This assessment of groundwater-quality conditions of the Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Oahu for the period 1992–2010 is part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. It shows where, when, why, and how specific water-quality conditions occur in groundwater of the three study areas and yields science-based implications for assessing and managing the quality of these water resources. The primary aquifers in the Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Oahu are mostly composed of fractured basalt, which makes their hydrology and geochemistry similar. In spite of the hydrogeologic similarities, there are climatic differences that affect the agricultural practices overlying the aquifers, which in turn affect the groundwater quality. Understanding groundwater-quality conditions and the natural and human factors that control groundwater quality is important because of the implications to human health, the sustainability of rural agricultural economies, and the substantial costs associated with land and water management, conservation, and regulation.
\nThe principal regional aquifers of the Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Oahu are highly vulnerable to contamination by chemicals applied at the land surface; essentially, they are as vulnerable as many shallow surficial aquifers elsewhere. The permeable and largely unconfined character of principal aquifers in the Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Oahu allow water and chemicals to infiltrate to the water table despite depths to water commonly in the hundreds of feet. The aquifers are essentially unconfined over large areas, having few extensive clay layers to impede infiltration through permeable volcanic rock and alluvial sediments. Agriculture is intensive in all three study areas, and heavy irrigation has imposed large artificial flows of irrigation recharge that rival or exceed natural recharge rates. Fertilizers and pesticides applied at land surface are leached from soil and transported to deep water tables with the infiltrating irrigation recharge, resulting in a layer of degraded water quality overlying better quality regional groundwater beneath. This “irrigation-recharge layer” is best known on Oahu, where it has been studied since the 1960s; however, the extent of nitrate and pesticide contamination in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain indicate that the same situation exists in those areas. Contamination from agricultural and urban activities is present not only at shallow depths in surficial materials of the three areas, but extends regionally in the deep, principal bedrock aquifers that are tapped for drinking water by domestic and public-supply wells.
\nNaturally occurring constituents and nitrate concentrations above human-health benchmarks—Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), and Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs)—were more common in the Columbia Plateau and the Snake River Plain than in Oahu. Concentrations of anthropogenic constituents (constituents related to human activities) above human-health benchmarks were more common in Oahu. Naturally occurring contaminants, such as arsenic and radon, may be present in groundwater at concentrations of potential concern for human health in relatively undeveloped settings that otherwise may not be perceived as susceptible to contamination. Even though the median depth to groundwater in Oahu is more than 300 feet, the common occurrence of anthropogenic compounds in groundwater indicates that Oahu has a high susceptibility to contamination.
\nNitrate concentrations in groundwater were above the national background concentrations of 1 milligram per liter (mg/L) in all three study areas. In the Columbia Plateau, nitrate exceeded the human-health benchmark of 10 mg/L in 20 percent of the wells sampled. In the Snake River Plain, nitrate exceeded the human-health benchmark of 10 mg/L in 3 percent of the wells sampled. Nitrate can persist in groundwater for years and even decades in the oxygen-rich groundwater of the Columbia Plateau and the Snake River Plain, so prudent groundwater protection measures are critical to protect drinking water resources by reducing nitrate leaching from the land surface.
\nNitrate logistic regression models indicated that areas with a high percentage of land in crops (such as potatoes or sugarcane) and soils with low amounts of organic matter are most likely to have elevated nitrate concentrations in the groundwater. Areas where agricultural activities were absent had much lower probabilities of detecting elevated nitrate concentrations. The Columbia Plateau had a much higher probability of having elevated nitrate concentrations, with most of the land area having greater than a 50 percent probability of elevated nitrate concentrations. Oahu and the Snake River Plain had a much lower probability of having elevated nitrate concentrations because of their lower percentage of agricultural land.
\nPesticides were detected at many sites in groundwater of the Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Oahu but generally at low concentrations below human-health benchmarks. Atrazine and its degradate (a compound produced from the breakdown of a parent pesticide), deethylatrazine, were the most commonly detected pesticides in groundwater sampled in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain. Bromacil was the most commonly detected pesticide on Oahu. The other pesticides most commonly detected in the study areas include simazine, hexazinone, metribuzin, diuron, prometon, metolachlor, p,p’-DDE, dieldrin, 2-4-D, and alachlor. DDE (a degradate of DDT) and dieldrin are still being detected in groundwater despite having been banned for more than 30 years. Codetection of multiple pesticides in water from a single well was common. The widespread occurrence of pesticides in groundwater in the study areas indicates that the groundwater is highly susceptible to pesticide contamination.
\nSome pesticides were detected in groundwater samples from all three study areas, but other pesticides were detected only in samples from Oahu, or only in samples from the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain. This is because some pesticides (such as atrazine) are broad-spectrum pesticides that are used on many crops in many different areas of the United States. Other pesticides (such as simazine, metribuzin, and metolachlor) are used on row crops (such as potatoes, barley, and alfalfa) grown in the Columbia Plateau and Snake River Plain, but not on pineapple or sugarcane grown in Oahu.
\nAtrazine logistic-regression models indicate that areas with a high percentage of land in crops (such as potatoes or sugarcane), a low percentage of fallow land, and highly permeable soils with low amounts of organic matter are most likely to have atrazine detected in the groundwater. Areas where agricultural activities were absent had much lower probabilities of atrazine being detected. The Snake River Plain had a much higher probability of atrazine detections, with more than 50 percent of the land area having greater than a 50 percent probability of atrazine contamination. Oahu had a much lower probability of atrazine contamination, with only 24 percent of the land area having greater than a 50 percent probability of atrazine contamination.
\nOahu and the Columbia Plateau had some of the highest percentages of soil fumigant detections in groundwater in the United States. Soil fumigants are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used as pesticides, which are applied to soils to reduce populations of plant parasitic nematodes (harmful rootworms), weeds, fungal pathogens, and other soil-borne microorganisms. They are used in Oahu and the Columbia Plateau on crops such as pineapple and potatoes. All three areas (Columbia Plateau, Snake River Plain, and Oahu) had fumigant concentrations exceeding human-health benchmarks for drinking water.
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Annual peak-flow data through water year 2006 were analyzed for 771 streamflow-gaging stations (streamgages) in California having 10 or more years of data. Flood-frequency estimates were computed for the streamgages by using the expected moments algorithm to fit a Pearson Type III distribution to logarithms of annual peak flows for each streamgage. Low-outlier and historic information were incorporated into the flood-frequency analysis, and a generalized Grubbs-Beck test was used to detect multiple potentially influential low outliers. Special methods for fitting the distribution were developed for streamgages in the desert region in southeastern California. Additionally, basin characteristics for the streamgages were computed by using a geographical information system.\r\nRegional regression analysis, using generalized least squares regression, was used to develop a set of equations for estimating flows with 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities for ungaged basins in California that are outside of the southeastern desert region. Flood-frequency estimates and basin characteristics for 630 streamgages were combined to form the final database used in the regional regression analysis. Five hydrologic regions were developed for the area of California outside of the desert region. The final regional regression equations are functions of drainage area and mean annual precipitation for four of the five regions. In one region, the Sierra Nevada region, the final equations are functions of drainage area, mean basin elevation, and mean annual precipitation. Average standard errors of prediction for the regression equations in all five regions range from 42.7 to 161.9 percent.\r\nFor the desert region of California, an analysis of 33 streamgages was used to develop regional estimates of all three parameters (mean, standard deviation, and skew) of the log-Pearson Type III distribution. The regional estimates were then used to develop a set of equations for estimating flows with 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities for ungaged basins. The final regional regression equations are functions of drainage area. Average standard errors of prediction for these regression equations range from 214.2 to 856.2 percent.\r\nAnnual peak-flow data through water year 2006 were analyzed for eight streamgages in California having 10 or more years of data considered to be affected by urbanization. Flood-frequency estimates were computed for the urban streamgages by fitting a Pearson Type III distribution to logarithms of annual peak flows for each streamgage. Regression analysis could not be used to develop flood-frequency estimation equations for urban streams because of the limited number of sites. Flood-frequency estimates for the eight urban sites were graphically compared to flood-frequency estimates for 630 non-urban sites.\r\nThe regression equations developed from this study will be incorporated into the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) StreamStats program. The StreamStats program is a Web-based application that provides streamflow statistics and basin characteristics for USGS streamgages and ungaged sites of interest. StreamStats can also compute basin characteristics and provide estimates of streamflow statistics for ungaged sites when users select the location of a site along any stream in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Gotvald, A.J., Barth, N.A., Veilleux, A.G., and Parrett, C., 2012, Methods for determining magnitude and frequency of floods in California, based on data through water year 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5113, vi, 30 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125113.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5113.jpg"},{"id":259098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5113/pdf/sir2012-5113.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55aee4b0c8380cd6d269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barth, Nancy A. nabarth@usgs.gov","contributorId":3276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"Nancy","email":"nabarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veilleux, Andrea G. aveilleux@usgs.gov","contributorId":4404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veilleux","given":"Andrea","email":"aveilleux@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70039168,"text":"fs20123101 - 2012 - Hydrologic conditions in Georgia, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T11:29:15","indexId":"fs20123101","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3101","title":"Hydrologic conditions in Georgia, 2010","docAbstract":"The United States Geological Survey (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center (GaWSC) maintains a long-term hydrologic monitoring network of more than 320 real-time streamgages, including 10 real-time lake-level monitoring stations and 63 real-time water-quality monitors. Additionally, the GaWSC operates more than 180 groundwater wells, 41 of which are real-time. One of the many benefits from this monitoring network is that the data analysis provides an overview of the hydrologic conditions of rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and aquifers in Georgia.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123101","usgsCitation":"Knaak, A.E., Ankcorn, P.D., and Peck, M., 2012, Hydrologic conditions in Georgia, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3101, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123101.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3591e4b0c8380cd60021","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knaak, Andrew E. 0000-0003-1813-8959 aknaak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-8959","contributorId":3123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knaak","given":"Andrew","email":"aknaak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ankcorn, Paul D. pankcorn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankcorn","given":"Paul","email":"pankcorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peck, Michael F. mfpeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Michael F.","email":"mfpeck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039113,"text":"ofr20121121 - 2012 - Thermal and hydrological observations near Twelvemile Lake in discontinuous permafrost, Yukon Flats, interior Alaska, September 2010-August 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:50:30","indexId":"ofr20121121","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1121","title":"Thermal and hydrological observations near Twelvemile Lake in discontinuous permafrost, Yukon Flats, interior Alaska, September 2010-August 2011","docAbstract":"A series of ground-based observations were made between September 2010 and August 2011 near Twelvemile Lake, 19 kilometers southwest of Fort Yukon, Alaska, for use in ongoing hydrological analyses of watersheds in this region of discontinuous permafrost. Measurements include depth to ground ice, depth to water table, soil texture, soil moisture, soil temperature, and water pressure above the permafrost table. In the drained basin of subsiding Twelvemile Lake, we generally find an absence of newly formed permafrost and an undetectable slope of the water table; however, a sloping water table was observed in the low-lying channels extending into and away from the lake watershed. Datasets for these observations are summarized in this report and can be accessed by clicking on the links in each section or from the Downloads folder of the report Web page.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121121","usgsCitation":"Jepsen, S.M., Koch, J.C., Rose, J.R., Voss, C.I., and Walvoord, M.A., 2012, Thermal and hydrological observations near Twelvemile Lake in discontinuous permafrost, Yukon Flats, interior Alaska, September 2010-August 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1121, iv, 25 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121121.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1121.JPG"},{"id":259008,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1121/OF12-1121.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259007,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Buddy Lake;Twelvemile Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -145.6,66.41666666666667 ], [ -145.6,66.48333333333333 ], [ -145.33333333333334,66.48333333333333 ], [ -145.33333333333334,66.41666666666667 ], [ -145.6,66.41666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb20ee4b08c986b325586","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jepsen, Steven M. sjepsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jepsen","given":"Steven","email":"sjepsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, Joshua R.","contributorId":90147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70039045,"text":"70039045 - 2012 - Cyclic biogeochemical processes and nitrogen fate beneath a subtropical stormwater infiltration basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-19T01:01:49","indexId":"70039045","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cyclic biogeochemical processes and nitrogen fate beneath a subtropical stormwater infiltration basin","docAbstract":"A stormwater infiltration basin in north–central Florida, USA, was monitored from 2007 through 2008 to identify subsurface biogeochemical processes, with emphasis on N cycling, under the highly variable hydrologic conditions common in humid, subtropical climates. Cyclic variations in biogeochemical processes generally coincided with wet and dry hydrologic conditions. Oxidizing conditions in the subsurface persisted for about one month or less at the beginning of wet periods with dissolved O2 and NO3- showing similar temporal patterns. Reducing conditions in the subsurface evolved during prolonged flooding of the basin. At about the same time O2 and NO3- reduction concluded, Mn, Fe and SO42- reduction began, with the onset of methanogenesis one month later. Reducing conditions persisted up to six months, continuing into subsequent dry periods until the next major oxidizing infiltration event. Evidence of denitrification in shallow groundwater at the site is supported by median NO3-–N less than 0.016 mg L-1, excess N2 up to 3 mg L-1 progressively enriched in δ15N during prolonged basin flooding, and isotopically heavy δ15N and δ18O of NO3- (up to 25‰ and 15‰, respectively). Isotopic enrichment of newly infiltrated stormwater suggests denitrification was partially completed within two days. Soil and water chemistry data suggest that a biogeochemically active zone exists in the upper 1.4 m of soil, where organic carbon was the likely electron donor supplied by organic matter in soil solids or dissolved in infiltrating stormwater. The cyclic nature of reducing conditions effectively controlled the N cycle, switching N fate beneath the basin from NO3- leaching to reduction in the shallow saturated zone. Results can inform design of functionalized soil amendments that could replace the native soil in a stormwater infiltration basin and mitigate potential NO3- leaching to groundwater by replicating the biogeochemical conditions under the observed basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.03.005","usgsCitation":"O’Reilly, A.M., Chang, N., and Wanielista, M.P., 2012, Cyclic biogeochemical processes and nitrogen fate beneath a subtropical stormwater infiltration basin: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 133, p. 53-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.03.005.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":287,"text":"Florida Water Science Center-Orlando","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501645,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/facultybib2010/3101","text":"External Repository"},{"id":258996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258987,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.03.005","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"133","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd22e4b0c8380cd4e655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, Ni-Bin","contributorId":20205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chang","given":"Ni-Bin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12564,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Central Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":465516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wanielista, Martin P.","contributorId":62069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wanielista","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12564,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Central Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":465517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039093,"text":"sir20125103 - 2012 - Effects of urban best management practices on streamflow and phosphorus and suspended-sediment transport on Englesby Brook in Burlington, Vermont, 2000-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-19T01:01:49","indexId":"sir20125103","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5103","title":"Effects of urban best management practices on streamflow and phosphorus and suspended-sediment transport on Englesby Brook in Burlington, Vermont, 2000-2010","docAbstract":"An assessment of the effectiveness of several urban best management practice structures, including a wet extended detention facility and a shallow marsh wetland (together the \"wet extended detention ponds\"), was made using data collected from 2000 through 2010 at Englesby Brook in Burlington, Vermont. The purpose of the best management practices was to reduce high streamflows and phosphorus and suspended-sediment loads and concentrations and to increase low streamflows. Englesby Brook was monitored for streamflow, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations at a streamgage downstream of the best management practice structures for 5 years before the wet extended detention ponds were constructed in 2005 and for 4 years (phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations) or 5 years (streamflow) after they were constructed. The period after construction of the best management practice structures was wetter and had higher discharges than the period before construction. Despite the wetter conditions, streamflow duration curves provided evidence that the streamflow regime appeared to have shifted so that the percentages of low streamflows have increased and those of high streamflows may have slightly decreased. Two other hydrologic measures showed improvements in the years following construction of the best management practices: the percentage of annual discharge transported during the 3 days with highest discharges and the number of days with zero streamflow have both decreased. Evidence was mixed for the effectiveness of the best management practices in reducing phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations and loads. Annual phosphorus and suspended-sediment loads, monthly loads, low-streamflow concentrations, storm-averaged streamflow-adjusted concentrations, and total storm loads either did not change significantly or increased in the period after construction. These results likely were because of the wetter conditions in the period after construction. For example, monthly loads assessed using analysis of covariance, which compensated for the effects of streamflow on loads, suggested no difference in phosphorus or suspended-sediment loads between the two periods, whereas the comparison of monthly loads without factoring in streamflow showed an increase. This result could be viewed as evidence that the ponds may have mitigated the effect of greater discharges in the period after construction by preventing a corresponding increase in loads. In another analysis used to adjust for the difference in discharge between the two comparison periods, annual and monthly load results were grouped into dry and wet years. Large (50 percent) reductions in annual loads were observed when data from dry (or wet) years before construction were compared with data from dry (or wet) years after construction. When paired monthly loads of each constituent were grouped into dry and wet years, approximately the same number of months had increases as did decreases with the magnitudes of the decreases generally larger than the magnitudes of the increases. These differences in magnitude explain the decrease in annual loads for dry and wet years. The close association of phosphorus with suspended-sediment data suggested that most of the phosphorus was in the particulate form and was controlled by suspended-sediment dynamics.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Medalie, L., 2012, Effects of urban best management practices on streamflow and phosphorus and suspended-sediment transport on Englesby Brook in Burlington, Vermont, 2000-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5103, vii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125103.","productDescription":"vii, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5103.JPG"},{"id":258982,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5103/pdf/sir2012-5103_report_508.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258981,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","county":"Burlington","otherGeospatial":"Englesby Brook Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.33333333333333,44 ], [ -73.33333333333333,44.833333333333336 ], [ -72.66666666666667,44.833333333333336 ], [ -72.66666666666667,44 ], [ -73.33333333333333,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081fe4b0c8380cd519b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148385,"text":"70148385 - 2012 - Pre- and post-remediation characterization of acid-generating fluvial tailings material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T12:44:32","indexId":"70148385","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pre- and post-remediation characterization of acid-generating fluvial tailings material","docAbstract":"The upper Arkansas River south of Leadville, Colorado, USA, contains deposits of fluvial tailings from historical mining operations in the Leadville area. These deposits are potential non-point sources of acid and metal contamination to surface- and groundwater systems. We are investigating a site that recently underwent in situ remediation treatment with lime, fertilizer, and compost. Pre- and post-remediation fluvial tailings material was collected from a variety of depths to examine changes in mineralogy, acid generation, and extractable nutrients. Results indicate sufficient nutrient availability in the post-remediation near-surface material, but pyrite and acid generation persist below the depth of lime and fertilizer addition. Mineralogical characterization performed using semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction and quantitative SEM-based micro-mineralogy (Mineral Liberation Analysis, MLA) reveal formation of gypsum, jarosite, and complex coatings surrounding mineral grains in post-remediation samples.
","conferenceTitle":"9th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","conferenceDate":"May 20-26, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Ottawa, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"International Conferences on Acid Rock Drainage","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.S., Walton-Day, K., Hoal, K.O., Driscoll, R.L., and Pietersen, K., 2012, Pre- and post-remediation characterization of acid-generating fluvial tailings material, 9th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Ottawa, Canada, May 20-26, 2012, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-033756","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake county","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.391667,\n 39.233333\n ],\n [\n -106.275,\n 39.233333\n ],\n [\n -106.275,\n 39.116667\n ],\n [\n -106.391667,\n 39.116667\n ],\n [\n -106.391667,\n 39.233333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366dade4b0f6c2d0d7d646","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193 kwaltond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":1245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","email":"kwaltond@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoal, Karin O.","contributorId":106677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoal","given":"Karin","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Driscoll, Rhonda L. 0000-0001-7725-8956 rdriscoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-8956","contributorId":745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Rhonda","email":"rdriscoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pietersen, K.","contributorId":141007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pietersen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13649,"text":"JKTech, Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70039079,"text":"fs20123095 - 2012 - Wildfire effects on source-water quality--Lessons from Fourmile Canyon fire, Colorado, and implications for drinking-water treatment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-18T01:01:44","indexId":"fs20123095","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3095","title":"Wildfire effects on source-water quality--Lessons from Fourmile Canyon fire, Colorado, and implications for drinking-water treatment","docAbstract":"Forested watersheds provide high-quality source water for many communities in the western United States. These watersheds are vulnerable to wildfires, and wildfire size, fire severity, and length of fire season have increased since the middle 1980s (Westerling and others, 2006). Burned watersheds are prone to increased flooding and erosion, which can impair water-supply reservoirs, water quality, and drinking-water treatment processes. Limited information exists on the degree, timing, and duration of the effects of wildfire on water quality, making it difficult for drinking-water providers to evaluate the risk and develop management options. In order to evaluate the effects of wildfire on water quality and downstream ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a study after the 2010 Fourmile Canyon fire near Boulder, Colorado. Hydrologists frequently sampled Fourmile Creek at monitoring sites upstream and downstream of the burned area to study water-quality changes during hydrologic conditions such as base flow, spring snowmelt, and summer thunderstorms. This fact sheet summarizes principal findings from the first year of research. Stream discharge and nitrate concentrations increased downstream of the burned area during snowmelt runoff, but increases were probably within the treatment capacity of most drinking-water plants, and limited changes were observed in downstream ecosystems. During and after high-intensity thunderstorms, however, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon, nitrate, and some metals increased by 1 to 4 orders of magnitude within and downstream of the burned area. Increases of such magnitude can pose problems for water-supply reservoirs, drinking-water treatment plants, and downstream aquatic ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123095","usgsCitation":"Writer, J.H., and Murphy, S.F., 2012, Wildfire effects on source-water quality--Lessons from Fourmile Canyon fire, Colorado, and implications for drinking-water treatment: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3095, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123095.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3095.gif"},{"id":258965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3095/FS12-3095.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258964,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Fourmile Canyon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0cbe4b08c986b32f07c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Writer, Jeffrey H. jwriter@usgs.gov","contributorId":1393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Writer","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jwriter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039040,"text":"sir20125100 - 2012 - Geohydrology of Big Bear Valley, California: phase 1--geologic framework, recharge, and preliminary assessment of the source and age of groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-17T01:01:41","indexId":"sir20125100","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5100","title":"Geohydrology of Big Bear Valley, California: phase 1--geologic framework, recharge, and preliminary assessment of the source and age of groundwater","docAbstract":"The Big Bear Valley, located in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, has increased in population in recent years. Most of the water supply for the area is pumped from the alluvial deposits that form the Big Bear Valley groundwater basin. This study was conducted to better understand the thickness and structure of the groundwater basin in order to estimate the quantity and distribution of natural recharge to Big Bear Valley. A gravity survey was used to estimate the thickness of the alluvial deposits that form the Big Bear Valley groundwater basin. This determined that the alluvial deposits reach a maximum thickness of 1,500 to 2,000 feet beneath the center of Big Bear Lake and the area between Big Bear and Baldwin Lakes, and decrease to less than 500 feet thick beneath the eastern end of Big Bear Lake. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) was used to measure pumping-induced land subsidence and to locate structures, such as faults, that could affect groundwater movement. The measurements indicated small amounts of land deformation (uplift and subsidence) in the area between Big Bear Lake and Baldwin Lake, the area near the city of Big Bear Lake, and the area near Sugarloaf, California. Both the gravity and InSAR measurements indicated the possible presence of subsurface faults in subbasins between Big Bear and Baldwin Lakes, but additional data are required for confirmation. The distribution and quantity of groundwater recharge in the area were evaluated by using a regional water-balance model (Basin Characterization Model, or BCM) and a daily rainfall-runoff model (INFILv3). The BCM calculated spatially distributed potential recharge in the study area of approximately 12,700 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) of potential in-place recharge and 30,800 acre-ft/yr of potential runoff. Using the assumption that only 10 percent of the runoff becomes recharge, this approach indicated there is approximately 15,800 acre-ft/yr of total recharge in Big Bear Valley. The INFILv3 model was modified for this study to include a perched zone beneath the root zone to better simulate lateral seepage and recharge in the shallow subsurface in mountainous terrain. The climate input used in the INFILv3 model was developed by using daily climate data from 84 National Climatic Data Center stations and published Parameter Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) average monthly precipitation maps to match the drier average monthly precipitation measured in the Baldwin Lake drainage basin. This model resulted in a good representation of localized rain-shadow effects and calibrated well to measured lake volumes at Big Bear and Baldwin Lakes. The simulated average annual recharge was about 5,480 acre-ft/yr in the Big Bear study area, with about 2,800 acre-ft/yr in the Big Bear Lake surface-water drainage basin and about 2,680 acre-ft/yr in the Baldwin Lake surface-water drainage basin. One spring and eight wells were sampled and analyzed for chemical and isotopic data in 2005 and 2006 to determine if isotopic techniques could be used to assess the sources and ages of groundwater in the Big Bear Valley. This approach showed that the predominant source of recharge to the Big Bear Valley is winter precipitation falling on the surrounding mountains. The tritium and uncorrected carbon-14 ages of samples collected from wells for this study indicated that the groundwater basin contains water of different ages, ranging from modern to about 17,200-years old.The results of these investigations provide an understanding of the lateral and vertical extent of the groundwater basin, the spatial distribution of groundwater recharge, the processes responsible for the recharge, and the source and age of groundwater in the groundwater basin. Although the studies do not provide an understanding of the detailed water-bearing properties necessary to determine the groundwater availability of the basin, they do provide a framework for the future development of a groundwater model that would help to improve the understanding of the potential hydrologic effects of water-management alternatives in Big Bear Valley.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Big Bear City Community Services District","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., Brandt, J., Christensen, A.H., Flint, A.L., Hevesi, J.A., Jachens, R., Kulongoski, J., Martin, P., and Sneed, M., 2012, Geohydrology of Big Bear Valley, California: phase 1--geologic framework, recharge, and preliminary assessment of the source and age of groundwater: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5100, xiv, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125100.","productDescription":"xiv, 112 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"130","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5100.jpg"},{"id":258920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5100/pdf/sir20125100.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258917,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Big Bear Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1802e4b0c8380cd55665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandt, Justin 0000-0002-9397-6824","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-6824","contributorId":75798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Justin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, Allen H. 0000-0002-7061-5591 ahchrist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-5591","contributorId":1510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Allen","email":"ahchrist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hevesi, Joseph 0000-0003-2898-1800 jhevesi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":1507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"Joseph","email":"jhevesi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jachens, Robert","contributorId":54660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sneed, Michelle 0000-0002-8180-382X micsneed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-382X","contributorId":155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneed","given":"Michelle","email":"micsneed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70039004,"text":"sir20125136 - 2012 - Simulation of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge in the middle Nueces River watershed, south Texas, 1961-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T08:53:15","indexId":"sir20125136","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5136","title":"Simulation of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge in the middle Nueces River watershed, south Texas, 1961-2008","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey—in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District; City of Corpus Christi; Guadalupe–Blanco River Authority; San Antonio River Authority; and San Antonio Water System— configured, calibrated, and tested a watershed model for a study area consisting of about 7,726 square miles of the middle Nueces River watershed in south Texas. The purpose of the model is to contribute to the understanding of watershed processes and hydrologic conditions in the middle Nueces River watershed. The model simulates streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge by using a numerical representation of physical characteristics of the landscape and meteorological and streamflow data.
\nModel simulations of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge were performed for various periods of record depending upon available gaged data for input and comparison, starting as early as 1961. Because of the large size of the study area, the middle Nueces River watershed was divided into eight subwatersheds, and separate Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN models were developed for each subwatershed. Simulation of the overall study area involved running simulations in downstream order. Output from the model was summarized by subwatershed, point locations, stream and reservoir reaches, and the Carrizo– Wilcox aquifer outcrop area. Four long-term U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations were used for streamflow model calibration and testing with data from 1990 to 2008. Monthly evaporation estimates from 2001 to 2008 and waterlevel data from 1961 to 2008 at Lake Corpus Christi also were used for model calibration. Additionally, evapotranspiration data for 2006–8 from a U.S. Geological Survey meteorological station in Medina County were used for calibration.
\nStreamflow calibrations were considered poor to very good. The 2000–8 calibration results were characterized as good to very good for total flow volumes and for the volume of the highest 10 percent of daily flows. Calibration results for streamflow volumes of the lowest 50 percent of daily flows were considered poor. The daily streamflow calibration at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 08210000 Nueces River near Three Rivers, Tex., had the lowest (best) root mean square error, and U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 08194500 Nueces River near Tilden, Tex., had the highest root mean square error expressed as a percentage of the mean flow rate. The mean daily reservoir volume during 1961–2008 was 182,000 acre-feet. Simulated mean daily reservoir volume was within 9 percent of this computed volume.
\nSelected results of the model include streamflow yields for the subwatersheds and water-balance information for the Carrizo–Wilcox aquifer outcrop area. For the entire model domain, the area-weighted mean streamflow yield from 1961 to 2008 was 1.12 inches/year. The mean annual rainfall on the outcrop area during the 1961–2008 simulation period was 21.7 inches. Of this rainfall, an annual mean of 20.1 inches (about 93 percent) was simulated as evapotranspiration, 1.2 inches (about 6 percent) was simulated as groundwater recharge, and 0.5 inches (about 2 percent) was simulated as surface runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District; City of Corpus Christi; Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority; San Antonio River Authority; and San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Dietsch, B.J., and Wehmeyer, L.L., 2012, Simulation of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge in the middle Nueces River watershed, south Texas, 1961-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5136, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125136.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5136.JPG"},{"id":258871,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5136/pdf/sir2012-5136.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258870,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5136/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Nueces River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.5,27.5 ], [ -100.5,30.000833333333333 ], [ -97.5,30.000833333333333 ], [ -97.5,27.5 ], [ -100.5,27.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9096e4b08c986b3195b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dietsch, Benjamin J. 0000-0003-1090-409X bdietsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1090-409X","contributorId":1346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietsch","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdietsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":84311,"text":"Central Plains Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wehmeyer, Loren L.","contributorId":90412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wehmeyer","given":"Loren","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039015,"text":"ofr20121143 - 2012 - Independent technical review and analysis of hydraulic modeling and hydrology under low-flow conditions of the Des Plaines River near Riverside, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-14T01:01:39","indexId":"ofr20121143","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1143","title":"Independent technical review and analysis of hydraulic modeling and hydrology under low-flow conditions of the Des Plaines River near Riverside, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has operated a streamgage and published daily flows for the Des Plaines River at Riverside since Oct. 1, 1943. A HEC-RAS model has been developed to estimate the effect of the removal of Hofmann Dam near the gage on low-flow elevations in the reach approximately 3 miles upstream from the dam. The Village of Riverside, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources-Office of Water Resources (IDNR-OWR), and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers-Chicago District (USACE-Chicago) are interested in verifying the performance of the HEC-RAS model for specific low-flow conditions, and obtaining an estimate of selected daily flow quantiles and other low-flow statistics for a selected period of record that best represents current hydrologic conditions. Because the USGS publishes streamflow records for the Des Plaines River system and provides unbiased analyses of flows and stream hydraulic characteristics, the USGS served as an Independent Technical Reviewer (ITR) for this study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121143","usgsCitation":"Over, T.M., Straub, T., Hortness, J., and Murphy, E., 2012, Independent technical review and analysis of hydraulic modeling and hydrology under low-flow conditions of the Des Plaines River near Riverside, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1143, v, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121143.","productDescription":"v, 73 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1143.JPG"},{"id":258846,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1143/pdf/ofr20121143_071212.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258847,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Hofmann Dam;Des Plaines River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.83416666666666,41.80138888888889 ], [ -87.83416666666666,41.83444444444444 ], [ -87.81666666666666,41.83444444444444 ], [ -87.81666666666666,41.80138888888889 ], [ -87.83416666666666,41.80138888888889 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3a11e4b0c8380cd61b37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Over, Thomas M. 0000-0001-8280-4368 tmover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-4368","contributorId":1819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"Thomas","email":"tmover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Straub, Timothy D. 0000-0002-5896-0851 tdstraub@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-0851","contributorId":2273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"Timothy D.","email":"tdstraub@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":69660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70039009,"text":"70039009 - 2012 - An assessment of the carbon balance of arctic tundra: comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-13T01:01:54","indexId":"70039009","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1011,"text":"Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An assessment of the carbon balance of arctic tundra: comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions","docAbstract":"Although arctic tundra has been estimated to cover only 8% of the global land surface, the large and potentially labile carbon pools currently stored in tundra soils have the potential for large emissions of carbon (C) under a warming climate. These emissions as radiatively active greenhouse gases in the form of both CO2 and CH4 could amplify global warming. Given the potential sensitivity of these ecosystems to climate change and the expectation that the Arctic will experience appreciable warming over the next century, it is important to assess whether responses of C exchange in tundra regions are likely to enhance or mitigate warming. In this study we compared analyses of C exchange of Arctic tundra between 1990–1999 and 2000–2006 among observations, regional and global applications of process-based terrestrial biosphere models, and atmospheric inversion models. Syntheses of the compilation of flux observations and of inversion model results indicate that the annual exchange of CO2 between arctic tundra and the atmosphere has large uncertainties that cannot be distinguished from neutral balance. The mean estimate from an ensemble of process-based model simulations suggests that arctic tundra acted as a sink for atmospheric CO2 in recent decades, but based on the uncertainty estimates it cannot be determined with confidence whether these ecosystems represent a weak or a strong sink. Tundra was 0.6 °C warmer in the 2000s compared to the 1990s. The central estimates of the observations, process-based models, and inversion models each identify stronger sinks in the 2000s compared with the 1990s. Similarly, the observations and the applications of regional process-based models suggest that CH4 emissions from arctic tundra have increased from the 1990s to 2000s. Based on our analyses of the estimates from observations, process-based models, and inversion models, we estimate that arctic tundra was a sink for atmospheric CO2 of 110 Tg C yr-1 (uncertainty between a sink of 291 Tg C yr-1 and a source of 80 Tg C yr-1) and a source of CH4 to the atmosphere of 19 Tg C yr-1 (uncertainty between sources of 8 and 29 Tg C yr-1). The suite of analyses conducted in this study indicate that it is clearly important to reduce uncertainties in the observations, process-based models, and inversions in order to better understand the degree to which Arctic tundra is influencing atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations. The reduction of uncertainties can be accomplished through (1) the strategic placement of more CO2 and CH4 monitoring stations to reduce uncertainties in inversions, (2) improved observation networks of ground-based measurements of CO2 and CH4 exchange to understand exchange in response to disturbance and across gradients of hydrological variability, and (3) the effective transfer of information from enhanced observation networks into process-based models to improve the simulation of CO2 and CH4 exchange from arctic tundra to the atmosphere.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/bgd-9-4543-2012","usgsCitation":"McGuire, A., Christensen, T., Hayes, D., Heroult, A., Euskirchen, E., Yi, Y., Kimball, J., Koven, C., Lafleur, P., Miller, P., Oechel, W., Peylin, P., and Williams, M., 2012, An assessment of the carbon balance of arctic tundra: comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions: Biogeosciences, v. 9, no. 4, p. 4543-4594, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-4543-2012.","productDescription":"52 p.","startPage":"4543","endPage":"4594","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474415,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-4543-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":258449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258437,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-4543-2012","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea17e4b0c8380cd4861a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, T.R.","contributorId":81440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, D.","contributorId":15275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heroult, A.","contributorId":65732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heroult","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Euskirchen, E.","contributorId":62473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yi, Y.","contributorId":79274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yi","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kimball, J.S.","contributorId":79141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Koven, C.","contributorId":39655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koven","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lafleur, P.","contributorId":23026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafleur","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, P.A.","contributorId":89414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Oechel, W.","contributorId":76104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oechel","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Peylin, P.","contributorId":14265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peylin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Williams, Murray","contributorId":100499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Murray","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70045452,"text":"70045452 - 2012 - Concentrations and annual fluxes of sediment-associated chemical constituents from conterminous US coastal rivers using bed sediment data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-09T15:44:32","indexId":"70045452","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations and annual fluxes of sediment-associated chemical constituents from conterminous US coastal rivers using bed sediment data","docAbstract":"Coastal rivers represent a significant pathway for the delivery of natural and anthropogenic sediment-associated chemical constituents to the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the conterminous USA. This study entails an accounting segment using published average annual suspended sediment fluxes with published sediment-associated chemical constituent concentrations for (1) baseline, (2) land-use distributions, (3) population density, and (4) worldwide means to estimate concentrations/annual fluxes for trace/major elements and total phosphorus, total organic and inorganic carbon, total nitrogen, and sulphur, for 131 coastal river basins. In addition, it entails a sampling and subsequent chemical analysis segment that provides a level of ‘ground truth’ for the calculated values, as well as generating baselines for sediment-associated concentrations/fluxes against which future changes can be evaluated. Currently, between 260 and 270 Mt of suspended sediment are discharged annually from the conterminous USA; about 69% is discharged from Gulf rivers (n = 36), about 24% from Pacific rivers (n = 42), and about 7% from Atlantic rivers (n = 54). Elevated sediment-associated chemical concentrations relative to baseline levels occur in the reverse order of sediment discharges:Atlantic rivers (49%)>Pacific rivers (40%)>Gulf rivers (23%). Elevated trace element concentrations (e.g. Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) frequently occur in association with present/former industrial areas and/or urban centres, particularly along the northeast Atlantic coast. Elevated carbon and nutrient concentrations occur along both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts but are dominated by rivers in the urban northeast and by southeastern and Gulf coast (Florida) ‘blackwater’ streams. Elevated Ca, Mg, K, and Na distributions tend to reflect local petrology, whereas elevated Ti, S, Fe, and Al concentrations are ubiquitous, possibly because they have substantial natural as well as anthropogenic sources. Almost all the elevated sediment-associated chemical concentrations found in conterminous US coastal rivers are lower than worldwide averages.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.8437","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., Stephens, V.C., Elrick, K.A., and Smith, J.J., 2012, Concentrations and annual fluxes of sediment-associated chemical constituents from conterminous US coastal rivers using bed sediment data: Hydrological Processes, v. 26, p. 1090-1114, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8437.","startPage":"1090","endPage":"1114","numberOfPages":"25","ipdsId":"IP-033553","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272161,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8437"}],"country":"United States","volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518cc560e4b05ebc8f7cc100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, Verlin C.","contributorId":34479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Verlin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elrick, Kent A.","contributorId":78415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrick","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, James J.","contributorId":74086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038924,"text":"ofr20121116 - 2012 - P2S--Coupled simulation with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Stream Temperature Network (SNTemp) Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"ofr20121116","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1116","title":"P2S--Coupled simulation with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Stream Temperature Network (SNTemp) Models","docAbstract":"A software program, called P2S, has been developed which couples the daily stream temperature simulation capabilities of the U.S. Geological Survey Stream Network Temperature model with the watershed hydrology simulation capabilities of the U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System is a modular, deterministic, distributed-parameter, physical-process watershed model that simulates hydrologic response to various combinations of climate and land use. Stream Network Temperature was developed to help aquatic biologists and engineers predict the effects of changes that hydrology and energy have on water temperatures. P2S will allow scientists and watershed managers to evaluate the effects of historical climate and projected climate change, landscape evolution, and resource management scenarios on watershed hydrology and in-stream water temperature.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121116","usgsCitation":"Markstrom, S., 2012, P2S--Coupled simulation with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Stream Temperature Network (SNTemp) Models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1116, v, 19 p.; ill. (some col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121116.","productDescription":"v, 19 p.; ill. (some col.)","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":144,"text":"Branch of Regional Research","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1116.gif"},{"id":258167,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1116/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258168,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1116/OF12-1116.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a731de4b0c8380cd76e80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":1986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven L.","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038915,"text":"70038915 - 2012 - Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: examples from two alpine watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"70038915","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: examples from two alpine watersheds","docAbstract":"The distribution of snow and the energy flux components of snowmelt are intrinsic characteristics of the alpine water cycle controlling the location of source waters and the effect of climate on streamflow. Interannual variability of these characteristics is relevant to the effect of climate change on alpine hydrology. Our objective is to characterize the interannual variability in the spatial distribution of snow and energy fluxes of snowmelt in watersheds of a maritime setting, Tokopah Basin (TOK) in California's southern Sierra Nevada, and a continental setting, Green Lake 4 Valley (GLV4) in Colorado's Front Range, using a 12 year database (1996–2007) of hydrometeorological observations and satellite-derived snow cover. Snowpacks observed in GLV4 exhibit substantially greater spatial variability than in TOK (0.75 versus 0.28 spatial coefficient of variation). In addition, modeling results indicate that the net turbulent energy flux contribution to snowmelt in GLV4 is, on average, 3 times greater in magnitude (mean 29% versus 10%) and interannual variability (standard deviation 17% versus 6%) than in TOK. These energy flux values exhibit strong seasonality, increasing as the melt season progresses to times later in the year (R2 = 0.54–0.77). This seasonality of energy flux appears to be associated with snowmelt rates that generally increase with onset date of melt (0.02 cm d-2). This seasonality in snowmelt rate, coupled to differences in hydrogeology, may account for the observed differences in correspondence between the timing of snowmelt and timing of streamflow in these watersheds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011006","usgsCitation":"Jepsen, S.M., Molotch, N., Williams, M.W., Rittger, K.E., and Sickman, J.O., 2012, Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: examples from two alpine watersheds: Water Resources Research, v. 48, 15 p.; W02529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011006.","productDescription":"15 p.; W02529","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474424,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":258177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258169,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011006","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada;Rocky Mountains","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce9e4b0c8380cd63143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jepsen, Steven M. sjepsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jepsen","given":"Steven","email":"sjepsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Molotch, Noah P.","contributorId":79741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molotch","given":"Noah P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Mark W.","contributorId":43046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rittger, Karl E.","contributorId":13850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rittger","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sickman, James O.","contributorId":30741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickman","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038903,"text":"70038903 - 2012 - Hyper-dry conditions provide new insights into the cause of extreme floods after wildfire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-04T01:02:11","indexId":"70038903","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1198,"text":"Catena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hyper-dry conditions provide new insights into the cause of extreme floods after wildfire","docAbstract":"A catastrophic wildfire in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains near Boulder, Colorado provided a unique opportunity to investigate soil conditions immediately after a wildfire and before alteration by rainfall. Measurements of near-surface (< 6 cm) soil properties (temperature, volumetric soil-water content, θ; and matric suction, ψ), rainfall, and wind velocity were started 8 days after the wildfire began. These measurements established that hyper-dryconditions (θ < ~ 0.02 cm3 cm-3; ψ > ~ 3 x 105 cm) existed and provided an in-situ retention curve for these conditions. These conditions exacerbate the effects of water repellency (natural and fire-induced) and limit the effectiveness of capillarity and gravity driven infiltration into fire-affected soils. The important consequence is that given hyper-dryconditions, the critical rewetting process before the first rain is restricted to the diffusion–adsorption of water-vapor. This process typically has a time scale of days to weeks (especially when the hydrologic effects of the ash layer are included) that is longer than the typical time scale (minutes to hours) of some rainstorms, such that under hyper-dryconditions essentially no rain infiltrates. The existence of hyper-dryconditions provides insight into why, frequently during the first rain storm after a wildfire, nearly all rainfall becomes runoff causing extremefloods and debris flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Catena","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2012.01.006","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Ebel, B.A., 2012, Hyper-dry conditions provide new insights into the cause of extreme floods after wildfire: Catena, v. 93, p. 58-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.01.006.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258141,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.01.006","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b5e4b0c8380cd610c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, John A. 0000-0003-2609-364X jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70102472,"text":"70102472 - 2012 - Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T14:56:17","indexId":"70102472","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA","docAbstract":"Local water agencies and the United States Geological Survey are using a \ncombination of techniques to better understand the scant freshwater resources and the much \nmore abundant brackish resources in coastal San Diego, California, USA. Techniques include \ninstallation of multiple-depth monitoring well sites; geologic and paleontological analysis of \ndrill cuttings; geophysical logging to identify formations and possible seawater intrusion; \nsampling of pore-water obtained from cores; analysis of chemical constituents including trace \nelements and isotopes; and use of scoping models including a three-dimensional geologic \nframework model, rainfall-runoff model, regional groundwater flow model, and coastal \ndensity-dependent groundwater flow model. Results show that most fresh groundwater was \nrecharged during the last glacial period and that the coastal aquifer has had recurring \nintrusions of fresh and saline water. These intrusions disguise the source, flowpaths, and \nhistory of ground water near the coast. The flow system includes a freshwater lens resting on \nbrackish water; a 100-meter-thick flowtube of freshwater discharging under brackish \nestuarine water and above highly saline water; and broad areas of fine-grained coastal \nsediment filled with fairly uniform brackish water. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen \nindicate the recharged water flows through many kilometers of fractured crystalline rock \nbefore entering the narrow coastal aquifer.
","largerWorkTitle":"22nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","conferenceTitle":"22nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","conferenceDate":"2012-06-17T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Buzios, Brazil","language":"English","publisher":"Salt Water Intrusion Meeting (SWIM)","usgsCitation":"Danskin, W.R., 2012, Gaining the necessary geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical understanding for additional brackish groundwater development, coastal San Diego, California, USA, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-037915","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286520,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/sandiego/abstracts/SWIM.Danskin.LoRes.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Diego","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.282167,32.534856 ], [ -117.282167,33.114249 ], [ -116.90816,33.114249 ], [ -116.90816,32.534856 ], [ -117.282167,32.534856 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b13ee4b0388651d9173b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danskin, Wesley R. 0000-0001-8672-5501 wdanskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":1034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"Wesley","email":"wdanskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70074333,"text":"70074333 - 2012 - Monitoring groundwater-surface water interaction using time-series and time-frequency analysis of transient three-dimensional electrical resistivity changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-29T11:47:14","indexId":"70074333","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T11:21:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring groundwater-surface water interaction using time-series and time-frequency analysis of transient three-dimensional electrical resistivity changes","docAbstract":"Time-lapse resistivity imaging is increasingly used to monitor hydrologic processes. Compared to conventional hydrologic measurements, surface time-lapse resistivity provides superior spatial coverage in two or three dimensions, potentially high-resolution information in time, and information in the absence of wells. However, interpretation of time-lapse electrical tomograms is complicated by the ever-increasing size and complexity of long-term, three-dimensional (3-D) time series conductivity data sets. Here we use 3-D surface time-lapse electrical imaging to monitor subsurface electrical conductivity variations associated with stage-driven groundwater-surface water interactions along a stretch of the Columbia River adjacent to the Hanford 300 near Richland, Washington, USA. We reduce the resulting 3-D conductivity time series using both time-series and time-frequency analyses to isolate a paleochannel causing enhanced groundwater-surface water interactions. Correlation analysis on the time-lapse imaging results concisely represents enhanced groundwater-surface water interactions within the paleochannel, and provides information concerning groundwater flow velocities. Time-frequency analysis using the Stockwell (S) transform provides additional information by identifying the stage periodicities driving groundwater-surface water interactions due to upstream dam operations, and identifying segments in time-frequency space when these interactions are most active. These results provide new insight into the distribution and timing of river water intrusion into the Hanford 300 Area, which has a governing influence on the behavior of a uranium plume left over from historical nuclear fuel processing operations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2012WR011893","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T., Slater, L.D., Ntarlagiannis, D., Day-Lewis, F.D., and Elwaseif, M., 2012, Monitoring groundwater-surface water interaction using time-series and time-frequency analysis of transient three-dimensional electrical resistivity changes: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 7, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011893.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-037950","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012wr011893","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281637,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011893"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Richland","otherGeospatial":"Doe Hanford 300 Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.400291,46.259468 ], [ -119.400291,46.370457 ], [ -119.211394,46.370457 ], [ -119.211394,46.259468 ], [ -119.400291,46.259468 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"48","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd681fe4b0b29085101d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Timothy C.","contributorId":99884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slater, Lee D.","contributorId":95792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ntarlagiannis, Dimitris","contributorId":14295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ntarlagiannis","given":"Dimitris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elwaseif, Mehrez","contributorId":86681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elwaseif","given":"Mehrez","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043500,"text":"70043500 - 2012 - Flood pulsing in the Sudd wetland: analysis of seasonal variations in 2 inundation and evapotranspiration in Southern Sudan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T12:23:56","indexId":"70043500","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1421,"text":"Earth Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood pulsing in the Sudd wetland: analysis of seasonal variations in 2 inundation and evapotranspiration in Southern Sudan","docAbstract":"Located on the Bahr el Jebel in South Sudan, the Sudd is one of the largest floodplain wetlands in the world. Seasonal inundation drives the hydrologic, geomorphological, and ecological processes, and the annual flood pulse is essential to the functioning of the Sudd. Despite the importance of the flood pulse, various hydrological interventions are planned upstream of the Sudd to increase economic benefits and food security. These will not be without consequences, in particular for wetlands where the biological productivity, biodiversity, and human livelihoods are dependent on the flood pulse and both the costs and benefits need to be carefully evaluated. Many African countries still lack regional baseline information on the temporal extent, distribution, and characteristics of wetlands, making it hard to assess the consequences of development interventions. Because of political instability in Sudan and the inaccessible nature of the Sudd, recent measurements of flooding and seasonal dynamics are inadequate. Analyses of multitemporal and multisensor remote sensing datasets are presented in this paper, in order to investigate and characterize flood pulsing within the Sudd wetland over a 12-month period. Wetland area has been mapped along with dominant components of open water and flooded vegetation at five time periods over a single year. The total area of flooding (both rain and river fed) over the 12 months was 41 334 km2, with 9176 km2 of this constituting the permanent wetland. Mean annual total evaporation is shown to be higher and with narrower distribution of values from areas of open water (1718 mm) than from flooded vegetation (1641 mm). Although the exact figures require validation against ground-based measurements, the results highlight the relative differences in inundation patterns and evaporation across the Sudd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/2011EI382.1","usgsCitation":"Senay, G.B., Rebelo, L., and McCartney, M., 2012, Flood pulsing in the Sudd wetland: analysis of seasonal variations in 2 inundation and evapotranspiration in Southern Sudan: Earth Interactions, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011EI382.1.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","ipdsId":"IP-025134","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2011ei382.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268019,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011EI382.1"}],"country":"Sudan","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f321e4b04edf7e93f8aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rebelo, L-M.","contributorId":12345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebelo","given":"L-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCartney, M.P.","contributorId":15494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCartney","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041824,"text":"70041824 - 2012 - Water, climate, and vegetation: ecohydrology in a changing world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-09T19:20:43","indexId":"70041824","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water, climate, and vegetation: ecohydrology in a changing world","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Dong, Q., Wang, L., Liu, J., Sun, G., and Wei, X., 2012, Water, climate, and vegetation: ecohydrology in a changing world: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences.","ipdsId":"IP-042344","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270734,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/special_issue74.html"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653873e4b077fa94dae02a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dong, Quan 0000-0003-0571-5884 qdong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0571-5884","contributorId":4506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dong","given":"Quan","email":"qdong@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lixin","contributorId":92943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lixin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Junguo","contributorId":60513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Junguo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sun, Ge","contributorId":72275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Ge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wei, Xiaohua","contributorId":106775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Xiaohua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}