{"pageNumber":"1669","pageRowStart":"41700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":70018024,"text":"70018024 - 1994 - Design of Manning's-roughness-coefficient study in New York State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70018024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Design of Manning's-roughness-coefficient study in New York State","docAbstract":"Field-collected hydraulic data can be used to compute roughness coefficients for channels with different hydraulic characteristics. Suggested criteria for the design of a roughness-coefficient study include: (1) location of the study reach close to an established streamflow-monitoring site with a stable high-flow stage-to-discharge relation; (2) uniform hydraulic conditions within, and upstream and downstream from, the study reach; (3) selection of at least three cross sections within the study reach that reflect the average size and shape of the channel; (4) use of peak-stage recorders at each cross section to record the maximum elevation of the water surface for a given high flow; (5) measurement of streambed particle sizes and computation of characteristic diameters, such as d50 and d84; (6) record of major flow-retarding factors (obstructions, vegetation, or frequent changes in channel size or shape) within the study reach that could cause additional energy losses beyond those resulting from the bed and bank materials alone; (7) documentation of channel conditions with photographs; (8) computation of the n value through a computer program developed for this purpose; and (9) analysis of the data from each site to determine trends and changes in the n value with flow depth and to identify discrepancies in the computed n values resulting from measurement error or violations of the assumptions on which the computational method is based.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 1994, Design of Manning's-roughness-coefficient study in New York State, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 677-681.","startPage":"677","endPage":"681","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff3be4b0c8380cd4f0b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, William F. 0000-0002-7007-7797 wcoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-7797","contributorId":1765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"William","email":"wcoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017607,"text":"70017607 - 1994 - Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T00:04:53.837608","indexId":"70017607","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A conceptual model of the ground-water flow and recharge to the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer (MVA), east-central Illinois, was developed using major ion chemistry and isotope geochemistry. The MVA is a “basal” fill in the east-west trending buried bedrock valley composed of clean, permeable sand and gravel to thicknesses of up to 61 m. It is covered by a thick sequence of glacial till containing thinner bodies of interbedded sand and gravel. Ground water from the MVA was found to be characterized by clearly defined geochemical regions with three distinct ground-water types. A fourth ground-water type was found at the confluence of the MVA and the Mackinaw Bedrock Valley Aquifer (MAK) to the west.</p><p>Ground water in the Onarga Valley, a northeastern tributary of the MVA, is of two types, a mixed cation-SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>type and a mixed cation-HCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>type. The ground water is enriched in Na<sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>which appears to be the result of an upward hydraulic gradient and interaction of deeper ground water with oxidized pyritic coals and shale. We suggest that recharge to the Onarga Valley and overlying aquifers is 100% from bedrock (leakage) and lateral flow from the MVA to the south.</p><p>The central MVA (south of the Onarga Valley) is composed of relatively dilute ground water of a mixed cation-HC0<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>type, with low total dissolved solids, and very low concentrations of Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>. Stratigraphie relationships of overlying aquifers and ground-water chemistry of these and the MVA suggest recharge to this region of the MVA (predominantly in Champaign County) is relatively rapid and primarily from the surface.</p><p>Midway along the westerly flow path of the MVA (western MVA), ground water is a mixed cation-HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>type with relatively high Cl<sup>-</sup>, where Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>increases abruptly by one to two orders of magnitude. Data suggest that the increase in Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is the result of leakage of saline ground water from bedrock into the MVA. Mass-balance calculations indicate that approximately 9.5% of recharge in this area is from bedrock. Concentrations of Na<sup>+</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, As, and TDS also increase in the western MVA.</p><p>Ground water in the MAK is of a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>type. Mass-balance calculations, using Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>as a natural, conservative tracer, indicate that approximately 17% of the ground water flowing from the confluence area is derived from the MVA.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Assocation","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00895.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Panno, S., Hackley, K.C., Cartwright, K., and Liu, C., 1994, Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 4, p. 591-604, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00895.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"604","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228712,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3334e4b0c8380cd5ee03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Chao-Li","contributorId":42361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Chao-Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017954,"text":"70017954 - 1994 - Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","docAbstract":"In Texas, a computer program has been developed which will estimate flood quantiles for an ungaged site based on data from gaging stations with similar watershed characteristics. The user enters site location and watershed characteristics for an ungaged site and the program selects, from a data base of gaging stations, a subset of stations to be used in the regression analysis. The subset of stations are selected based on the similarity of their basin characteristics to the ungaged site's basin characteristics. This approach offers several advantages over the usual regional regression approach. For example, the estimation data includes only stations whose size, topography, and climate are similar to the ungaged site. Therefore, predictions tend to be made near the center of the space of the explanatory variables, and extrapolation errors are reduced. In addition, any violation of the assumption of linearity for the regression is less likely to cause problems. A new regression equation is developed for each prediction site, thus numerous calculations are necessary. However, today's desktop computers can make the calculations easily. A split sampling study is used to compare this technique with the more conventional regional regression approach.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems","conferenceDate":"23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400202","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Slade, R., 1994, Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and, Denver, CO, USA, 23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994, p. 782-785.","startPage":"782","endPage":"785","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce1e4b0c8380cd6310b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M.","contributorId":23242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017601,"text":"70017601 - 1994 - A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T00:03:38.493693","indexId":"70017601","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Many types of landslide movement are induced by large rainstorms, and empirical rainfall intensity/duration thresholds for initiating movement have been determined for various parts of the world. In this paper, I present a simple pressure diffusion model that provides a physically based hydrologic link between rainfall intensity/duration at the ground surface and destabilizing pore-water pressures at depth. The model approximates rainfall infiltration as a sinusoidally varying flux over time and uses physical parameters that can be determined independently. If destabilizing pore pressures can be estimated, then the model enables the development of a stability criterion defining destabilizing rainfall intensity/duration conditions. Using a comprehensive data set from an intensively monitored landslide, I demonstrate that the model is capable of distinguishing movement-inducing rainstorms.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629714","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., 1994, A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall: Journal of Geology, v. 102, no. 6, p. 709-717, https://doi.org/10.1086/629714.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e0e4b0c8380cd469c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016744,"text":"70016744 - 1994 - The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of fernandinite and corvusite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016744","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of fernandinite and corvusite","docAbstract":"Using type material of fernandinite from Minasragra, Peru, and corvusite from the Jack Claim, La Sal Mountains, Utah, the properties and crystal chemistry of these minerals have been determined by Rietveld analysis of the powder X-ray-diffraction patterns. The crystal structure of both species is isotypic with the V2O5 -type layer first found for ??-Ag0.68V2O5; it consists of chains of VO6 octahedra linked by opposite corners (parallel to b) condensed by edge-sharing to form the layer. The vanadium has average valence 4.8, and the resulting layer-charge is balanced by varying amounts of Ca, Na, and K in the interlayer region accompanied by labile water. This study has confirmed the validity of fernandinite as a unique mineral species. It is closely related to corvusite, from which it is distinguished on the basis of the dominant interlayer cation: Ca for fernandinite, Na for curvusite. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Post, J., Ross, D., and Nelen, J., 1994, The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of fernandinite and corvusite: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 32, no. 2, p. 339-351.","startPage":"339","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa73e4b08c986b32283d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, J.E.","contributorId":75389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, D.R.","contributorId":87696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelen, J.A.","contributorId":96821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelen","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017778,"text":"70017778 - 1994 - Roughness coefficients for high-gradient channels in New York State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017778","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Roughness coefficients for high-gradient channels in New York State","docAbstract":"Manning's roughness coefficients (n values) were computed for a range of flows at six streams in New York State (USA) that have high energy gradients (greater than 0.002) and large median bed-particle sizes (between 0.14 and 0.36 meters). The coefficients, which ranged from 0.034 to 0.061 for bankfull flows, were computed from discharges, channel geometry, and water-surface profiles measured at each of the sites. An inverse relation between the n values and flow depth (or hydraulic radius) was evident at five sites. The roughness coefficient decreases rapidly with increasing depth and approaches an asymptotic value as bankfull flow is approached. At individual sites, the slope (water-surface slope and energy gradient) generally increases with increasing flow depth and is inversely related to the n value. Among the sites, however, the roughness coefficient and slope show a direct relation. The near-bankfull n values on channels with slopes between 0.008 and 0.014 were generally in the range of 0.05 to 0.06, whereas those on channels with lower slopes, between 0.004 and 0.005, were in the 0.03-to-0.04 range. Streambank vegetation has a measurable effect on the computed n values at two of the sites. Dense vegetation on one side of the medium-flow channel on Beaver Kill at Cooks Falls interrupts the decreasing trend in the roughness coefficient as the water level rises and produces higher-than-expected n values up to the point of vegetation submergence. The effects of streambank vegetation at Tremper Kill near Andes change seasonally; the n-value increases by as much as 0.012 from nongrowing to growing seasons. The effect of the vegetation decreases with increasing flow depth as a result of the decrease in energy losses as the vegetation becomes submerged and bends with the flow. Roughness coefficients, which were computed around 1950 for three of the study sites, are reasonably close to those computed in this study.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 1994, Roughness coefficients for high-gradient channels in New York State, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 722-726.","startPage":"722","endPage":"726","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaea5e4b0c8380cd8714e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, William F. 0000-0002-7007-7797 wcoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-7797","contributorId":1765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"William","email":"wcoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017355,"text":"70017355 - 1994 - Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:15:33.028058","indexId":"70017355","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra","docAbstract":"<p><span>Absorption features at 2.28 and 5.4 μm identified in Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and terrestrial telescopic spectra are consistent with the spectra of hydrous magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite and artinite. Spectral characteristics of these hydrous carbonates are different from those of the anhydrous carbonates, as the former do not have the strong spectral features typically associated with anhydrous carbonates such as calcite and siderite. Theoretical mixing indicates that, depending on the type of hydrous carbonate, 10–20 wt % can be incorporated into the regolith without contradicting the spectral observations or the Viking x ray fluorescence chemical analysis. Hydrous carbonates form as weathering products of mafic minerals in the presence of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O and CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, even in the Antarctic. Their formation as evaporite minerals from either original magmas or hydrothermally altered rocks is consistent with the Martian environment, provided liquid water is or has been at least transiently present. On Earth, formation of hydrous Mg carbonates is associated with the production of amorphous iron oxides, which is consistent with both the environment and the inferred surface mineralogy of Mars. These minerals are about 60 wt % H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, CO</span><sub>3</sub><span>, and OH; if they are abundant everywhere at the 10% level, then about 6% of the surface weight could be volatiles bound in this type of mineral. Although the stability of hydrous carbonates in a Martian environment is uncertain, there may be kinetic factors inhibiting the dehydration of these minerals, which may persist metastably in the current environment. Although the spectroscopic evidence for anhydrous carbonates is scant, the possible presence of hydrous carbonates provides an appealing mechanism for the existence of carbonates on Mars.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JE01090","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., King, T.V., and Clark, R.N., 1994, Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. E7, p. 14659-14675, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JE01090.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"14659","endPage":"14675","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"99","issue":"E7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b1e4b0c8380cd61098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017365,"text":"70017365 - 1994 - Environmental geology of the Summitville mine, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:07:29.393784","indexId":"70017365","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental geology of the Summitville mine, Colorado","docAbstract":"Although altered and mineralized rocks at Summitville mine in Colorado contain minimal amount of sulfide minerals, acid mine problems existed primarily because of the pervasive alteration of the surrounding rocks, through hydrothermal process, to highly siliceous and argillized rocks that are incapable of buffering acidic waters during weathering. The problems are compounded by the continued exposure of altered and mineralized rocks in open pit, heap leach pad and waste piles to oxygenated waters. Inadequate subsurface structural control and underground mine workings also greatly affect water quality and the location of acid mine drainage output. It is expected that with these initial results, geological studies on constrained acid-generation from ore and altered rocks will be pursued.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.2006","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Coolbaugh, M., Plumlee, G.S., and Atkinson, W., 1994, Environmental geology of the Summitville mine, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 2006-2014, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.2006.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2006","endPage":"2014","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09cae4b0c8380cd5207e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, John E. jgray@usgs.gov","contributorId":1275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coolbaugh, Mark F.","contributorId":102640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coolbaugh","given":"Mark F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkinson, William W.","contributorId":28755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"William W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017401,"text":"70017401 - 1994 - Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:13:13.6461","indexId":"70017401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effects of annual totals and seasonal variations of precipitation and potential evaporation on the annual water balance are explored. It is assumed that the only other factor of significance to annual water balance is a simple process of water storage, and that the relevant storage capacity is the plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil. Under the assumption that precipitation and potential evaporation vary sinusoidally through the year, it is possible to derive an analytic solution of the storage problem, and this yields an expression for the fraction of precipitation that evaporates (and the fraction that runs off) as a function of three dimensionless numbers: the ratio of annual potential evaporation to annual precipitation (index of dryness); an index of the seasonality of the difference between precipitation and potential evaporation; and the ratio of plant-available water-holding capacity to annual precipitation. The solution is applied to the area of the United States east of 105°W, using published information on precipitation, potential evaporation, and plant-available water-holding capacity as inputs, and using an independent analysis of observed river runoff for model evaluation. The model generates an areal mean annual runoff of only 187 mm, which is about 30% less than the observed runoff (263 mm). The discrepancy is suggestive of the importance of runoff-generating mechanisms neglected in the model. These include intraseasonal variability (storminess) of precipitation, spatial variability of storage capacity, and finite infiltration capacity of land.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance: Advances in Water Resources, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 19-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f658e4b0c8380cd4c6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017400,"text":"70017400 - 1994 - Recent applications of acoustic Doppler current profilers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017400","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recent applications of acoustic Doppler current profilers","docAbstract":"A Broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler (BB-ADCP) is a new instrument being used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to measure stream discharge and velocities, and bathymetry. During the 1993 Mississippi River flood, more than 160 high-flow BB-ADCP measurements were made by the USGS at eight locations between Quincy and Cairo, Ill., from July 19 to August 20, 1993. A maximum discharge of 31,400 m3/s was measured at St. Louis, Mo., on August 2, 1993. A BB-ADCP also has been used to measure leakage through three control structures near Chicago, Ill. These measurements are unusual in that the average velocity for the measured section was as low as 0.03 m/s. BB-ADCP's are also used in support of studies of scour at bridges. During the recent Mississippi River flood, BB-ADCP's were used to measure water velocities and bathymetry upstream from, next to, and downstream from bridge piers at several bridges over the Mississippi River. Bathymetry data were collected by merging location data from Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, laser tracking systems, and depths measured by the BB-ADCP. These techniques for collecting bathymetry data were used for documenting the channel formation downstream from the Miller City levee break and scour near two bridges on the Mississippi River.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400369","usgsCitation":"Oberg, K.A., and Mueller, D.S., 1994, Recent applications of acoustic Doppler current profilers, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 341-350.","startPage":"341","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95e6e4b0c8380cd81cde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oberg, K. A.","contributorId":67553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberg","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017399,"text":"70017399 - 1994 - Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:51:56","indexId":"70017399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"The preferential dealkylation pathways of the s-triazine herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and two monodealkylated triazine metabolites, deisopropylatrazine (DIA: 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine) and deethylatrazine (DEA: 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were investigated on two adjacent Eudora silt-loam plots growing corn (Zea mays L.). Results from the shallow unsaturated zone and surface-water runoff showed preferential removal of an ethyl side chain from atrazine, simazine, and DIA relative to an isopropyl side chain from atrazine, propazine, and DEA. It is hypothesized that deethylation reactions may proceed at 2-3 times the rate of deisopropylation reactions. It is concluded that small concentrations of DIA reportedly associated with the degradation of atrazine may be due to a rapid turnover rate of the metabolite in the unsaturated zone, not to small production levels. Because of continued dealkylation of both monodealkylated metabolites, a strong argument is advanced for the presence of a didealkylated metabolite in the unsaturated zone.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00053a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Michael, T.E., 1994, Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 600-605, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00053a011.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"605","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265836,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00053a011"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a821be4b0c8380cd7b8ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, Thurman E.","contributorId":86116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Thurman","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016707,"text":"70016707 - 1994 - Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T06:42:44","indexId":"70016707","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers","docAbstract":"Measurement of water and short intervals of time are coeval events that began about 6000 BC in Mesopotamia. Even though time and hydrology have been intimately entwined, with time terms in the denominator of many hydrologic parameters, hydrology's a priori claim to time has not been consummated. Moreover, time takes on a greater importance now than in the past as the focus shifts to small site-scale aquifers whose sustainability can be physically and chemically threatened. One of the challenges for research in hydrogeology is to establish time scales for hydrologic phenomena such as infiltration rates, groundwater flow rates, rates of organic and inorganic reactions, and rates of groundwater withdrawal over the short term, and the long term and to understand the consequences of these various time scales. Credible monitoring programs must consider not only the spatial scale, but also the time scale of the phenomena being monitored.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Water down under 1994 conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Water Down Under 1994 Conference","conferenceDate":"November 21-25, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Adelaide, Austtralia","language":"English","publisher":"Institution of Engineers, Australia","publisherLocation":"Crows Nest, NSW","issn":"03136922","usgsCitation":"Back, W., 1994, Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Water down under 1994 conference, v. 1, no. 94 /10, Adelaide, Austtralia, November 21-25, 1994, p. 331-335.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"331","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"94 /10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3691e4b0c8380cd60806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017381,"text":"70017381 - 1994 - Relationship between the Porco, Bolivia, Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit and the Porco Caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:16:53.266697","indexId":"70017381","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between the Porco, Bolivia, Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit and the Porco Caldera","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Porco Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit, a major Ag producer in the 16th century and currently the major Zn producer in Bolivia, consists of a swarm of fissure-filling veins in the newly recognized Porco caldera. The caldera measures 5 km north-south by 3 km east-west and formed in response to the eruption of the 12 Ma crystal-rich dacitic Porco Tuff. Well-defined topographic walls of the caldera are cut in Ordovician and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The mineralization is associated with, and is probably genetically related to, the 8.6 Ma Huayna Porco stock (elev 4,528 m); the deposit is part of a system of radial dikes, metal zonation, and alteration mineral patterns centered on the stock. The outflow Porco Tuff to the north underlies the 6 to 9 Ma ash-flow tuffs of the Los Frailes volcanic field.The Porco deposit consists of steeply dipping irregular and curvilinear veins that cut the intracaldera Porco Tuff about 1 km east of the Huayna Porco stock. Major veins are generally less than a meter wide and as much as 2 km long. Most of the veins, especially the most productive ones, together with a small stock, dike, and breccia pipe, are aligned along the structural margin (ring fracture) of the caldera. The ore deposit is zoned around the Huayna Porco stock--cassiterite is generally close to the stock, and base metals, mostly as sphalerite and galena, are farther away, along the ring fracture veins. The primary Ag minerals, chiefly pyragyrite, acanthite, and stephanite, are most abundant in the upper parts of the veins.Fluid inclusions in sphalerite stalactites have homogenization temperatures of about 225 degrees C and salinities of about 8 wt percent NaCl equiv. The stalactites and the presence of sparse vapor-rich inclusions suggest deposition of sphalerite under boiling conditions. Modeling the depth of formation below the water table indicates that the present ground surface is close to the surface that existed at the time of mineralization.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1833","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Aparicio N., H., Murillo S., F., Jimenez, N.C., Lizeca B., J.L., McKee, E.H., Ericksen, G., and Tavera V., F., 1994, Relationship between the Porco, Bolivia, Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit and the Porco Caldera: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1833-1841, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1833.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1833","endPage":"1841","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a762e4b0e8fec6cdc42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Charles G.","contributorId":85940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aparicio N., Hugo","contributorId":69410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aparicio N.","given":"Hugo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murillo S., Fernando","contributorId":32398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murillo S.","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jimenez, Nestor C.","contributorId":86221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jimenez","given":"Nestor","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lizeca B., J. L.","contributorId":107560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizeca B.","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":891351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tavera V., Franz","contributorId":61293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tavera V.","given":"Franz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70017056,"text":"70017056 - 1994 - Simulating effects of highway embankments on estuarine circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T14:53:35.314099","indexId":"70017056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating effects of highway embankments on estuarine circulation","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two‐dimensional, depth‐averaged, finite‐difference, numerical model was used to simulate tidal circulation and mass transport in the Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, estuarine system. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the utility of the Surface‐Water, Integrated, Flow and Transport model (SWIFT2D) for evaluating changes in circulation patterns and mass transport caused by highway‐crossing embankments. A model of a subregion of Port Royal Sound including the highway crossings and having a grid size of 61 m (200 ft) was derived from a 183‐m (600‐ft) model of the entire Port Royal Sound estuarine system. The 183‐m model was used to compute boundary‐value data for the 61‐m submodel, which was then used to simulate flow conditions with and without the highway embankments in place. The numerical simulations show that, with the highway embankments in place, mass transport between the Broad River and Battery Creek is reduced and mass transport between the Beaufort River and Battery Creek is increased. The net result is that mass transport into and out of upper Battery Creek is reduced. The presence of the embankments also alters circulation patterns within Battery Creek.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1994)120:2(199)","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., Schaffranek, R.W., and Baltzer, R.A., 1994, Simulating effects of highway embankments on estuarine circulation: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 120, no. 2, p. 199-218, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1994)120:2(199).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fd0e4b08c986b319153","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltzer, Robert A.","contributorId":34269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017765,"text":"70017765 - 1994 - Factors affecting accuracy of slope-area discharge determination of the September 1992 flood in Raven Fork, Western North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T10:13:54","indexId":"70017765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Factors affecting accuracy of slope-area discharge determination of the September 1992 flood in Raven Fork, Western North Carolina","docAbstract":"For the flood of September 10, 1992, in Raven Fork, Swain County, North Carolina, a peak discharge of 460 cubic meters per second was computed by using the slope-area method. Accuracy of this determination depends on suitability of the selected reach and, in particular, selection of Manning's roughness coefficients, interpretation of the high-water marks, number and placement of cross sections, presence of large expansions or contractions, state-of-flow transitions, and magnitude of the change in water-surface elevation. Some of these factors can contribute to greater uncertainties for measurements in steep mountain streams than for measurements in streams with flatter gradients.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Eddins, W.H., and Zembrzuski, T.J., 1994, Factors affecting accuracy of slope-area discharge determination of the September 1992 flood in Raven Fork, Western North Carolina, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 645-649.","startPage":"645","endPage":"649","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Swain County","city":"Raven Fork","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e9ae4b0c8380cd5352c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eddins, W. Harold","contributorId":90056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddins","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zembrzuski, Thomas J. Jr.","contributorId":37371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zembrzuski","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017640,"text":"70017640 - 1994 - Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:52:53","indexId":"70017640","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah","docAbstract":"Salinity increases in water in some parts of the Navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah have been documented previously. The purpose of this paper is to use bromide, iodide, and chloride concentrations and del oxygen-18 and deuterium values in water from the study area to determine if oil-field brines (OFB) could be the source of increased salinity. Mixing-model results indicate that the bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 weight ratio characteristic of OFB in and outside the study area could not be causing the bromide depletion with increasing salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Mixing-model results indicate that a mixture of one percent OFB with 99 percent Navajo aquifer water would more than double the bromide-to-chloride weight ratio, instead of the observed decrease in the weight ratio with increasing chloride concentration. The trend of the mixing line representing the isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer does not indicate OFB as the source of isotopically enriched water; however, the simulated isotopic composition of injection water could be a salinity source. The lighter isotopic composition of OFB samples from the Aneth, Ratherford, White Mesa Unit, and McElmo Creek injection sites relative to the Ismay site is a result of continued recycling of injection water mixed with various proportions of isotopically lighter make-up water from the alluvial aquifer along the San Juan River. A mixing model using the isotopic composition of the simulated injection water suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer are composed of 36 to 75 percent of the simulated injection water. However, chloride concentrations predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to 13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concentrations in isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer, indicating that injection water is not the source of increased salinity. Geochemical data consistently show that OFB and associated injection water from the Greater Aneth Oil Field are not the source of salinity increases in the Navajo aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Spangler, L., 1994, Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1119-1135, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x.","startPage":"1119","endPage":"1135","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267683,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x"},{"id":228571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafece4b0c8380cd87849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017631,"text":"70017631 - 1994 - Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T22:12:00.971144","indexId":"70017631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Ice diamict comprising clasts of glacier ice and subordinate rock debris in a matrix of ice (snow) grains, coarse ash, and frozen pore water was deposited during the eruption of Redoubt Volcano on December 15, 1989. Rounded clasts of glacier ice and snowpack are as large as 2.5 m, clasts of Redoubt andesite and basement crystalline rocks reach 1 m, and tabular clasts of entrained snowpack are as long as 10 m.</p><p>Ice diamict was deposited on both the north and south volcano flanks. On Redoubt's north flank along the east side of Drift piedmont glacier and outwash valley, ice diamict accumulated as at least 3 units, each 1–5 m thick. Two ice-diamict layers underlie a pumice-lithic fall tephra that accumulated on December 15 from 10:15 to 11:45 AST. A third ice diamict overlies the pumiceous tephra. Some of the ice diamicts have a basal ‘ice-sandstone’ layer. The north side icy flows reached as far as 14 km laterally over an altitude drop of 2.3 km and covered an area of about 5.7 km<sup>2</sup>. On Crescent Glacier on the south volcano flank, a composite ice diamict is locally as thick as 20 m. It travelled 4.3 km over an altitude drop of 1.7 km, covering about 1 km<sup>2</sup>. The much higher mobility of the northside flows was influenced by their much higher water contents than the southside flow(s).</p><p>Erupting hot juvenile andesite triggered and turbulently mixed with snow avalanches at snow-covered glacier heads. These flows rapidly entrained more snow, firn, and ice blocks from the crevassed glacier. On the north flank, a trailing watery phase of each ice-diamict flow swept over and terraced the new icy deposits. The last (and perhaps each) flood reworked valley-floor snowpack and swept 35 km downvalley to the sea. Ice diamict did not form during eruptions after December 15 despite intervening snowfalls. These later pyroclastic flows swept mainly over glacier ice rather than snowpack and generated laharic floods rather than snowflows.</p><p>Similar flows of mixed ice grains and pyroclastic debris resulted from the November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano and from eruptions of snowclad Mount St. Helens in 1982–1984. Such deposits at snowclad volcanoes are initially broad and geomorphically distinct, but they soon become extensively reworked and hard to recognize in the geologic record.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90045-0","usgsCitation":"Waitt, R., Gardner, C.A., Pierson, T., Major, J., and Neal, C., 1994, Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 409-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90045-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.6103973388672,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.6103973388672,\n              60.575500068060016\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.575500068060016\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd03e4b08c986b328e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, C. A.","contributorId":75916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierson, T.C. 0000-0001-9002-4273","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":41855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017625,"text":"70017625 - 1994 - Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:53:42","indexId":"70017625","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change","docAbstract":"The sensitivity of streamflow to climate change was investigated in the American, Carson, and Truckee River Basins, California and Nevada. Nine gaging stations were used to represent streamflow in the basins. Annual models were developed by regressing 1961-1991 streamflow data on temperature and precipitation. Climate-change scenarios were used as inputs to the models to determine streamflow sensitivities. Climate-change scenarios were generated from historical time series by modifying mean temperatures by a range of +4??C to -4??C and total precipitation by a range of +25 percent to -25 percent. Results show that streamflow on the warmer, lower west side of the Sierra Nevada generally is more sensitive to temperature and percipitation changes than is streamflow on the colder, higher east side. A 2??C rise in temperature and a 25-percent decrease in precipitation results in streamflow decreases of 56 percent on the American River and 25 percent on the Carson River. A 2??C decline in temperature and a 25-percent increase in precipitation results in streamflow increases of 102 percent on the American River and 22 percent on the Carson River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Duell, L., 1994, Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5, p. 841-859, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x.","startPage":"841","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267684,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x"},{"id":228336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d33e4b08c986b3182cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54906,"text":"wdrOK931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T17:10:32.663106","indexId":"wdrOK931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OK-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>Volumes 1 and 2 of the water resources data for the 1993 water year for Oklahoma consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes or reservoirs; and water levels of ground-water wells. This report contains discharge records for 135 gaging stations; stage and contents for 30 lakes or reservoirs; water quality for 58 gaging stations; 23 partial-record or miscellaneous streamflow stations and 28 ground-water sites. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge and water-quality sites. Volume 3 contains statewide miscellaneous water-quality data. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Oklahoma.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma and with other agencies","doi":"10.3133/wdrOK931","usgsCitation":"Blazs, R., Walters, D., Coffey, T., White, D., Boyle, D., and Kerestes, J., 1994, Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OK-93-1, xxvi, 526 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOK931.","productDescription":"xxvi, 526 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ok-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":497338,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ok-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blazs, R.L.","contributorId":27067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazs","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, D.M.","contributorId":41507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coffey, T.E.","contributorId":51368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffey","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, D.K.","contributorId":30279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boyle, D.L.","contributorId":55505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kerestes, J.F.","contributorId":19219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerestes","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70016986,"text":"70016986 - 1994 - Rewetting approximation for a simulator of flow in a surficial aquifer overlain by seasonally inundated wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T11:06:25.815236","indexId":"70016986","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rewetting approximation for a simulator of flow in a surficial aquifer overlain by seasonally inundated wetlands","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>An approximation is presented to rectify situations occurring as part of the three-dimensional simulation of surficial aquifer flows in which surface grid cells become dry (zero saturated thickness) and then cannot readily receive flows that would again partially saturate them. The approximation permits the cells to be rewetted by adjusting dry cell pressures by the same amount as the pressure change computed for the uppermost nondry cells in the vertical column. This is continued in successive timesteps until the dry cells once again become partially or fully saturated.</p><p>The rewetting procedure was tested in a recent transient simulation of flows in the surficial Biscayne aquifer of Dade County, Florida, which is partly covered by seasonally inundated wetlands. The uppermost layer of the model (layer 1) was used to represent overland sheetflow and grid cells of high equivalent hydraulic conductivity in this layer became dry and were rewetted seasonally, requiring a relatively robust representation of rewetting. The rewetting procedure made possible a simulation of overland sheetflow stages and aquifer water-table altitudes between 1945 and 1989 that was generally correct to within about 1 foot in inundated and noninundated regions.</p><p>In a 6-year time period (1962–67) in which the behavior of the rewetting procedure was studied in detail, there were 4,723 simulated cell rewettings, of which 3,172 were in the overland sheetflow layer and 1,551 were in the uppermost aquifer layer (layer 2). The average head adjustment in a cell rewetting was 0.10 foot in layer 1 and 0.15 foot in layer 2. This study demonstrates an empirical approach to the problem of cell rewetting that might prove useful in other models of flow in surficial aquifers.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00643.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1994, Rewetting approximation for a simulator of flow in a surficial aquifer overlain by seasonally inundated wetlands: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 2, p. 286-292, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00643.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"286","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad2fe4b0c8380cd86e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, Michael L.","contributorId":29392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017124,"text":"70017124 - 1994 - Hydrogeologic analysis of the saturated-zone ground-water system, under Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T11:07:47.726839","indexId":"70017124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic analysis of the saturated-zone ground-water system, under Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The configuration of the southward-sloping water table under Yucca Mountain is dominated by an abrupt decline of 300 m over a distance of less than 2 km. This northeast-striking zone of large hydraulic gradient (of 0.15 or more) separates an area of moderate gradient (of about 0.015) to the north from an area of very small gradient (0.0001) to the south. The position of the large gradient does not correlate well with any evident geologic feature in the upper 0.5 km of the mountain, but we suggest that buried geologic features are present that can explain all the geohydrologic observations.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The three areas of differing hydraulic gradient under Yucca Mountain are parts of hydrogeologic domains that extend more than 70 km to the northeast. On a regional basis, the moderate and very small gradients generally correspond to areas underlain by exceptionally thick Tertiary volcanic sections and a highly transmissive Paleozoic carbonate aquifer, respectively. The regional large gradient and water-table decline are spatially associated with a contact in the Paleozoic rocks between clastic rocks and carbonates. This contact marks a large abrupt drop in the effective base of the hydrologic system because it is the upgradient boundary of the deep carbonate aquifer, which has a thickness of 5 km.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">An aeromagnetic high follows the regional-scale domain of large gradient under northern Yucca Mountain from outcrops of a magnetite-bearing clastic confining unit to the east, indicating that the regional correlation of the steep water-table decline with the upgradient boundary of the deep carbonate aquifer may extend to Yucca Mountain. Five additional features may be related to an explanation for the large hydraulic gradient: (1) anomalously low heat flow has been measured deep in the volcanic section south of the water-table decline, suggesting underflow of cool water in the deep carbonate aquifer; (2) the lower tuff sequence, of 0.5–1 km in thickness, which underlies most of Yucca Mountain, is largely replaced in the volcanic section by lavas in the area of the large gradient; (3) an analysis of the hydrogeology of the tuff section under Yucca Mountain indicates that transmissivity in the tuffs increases to the south; (4) a northeast-trending gravity low is present immediately south of the water-table decline; (5) units in the lower part of the volcanic section are 50–100% thicker in the area of the gravity low than to the north and south. The abrupt stratigraphic thickening into the area of the gravity low indicates that the low represents a buried graben with its northern bounding fault centered beneath the abrupt water-table decline.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">These geologic features of the zone of large gradient under Yucca Mountain suggest two possible hydrogeologic models. First, the northern bounding fault of the buried graben may provide a highly permeable pathway (a drain) through the brittle lavas in the lower part of the volcanic section under northern Yucca Mountain. The drain would allow flow from the tuff aquifer north of the decline to be captured by the deep carbonate aquifer, resulting in the heat-flow low, the abrupt water-table decline, and the transition to a very small hydraulic gradient. Alternatively, the northern bounding fault of the buried graben may be the effective northern limit of the tuff aquifer under Yucca Mountain because the permeability in the tuffs north of the fault may have been diminished by hydrothermal alteration. In this second model, the large gradient marks the point where the small southward flow of water through the altered volcanic rocks to the north abruptly drops into the tuff aquifer.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">In either case, heads in the tuff aquifer in the area of very small gradient may be regulated partly by upward flow from the deep carbonate aquifer. This upward flow under southern Yucca Mountain is indicated by linear thermal highs along fault zones, by ground-water isotopic data suggesting inmixing of waters from the deep carbonate aquifer into the tuff aquifer, and by the upward hydraulic gradient found in a drill hole that penetrates the deep carbonate aquifer under southern Yucca Mountain.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90215-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Fridrich, C.J., Dudley, W., and Stuckless, J., 1994, Hydrogeologic analysis of the saturated-zone ground-water system, under Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Journal of Hydrology, v. 154, no. 1-4, p. 133-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90215-1.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3372e4b0c8380cd5efee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fridrich, C. J.","contributorId":15652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, W.W. Jr.","contributorId":11769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"W.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017448,"text":"70017448 - 1994 - Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:52:00.858458","indexId":"70017448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ionic tracers lithium, sodium, chloride and bromide were used to measure flow loss in a small stream (≈︁ 10 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). An injectate containing all four tracers was added continuously at five sites along a 507 m study reach of St Kevin Gulch, Lake County, Colorado to determine which sections of the stream were losing water to the stream bed and to ascertain how well the four tracers performed. The acidity of the stream (pH 3.6) made it possible for lithium and sodium, which are normally adsorbed by ion exchange with stream bed sediment, to be used as conservative tracers. Net flow losses as low as 0.8 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, or 8% of flow, were calculated between measuring sites. By comparing the results of simultaneous injection it was determined whether subsections of the study reach were influent or effluent. Evaluation of tracer concentrations along 116 m of stream indicated that all four tracers behaved conservatively. Discharges measured by Parshall flumes were 4–18% greater than discharges measured by tracer dilution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080206","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zellweger, G.W., 1994, Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 2, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake  County","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bee4b08c986b320c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017122,"text":"70017122 - 1994 - Seawater as the source of minor elements in black shales, phosphorites and other sedimentary rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T18:40:08","indexId":"70017122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seawater as the source of minor elements in black shales, phosphorites and other sedimentary rocks","docAbstract":"Many of the minor elements in seawater today have a concentration-depth profile similar to that of the biologically essential nutrients, NO-3 and PO3-4. They show a relative depletion in the photic zone and enrichment in the deep ocean. The difference between their surface- and deep-ocean values, normalized to the change in PO3-4, approaches the average of measured minor-element: P ratios in marine plankton, although individual analyses of the latter show extreme scatter for a variety of reasons. Despite this scatter in the minor-element analyses of plankton, agreement between the two sets of data shows unequivocally that an important marine flux of many minor elements through the ocean is in the form of biogenic matter, with a composition approaching that of plankton. This interpretation is further supported by sediment studies, particularly of sediments which accumulate in shelf-slope environments where biological productivity in the photic zone is exceptionally high and organic carbon contents of the underlying sediment elevated. The interelement relations observed for some of these sediments approach the average values of plankton. These same interelement relations are observed in many marine sedimentary rocks such as metalliferous black shales and phosphorites, rocks which have a high content of marine fractions (e.g., organic matter, apatite, biogenic silica and carbonates). Many previous studies of the geochemistry of these rocks have concluded that local hydrothermal activity, and/or seawater with an elemental content different from that of the modern ocean, was required to account for their minor-element contents. However, the similarity in several of the minor-element ratios in many of these formations to minor-element ratios in modern plankton demonstrates that these sedimentary rocks accumulated in environments whose marine chemistry was virtually identical to that seen on continental shelf-slopes, or in marginal seas, of the ocean today. The accumulation of the marine fraction of minor elements on these ancient sea floors was determined largely by the accumulation of organic matter, settling from the photic zone and with a composition of average plankton. A second marine fraction of minor elements in these rocks accumulated through precipitation and adsorption from seawater. The suite of elements in this fraction reflects redox conditions in the bottom water, as determined by bacterial respiration. For example, high Mn, high Cr+V and high Mo concentrations, above those which can be attributed to the accumulation of planktonic matter, characterize accumulation under bottom-water oxidizing, denitrifying and sulfate-reducing conditions, respectively. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(94)90044-2","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., 1994, Seawater as the source of minor elements in black shales, phosphorites and other sedimentary rocks: Chemical Geology, v. 114, no. 1-2, p. 95-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90044-2.","startPage":"95","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266053,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90044-2"},{"id":225099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88fbe4b08c986b316c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017102,"text":"70017102 - 1994 - Cyclic variations of sulfur isotopes in Cambrian stratabound Ni-Mo-(PGE-Au) ores of southern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:22:13.368528","indexId":"70017102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cyclic variations of sulfur isotopes in Cambrian stratabound Ni-Mo-(PGE-Au) ores of southern China","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cyclic variations of δ</span><sup>34</sup><span>S values over a range of at least 48‰ in pyrite nodules from stratabound Ni-Mo-PGE(Au) ores of southern China are attributed to biogenic reduction of seawater sulfate in an anoxic, phosphogenic, and metallogenic basin. Cyclic introduction and mixing of normal seawater into typically stagnant basin waters led to extreme variations in δ</span><sup>34</sup><span>S values of aqueous sulfide species present at different times. Intermittent venting of metal-laden hydrothermal fluids into such a bacteriogenic sulfide-rich environment resulted in precipitation of metal sulfides as pseudomorphous replacements of organic debris and as sulfide sediments that record large δ</span><sup>34</sup><span>S</span><sub>CDT</sub><span>&nbsp;variations from −26 to +22‰. Apatite and silica dominated the replacement of the organic debris when metals were not being introduced into the basin. The combination of abundant organic debris, localized topographic basins for accumulation of the debris, bacterial production of sulfide species, and introduction of metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids provided the environment necessary to form these unusually rich Ni-Mo ores.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90538-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Murowchick, J., Coveney, R., Grauch, R., Eldridge, C., and Shelton, K., 1994, Cyclic variations of sulfur isotopes in Cambrian stratabound Ni-Mo-(PGE-Au) ores of southern China: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 7, p. 1813-1823, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90538-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1813","endPage":"1823","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              101.9395653159471,\n              26.349745973361834\n            ],\n            [\n              103.02058252381812,\n              24.987171980208686\n            ],\n            [\n              104.21918020495417,\n              25.41703496410274\n            ],\n            [\n              104.58825370149282,\n              26.30707075479296\n            ],\n            [\n              106.82606320686381,\n              27.638894038327933\n            ],\n            [\n              108.87368497494418,\n              27.80356675537709\n            ],\n            [\n              111.87272767518067,\n              28.533115545920666\n            ],\n            [\n              113.54609969298667,\n              29.566060941817852\n            ],\n            [\n              116.4193324513335,\n              30.272459389645107\n            ],\n            [\n              119.32764343689018,\n              30.34660522228498\n            ],\n            [\n              122.13775198164063,\n              30.66551126311056\n            ],\n            [\n              122.11186195254174,\n              31.316762053628736\n            ],\n            [\n              121.788900963777,\n              32.10918096272846\n            ],\n            [\n              116.81309284402039,\n              32.43359661664478\n            ],\n            [\n              112.83555340169136,\n              32.438134296222174\n            ],\n            [\n              109.31600233705967,\n              31.751891826335623\n            ],\n            [\n              106.66650061898679,\n              30.340350101816682\n            ],\n            [\n              103.79370920160284,\n              28.79492337283301\n            ],\n            [\n              103.26253081404013,\n              28.071561453225783\n            ],\n            [\n              101.9395653159471,\n              26.349745973361834\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd26e4b0c8380cd4e670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murowchick, J.B.","contributorId":45058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murowchick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coveney, R.M. Jr.","contributorId":8861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coveney","given":"R.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grauch, R. I. 0000-0002-1763-0813","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":107698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"R. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eldridge, C.S.","contributorId":7011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldridge","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shelton, K.L.","contributorId":87698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017819,"text":"70017819 - 1994 - Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:41:18.527333","indexId":"70017819","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","docAbstract":"<p>Rates of alkali exchange between alunite and water have been measured in hydrothermal experiments of 1 hour to 259 days duration at 150 to 400°C. Examination of run products by scanning electron microscope indicates that the reaction takes place by dissolution-reprecipitation. This exchange is modeled with an empirical rate equation which assumes a linear decrease in mineral surface area with percent exchange (f) and a linear dependence of the rate on the square root of the affinity for the alkali exchange reaction. This equation provides a good fit of the experimental data for f = 17% to 90% and yields log rate constants which range from −6.25 moles alkali m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at 400°C to − 11.7 moles alkali m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at 200°C. The variation in these rates with temperature is given by the equation log<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>k&amp;#x2217; = &amp;#x2212;8.17(1000/T(K)) + 5.54 (r</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mtext>= 0.987)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">k∗ = −8.17(1000/T(K)) + 5.54 (r<sup>2</sup>= 0.987)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>which yields an activation energy of 37.4 ± 1.5 kcal/mol. For comparison, data from<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">O'Neil</span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Taylor</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(1967) and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Merigoux</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(1968) modeled with a pseudo-second-order rate expression give an activation energy of 36.1 ± 2.9 kcal/mol for alkali-feldspar water Na-K exchange.</p><p>In the absence of coupled alkali exchange, oxygen isotope exchange between alunite and water also occurs by dissolution-reprecipitation but rates are one to three orders of magnitude lower than those for alkali exchange. In fine-grained alunites, significant D-H exchange occurs by hydrogen diffusion at temperatures as low as 100°C. Computed hydrogen diffusion coefficients range from −15.7 to −17.3 cm<sup>2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and suggest that the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion may be as low as 6 kcal/mol.</p><p>These experiments indicate that rates of alkali exchange in the relatively coarse-grained alunites typical of hydrothermal ore deposits are insignificant, and support the reliability of K-Ar age data from such samples. However, the fine-grained alunites typical of low temperature settings may be susceptible to limited alkali exchange at surficial conditions which could cause alteration of their radiometric ages. Furthermore, the rapid rate of hydrogen diffusion observed at 100–150°C suggests that fine-grained alunites are susceptible to rapid D-H re-equilibration even at surficial conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stoffregen, R., Rye, R.O., and Wasserman, M., 1994, Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 917-929, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"929","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de1e4b0c8380cd53232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoffregen, R.E.","contributorId":70417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffregen","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wasserman, M.D.","contributorId":77949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}