient fresh water to support geothermal operations. Contamination of ground-water resources by accidental release of geothermal fluids into shallow aquifers is possible because of corrosive conditions in the geothermal wells, potential well blowouts, and high ground-water velocities in parts of the region. Hydrologic monitoring of water level, temperature, and chemistry in observation wells should continue throughout development of geothermal resources for the Hawaii Geothermal Project for early detection of leakage and migration of geothermal fluids within the groundwater system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944028","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., and Colvard, E., 1994, Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4028, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944028.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colvard, E.M.","contributorId":83553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30327,"text":"wri934093 - 1994 - Geomorphic change caused by outburst floods and debris flows at Mount Rainier, Washington, with emphasis on Tahoma Creek valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T19:09:22.552926","indexId":"wri934093","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4093","title":"Geomorphic change caused by outburst floods and debris flows at Mount Rainier, Washington, with emphasis on Tahoma Creek valley","docAbstract":"Debris flows have caused rapid geomorphic change in several glacierized drainages on Mount Rainier, Washington. Nearly all of these flows began as glacial outburst floods, then transformed to debris flows by incorporating large masses of sediment in channel reaches where streams have incised proglacial sediments and stagnant glacier ice. This stagnant ice is a relic of advanced glacier positions achieved during the mid-nineteenth century Little Ice Age maximum and the readvance of the 1960's and 1970's. Debris flows have been especially important agents of geomorphic change along Tahoma Creek, which drains South Tahoma Glacier. Debris flows in Tahoma Creek valley have transported downstream about 107 m3 Of sediment since 1967, causing substantial aggradation and damage to roads and facilities in Mount Rainier National Park. The average denudation rate in the upper part of the Tahoma Creek drainage basin in the same period has been extraordinarily high: more than 20 millimeters per year, a value exceeded only rarely in basins affected by debris flows. However, little or none of this sediment has yet passed out of the Tahoma Creek drainage basin.  Outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier form by release of subglacially stored water. The volume of stored water discharged during a typical outburst flood would form a layer several tens of millimeters thick over the bed of the entire glacier, though it is more likely that large linked cavities account for most of the storage. Statistical analysis shows that outburst floods usually occur during periods of atypically hot or rainy weather in summer or early autumn, and that the probability of an outburst increases with temperature (a proxy measure of ablation rate) or rainfall rate. On the basis of these results, we suggest that outburst floods are triggered when rapid input of water to the glacier bed causes transient increase in water pressure, thereby destabilizing the linked-cavity system. The probabilistic nature of the relation between water-input rate and outburst-flood occurrence suggests that the connections between englacial conduits, basal cavities and main meltwater channels may vary temporally. The correlation between outburst floods and meteorological factors casts doubt on an earlier hypothesis that melting around geothermal vents triggers outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier.  The likelihood that outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier will trigger debris flows should decrease with time, as the deeply incised reach of Tahoma Creek widens by normal slope processes and stagnant ice decays. Drawing analogies to the geomorphic evolution of a reach of Tahoma Creek first incised by an outburst flood in 1967, we suggest the present period of debris-flow activity along Tahoma Creek will last about 25 years, that is, until about the year 2010. Comparison of geomorphic change at Tahoma Creek to that in two other glacierized alphine basins indicates that debris-rich stagnant ice can be an importantsource of sediment to debris flows as long as floods are frequent or channel slope is great.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934093","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Driedger, C.L., 1994, Geomorphic change caused by outburst floods and debris flows at Mount Rainier, Washington, with emphasis on Tahoma Creek valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4093, vii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934093.","productDescription":"vii, 93 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123935,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59120,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415588,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47811.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier, Tahoma Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.6478849780276,\n              46.80179464367518\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6478849780276,\n              46.95912334518039\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88872883062106,\n              46.95912334518039\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88872883062106,\n              46.80179464367518\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6478849780276,\n              46.80179464367518\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c54f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driedger, C. L.","contributorId":101656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29082,"text":"wri934232 - 1994 - Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:47:07","indexId":"wri934232","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4232","title":"Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92","docAbstract":"<p>The Minnesota River, 10 major tributaries, and 21 springs were sampled to determine the sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen- demanding substances. The study was part of a four-year assessment of non-point source pollution in the Minnesota River Basin. Runoff from tributary watersheds was identified as the primary source of suspended sediment and nutrients in the Minnesota River mainstem. Suspended-sediment, phosphorus, and nitrate concentrations were elevated in all major tributaries during runoff, but tributaries in the south-central and eastern part of the basin produce the highest annual loading to the mainstem because of higher annual precipitation and runoff in that part of the basin. Particle-size analyses showed that most of the suspended sediment in transport consisted of silt- and clay-size material. Phosphorus enrichment was indicated throughout the mainstem by total phosphorus concentrations that ranged from 0.04 to 0.48 mg/L with a median value of 0.22 mg/L, and an interquartile range of 0.15 to 0.29 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations periodically exceeded drinking water standards in tributaries draining the south-central and eastern part of the basin. Oxygen demand was most elevated during periods of summer low flow. Correlations between levels of biochemical oxygen demand and levels of algal productivity suggest that algal biomass comprises much of the oxygen-demanding material in the mainstem. Transport of sediment, nutrients, and organic carbon within the mainstem was found to be conservative, with nearly all tributary inputs being transported downstream. Uptake and utilization of nitrate and orthophosphorus was indicated during low flow, but at normal and high flow, inputs of these constituents greatly exceeded biological utilization.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri934232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Payne, G.A., 1994, Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4232, vii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934232.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57938,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.1026611328125, 45.93969078234 ], [ -97.020263671875, 45.87853662114514 ], [ -96.9873046875, 45.79816953017265 ], [ -96.87744140625, 45.69850658738848 ], [ -96.75659179687499, 45.62940492064501 ], [ -96.591796875, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.5423583984375, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.463983441272745 ], [ -96.317138671875, 45.471688258104614 ], [ -96.185302734375, 45.52944081525666 ], [ -96.075439453125, 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673ec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29158,"text":"wri934141 - 1994 - Water resources of Hot Springs County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T09:17:42","indexId":"wri934141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4141","title":"Water resources of Hot Springs County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>The wells and springs inventoried in Hot Springs County most commonly had been completed in or issued from the Quaternary alluvium, Quaternary terrace deposits, Fort Union and Mesaverde Formations, Cody Shale, and the Frontier and Chugwater Formations. The largest discharges measured were from the Quaternary terrace deposits (400 gallons per minute) and the Phosphoria Formation (1,000 gallons per minute). Discharges from all other geologic units varied, but most wells and springs yielded 50 gallons per minute or less.</p><p>Water-quality samples collected from springs that issued from the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, the Bighorn Dolomite, and the Flathead Sandstone had the lowest dissolved-solids concentrations, which ranged from 58 to 265 milligrams per liter, and the least variable water types. Water from the volcanic rocks was a sodium bicarbonate type; whereas, water from the Flathead Sandstone was a calcium bicarbonate type. Water types for all the other aquifers varied from sampling site to sampling site; however, water samples from the Fort Union Formation and the Cody Shale were consistently of the sodium sulfate type. </p><p>The effect of oil- and gas-development at Hamilton Dome on thermal spring discharges at Hot Springs State Park near Thermopolis was studied. The estimated drawdown from 1918, when the Hamilton Dome oil field was discovered, to 1988 was made using drill-stem data from previous studies. Drawdown at Big Spring in the Park was estimated to be less than 3 feet on the basis of recent oil- and water-production data, previous modeling studies, and the estimated water-level drawdown of 330 feet in wells at the Hamilton Dome oil field.</p><p>Streams originating in the Plains region of the county, such as Middle Fork Owl Creek, are ephemeral or intermittent; whereas, streams originating in the mountains, such as Gooseberry Creek, are perennial. Average annual runoff across the county ranges from 0.26 inches at a representative streamflow-gaging station near Worland in the plains region to 5.4 inches in the Owl Creek Mountains and southeastern Absaroka Range.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934141","usgsCitation":"Plafcan, M., and Ogle, K.M., 1994, Water resources of Hot Springs County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4141, Report: v, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 16.50 x 26.44 inches and 25.78 x 17.71 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934141.","productDescription":"Report: v, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 16.50 x 26.44 inches and 25.78 x 17.71 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349978,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58034,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58035,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Hot Springs County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.36065673828125,\n              43.42898792344155\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.61383056640625,\n              43.42898792344155\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.61383056640625,\n              44.10336537791152\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.36065673828125,\n              44.10336537791152\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.36065673828125,\n              43.42898792344155\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafcan, Maria","contributorId":20338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafcan","given":"Maria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogle, Kathy Muller","contributorId":8896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Muller","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30349,"text":"wri934213 - 1994 - Methods for estimating streamflow at mountain fronts in southern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri934213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4213","title":"Methods for estimating streamflow at mountain fronts in southern New Mexico","docAbstract":"The infiltration of streamflow is potential recharge to alluvial-basin aquifers at or near mountain fronts in southern New Mexico. Data for 13 streamflow-gaging stations were used to determine a relation between mean annual stream- flow and basin and climatic conditions. Regression analysis was used to develop an equation that can be used to estimate mean annual streamflow on the basis of drainage areas and mean annual precipi- tation. The average standard error of estimate for this equation is 46 percent. Regression analysis also was used to develop an equation to estimate mean annual streamflow on the basis of active- channel width. Measurements of the width of active channels were determined for 6 of the 13 gaging stations. The average standard error of estimate for this relation is 29 percent. Stream- flow estimates made using a regression equation based on channel geometry are considered more reliable than estimates made from an equation based on regional relations of basin and climatic conditions. The sample size used to develop these relations was small, however, and the reported standard error of estimate may not represent that of the entire population. Active-channel-width measurements were made at 23 ungaged sites along the Rio Grande upstream from Elephant Butte Reservoir. Data for additional sites would be needed for a more comprehensive assessment of mean annual streamflow in southern New Mexico.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934213","usgsCitation":"Waltemeyer, S., 1994, Methods for estimating streamflow at mountain fronts in southern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4213, iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934213.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4213/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4213/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a4dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waltemeyer, S. D.","contributorId":65857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29269,"text":"wri924182 - 1994 - Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri924182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4182","title":"Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Groundwater resources in southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas were studied to determine their potential for development as an alternative to the Mississippi River as a water-supply source for Jefferson Parish. Eight major aquifers consisting of thick sand units that underlie the study area are, in descending order: (1) shallow, (2) upper Ponchatoula, (3) lower Ponchatoula, (4) Abita, (5) Covington, (6) Tchefuncta, (7) Hammond, and (8) Amite. A fault zone, referred to as the Baton Rouge fault, crosses southern Tangipahoa Parish. Analyses of geophysical logs indicated that the deep aquifers south of the fault zone had been displaced from 350 to 400 feet, and that the deeper aquifers were not in hydraulic connection with the flow system north of the fault. The groundwater resources of southeastern Louisiana are immense and the quality of groundwater in Tangipahoa Parish is suitable for most uses. The quality of water in these aquifers generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's standards for public supply. The hydrologic system underlying Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas in 1990 supplied about 19 Mgal/d of water that was suitable for public supply. However, substantial increases in pumping from the aquifer system would result in renewed water-level declines throughout the hydrologic system until a new equilibrium is established. A test we11 in southern Tangipahoa Parish, penetrated all eight aquifers. Total thickness of freshwater sand beds penetrated by the 3003-ft test hole was more than 1900 ft. Resistivity values from an electric log of the test typically averaged 200 ohm-meters, which indicates that the water has low dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations. An analysis of the Abita aquifer at Ruddock in St. John the Baptist Parish, for two of three hypothetical well fields, indicated that for a hypothetical we11 field with a pumping rate of 112 Mgal/d, the freshwater/saltwater interface could arrive at the outer perimeter we11 in 10 to 14 years. The 1990 location of the interface in the Abita aquifer is 1.9 mi from the southernmost part of the potential location of the 112 Mgal/d well field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924182","usgsCitation":"Rapp, T., 1994, Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4182, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924182.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58121,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, T.R.","contributorId":51784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30168,"text":"wri934081 - 1994 - Instrumentation, methods, and preliminary evaluation of evapotranspiration for a grassland in the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve, Benton County, Washington, May-October 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri934081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4081","title":"Instrumentation, methods, and preliminary evaluation of evapotranspiration for a grassland in the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve, Benton County, Washington, May-October 1990","docAbstract":"The report describes instrumentation, methods, and preliminary results for a study on evapo- transpiration at a grassland in Snively Basin of the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve. Instrumentation was used to collect data from May 30 to October 15, 1990. A combination of the Bowen-ratio and Penman-Monteith methods was used to calculate estimates of evapotranspiration. The Bowen-ratio method could be used to calculate estimates of latent-heat flux and evapotranspiration during only parts of the study period. Latent-heat flux values obtained during these periods were used in the Penman-Monteith method to estimate the canopy resistance. These canopy resistances were averaged for each day and the average values were used to recalculate the laten-heat flux for all periods using the Penman-Monteith method. The canopy resistance ranged from near zero during periods of rainfall to more than 40,000 seconds per meter during periods of extreme dryness. Evapotranspiration estimates varied during the study period. Daily evapotranspiration ranged from less than 0.1 millimeter on some days in August, September, and October to about 2 milli- meters on June 3 and August 22. Monthly totals of evapotranspiration were as follows: June, 28.2 millimeters; July, 10.5 millimeters; August, 15.0 millimeters; September, 5.3 millimeters; and October 1-15, 1.8 millimeters. Evapotranspiration values given in the report are estimates. Some error, perhaps as low as 25 percent on a daily basis and 4 percent on a monthly total basis, is probably introduced into these estimates through complexities of data collection, data analysis, and canopy-resistance estimation, particularly when evapotranspiration was near zero.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934081","usgsCitation":"Tomlinson, S.A., 1994, Instrumentation, methods, and preliminary evaluation of evapotranspiration for a grassland in the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve, Benton County, Washington, May-October 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4081, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934081.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58969,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b4e4b07f02db5cabd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomlinson, S. A.","contributorId":98770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30490,"text":"wri934133 - 1994 - Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934133","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4133","title":"Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, studied the frequency and magnitude of flooding near the mouths of five tributaries to the New River in the New River Gorge National River. The 100-year peak discharge at each tributary was determined from regional frequency equations. The 100-year discharge at Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek was 3,400 cubic feet per second, 640 cubic feet per second, 8,200 cubic feet per second, 7,100 cubic feet per second, and 9,400 cubic feet per second, respectively. Flood elevations for each tributary were determined by application of a steady-state, one-dimensional flow model. Manning's roughness coefficients for the stream channels ranged from 0.040 to 0.100. Bridges that would be unable to contain the 100-year flood within the bridge opening included: the State Highway 82 bridge on Wolf Creek, the second Fayette County Highway 25 bridge upstream from the confluence with New River on Dunloup Creek, and an abandoned log bridge on Mill Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934133","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1994, Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4133, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934133.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef1ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30537,"text":"wri944000 - 1994 - Geomorphic response to channel modifications of Skuna River at the State Highway 9 crossing at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri944000","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4000","title":"Geomorphic response to channel modifications of Skuna River at the State Highway 9 crossing at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Skuna River at State Highway 9 at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi, has geomorphically responded to channel modifications by lowering of the channel bed through degradation, which heightened and steepened channel banks and induced widening. Skuna River Canal (Skuna River) has typically degraded about 16.5 feet and widened about 150 feet from 1925 (when constructed) to 1992. Old Skuna River has degraded and widened about 11 feet and 40 feet, respectively, from 1921 to 1991. Skuna River Canal tributary has degraded about 6 feet from 1921 to 1991. Most of the geomorphic response on the Old River and the tributary seems to be a consequence of modifications of the canal. The bankfull discharge of the canal has increased about 1,450 percent, and the channel slope has decreased about 34 percent from 1925 to 1989. The bankfull stream power has been decreasing since 1980. The bankfull channel width-depth ratio has been increasing since 1975, which indicates the canal has been widening more than degrading since 1975. As much as 1 foot of additional degradation and 40 feet of additional widening are projected through 2010 on Skuna River Canal in the vicinity of State Highway 9. About 70 feet of additional widening could occur before the canal reaches quasi-equilibrium, which will likely be reached after 2010. If Old Skuna River and Skuna River Canal tributary degrade as much as the canal, which is doubtful, then about 6 and 11 feet of additional degradation could occur by 2010 on the Old Skuna River and the tributary, respectively, at State Highway 9. Old Skuna River and the tributary could both widen an additional 30 feet in the next 10 to 20 years. The channel low-stage thalweg of Skuna River Canal is beginning to meander around sandbars inducing lateral erosion of the channel banks. The widening projections in this report do not directly account for lateral erosion and are considered to be a minimum for the typical channel reach. Lateral erosion will likely have a significant effect on future widening site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944000","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K., and Turnipseed, D., 1994, Geomorphic response to channel modifications of Skuna River at the State Highway 9 crossing at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4000, vii, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944000.","productDescription":"vii, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4000/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649ceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K.V. Jr.","contributorId":31419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turnipseed, D.P.","contributorId":59824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28782,"text":"wri934066 - 1994 - Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:56:53","indexId":"wri934066","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4066","title":"Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Historical scour data were collected by means of geophysical techniques and used to evaluate the scour-computation procedures recommended by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration and 12 other pub- lished pier-scour equations. Geophysical data were collected at 10 bridges in Indiana. For this evaluation it was assumed that the historical scour measured by use of geophysical techniques was associated with the peak historical discharge. The hydraulic conditions for the peak historical discharge were estimated by use of a model that computes water-surface profiles. For the evaluation, the results of the contraction and pier-scour equations were combined to determine a computed bed elevation, which was compared to the minimum historical bed elevation at the upstream end of the piers estimated from the geophysical data. None of the pier-scour equations accurately represented the historical scour at all of the study sites. On the basis of the limited data presented, the Federal Highway Administration procedures provided a combination of accuracy and safety, required by design equations, equal to or better than the other equations evaluated. The potential scour was com- puted according to the procedures recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. At two bridges, the procedures overpredicted historical scour by more than 10 feet, and at two other bridges, the proce- dure underpredicted historical scour by more than 5 ft therefore, the potential-scour computations need to be verified by additional data and sediment-transport modeling. Computed abutment scour appeared to be excessive at about half of the sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri934066","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transporation","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., Miller, R.L., and Wilson, J., 1994, Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4066, xiv, 109 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934066.","productDescription":"xiv, 109 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science 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S.","contributorId":51338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30474,"text":"wri934203 - 1994 - Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T12:23:09","indexId":"wri934203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4203","title":"Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer","docAbstract":"Traveltime of a soluble substance was determined for a 120-mile reach of the Delaware River from the confluence of the East Branch Delaware River and the West Branch Delaware River at Hancock, N.Y. to the Delaware Water Gap. Dye studies were conducted at the 85-95 percent and the 25-30 percent flow durations. Discharges ranged from 500-1,740 cubic feet per second during the 85-95 percent flow duration and 3,070-7,500 cubic feet per second for the 25-30 percent flow duration. The data were used to develop a set of time-concentration curves that would enable estimation of the traveltime of a spill at any point in the river within the study reach for 10 flow durations. The leading edge of a contaminant spill at Buckingham Access would take about 70 hours to reach the Delaware Water Gap when flows are at the 30-percent flow duration. The trailing edge (location of the dye cloud when concentrations would decrease to 10 percent of the peak concentration) would take about 50 hours after the arrival of the leading edge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934203","usgsCitation":"White, K.E., and Kratzer, T., 1994, Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4203, vi, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934203.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, K. E.","contributorId":65873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratzer, T.W.","contributorId":74042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29624,"text":"wri934189 - 1994 - Effects of acid deposition on dissolution of carbonate stone during summer storms in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, 1987-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:06","indexId":"wri934189","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4189","title":"Effects of acid deposition on dissolution of carbonate stone during summer storms in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, 1987-89","docAbstract":"This study is part of a long-term research program designed to identify and quantify acid rain damage to carbonate stone. Acidic deposition accelerates the dissolution of carbonate-stone monuments and building materials. Sequential sampling of runoff from carbonate-stone (marble) and glass (reference) microcatchments in the Adirondack Mountains in New York State provided a detailed record of the episodic fluctuations in rain rate and runoff chemistry during individual summer storms. Rain rate and chemical concentrations from carbonate-stone and glass runoff fluctuated three to tenfold during storms. Net calcium-ion concentrations from the carbonatestone runoff, a measure of stone dissolution, typically fluctuated twofold during these storms. High net sulfate and net calcium concentrations in the first effective runoff at the start of a storm indicated that atmospheric pollutants deposited on the stone surface during dry periods formed calcium sulfate minerals, an important process in carbonate stone dissolution. Dissolution of the carbonate stone generally increased up to twofold during coincident episodes of low rain rate (less than 5 millimeters per hour) and decreased rainfall (glass runoff) pH (less than 4.0); episodes of high rain rate (cloudbursts) were coincident with a rapid increase in rainfall pH and also a rapid decrease in the dissolution of carbonate-stone. During a storm, it seems the most important factors causing increased dissolution of carbonate stone are coincident periods of low rain rate and decreased rainfall pH. Dissolution of the carbonate stone decreased slightly as the rain rate exceeded about 5 millimeters per hour, probably in response to rapidly increasing rainfall pH during episodes of high rain rate and shorter contact time between the runoff and the stone surface. High runoff rates resulting from cloudbursts remove calcium sulfate minerals formed during dry periods prior to storms and also remove dissolution products formed in large measure by chemical weathering as a result of episodes of low rain rate and decreased rainfall pH during a storm.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934189","usgsCitation":"Schuster, P.F., Reddy, M.M., and Sherwood, S., 1994, Effects of acid deposition on dissolution of carbonate stone during summer storms in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, 1987-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4189, iv, 31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934189.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_93_4189.bmp"},{"id":246719,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4189/WRIR93-4189.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6249dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, Michael M. mmreddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Michael","email":"mmreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherwood, S.I.","contributorId":62251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"S.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29304,"text":"wri944059 - 1994 - Water and sediment budgets for the stormwater-drainage channel at the Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T08:15:46","indexId":"wri944059","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4059","title":"Water and sediment budgets for the stormwater-drainage channel at the Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, water year 1993","docAbstract":"The Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pa., occupies an area of 824 acres, of which 358 are covered by impervious surfaces. Most of the impervious area is drained by stormwater systems that discharge to an open channel that extends about 7,900 feet from its headwaters to its confluence with Trindle Spring Run. The channel drains an area of 992 acres, of which 435 are covered by impervious surfaces. The entire area of the Center including the stormwater-drainage channel is situated in karst terrain. Parts of the drainage channel contain large sinkholes and most of the storm runoff that enters the channel drains to the sinkholes.\r\n\r\n      From 1992 to 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, conducted a detailed study of water and sediment flows in the stormwater-drainage channel. The purpose of this study was to quantify the discharge of stormwater and suspended sediment to the ground-water system, by way of sinkholes, and to Trindle Spring Run. From October 1, 1992, to September 30, 1993, the data-collection period for the study, discharge and suspended-sediment concentrations were measured at three sites along the drainage channel. During the period, water inflow to the channel totaled 679 acre-feet and outflow to Trindle Spring Run totaled 131 acre-feet. Water loss to sinkholes in the drainage channel totaled 548 acre-feet or 81 percent of inflow. Total sediment inflow to the drainage channel was 97 tons, outflow to Trindle Spring Run was 22 tons, sediment loss to sinkholes was 63 tons, and the residual 12 tons of sediment was deposited in the channel. \r\n\r\n      The effect of filling the sinkholes on flooding was estimated through use of a step-backwater model. The model was used to simulate undampened water-surface elevations that would result from the maximum instantaneous discharge recorded during October 1992-September 1993. The model is constrained by uncertainty in the values of the channel-roughness parameter. Analysis of the model results indicates that during high flows, inflow to sinkholes results in a moderate reduction in discharge and water-surface elevations in the drainage channel. This analysis shows that filling the sinkholes will result in increased frequency and magnitude of flooding in downstream parts of the drainage channel and increased discharge of storm runoff and suspended sediment to Trindle Spring Run.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944059","usgsCitation":"Reed, L., Durlin, R., and Bender, J., 1994, Water and sediment budgets for the stormwater-drainage channel at the Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4059, vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944059.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58152,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Mechanicsburg","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.113037109375,\n              40.1497506298245\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90670013427733,\n              40.1497506298245\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90670013427733,\n              40.26066474660846\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.113037109375,\n              40.26066474660846\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.113037109375,\n              40.1497506298245\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6991c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, L.A.","contributorId":14454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durlin, R.R.","contributorId":67116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durlin","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bender, J.K.","contributorId":84412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29216,"text":"wri944160 - 1994 - Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:32:24","indexId":"wri944160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4160","title":"Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Thick unsaturated zones in arid regions increasingly are being sought for the burial of radioactive and other hazardous wastes. Estimating percolation rates of water from precipitation at proposed burial sites is important for site assessment. Chloride profiles in unsaturated sediments are used to show differences and similarities in the rates of percolation at two sites in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada and southeastern California; the first is an existing burial site for low-level radioactive waste in the Amargosa Desert, and the second is a proposed waste-burial site in Ward Valley. The Mojave Desert is one of the most arid regions of the United States.</p><p>Chloride concentrations in pore water of unsaturated sediments peak between depths of 2 and 3 meters at both the Amargosa Desert and Ward Valley, sites; maximum chloride concentration is 9,000 milligrams per liter at the Amargosa Desert site and 15,000 milligrams per liter at the Ward Valley, site. Below a depth of 10 meters, however, chloride concentrations at the Amargosa Desert site decrease to less than 50 milligrams per liter, whereas concentrations at the Ward Valley site are greater than 2,300 milligrams per liter. Estimated age of water at a depth of 10 meters at both sites is between 16,000 and 33,000 years. Below a depth of 10 meters, estimated age of water in the sediments at the Ward Valley site is considerably older than at the Amargosa Desert site because of the greater chloride concentrations at the Ward Valley site.</p><p>The dilute chloride concentrations in the pore water below a depth of 10 meters at the Amargosa Desert site could indicate that the sediments were flushed with water in the past. The climate in the region was wetter and cooler from about 30,000 to 18,000 years ago. Perhaps increased precipitation or more frequent flooding of the Amargosa River resulted in deep percolation at the site. Downward percolation of water since that time seems limited to the upper 10 meters.</p><p>The downward percolation rate of water below a depth of 10 meters at the Amargosa Desert site, as estimated from chloride concentrations, is 0.2 centimeters per year; however, the rate is not representative of present conditions as measured water-potential and vapor-density, gradients indicate upward water flow. The rate may be representative of a period during the Pleistocene when the climate was wetter and cooler. Estimated percolation rates below a depth of 10 meters at the Ward Valley site are on the order of 3 to 5 centimeters per 1,000 years, also reflecting flow conditions during the Pleistocene.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/wri944160","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., 1994, Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4160, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944160.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30359,"text":"wri934092 - 1994 - Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T22:27:43.937293","indexId":"wri934092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4092","title":"Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation","docAbstract":"Equations developed by multiple-regression analysis of data from 49 drainage basins in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and southwestern Maine indicate that low flow of streams in this region is largely a function of the amount of water available to the basin and the extent of surficial sand and gravel relative to the extent of till and fine-grained stratified drift. Low flow per square mile from areas of surficial sand and gravel is consistently much greater than that from areas of till and bedrock, but flood plains and alluvial fans seem to contribute less low flow per square mile than do other types of surficial sand and gravel. The areal extent of lakes and swamps also correlates negatively with low flow in multiple-regression equations, presumably because intense evapotranspiration from these localities consumes water that would otherwise become streamflow.\r\n\r\nThe annual minimum 7-day mean low flows that occur during summer and fall at 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals (7Q2 and 7QIO) were selected as indices of low flow and were adjusted to a common base period, 1942-71. Central New England was divided into a region of high relief that com- prises much of New Hampshire, Vermont, and western Massachusetts, and a region of low relief that generally lies to the east and south but also includes the Lake Champlain lowland of Vermont. In the high-relief region, mean basin elevation proved to be the most significant index of the amount of water available. In the low-relief region, mean annual runoff per square mile was more significant than elevation, particularly when multiplied by the areal extent of sand and gravel and that of till. Dividing the areal extent of sand and gravel by stream length improved the fit of regression equations for the low-relief region.\r\n\r\nRegression equations were developed that explained at least 95 percent of the variation in 7QIO within both the high-relief and the low-relief data sets. Equations proposed for practical application were reasonably consistent with the statistical assumptions of least-squares analysis and yielded 7Q2 and 7QIO values with standard errors of 1.9 and 1.4 cubic feet per second, respectively, for the high-relief region and 2.2 and 1.6 cubic feet per second for the low-relief region. When error was expressed as a percentage of each observed value, median errors were about 25 percent for 7Q2 in both regions, and about 25 and 55 percent for 7QIO in the high-and low-relief regions, respectively. The equations do not apply to basin segments that are substantially affected by urbanization, stream regulation, or ground-water withdrawals, and may not be appropriate where basin characteristics fall outside their range in the data set or where the geologic and topographic maps needed for measurement of basin characteristics are unavailable, or are of small scale or mutually inconsistent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934092","usgsCitation":"Wandle, S.W., and Randall, A.D., 1994, Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation (Revised May 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4092, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934092.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_93_4092.jpg"},{"id":394734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47810.htm"},{"id":9821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri93-4092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.5083,\n              41.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -70,\n              41.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -70,\n              45.3181\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5083,\n              45.3181\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5083,\n              41.3\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Revised May 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wandle, S. William Jr.","contributorId":99562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandle","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, Allan D. arandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Allan","email":"arandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29991,"text":"wri934146 - 1994 - Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T20:22:07.958157","indexId":"wri934146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4146","title":"Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a hydrogeologic study in the Piedmont physiographic province of South Carolina to obtain geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from the site of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina.  The geology of the study area is typical of the Piedmont region.  The unconsolidated regolith on the site is soil and saprolite, which is a product of the weathered parent rock.  The soil ranges in thickness from about 5 to 20 feet.  The saprolite ranges in thickness from about 5 to 134 feet.  The most abundant parent rock type in the area is a biotite gneiss.  Ground- and surface-water data were collected at the site.  Slug tests on the saprolite indicate a mean hydraulic conductivity of 3 x 0.000003 feet per second.  Transmissivity ranges from 12 to 27 cubic feet per day per feet (squared per day).  The ground-water velocity for the site ranges from 3 to 6 feet per year.  The closest major stream to the site is Golden Creek. Based on low-flow data for Golden Creek, the estimated minimum 7 consecutive day flow that has a recurrence interval of 10 years (7Q10) at station 02186102 is 2.4 cubic feet per second. Water samples were collected from five monitoring wells at the proposed landfill expansion site and from one stream adjacent to the expansion site. Measured pH units ranged from 5.5 to 8.1, and alkalinity concentrations ranged from 5.1 to 73 milligrams per liter as CaCO3.  Other water- quality data obtained included temperature and specific conductance, and 5-day BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), bicarbonate, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, organic carbon, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, and selected trace metal concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934146","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, W.J., 1994, Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4146, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934146.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414741,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47848.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58799,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4146/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Pickens County","city":"Easley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.6689,\n              34.8292\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6689,\n              34.8206\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6583,\n              34.8206\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6583,\n              34.8292\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6689,\n              34.8292\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, W. J.","contributorId":73236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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