{"pageNumber":"1666","pageRowStart":"41625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":70177040,"text":"70177040 - 1994 - Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:40:26","indexId":"70177040","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates","docAbstract":"<p><span>The herbicide Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> provides waterfowl managers with an effective chemical tool for creating open water habitats in wetlands if its use does not adversely affect native invertebrate communities. The survival of caged </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Chironomus</i><span> spp. (midge), </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Hyalella azteca</i><span> (amphipod),</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Stagnicola elodes</i><span> (pond snail), and </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Nephelopsis obscura</i><span> (leech) was assessed in prairie pothole wetlands treated by air with a tank mixture of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, the surfactant X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and the drift retardant Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> at a rate recommended for controlling cattails. Laboratory studies were then conducted to determine the acute toxicities of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span>, individually and in simulated tank mixtures, to the same invertebrates and to </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Daphnia magna</i><span> in reconstituted water representative of these wetlands. There was no difference in the survival of caged invertebrates between treated and reference wetlands after 21 days. Based on nominal concentrations of the formulations, X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span> (LC50s=2.0–14.1 mg/L) was about 83–136 times more toxic than Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> (LC50s=218–1216 mg/L) to aquatic invertebrates. Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> killed ≤10% of the animals at 10,000 mg/L and ≤50% of the animals at 28,000 mg/L. </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Daphnia magna</i><span> were more sensitive than the other species to X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and the simulated Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> tank mixture (RTM). The joint toxic action of the RTM was additive for amphipods and midges, greater than additive for leeches, and was less than additive for daphnids. X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span> was the major toxic component in the RTM. Binary mixtures of X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> at tank mixture and equitoxic ratios also showed additive toxicity to amphipods. The use of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> (applied as a tank mixture with X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span> and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span>) as a management tool in wetlands does not pose an acute hazard to native aquatic invertebrates because the concentrations of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> found to be acutely toxic to these invertebrates were much higher than their expected or measured concentrations in water from wetlands treated with the RTM.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00213176","usgsCitation":"Henry, C.J., Higgins, K.F., and Buhl, K., 1994, Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 392-399, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213176.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"392","endPage":"399","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, C. J.","contributorId":175437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, K. F.","contributorId":39713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, K.J.","contributorId":19728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70177036,"text":"70177036 - 1994 - A water-renewal system that accurately delivers small volumes of water to exposure chambers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:17:33","indexId":"70177036","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A water-renewal system that accurately delivers small volumes of water to exposure chambers","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper describes a system that can accurately deliver small volumes of water (50 ml per cycle) to eight 300-ml beakers. The system is inexpensive &lt;$100), easy to build (&lt;8 h), and easy to calibrate (&lt;15 min), and accurately delivers small volumes of water (&lt;5% variability).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620130813","usgsCitation":"Zumwalt, D.C., Dwyer, F., Greer, I., and Ingersoll, C., 1994, A water-renewal system that accurately delivers small volumes of water to exposure chambers: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 8, p. 1311-1314, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130813.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1311","endPage":"1314","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zumwalt, D. C.","contributorId":175431,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zumwalt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F.J.","contributorId":107818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greer, I.E.","contributorId":70182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greer","given":"I.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17847,"text":"ofr94339 - 1994 - Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr94339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-339","title":"Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has 82 active or complete-except-report projects of hydrologic investigations ongoing within the New England Program Area. Of this total, 23 are data projects. Data projects contain statistics and data on the conditions of surface water, ground water, water quality and (or) water use for the study area. There currently are six data projects in Connecticut, five in Maine, four in Massachusetts, four in Rhode Island, and four in New Hampshire and Vermont. The remaining 59 of these projects are interpretive projects. Interpretive projects include research, aerial appraisal, and other hydrologic studies and include projects as diverse as (1) determining the direction of ground-water flow at a toxic site, (2) predicting the effect of acid rain on water quality of a reservoir, and (3) estimating yields of aquifers on Cape Cod. Of the interpretive projects, 26 are in Massachusetts, 17 in Connecticut, 17 are in New Hampshire and Vermont, 6 are in Maine, and 3 in Rhode Island. The report is compiled from project descriptions for fiscal year 1993. It briefly describes the water-resources activities and projects that were active in each District of the USGS, Water Resources Division, New England Program Area of September 30, 1993. Cooperator or funding source, problem statements, objectives, approaches, progress, and plans for next year are described for each project. The project area is located on a map of the appropriate State(s). The report contains a bibliography, by District and by author, of reports completed since 1977.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94339","usgsCitation":"Orlando, M., 1994, Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-339, v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94339.","productDescription":"v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlando, M.F.","contributorId":57475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":55076,"text":"wdrWA931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T14:18:43.722798","indexId":"wdrWA931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WA-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1993 water year for Washington consist of records, of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels of wells. This report contains discharge records for 220 gaging stations; stage only records for 4 gaging stations; stage and (or) contents for 32 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 30 streamflow-gaging stations, and 7 ungaged streamsites; water levels for 5 observation wells; streamflow for 43 partial-record or miscellaneous streamflow stations, and 1 seepage investigation. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 4a, 4b, 5, 6a, and 6b. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Washington.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWA931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Miles, M., Wiggins, W., Ruppert, G., Smith, R.R., Reed, L., Hubbard, L., and Courts, M., 1994, Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WA-93-1, xxvii, 408 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWA931.","productDescription":"xxvii, 408 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492615,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wa-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wa-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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R.","contributorId":31699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reed, L.L.","contributorId":60308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hubbard, L.E.","contributorId":104945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Courts, M.L.","contributorId":93562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courts","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":17832,"text":"ofr93372 - 1994 - Water-quality data for the Ohio River from Willow Island Dam to Belleville Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, June-October 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:12","indexId":"ofr93372","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-372","title":"Water-quality data for the Ohio River from Willow Island Dam to Belleville Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, June-October 1991","docAbstract":"This report contains water-quality data for the Ohio River from river mile 160.6 (1.1 mi upstream from Willow Island Dam) to river mile 203.6 (0.3 mi upstream from Belleville Dam) during the summer of 1991. Water quality was determined by a combi- nation of synoptic field measurements and laboratory analyses. Synoptic sampling consisted of 8 cross-sectional transects and a longitudinal transect with 28 mid-channel stations. Each cross- sectional transect included five vertical profiles of water temperature, dissolved oxygen concen- tration, pH, and specific conductance. Longi- tudinal transect stations were sampled at three depths (near the surface, middle of the water column, and at or near the bottom) for the same characteristics. Sampling was completed in 3 days or less, and was repeated approximately every 2 weeks from June through October 1991. Beginning in August 1991, water samples were collected at selected locations and analyzed for chlorophyll-a and pheophytin concentrations, as measures of phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton-degradation products, respectively. The depth of light penetration was estimated at all pigment-sampling locations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93372","usgsCitation":"Chambers, D., Miller, K.F., Waldron, M., and Falkenburg, C., 1994, Water-quality data for the Ohio River from Willow Island Dam to Belleville Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, June-October 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-372, ii, 114 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93372.","productDescription":"ii, 114 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0372/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47070,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0372/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, D.B.","contributorId":76762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, K. F.","contributorId":87153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waldron, M.C.","contributorId":33342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falkenburg, C.W.","contributorId":80298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falkenburg","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26701,"text":"wri944033 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and aquifer test of the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer on the southwest part of the Zuni Indian Reservation, Cibola County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T22:40:44.271872","indexId":"wri944033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4033","title":"Hydrogeology and aquifer test of the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer on the southwest part of the Zuni Indian Reservation, Cibola County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"A large-yield aquifer test of the confined San Andres-Glorieta aquifer was conducted in 1988 to estimate aquifer properties and evaluate the potential effects of large-scale development on the aquifer by pumping from a cave-fracture system on the southwest part of the Zuni Indian Reservation.  The San Andres-Glorieta aquifer underlies the reservation and in much of the area is the only aquifer capable of yielding large volumes of water.  Two observation wells were drilled 1.2 and 2.7 miles from the pumped well. Water-level responses were recorded at distances from 179 feet to about 5 miles from the pumped well at these and other wells and at Rainbow Spring.  Water levels declined at all observation wells and Rainbow Spring in response to pumping for more than 10 days at about 2,580 gallons per minute.  Drawdown after 9 days varied from about 4 feet at the pumped well to about 0.2 foot at the most distant observation well and Rainbow Spring. If pumping continued at the average rate as the first 9 days of the test, 2,540 gallons per minute, and aquifer response remained constant, Rainbow Spring would have nearly 2 feet of drawdown after 30 years, and probably would be accompanied by a reduction in springflow of about 65 percent, to about 210 gallons per minute. Water quality remained generally unchanged throughout the aquifer test and is practically the same as that of samples collected at well ZS-1 in 1984 and Rainbow Spring in 1979.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944033","usgsCitation":"Crouch, T.M., 1994, Hydrogeology and aquifer test of the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer on the southwest part of the Zuni Indian Reservation, Cibola County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4033, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944033.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393891,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47939.htm"},{"id":55572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4033/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Cibola County","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas - Glorieta aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.975,\n              34.8667\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8656,\n              34.8667\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8656,\n              34.9261\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.975,\n              34.9261\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.975,\n              34.8667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crouch, T. M.","contributorId":106163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouch","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017766,"text":"70017766 - 1994 - Implementation and use of direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T00:03:00.091872","indexId":"70017766","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implementation and use of direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW finite-difference ground-water flow model has been coupled with three surface-water packages - the MODBRANCH, River, and Stream packages - to simulate surface water and its interaction with ground water. Prior to the development of the coupling packages, the only interaction between these modeling packages was that leakage values could be passed between MODFLOW and the three surface-water packages. To facilitate wider and more flexible uses of the models, a computer program was developed and added to MODFLOW to allow direct flows or stages to be passed between any of the packages and MODFLOW. The flows or stages calculated in one package can be set as boundary discharges or stages to be used in another package. Several modeling packages can be used in the same simulation depending upon the level of sophistication needed in the various reaches being modeled. This computer program is especially useful when any of the River, Stream, or MODBRANCH packages are used to model a river flowing directly into or out of wetlands in direct connection with the aquifer and represented in the model as an aquifer block. A field case study is shown to illustrate an application.","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00621.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., 1994, Implementation and use of direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 1, p. 139-144, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00621.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a390be4b0c8380cd617a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27420,"text":"wri934218 - 1994 - Water quality assessment of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems, central Arkansas, May 1989-October 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T19:56:30.478877","indexId":"wri934218","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4218","title":"Water quality assessment of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems, central Arkansas, May 1989-October 1992","docAbstract":"Water quality of the Maumelle and Winona water supply reservoir systems in central Arkansas, was assessed on the basis of the data collected from May 1989 through October 1992. Water quality relative to: (1) suitability for municipal water supply; (2) other streams and reservoirs within the region; and for the Maumelle reservoir, (3) the ecological trophic condition and sensity to change. The Maumelle reservoir covers 8,900 acres and is relatively shallow (maximum depth is 45 feet). The Winona reservoir covers 1,240 acres and has a maximum depth of 100 feet. \r\n\r\nThe tributary and reservoir water was analyzed for constituents regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Arkansas Department of Health. In many cases, the concentration of these constituents was at or below detection limits, which was well below the respective maximum contaminant levels used by the Arkansas Department of Health. Total iron and manganese concentrations often exceeded the maximum contaminant level, especially in the bottom of Maumelle. Turbidity levels also exceeded the maximum contaminant level, but this would be expected in the raw water. \r\n\r\nThe water quality of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems also compared favorably when measured against other regional streams and reservoirs. From these comparisons, it can be considered that the water quality of the major tributaries discharging into the respective reservoirs represents the baseline or pristine condition within the region. Likewise, the water quality of the reservoirs could be considered to represent the baseline condition; Maumelle for a shallow, impounded flood-plain reservoir, and Winona for a deep river valley reservoir.\r\n\r\nData from the Maumelle reservoir system were used to investigate trophic condition using empirical models developed from an 80 lake cross-sectional data set that examined, specified, and parameterized trophic state relations. Observed and predicted values generated from empirical trophic state models compared favorably. The Maumelle reservoir can be considered in a state of oligo-mesotrophic transition. If nutrient inputs can be maintained at current levels, the water quality of the Maumelle reservoir should remain relatively stable. However, increases in phosphorus load may alter the water quality from its present oligo-mesotrophic condition to that of a more eutrophic condition, and this trophic response may be amplified with increases in nitrogen loading.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934218","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 1994, Water quality assessment of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems, central Arkansas, May 1989-October 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4218, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934218.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","temporalStart":"1989-05-01","temporalEnd":"1992-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri93-4218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":410726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49257.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Maumelle and Winona Reservoir systems","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.4667,\n              34.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.0833,\n              34.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.0833,\n              34.7833\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.4667,\n              34.7833\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.4667,\n              34.9167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21056,"text":"ofr93421 - 1994 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; data on agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in water, 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr93421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-421","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; data on agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in water, 1988-90","docAbstract":"This report describes the sampling design and methods and presents data collected to determine the distribution of agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in selected areas of the upper Illinois River Basin as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. Four stations in small watersheds (two urban, two agricultural) were sampled in 1988 and 1989. Seventeen stations in an agricultural subbasin were sampled in 1990. Samples were collected before, during, and after runoff events from late spring to midsummer to determine concentrations of agricultural organic compounds in surface waters resulting from storm runoff, as well as background concentrations. Over 200 water samples were analyzed for agricultural organic compound, nutrient, and suspended-sediment concentrations. The agricultural organic compounds included triazine and chlorophenoxy-acid herbicides, and organo-phosphorus insecticides.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93421","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., and Terrio, P.J., 1994, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; data on agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in water, 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-421, iv, 61 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93421.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0421/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50646,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terrio, P. J.","contributorId":11645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrio","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54771,"text":"wdrND931 - 1994 - Water resources data, North Dakota, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-10T16:44:48.049987","indexId":"wdrND931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ND-93-1","title":"Water resources data, North Dakota, water year 1993","docAbstract":"<p>The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of North Dakota each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the U.S. Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - North Dakota.\"</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrND931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of North Dakota and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Harkness, R., Haffield, N., Berkas, W., and Norbeck, S., 1994, Water resources data, North Dakota, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ND-93-1, xv, 450 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrND931.","productDescription":"xv, 450 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science 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,{"id":70017976,"text":"70017976 - 1994 - Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T08:08:31","indexId":"70017976","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed","docAbstract":"We develop theoretically a description of a possible subglacial drainage mechanism for glaciers and ice sheets moving over saturated, deformable till. The model is based on the plausible assumption that flow of water in a thin film at the ice-till interface is unstable to the formation of a channelized drainage system, and is restricted to the case in which meltwater cannot escape through the till to an underlying aquifer. In describing the physics of such channelized drainage, we have generalized and extended Rothlisberger's model of channels cut into basal ice to include \"canals' cut into the till, paying particular attention to the role of sediment properties and the mechanics of sediment transport. We show that sediment-floored Rothlisberger (R) channels can exist for high effective pressures, and wide, shallow, ice-roofed canals cut into the till for low effective pressures. Canals should form a distributed, non-arborescent system, unlike R channels. Geologic evidence derived from land forms and deposits left by the Pleistocene ice sheets in North America and Europe is consistent with predictions of the model. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S0022143000003750","issn":"00221430","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Fowler, A., 1994, Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed: Journal of Glaciology, v. 40, no. 134, p. 3-15, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003750.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003750","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"134","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f460e4b0c8380cd4bcc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fowler, A.","contributorId":84522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21240,"text":"ofr9452 - 1994 - U.S. Geological Survey national computer technology meeting; program and abstracts, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 10-15, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T19:39:41.832221","indexId":"ofr9452","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-52","title":"U.S. Geological Survey national computer technology meeting; program and abstracts, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 10-15, 1994","docAbstract":"This report contains some of the abstracts of papers that were presented at the National Computer Technology Meeting that was held in April 1994. This meeting was sponsored by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, and was attended by more than 200 technical and managerial personnel representing all the Divisions of the U.S. Geological Survey. Computer-related information from all Divisions of the U.S. Geological Survey are discussed in this compilation of abstracts. Some of the topics addressed are data transfer, data-base management, hydrologic applications, national water information systems, and geographic information systems applications and techniques.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9452","usgsCitation":"Balthrop, B.H., and Baker, E., 1994, U.S. Geological Survey national computer technology meeting; program and abstracts, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 10-15, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-52, xvi, 61 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9452.","productDescription":"xvi, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1247,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr_94-52/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","city":"New Orleans","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balthrop, B. H. (compiler)","contributorId":92286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balthrop","given":"B.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, E.G.","contributorId":84382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27670,"text":"wri944004 - 1994 - Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:34:47","indexId":"wri944004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4004","title":"Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","docAbstract":"The effects of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges along downstream reaches in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County, Georgia, were studied during 1986-93 using the U.S. Geological Survey's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M). Short-term rainfall-runoff data were collected at selected stations in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County. The basins range in size from 0.10 to 0.37 square miles and contain from 15- to 35- percent impervious areas. Each basin contains from two to six flood-detention reservoirs. The DR3M was calibrated using short-term rainfall-runoff data collected (1986-92) at each station. The model then was used to simulate long-term (1898-1980) peak discharges for these stations for conditions representing various amounts of detention ranging from the existing condition with all flood-detention reservoirs in place to the natural condition with no reservoirs. Flood-frequency relations were developed from the simulated annual peak discharges for each of these conditions by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of each flood-detention reservoir on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges simulated with and without the flood-detention reservoirs. The cumulative effect of all flood-detention reservoirs in a basin on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges for a flood with a given recurrence interval simulated with and without the reservoirs. Results of these comparisons indicate that removal of an individual flood-detention reservoir during simulations changes peak discharges from - 1 to 24 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from - 1 to 27 percent for the 10-year recurrence interval, and from -2 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval. The cumulative effect of removing all of the reservoirs from each of the six basins during simulation increases peak discharges from 1 to 38 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from 1 to 37 percent for the l O-year recurrence interval, and from 3 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval.  In this study of six basins, several factors influenced the effect of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges downstream. The contributing drainage area, the maximum storage capacity, the outflow-structure capacity, and the elevation-to-storage relation of the flood-detention reservoir affected peak discharges in several basins. The location in the drainage basin and number of flood-detention reservoirs affected peak discharges in some basins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri944004","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Inman, E.J., 1994, Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4004, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944004.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56521,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Gwinnett 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G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inman, E. J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184357,"text":"70184357 - 1994 - Environmental variability facilitates coexistence within an alcid community at sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T14:45:57.872768","indexId":"70184357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental variability facilitates coexistence within an alcid community at sea","docAbstract":"<p>We examined coexistence at sea among 7 taxa of diving, wing-propelled seabirds (Alcidae) in the genera <i>Aethia</i>, <i>Uria</i>, <i>Cepphus</i>, and <i>Fratercula</i>. Species abundances were measured simultaneously with a suite of environmental factors in the northern Bering Sea, Alaska, USA; data from 260 adjacent and non-adjacent sites occupied by alcids foraging offshore near breeding colonies were then subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). We used PCA to group redundant environmental descriptors, to identify orthogonal axes for constructing a multi-dimensional niche, and to differentiate species associations within niche dimensions from species associations among niche dimensions. Decomposition of the correlation matrix for 22 environmental and 7 taxonomic variables with PCA gave 14 components (10 environmental and 4 species interactions) that retained 90% of the original available variance. Alcid abundances (all species) were most strongly correlated with axes representing tidal stage, a time-area interaction (due to sampling layout), water masses, and a temporal or intra-seasonal trend partially associated with weather changes. Axes representing tidal stage, 2 gradients in macro-habitat (Anadyr and Bering Shelf Water masses), the micro-habitat of the sea surface, and an air-sea interaction were most important for detecting differences among species within niche dimensions. Contrary to assumptions of competition, none of 4 compound variables describing primarily species-interactions gave strong evidence for negative associations between alcid taxa sharing similar body sizes and feeding requirements. This exploratory analysis supports the view that alcids may segregate along environmental gradients at sea. But in this community, segregation was unrelated to foraging distance from colonies, in part because foraging 'substrate' was highly variable in structure, location, and area1 extent. We contend that coexistence within this seabird group is facilitated via expanded niche dimensions created from a complex marine environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps103221","usgsCitation":"Haney, J.C., and Schauer, A.E., 1994, Environmental variability facilitates coexistence within an alcid community at sea: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 103, p. 221-237, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps103221.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"237","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.3354/meps103221","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, St. Lawrence Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -177.36328125,\n              62.02152819100765\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.609375,\n              62.02152819100765\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.609375,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -177.36328125,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -177.36328125,\n              62.02152819100765\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"103","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd519e4b014cc3a3ba643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haney, J. Christopher","contributorId":48043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schauer, Amy E.S.","contributorId":187647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schauer","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20028,"text":"ofr94322 - 1994 - Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Barrow, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr94322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-322","title":"Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Barrow, Alaska","docAbstract":"To assist the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in evaluating the potential effects of environmental contamination at their facility in Barrow, Alaska, a general assessment was made of the hydrologic system is the vicinity of the installation. The City of Barrow is located approximately 16 kilometers southwest of Point Barrow, the northernmost point in Alaska, and therefore lies within the region of continuous permafrost. Migration of surface or shallow- subsurface chemical releases in this environ- ment would be largely restricted by near-surface permafrost to surface water and the upper, suprapermafrost zone of the subsurface. In the arctic climate and tundra terrain of the Barrow area, this shallow environment has a limited capacity to attenuate the effects of either physical disturbances or chemical contamination and is therefore highly susceptible to degradation. Esatkuat Lagoon, the present drink- ing water supply for the City of Barrow, is located approximately 2 kilometers from the FAA facility. This lagoon is the only practical source of drinking water available to the City of Barrow because alternative sources of water in the area are (1) frozen throughout most of the year, (2) insufficient in volume, (3) of poor quality, or (4) too costly to develop and distribute.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94322","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., 1994, Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Barrow, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-322, iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94322.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0322/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49558,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0322/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a2da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5319,"text":"fs03295 - 1994 - United States Geological Survey, programs in New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"fs03295","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"032-95","title":"United States Geological Survey, programs in New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs03295","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, United States Geological Survey, programs in New York: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 032-95, [4] p. : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03295.","productDescription":"[4] p. : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/html/ny.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32018,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60f037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27708,"text":"wri934169 - 1994 - Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri934169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4169","title":"Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Flood hazards of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona, can be distinguished on the basis of morphological features. Five distributary-flow areas represent the range of flood-hazard degree in the study area. Descriptive factors, including the presence of desert varnish and the absence of saguaro cactus, are more useful than traditional hydraulic-based methods in defining hazards. The width, depth, and velocity exponents of the hydraulic-geometry relations at the primary diffluences of the sites are similar to theoretical exponents for streams with cohesive bank material and the average exponents of stream channels in other areas in the United States. Because of the unexplained scatter of the values of the exponent of channel width, however, the use of average hydraulic-geometry relations is con- sidered inappropriate for characterizing flood hazards for specific distributary-flow in Maricopa County. No evidence has been found that supports the use of stochastic modeling of flows or flood hazards of many distributary-flow areas. The surface of many distributary-flow areas is stable with many distributary channels eroded in the calcreted surface material. Many distributary- flow areas do not appear to be actively aggrading today, and the paths of flow are not changing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934169","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., 1994, Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4169, v, 56 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934169.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56554,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6839c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70135340,"text":"70135340 - 1994 - Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T08:59:56","indexId":"70135340","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2926,"text":"Ocean and Coastal Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California","docAbstract":"<p>The oceans have been and will continue to be disposal sites for a wide variety of waste products. Often these wastes are not dumped at the designated sites or transport occurs during or after dumping, and, subsequent attempts to monitor the effects the waste products have on the environment are inadequate because the actual location of the waste is not known. Acoustic mapping of the seafloor with sidescan sonar is a very effective technique for locating and monitoring dredge-spoil material and other debris. Sidescan sonar provides an acoustic image or sonograph of the sea floor that is similar to a satellite image of the Earth's land surface. In effect sidescan sonar allows the water column to be stripped from the sea floor, thereby providing a clear, unobstructed view of the sea bed.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>An example of the potential of this technique is summarized herein for the Gulf of the Farallones region. More than 47 800 drums (55 gallon) and other containers of low-level radioactive waste were dumped on the continental margin offshore the San Francisco Bay between 1946 and 1970. These drums now litter a large area (1200 km<sup>2</sup>) of the sea floor within the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (GFNMS). The exact location of the drums and the potential hazard the drums pose to the environment are unknown. To evaluate the risk, samples of the sediment, biota and water must be collected near and distant from the concentrations of barrels. To do this the exact location of the barrels must be known prior to sampling. The USGS, through a cooperative research agreement with GFNMS, used sidescan sonar to map two areas within the sanctuary. Total sea-floor coverage was obtained and computer-processed sonographic mosaics were constructed on board ship. Many small nongeologic targets were distributed throughout the survey areas that covered about 70 km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;on the shelf and 120 km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;on the slope. Analysis of the sidescan data suggests that the targets are 55-gallon drums. This interpretation was confirmed at one site with an underwater video and 35-mm camera system. Data were collected with both a 30-kHz and a 120-kHz sidescan system within a 15-km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;area on the shelf. We found that the barrels were more easily detected with the mid-range 30-kHz system than with the higher resolution 120-kHz system. Maps of barrel distribution derived from the sonographs are being used to design sampling schemes to evaluate the risk that the radioactivity may have on the biota and environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0964-5691(94)90032-9","usgsCitation":"Karl, H., Schwab, W.C., Wright, A.S., Drake, D.E., Chin, J., Danforth, W.W., and Ueber, E., 1994, Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California: Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 22, no. 3, p. 201-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(94)90032-9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"227","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of the Farallones","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.904052734375,\n              38.039438891821746\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.32702636718749,\n              37.883524980871336\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.958984375,\n              37.38325280195101\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40966796874999,\n              37.60117623656667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.607421875,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.904052734375,\n              38.039438891821746\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fc4e4b0ca8c43c36954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":55796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, A. St. C.","contributorId":71784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"St. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ueber, Edward","contributorId":102925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ueber","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6637,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":527073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":27519,"text":"wri934115 - 1994 - Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri934115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4115","title":"Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Six to seven percent of the population of Massachusetts obtains its water from domestic bedrock wells. Additional public, commercial, industrial, and domestic supplies from bedrock will be needed in the future. Information about the factors that are related to large well yields is needed. The factors associated with well yields were identified by use of statistical analysis of reported data from 4,218 bedrock wells.  The median reported yield of all bedrock wells was 7 gallons per minute, and the median depth was 170 feet. Wells in valleys and lowlands had the largest median yield--I0 gallons per minute. The median well yield on hilltops and slopes was 6 gallons per minute. In valleys and lowlands, significant increases in well yields corresponded to increasing thickness of overburden. On hilltops and slopes, only small increases in well yield corresponded to increases in overburden thickness. Increases in well diameter corresponded to significant increases in well yields for all well locations, depths, and use categories.  The common assumptions that fractured crystalline rocks generally yield only small quantities of water to wells and that the fractures that yield water to wells pinch out or are closed because of lithostatic pressure at depths greater than 300 to 400 feet may be in error. Analysis of well data indicates that the median yield of all bedrock wells decreased as well depth increased to 400 feet and increased slightly with well depths greater than 600 feet. The median yield of bedrock wells located in valleys and lowlands reached 50 gallons per minute at depths of 600 to 700 feet. The median yield of wells located on hilltops and slopes reached 15 gallons per minute at depths of 600 to 700 feet.  Carbonate bedrock, with a median well yield of 25 gallons per minute, seemed to be the most productive bedrock type. A reported yield of 1,700 gallons per minute from an industrial well completed in carbonate bedrock is the largest reported yield from a bedrock well in Massachusetts. Yield of wells in sedimentary rocks of the Connecticut Valley increased significantly at depths greater than 400 feet, indicating that this bedrock type may have some primary permeability. Commercial or industrial wells had a median yield of 30 gallons per minute. These wells appear to be preferentially sited, large in diameter, and deeper than average to maximize potential well yields.  The median reported bedrock well yield and depth have changed over time. The median yield of about 20 gallons per minute for 1920-40 decreased to 6 gallons per minute for 1970-80. Well depth increased from 128 feet for 1950- 60 to 250 feet for 1980-90. The period during which well depths began to increase coincides with a change in bedrock-well drilling methods from cable tool to air rotary with percussion.  Four methods of testing the yield of domestic bedrock wells were evaluated: air injection, evacuation and recovery, constant-discharge, and instantaneous discharge or recharge. A constant-discharge test best satisfied the criteria established to evaluate the testing methods.  Further data collection and evaluation are needed for the systematic characterization and appraisal of the bedrock aquifers of Massachusetts. Specific elements include (1) improved and expanded collection and storage of well data, (2) detailed hydrogeologic evaluations of apparent high yield bedrock areas, (3) an evaluation of the relation between the vertical distribution of hydraulic properties measured during well drilling to actual hydraulic properties, (4) an evaluation of the effect of well diameter on well yield, and (5) areal evaluations to characterize the quality of water in bedrock.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934115","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., and Simcox, A., 1994, Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4115, v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934115.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4115/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4783e4b07f02db483604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simcox, A.C.","contributorId":46134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simcox","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70135349,"text":"70135349 - 1994 - Antifouling leaching technique for optical lenses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:35:39","indexId":"70135349","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Antifouling leaching technique for optical lenses","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effectiveness of optical lenses deployed in water less than 100 m deep is significantly reduced by biofouling caused by the settlement of macrofauna, such as barnacles, hydroids, and tunicates. However, machineable porous plastic rings can be used to dispense antifoulant into the water in front of the lens to retard macrofaunal growth without obstructing the light path. Unlike coatings which can degrade the optical performance, antifouling rings do not interfere with the instrument optics. The authors have designed plastic, reusable cup-like antifouling rings to slip over the optical lenses of a transmissometer. These rings have been used for several deployments on shallow moorings in Massachusetts Bay, MA and have increased the time before fouling degrades optical characteristics</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS '94: 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation,' Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Oceans '94: Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation","conferenceDate":"September 13-16, 1994","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364133","usgsCitation":"Strahle, W.J., Perez, C.L., and Martini, M.A., 1994, Antifouling leaching technique for optical lenses, <i>in</i> OCEANS '94: 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation,' Proceedings, v. 2, September 13-16, 1994, p. 710-715, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364133.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"710","endPage":"715","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fc6e4b0ca8c43c36957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strahle, William J.","contributorId":55962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":527095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perez, C. L.","contributorId":127845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perez","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27651,"text":"wri924038 - 1994 - Local point sources that affect ground-water quality in the East Meadow area, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri924038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4038","title":"Local point sources that affect ground-water quality in the East Meadow area, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"The extent and chemical characteristics of ground water affected by three local point sources--a stormwater basin, uncovered road-salt-storage piles, and an abandoned sewage-treatment plant--were delineated during a 3-year study of the chemical characteristics and migration of a body of reclaimed wastewater that was applied to the watertable aquifer during recharge experiments from October 1982 through January 1984 in East Meadow. The timing, magnitude, and chemical quality of recharge from these point sources is highly variable, and all sources have the potential to skew determinations of the quality of ambient ground-water and of the reclaimed-wastewater plume if they are not taken into account.  Ground water affected by recharge from the stormwater basin is characterized by low concentrations of nitrate + nitrite (less than 5 mg/L [milligrams per liter] as N) and sulfate (less than 40 mg/L) and is almost entirely within the upper glacial aquifer. The plume derived from road-salt piles is narrow, has high concentrations of chloride (greater than 50 mg/L) and sodium (greater than 75 mg/L), and also is limited to the upper glacial aquifer. The sodium, in high concentrations, could react with aquifer material and exchange for sorbed cations such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Water affected by secondary-treated sewage from the abandoned treatment plant extends 152 feet below land surface into the upper part of the Magothy aquifer and longitudinally beyond the southern edge of the study area, 7,750 feet south of the recharge site. Ground water affected by secondary-treated sewage within the study area typically contains elevated concentrations of reactive chemical constituents, such as potassium and ammonium, and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Conservative or minimally reactive constituents such as chloride and sodium have been transported out of the study area in the upper glacial aquifer and the intermediate (transitional) zone but remain in the less permeable upper part of the Magothy aquifer.  Identification of the three point sources and delineation of their areas of influence improved definition of ambient ground-water quality and delineation of the reclaimed-wastewater plume.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924038","usgsCitation":"Heisig, P.M., 1994, Local point sources that affect ground-water quality in the East Meadow area, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4038, v, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924038.","productDescription":"v, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56508,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b219","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heisig, Paul M.","contributorId":95912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisig","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28782,"text":"wri934066 - 1994 - Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:56:53","indexId":"wri934066","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4066","title":"Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Historical scour data were collected by means of geophysical techniques and used to evaluate the scour-computation procedures recommended by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration and 12 other pub- lished pier-scour equations. Geophysical data were collected at 10 bridges in Indiana. For this evaluation it was assumed that the historical scour measured by use of geophysical techniques was associated with the peak historical discharge. The hydraulic conditions for the peak historical discharge were estimated by use of a model that computes water-surface profiles. For the evaluation, the results of the contraction and pier-scour equations were combined to determine a computed bed elevation, which was compared to the minimum historical bed elevation at the upstream end of the piers estimated from the geophysical data. None of the pier-scour equations accurately represented the historical scour at all of the study sites. On the basis of the limited data presented, the Federal Highway Administration procedures provided a combination of accuracy and safety, required by design equations, equal to or better than the other equations evaluated. The potential scour was com- puted according to the procedures recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. At two bridges, the procedures overpredicted historical scour by more than 10 feet, and at two other bridges, the proce- dure underpredicted historical scour by more than 5 ft therefore, the potential-scour computations need to be verified by additional data and sediment-transport modeling. Computed abutment scour appeared to be excessive at about half of the sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri934066","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transporation","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., Miller, R.L., and Wilson, J., 1994, Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4066, xiv, 109 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934066.","productDescription":"xiv, 109 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science 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,{"id":29216,"text":"wri944160 - 1994 - Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:32:24","indexId":"wri944160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4160","title":"Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Thick unsaturated zones in arid regions increasingly are being sought for the burial of radioactive and other hazardous wastes. Estimating percolation rates of water from precipitation at proposed burial sites is important for site assessment. Chloride profiles in unsaturated sediments are used to show differences and similarities in the rates of percolation at two sites in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada and southeastern California; the first is an existing burial site for low-level radioactive waste in the Amargosa Desert, and the second is a proposed waste-burial site in Ward Valley. The Mojave Desert is one of the most arid regions of the United States.</p><p>Chloride concentrations in pore water of unsaturated sediments peak between depths of 2 and 3 meters at both the Amargosa Desert and Ward Valley, sites; maximum chloride concentration is 9,000 milligrams per liter at the Amargosa Desert site and 15,000 milligrams per liter at the Ward Valley, site. Below a depth of 10 meters, however, chloride concentrations at the Amargosa Desert site decrease to less than 50 milligrams per liter, whereas concentrations at the Ward Valley site are greater than 2,300 milligrams per liter. Estimated age of water at a depth of 10 meters at both sites is between 16,000 and 33,000 years. Below a depth of 10 meters, estimated age of water in the sediments at the Ward Valley site is considerably older than at the Amargosa Desert site because of the greater chloride concentrations at the Ward Valley site.</p><p>The dilute chloride concentrations in the pore water below a depth of 10 meters at the Amargosa Desert site could indicate that the sediments were flushed with water in the past. The climate in the region was wetter and cooler from about 30,000 to 18,000 years ago. Perhaps increased precipitation or more frequent flooding of the Amargosa River resulted in deep percolation at the site. Downward percolation of water since that time seems limited to the upper 10 meters.</p><p>The downward percolation rate of water below a depth of 10 meters at the Amargosa Desert site, as estimated from chloride concentrations, is 0.2 centimeters per year; however, the rate is not representative of present conditions as measured water-potential and vapor-density, gradients indicate upward water flow. The rate may be representative of a period during the Pleistocene when the climate was wetter and cooler. Estimated percolation rates below a depth of 10 meters at the Ward Valley site are on the order of 3 to 5 centimeters per 1,000 years, also reflecting flow conditions during the Pleistocene.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/wri944160","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., 1994, Estimates of percolation rates and ages of water in unsaturated sediments at two Mojave Desert sites, California-Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4160, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944160.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4160/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4160/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa  Desert, Mojave Desert, Ward 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,{"id":27731,"text":"wri944019 - 1994 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:49:14.650832","indexId":"wri944019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4019","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","docAbstract":"Important rainfall-runoff characteristics for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area were determined to be overland flow, interception storage, interception losses, evaporation, and infiltration. Using these characteristics, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was configured for basins in the study area. The data network for the model calibration consisted of four continuous rainfall gages and three continuous streamflow gages. The model was calibrated, using observed data from three runoff events, by minimizing objective functions representing peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge from the beginning of simulation. The absolute mean percentage difference between the simulated and observed data for peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge are 9.47, 10.8, and 19.6 percent. A sensitivity analysis of SWMM parameters was performed on a simplified drainage basin. The output of runoff (volume, peak, and timing) in SWMM was determined to be most sensitive to subarea width, percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The volume of runoff was affected by percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The peak flow rate was affected by subcatchment width and percentage impervious area, whereas the time to peak was affected by subcatchment width. The model also was determined to be sensitive to the time step in the streamflow routing part.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944019","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and East, J.W., 1994, Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4019, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944019.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Rolla","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              37.80120519183451\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.61055977166683,\n              37.80120519183451\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.61055977166683,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, J. W.","contributorId":99186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28203,"text":"wri924191 - 1994 - Stream velocities and reaeration coefficients for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T18:28:54.376155","indexId":"wri924191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4191","title":"Stream velocities and reaeration coefficients for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon, 1991","docAbstract":"Dye-tracer and gas-tracer studies were done in July and September 1991 during low flows on four reaches of the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon. For a stream flow of 435 cubic feet per second at the Brockway streamflow monitoring site (14312000), the average stream velocity between Tiller and Myrtle Creek is estimated at 0.88 feet per second, and between Myrtle Creek and Roseburg is estimated at 0.64 feet per second. For a streamflow of 129 cubic feet per second at the Brockway site, the average stream velocity between Tiller and Myrtle Creek is estimated at 0.34 feet per second, and between Myrtle Creek and Roseburg is estimated at 0.23 feet per second. For a streamflow of 129 cubic feet per second at the Brockway site, the reaeration coefficients determined from gas-desorption data collected in the selected reaches for this study ranged from 1.03 to 8.35 per day. The reaeration coefficients determined for this study were approximately two times larger than values derived using a semiempirical formula and at least five times larger than the values derived using a conceptual formula. Average stream-reach velocity, depth, and slope data that were used to compute reaeration coefficients were collected during this study. Reaeration coefficient formulas developed for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg are presented in this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924191","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Woo, W.H., 1994, Stream velocities and reaeration coefficients for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4191, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924191.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57041,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4191/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390525,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47732.htm"},{"id":159570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4191/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Roseberg, Tiller","otherGeospatial":"Umpqua River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.6667,\n              42.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              42.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              43.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.6667,\n              43.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.6667,\n              42.8\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a50f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woo, W. H.","contributorId":75974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}