The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, computerized the available government agency data on the occurrence of pesticides and pesticide metabolites in Indiana ground water. Results of analyses of 725 samples were summarized for the period December 1985 through April 1991. The data had been collected during 6 statewide surveys and 15 localized studies by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Ground-water samples were collected from 521 sites in 81 of 92 Indiana counties, including 179 public-supply wells, 304 domestic-supply wells, 36 observation wells, and 2 springs; 41 percent of all sites were sampled more than once. Thirty wells were sampled in response to alleged groundwater contamination with pesticides.
\nOf 87 pesticides and 10 metabolites analyzed, 18 pesticides and 5 metabolites were detected in 51 samples of ground water from 22 domestic wells, 8 community-system wells, 5 observation wells, 4 non-community-system wells, and 2 springs. Detections associated with complaints of ground-water contamination from pesticide storage, handling, or application occurred at five domestic wells. Three-fourths of all the pesticide detections were in water from wells completed in unconsolidated materials to a depth of less than 100 feet, but well depths ranged from 12 to 260 feet.
\nThe highest frequency of occurrence was observed for the most commonly used herbicides alachlor, atrazine and two atrazine metabolites (de-ethylatrazine and de-isopropylatrazine); dicamba; 2,4-D; and metolachlor. Also reported in Indiana ground water were eight insecticides whose registration had been cancelled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency prior to their detection in Indiana EDB, DBCP, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor, and DOT.
\nMore than 1 pesticide was present in 16 of the 51 samples that had detections, for a total of 90 individual pesticide detections. Concentrations of the detected pesticides ranged from 0.04 to 49 micrograms per liter, and two-thirds of the detected concentrations were less than 1 microgram per liter. In about 29 percent of all detections, the concentration of 9 pesticides alachlor, aldrin, atrazine, dieldrin, EDB, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, simazine, and terbufos exceeded either the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level or adult lifetime Health Advisory.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr93133","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Risch, M., 1994, A summary of pesticides in ground-water data collected by government agencies in Indiana, December 1985 to April 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-133, v, 30 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93133.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. :maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0133/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50177,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a601b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risch, M.R.","contributorId":55032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risch","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21330,"text":"ofr94323 - 1994 - Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at King Salmon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:04","indexId":"ofr94323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-323","title":"Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at King Salmon, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Federal Aviation Administration is conducting preliminary environmental assessments at most of its present or former facilities in Alaska. Information about environmental conditions at King Salmon, Alaska are presented in this report. This report gives an overview of the geology, hydro- logy, and climate of the King Salmon area and describes general geohydrologic conditions. A thick alluvial aquifer underlies King Salmon and both ground water and surface water are plentiful in the area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94323","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., 1994, Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at King Salmon, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-323, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94323.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0323/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50889,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0323/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682f44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017401,"text":"70017401 - 1994 - Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:13:13.6461","indexId":"70017401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","docAbstract":"The effects of annual totals and seasonal variations of precipitation and potential evaporation on the annual water balance are explored. It is assumed that the only other factor of significance to annual water balance is a simple process of water storage, and that the relevant storage capacity is the plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil. Under the assumption that precipitation and potential evaporation vary sinusoidally through the year, it is possible to derive an analytic solution of the storage problem, and this yields an expression for the fraction of precipitation that evaporates (and the fraction that runs off) as a function of three dimensionless numbers: the ratio of annual potential evaporation to annual precipitation (index of dryness); an index of the seasonality of the difference between precipitation and potential evaporation; and the ratio of plant-available water-holding capacity to annual precipitation. The solution is applied to the area of the United States east of 105°W, using published information on precipitation, potential evaporation, and plant-available water-holding capacity as inputs, and using an independent analysis of observed river runoff for model evaluation. The model generates an areal mean annual runoff of only 187 mm, which is about 30% less than the observed runoff (263 mm). The discrepancy is suggestive of the importance of runoff-generating mechanisms neglected in the model. These include intraseasonal variability (storminess) of precipitation, spatial variability of storage capacity, and finite infiltration capacity of land.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance: Advances in Water Resources, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 19-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f658e4b0c8380cd4c6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54947,"text":"wdrPA933 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Ohio and St. Lawrence River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:38","indexId":"wdrPA933","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PA-93-3","title":"Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Ohio and St. Lawrence River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA933","usgsCitation":"Lescinsky, J., Coll, M., and Siwicki, R., 1994, Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Ohio and St. Lawrence River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PA-93-3, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPA933.","productDescription":"166 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lescinsky, J.B.","contributorId":83197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lescinsky","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coll, M.B.","contributorId":19629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coll","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siwicki, R.W.","contributorId":100060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siwicki","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017102,"text":"70017102 - 1994 - Cyclic variations of sulfur isotopes in Cambrian stratabound Ni-Mo-(PGE-Au) ores of southern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:22:13.368528","indexId":"70017102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cyclic variations of sulfur isotopes in Cambrian stratabound Ni-Mo-(PGE-Au) ores of southern China","docAbstract":"Cyclic variations of δ34S values over a range of at least 48‰ in pyrite nodules from stratabound Ni-Mo-PGE(Au) ores of southern China are attributed to biogenic reduction of seawater sulfate in an anoxic, phosphogenic, and metallogenic basin. Cyclic introduction and mixing of normal seawater into typically stagnant basin waters led to extreme variations in δ34S values of aqueous sulfide species present at different times. Intermittent venting of metal-laden hydrothermal fluids into such a bacteriogenic sulfide-rich environment resulted in precipitation of metal sulfides as pseudomorphous replacements of organic debris and as sulfide sediments that record large δ34SCDT variations from −26 to +22‰. Apatite and silica dominated the replacement of the organic debris when metals were not being introduced into the basin. The combination of abundant organic debris, localized topographic basins for accumulation of the debris, bacterial production of sulfide species, and introduction of metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids provided the environment necessary to form these unusually rich Ni-Mo ores.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90538-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Murowchick, J., Coveney, R., Grauch, R., Eldridge, C., and Shelton, K., 1994, Cyclic variations of sulfur isotopes in Cambrian stratabound Ni-Mo-(PGE-Au) ores of southern China: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 7, p. 1813-1823, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90538-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1813","endPage":"1823","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 101.9395653159471,\n 26.349745973361834\n ],\n [\n 103.02058252381812,\n 24.987171980208686\n ],\n [\n 104.21918020495417,\n 25.41703496410274\n ],\n [\n 104.58825370149282,\n 26.30707075479296\n ],\n [\n 106.82606320686381,\n 27.638894038327933\n ],\n [\n 108.87368497494418,\n 27.80356675537709\n ],\n [\n 111.87272767518067,\n 28.533115545920666\n ],\n [\n 113.54609969298667,\n 29.566060941817852\n ],\n [\n 116.4193324513335,\n 30.272459389645107\n ],\n [\n 119.32764343689018,\n 30.34660522228498\n ],\n [\n 122.13775198164063,\n 30.66551126311056\n ],\n [\n 122.11186195254174,\n 31.316762053628736\n ],\n [\n 121.788900963777,\n 32.10918096272846\n ],\n [\n 116.81309284402039,\n 32.43359661664478\n ],\n [\n 112.83555340169136,\n 32.438134296222174\n ],\n [\n 109.31600233705967,\n 31.751891826335623\n ],\n [\n 106.66650061898679,\n 30.340350101816682\n ],\n [\n 103.79370920160284,\n 28.79492337283301\n ],\n [\n 103.26253081404013,\n 28.071561453225783\n ],\n [\n 101.9395653159471,\n 26.349745973361834\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd26e4b0c8380cd4e670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murowchick, J.B.","contributorId":45058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murowchick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coveney, R.M. 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Intentional poisoning with parathion is reported to have killed more than 8000 red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in two separate instances (Stone et al. 1984). Use of parathion on wheat fields has resulted in the mortality of about 1600 Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and other waterfowl in one instance (White et al. 1982) and about 200 Canada geese in another (Flickinger et al. 1991). More than 200 laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) died near cotton fields treated with parathion (White et al. 1979). Secondary poisoning of raptors resulting from the consumption of prey exposed to parathion, has been reported experimentally and in the field. Stone et al. (1984) found two dead red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) and an American kestrel (Falco sparverius) that had fed on blackbirds killed by parathion. One of four American kestrels died after being fed cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) that had been exposed to 10ppm parathion for 96 hr (Fleming et al. 1982). The Mississippi kite (Ictinia mississippensis) is highly insectivorous (Brown and Amadon 1968) and is thus subject to secondary poisoning resulting from consumption of insects exposed to pesticides. I report here an instance of secondary parathion poisoning in wild Mississippi kites.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Raptor Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Franson, J., 1994, Parathion poisoning of Mississippi kites in Oklahoma: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 28, no. 2, p. 108-109.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -94.482421875,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -94.37255859375,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 33.50475906922606\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -96.08642578125,\n 33.669496972795535\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -97.18505859374999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -97.701416015625,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -98.20678710937499,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -98.59130859375,\n 34.03445260967645\n ],\n [\n -98.734130859375,\n 34.07996230865873\n ],\n [\n -99.31640625,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -99.33837890625,\n 34.31621838080741\n ],\n [\n -99.744873046875,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -99.99755859375,\n 34.53371242139564\n ],\n [\n -100.096435546875,\n 34.58799745550482\n ],\n [\n -100.096435546875,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -103.095703125,\n 36.474306755095206\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68920f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":2157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":314033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046627,"text":"ofr19940236 - 1994 - 1:250,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T14:33:33","indexId":"ofr19940236","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1994-0236","title":"1:250,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States","docAbstract":"The Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) was developed in the mid 70s to put into digital form a numberof data layers which were of interest to the USGS. One of these data layers was the Hydrologic Units. The map is based on the Hydrologic Unit Maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey Office of Water Data Coordination, together with the list descriptions and name of region, subregion, accounting units, and cataloging unit. The hydrologic units are encoded with an eight-digit number that indicates the hydrologic region (first two digits), hydrologic subregion (second two digits), accounting unit (third two digits), and cataloging unit (fourth two digits). The data produced by GIRAS was originally collected at a scale of 1:250K. Some areas, notably major cities in the west, were recompiled at a scale of 1:100K. In order to join the data together and use the data in a geographic information system (GIS) the data were processed in the ARC/INFO GUS software package. Within the GIS, the data were edgematched and the neatline boundaries between maps were removed to create a single data set for the conterminous\nUnited States. NOTE: A version of this data theme that is more throughly checked (though based on smaller-scale maps) is available here: http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?huc2m","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Service","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr19940236","usgsCitation":"Steeves, P., and Nebert, D., 1994, 1:250,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1994-0236, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr19940236.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273843,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/huc250k.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.90613546,22.8757219 ], [ -127.90613546,48.28250713 ], [ -65.32190735,48.28250713 ], [ -65.32190735,22.8757219 ], [ -127.90613546,22.8757219 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd491be4b0b290850eee4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steeves, Peter","contributorId":38049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeves","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nebert, Douglas","contributorId":60389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nebert","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017138,"text":"70017138 - 1994 - Indicators of sewage contamination in sediments beneath a deep-ocean dump site off New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T10:23:50","indexId":"70017138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indicators of sewage contamination in sediments beneath a deep-ocean dump site off New York","docAbstract":"The world's largest discharge of municipal sewage sludge to surface waters of the deep sea has caused measurable changes in the concentration of sludge indicators in sea-floor sediments, in a spatial pattern which agrees with the predictions of a recent sludge deposition model. Silver, linear alkylbenzenes, coprostanol, and spores of the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, in bottom sediments and in near-bottom suspended sediment, provide evidence for rapid settling of a portion of discharged solids, accumulation on the sea floor, and biological mixing beneath the water sediment interface. Biological effects include an increase in 1989 of two species of benthic polychaete worm not abundant at the dump site before sludge dumping began in 1986. These changes in benthic ecology are attributed to the increased deposition of utilizable food in the form of sludge-derived organic matter.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(94)90045-0","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Takada, H., Knight, I., Hill, R.T., Butman, B., Farrington, J., Colwell, R., and Grassle, J.F., 1994, Indicators of sewage contamination in sediments beneath a deep-ocean dump site off New York: Marine Environmental Research, v. 38, no. 1, p. 43-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(94)90045-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d85e4b08c986b31846c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takada, H.","contributorId":47094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takada","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knight, I.T.","contributorId":59960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"I.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, R. T.","contributorId":69990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farrington, J.W.","contributorId":89160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrington","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Colwell, R.R.","contributorId":44671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colwell","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Grassle, J. F.","contributorId":8621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grassle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":375530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1003488,"text":"1003488 - 1994 - Liquid-chromatographic determination of sarafloxacin residues in channel catfish muscle-tissue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-27T13:09:31.311629","indexId":"1003488","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2143,"text":"Journal of AOAC International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquid-chromatographic determination of sarafloxacin residues in channel catfish muscle-tissue","docAbstract":"A liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of sarafloxacin hydrochloride residues in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets. Sarafloxacin was extracted from fillet tissue with acetonitrile–water (1+1). The extract was centrifuged and the supernatant was partitioned with hexane. The aqueous fraction was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter and evaporated to dryness. The sample was redissolved with 20% acetonitrile–methanol (3 + 2) and 80% trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%), centrifuged, and filtered to remove proteins. Samples were analyzed by chromatography with gradient elution on a C18 column and with fluorescence detection (excitation at 280 nm and emission above 389 nm). Mean recoveries ranged from 85.4 to 104%, and relative standard deviations ranged from 1.06 to 5.58% in samples spiked at concentrations of 10.0–863.8 ng/g. The method detection limit for sarafloxacin was 1.4 ng/g.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jaoac/77.4.871","issn":"10603271","usgsCitation":"Meinertz, J., Dawson, V.K., Gingerich, W., Cheng, B., and Tubergen, M., 1994, Liquid-chromatographic determination of sarafloxacin residues in channel catfish muscle-tissue: Journal of AOAC International, v. 77, no. 4, p. 871-875, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.4.871.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"871","endPage":"875","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a483a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meinertz, J.R. 0000-0002-8855-2648","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8855-2648","contributorId":16786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meinertz","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":313374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gingerich, W.H.","contributorId":83481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cheng, B.","contributorId":37846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tubergen, M.M.","contributorId":88053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tubergen","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017650,"text":"70017650 - 1994 - Quaternary paleoceanography of the deep Arctic Ocean based on quantitative analysis of Ostracoda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T11:06:26.459162","indexId":"70017650","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary paleoceanography of the deep Arctic Ocean based on quantitative analysis of Ostracoda","docAbstract":"Ostracodes were studied from deep Arctic Ocean cores obtained during the Arctic 91 expedition of the Polarstern to the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov Basins, the Lomonosov Ridge, Morris Jesup Rise and Yermak Plateau, in order to investigate their distribution in Arctic Ocean deep water (AODW) and apply these data to paleoceanographic reconstruction of bottom water masses during the Quaternary. Analyses of coretop assemblages from Arctic 91 boxcores indicate the following: ostracodes are common at all depths between 1000 and 4500 m, and species distribution is strongly influenced by water mass characteristics and bathymetry; quantitative analyses comparing Eurasian and Canada Basin assemblages indicate that distinct assemblages inhabit regions east and west of the Lomonosov Ridge, a barrier especially important to species living in lower AODW; deep Eurasian Basin assemblages are more similar to those living in Greenland Sea deep water (GSDW) than those in Canada Basin deep water; two upper AODW assemblages were recognized throughout the Arctic Ocean, one living between 1000 and 1500 m, and the other, having high species diversity, at 1500–3000 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(94)90188-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Holtz, T., and Whatley, R., 1994, Quaternary paleoceanography of the deep Arctic Ocean based on quantitative analysis of Ostracoda: Marine Geology, v. 119, no. 3-4, p. 305-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90188-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"332","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a92d4e4b0c8380cd80a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holtz, T.R. Jr.","contributorId":23703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"T.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whatley, R.C.","contributorId":85211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whatley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19422,"text":"ofr9464 - 1994 - Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:20:20","indexId":"ofr9464","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-64","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9464","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Hollett, K., 1994, Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-64, 8 p. ;1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9464.","productDescription":"8 p. ;1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48896,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277756,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0064/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63617f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollett, K.J.","contributorId":23570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017045,"text":"70017045 - 1994 - Formation of regolith-collapse sinkholes in southern Illinois: Interpretation and identification of associated buried cavities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of regolith-collapse sinkholes in southern Illinois: Interpretation and identification of associated buried cavities","docAbstract":"Three regolith-collapse sinkholes formed near the Dongola Unit School and the Pentecostal Church in the southern Illinois village of Dongola (Union County) during the spring of 1993. The sinkholes appeared over a three-month period that coincided with development of a new municipal well. The new well was drilled through clay-rich, valley-fill sediment into karstified limestone bedrock. The piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer is above land surface, indicating the presence of an upward hydraulic gradient in the valley and that the valley fill is acting as a confining unit. Pumping during development of the well lowered the piezometric surface of the limestone aquifer to an elevation below the base of the valley fill. It is hypothesized that drainage of water from the sediments, the resulting loss of hydrostatic pressure and buoyant force in overlying sediments, increased intergranular pressure, and the initiation of groundwater flow toward the well resulted in rapid sediment transport, subsurface erosion, and collapse of the valley-fill sediment. The sinkholes follow an approximately east-west alignment, which is consistent with one of the two dominant alignments of passages of nearby joint-controlled caves. A constant electrode-separation resistivity survey of the school playground was conducted to locate areas that might contain incipient sinkholes. The survey revealed a positive resistivity anomaly trending N75E in the southern part of the study area. The anomaly is linear, between 5 and 10 m wide, and its trend either intersects or is immediately adjacent to the three sinkholes. The anomaly is interpreted to be a series of pumping-induced cavities in the valley-fill sediments that formed over a preexisting crevice in the karstified bedrock limestone. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00771791","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Panno, S., Wiebel, C., Heigold, P., and Reed, P., 1994, Formation of regolith-collapse sinkholes in southern Illinois: Interpretation and identification of associated buried cavities: Environmental Geology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 214-220, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00771791.","startPage":"214","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00771791"},{"id":224480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1356e4b0c8380cd54610","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiebel, C.P.","contributorId":104633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiebel","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heigold, P.C.","contributorId":26734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heigold","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, P.C.","contributorId":15770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017068,"text":"70017068 - 1994 - Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T11:26:53.155498","indexId":"70017068","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"The Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation, a thin (10 m) fractured dolomite aquifer, lies approximately 450 m above the repository horizon of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico, USA. Salinities of water in the Culebra range roughly from 10,000 to 200,000 mg/L within the WIPP site. A proposed model for the post-Pleistocene hydrochemical evolution of the Culebra tentatively identifies the major sources and sinks for many of the groundwater solutes. Reaction-path simulations with the PHRQPITZ code suggest that the Culebra dolomite is a partial chemical equilibrium system whose composition is controlled by an irreversible process (dissolution of evaporites) and equilibrium with gypsum and calcite. Net geochemical reactions along postulated modern flow paths, calculated with the NETPATH code, include dissolution of halite, carbonate and evaporite salts, and ion exchange. R-mode principal component analysis revealed correlations among the concentrations of Si, Mg, pH, Li, and B that are consistent with several clay-water reactions. The results of the geochemical calculations and mineralogical data are consistent with the following hydrochemical model:
A field study of surface water and groundwater interactions during baseflow and stormflow conditions was performed at the Reedy Creek watershed in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Three estimates of the average saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the unconfined aquifer were in reasonable agreement (ranging from 0.0033 to 0.010 cm/s), indicating that baseflow in the creek is entirely from the drainage of shallow groundwater from the relatively thin (1–6 m thick) unconfined aquifer. This relatively permeable surficial aquifer was found to be underlain by dark, olive grey, clay-silt and diatomaceous Miocene deposits of low permeability known as the Calvert Formation, which is believed to function as a confining bed in the area.
A chemical hydrograph separation technique was used to resolve the contributions of [old] (pre-event) and [new] (event) water to stormflow. Results from a major rainstorm indicated that old water dominated the stormflow response of the watershed, although the new water contribution approached 40% at the hydrograph peak. Stormflow at Reedy Creek appears to result from saturation overland flow from variable source areas which include the stream channels and a significant part of the riparian wetland area. This response appears to be attributable to the transient dynamics of the shallow groundwater flow system and to the formation of localized groundwater mounds which raise the water-table to the wetland surface.
The Ozark region of the U.S. midcontinent is host to a number of Mississippi Valley-type districts, including the world-class Viburnum Trend, Old Lead Belt, and Tri-State districts and the smaller Southeast Missouri barite, Northern Arkansas, and Central Missouri districts. There is increasing evidence that the Ozark Mississippi Valley-type districts formed locally within a large, interconnected hydrothermal system that also produced broad fringing areas of trace mineralization, extensive subtle hydrothermal alteration, broad thermal anomalies, and regional deposition of hydrothermal dolomite cement. The fluid drive was provided by gravity flow accompanying uplift of foreland thrust belts during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian Ouaehita orogeny.In this study, we use chemical speciation and reaction path calculations, based on quantitative chemical analyses of fluid inclusions, to constrain likely hydrothermal brine compositions and to determine which precipitation mechanisms are consistent with the hydrothermal mineral assemblages observed regionally and locally within each Mississippi Valley-type district in the Ozark region. Deposition of the regional hydrothermal dolomite cement with trace sulfides likely occurred in response to near-isothermal effervescence of CO 2 from basinal brines as they migrated to shallower crustal levels and lower confining pressures. In contrast, our calculations indicate that no one depositional process can reproduce the mineral assemblages and proportions of minerals observed in each Ozark ore district; rather, individual districts require specific depositional mechanisms that reflect the local host-rock composition, structural setting, and hydrology.Both the Northern Arkansas and Tri-State districts are localized by normal faults that likely allowed brines to rise from deeper Cambrian-Ordovician dolostone aquifers into shallower carbonate sequences dominated by limestones. In the Northern Arkansas district, jasperoid preferentially replaced limestones in the mixed dolostone-limestone sedimentary packages. Modeling results indicate that the ore and alteration assemblages in the Tri-State and Northern Arkansas districts resulted from the flow of initially dolomite-saturated brines into cooler limestones. Adjacent to fluid conduits where water/rock ratios were the highest, the limestone was replaced by dolomite. As the fluids moved outward into cooler limestone, jasperoid and sulfide replaced limestone. Isothermal boiling of the ore fluids may have produced open-space filling of hydrothermal dolomite with minor sulfides in breccia and fault zones. Local mixing of the regional brine with locally derived sulfur undoubtedly played a role in the development of sulfide-rich ore runs.Sulfide ores of the Central Missouri district are largely open-space filling of sphalerite plus minor galena in dolostone karst features localized along a broad anticline. Hydrothermal solution collapse during ore deposition was a minor process, indicating dolomite was slightly undersaturated during ore deposition. No silicification and only minor hydrothermal dolomite is present in the ore deposits. The reaction path that best explains the features of the Central Missouri sulfide deposits is the near-isothermal mixing of two dolomite-saturated fluids with different H 2 S and metal contents. Paleokarst features may have allowed the regional brine to rise stratigraphically and mix with locally derived, H 2 S-rich fluids. The Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores are galena rich with lesser amounts of sphalerite; they replace the most permeable dolostone facies in the Bonneterre Dolomite. Hydrothermal dissolution of host dolostone was concurrent with sulfide deposition, but dolomite deposition occurred episodically between periods of sulfide deposition. The important ore controls in these districts are a variety of sedimentary and geologic features that allowed cross-stratigraphic fluid flow and provided opportunities for fluid mixing. The reaction path which best reproduces the broad features of the Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores is one in which a dolomite-saturated, lead-rich, zinc- and H 2 S-poor brine mixes with a less saline, H 2 S-rich fluid. The brine became enriched in K, Mg, and Pb and depleted in H 2 S as it flowed through sandstone and redbed aquifers prior to entering the district. This mixing model is consistent with the abundant fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for fluid mixing in the districts. Small amounts of cooling associated with the mixing may have contributed to sulfide deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E., and Viets, J., 1994, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1361-1383, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1361","endPage":"1383","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.17169017092607,\n 39.06166617237287\n ],\n [\n -98.17169017092607,\n 31.661702492806285\n ],\n [\n -85.2462291629069,\n 31.661702492806285\n ],\n [\n -85.2462291629069,\n 39.06166617237287\n ],\n [\n -98.17169017092607,\n 39.06166617237287\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f593e4b0c8380cd4c2c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017463,"text":"70017463 - 1994 - Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T12:11:38.160115","indexId":"70017463","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the geology and geohydrology of the Chernobyl' nuclear accident site, Ukraine","docAbstract":"The most higly contaminated surface areas from cesium-137 fallout from the April 1986 accident at the Chernobyl' nuclear power station in Ukraine occur within the 30-km radius evacuation zone set up around the station, and an 80-km lobe extending to the west-southwest. Lower levels of contamination extend 300 km to the west of the power station. The deposition of this radioactive dust on the surface and the subsequent entombment of the damaged reactor effectively result in the de facto establishment of an above-ground nuclear waste storage site. This site is located on a thick sedimentary sequence of loose, mostly clastic deposits, with a shallow (generally 3-5 m) water table. The geology, the presence of surface water, a shallow water table, and leaky aquifers at depth make this an unfavorable environment for the long-term containment and storage of the radioactive debris. An understanding of the general geology and hydrology of the area is important to assess the environmental impact of this unintended waste storage site, and to evaluate the potential for radionuclide migration through the soil and rock and into subsurface aquifers and nearby rivers.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX932","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S., McPherson, E.M., Gibbons, W., Hinds, B., and Andrews, F., 1994, Water resources data Texas, water year 1993, volume 2. San Jacinto River basin, Brazos River basin, San Bernard River basin, and intervening coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report TX-93-2, xii, 381 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrTX932.","productDescription":"xii, 381 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381599,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/tx-93-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/tx-93-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 34.06176136129718\n ],\n [\n -102.667236328125,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -101.84326171875,\n 33.4955977448657\n ],\n [\n -101.1181640625,\n 33.073130945006625\n ],\n [\n -100.118408203125,\n 32.602361666817515\n ],\n [\n -98.96484375,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -97.767333984375,\n 30.968189296794247\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 29.707139348134145\n ],\n [\n -96.21826171874999,\n 29.219302076779456\n ],\n [\n -95.95458984375,\n 28.545925723233477\n ],\n [\n -95.526123046875,\n 28.70986084394286\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -94.757080078125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -94.85595703125,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -95.03173828125,\n 29.983486718474694\n ],\n [\n -95.614013671875,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -96.35009765625,\n 31.5504526754715\n ],\n [\n -97.086181640625,\n 32.045332838858506\n ],\n [\n -98.06396484375,\n 32.861132322810946\n ],\n [\n -99.2724609375,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -100.72265625,\n 34.243594729697406\n ],\n [\n -101.458740234375,\n 34.615126683462194\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandara, S. C.","contributorId":81116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandara","given":"S. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPherson, E. M.","contributorId":100068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibbons, W.","contributorId":96764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbons","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinds, B.A.","contributorId":78011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinds","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andrews, F.L.","contributorId":44944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017076,"text":"70017076 - 1994 - Geology of the Chinese nuclear test site near Lop Nor, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:35:25.389795","indexId":"70017076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Chinese nuclear test site near Lop Nor, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","docAbstract":"The Chinese underground nuclear test site in the Kuruktag and Kyzyltag mountains of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of northwest China, is the location of sixteen underground tests that occurred between 1969 and 1992. The largest test to date, conducted on 21 May 1992, had a reported yield of about one megaton. Geophysical properties of the rocks and a large-scale geologic map of part of the test area were published by the Chinese in 1986 and 1987 and are the first site-specific data available for this test site. In areas of low relief, underground nuclear testing has occurred below the water table, in shafts drilled vertically into dense, low porosity Paleozoic granitic and metasedimentary rocks. Additional testing in areas of more rugged terrain has occurred in horizontal tunnels, probably above the water table. At least one of these tunnels was driven into granite. The upper 50 m of the rock in the area of the vertical tests is weathered and fractured; these conditions have been shown to influence the magnitude of the disturbance of the land surface after a nuclear explosion. These descriptions suggest hard rock coupling at depth and a closer resemblance to the former Soviet test site in eastern Kazakhstan than to the U.S. test site in Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(94)90002-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Matzko, J., 1994, Geology of the Chinese nuclear test site near Lop Nor, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China: Engineering Geology, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 173-181, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90002-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"181","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a254be4b0c8380cd587ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matzko, J.R.","contributorId":56653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzko","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017641,"text":"70017641 - 1994 - A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:03:11.828965","indexId":"70017641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","docAbstract":"As the need to share spatial data increases, more than agreement on a common format is needed to ensure that the data is meaningful to both the importer and the exporter. Effective data transfer also requires common definitions of spatial features. To achieve this, part 2 of the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) provides a model for a spatial features data content specification and a glossary of features and attributes that fit this model. The model provides a foundation for standardizing spatial features. The glossary now contains only a limited subset of hydrographic and topographic features. For it to be useful, terms and definitions must be included for other categories, such as base cartographic, bathymetric, cadastral, cultural and demographic, geodetic, geologic, ground transportation, international boundaries, soils, vegetation, water, and wetlands, and the set of hydrographic and topographic features must be expanded. This paper will review the philosophy of the SDTS part 2 and the current plans for creating a national spatial features register as one mechanism for maintaining part 2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602836","usgsCitation":"Cascio, J., 1994, A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 155-158, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602836.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947be4b08c986b31aafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cascio, Janette","contributorId":81265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cascio","given":"Janette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29269,"text":"wri924182 - 1994 - Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri924182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4182","title":"Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Groundwater resources in southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas were studied to determine their potential for development as an alternative to the Mississippi River as a water-supply source for Jefferson Parish. Eight major aquifers consisting of thick sand units that underlie the study area are, in descending order: (1) shallow, (2) upper Ponchatoula, (3) lower Ponchatoula, (4) Abita, (5) Covington, (6) Tchefuncta, (7) Hammond, and (8) Amite. A fault zone, referred to as the Baton Rouge fault, crosses southern Tangipahoa Parish. Analyses of geophysical logs indicated that the deep aquifers south of the fault zone had been displaced from 350 to 400 feet, and that the deeper aquifers were not in hydraulic connection with the flow system north of the fault. The groundwater resources of southeastern Louisiana are immense and the quality of groundwater in Tangipahoa Parish is suitable for most uses. The quality of water in these aquifers generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's standards for public supply. The hydrologic system underlying Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas in 1990 supplied about 19 Mgal/d of water that was suitable for public supply. However, substantial increases in pumping from the aquifer system would result in renewed water-level declines throughout the hydrologic system until a new equilibrium is established. A test we11 in southern Tangipahoa Parish, penetrated all eight aquifers. Total thickness of freshwater sand beds penetrated by the 3003-ft test hole was more than 1900 ft. Resistivity values from an electric log of the test typically averaged 200 ohm-meters, which indicates that the water has low dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations. An analysis of the Abita aquifer at Ruddock in St. John the Baptist Parish, for two of three hypothetical well fields, indicated that for a hypothetical we11 field with a pumping rate of 112 Mgal/d, the freshwater/saltwater interface could arrive at the outer perimeter we11 in 10 to 14 years. The 1990 location of the interface in the Abita aquifer is 1.9 mi from the southernmost part of the potential location of the 112 Mgal/d well field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924182","usgsCitation":"Rapp, T., 1994, Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4182, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924182.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58121,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, T.R.","contributorId":51784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17595,"text":"ofr94125 - 1994 - Quality of ground water in Harrison County, Mississippi, June - July 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-125","title":"Quality of ground water in Harrison County, Mississippi, June - July 1993","docAbstract":"During June and July 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey analyzed water from 145 wells in Harrison County, southeastern Mississippi. The wells are completed in five major geologic units: the Citronelle, Graham Ferry, Pascagoula, and Hattiesburg Formations and the Catahoula Sandstone. The wells ranged from 74 to 2,410 feet in depth. Specific conductance (lab) ranged from 15 to 2,020 microsiemens per centimeter; pH (lab), from 5.9 to 9.0; color, from less than 5 to 120 platinum-cobalt units; dissolved-solids concentrations (residue on evaporation), from 20 to 1,120 milligrams per liter; chloride concentrations, from 1.9 to 470 milligrams per liter; and nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations, from less than 0.02 to 0.85 milligram per liter. Most of the larger values of specific conductance, pH, dissolved-solids concen- trations, and chloride concentrations were from wells in the southern one-half of the county.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94125","usgsCitation":"Slack, L.J., Oakley, W.T., O'Hara, C., and Cooper, L.M., 1994, Quality of ground water in Harrison County, Mississippi, June - July 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-125, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94125.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654c0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, L. J.","contributorId":44157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakley, W. T.","contributorId":76331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Hara, C. G.","contributorId":53824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Hara","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, L. M.","contributorId":75529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}