The proposed removal of the remnants of a hydroelectric dam in the Muskegon River at Big Rapids, Michigan, will potentially affect flow of the river at the city's water intake system. Fifteen boreholes were augered in bottom sediments in the river just upstream from the dam relic, and streambottom profiles were made using ground-penetrating radar. Data from boreholes show that sediments captured by the dam foundation were deposited in two distinctly different sedimentary environments. Sediments that overlie the pre-dam channel surface consist of lacustrine clay, wood chips, silt, and sand. These lacustrine sediments are interbedded in a cyclical fashion, and they were deposited under low flow to stagnant water conditions during 1916-66, when a 17-foot-tall hydroelectric dam was in place. Demolition of the upper 13 feet of this dam in 1966 resulted in erosion of most of the lacustrine sediments, and subsequent deposition of coarser alluvium in the impoundment behind the remaining dam foundation.
Lacustrine sediments are present in the active part of the stream channel and extend from the dam foundation to about 1,300 feet upstream. The composite thickness of lacustrine sediments and overlying coarser alluvium was determined from sediment cores collected from the boreholes. The volume of these sediments is estimated to be about 19,000 cubic yards.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974069","usgsCitation":"Westjohn, D.B., 1997, Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and volume of sediments behind a dam relic on the Muskegon River, Big Rapids, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4069, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974069.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4069/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":343739,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Big Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.50659179687499,\n 43.672093310306806\n ],\n [\n -85.44788360595703,\n 43.672093310306806\n ],\n [\n -85.44788360595703,\n 43.71652730498859\n ],\n [\n -85.50659179687499,\n 43.71652730498859\n ],\n [\n -85.50659179687499,\n 43.672093310306806\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westjohn, David B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54161,"text":"wdrCO971 - 1997 - Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1997--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"wdrCO971","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-97-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1997--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for Colorado for the 1997 water year consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells and springs. This report (Volumes 1 and 2) contains discharge records for 327 gaging stations, stage and contents of 26 lakes and reservoirs, discharge measurements for 1 partial-record low-flow station and 1 miscellaneous site, peak-flow information for 30 crest-stage partial-record stations; water quality for 129 gaging stations and for 7 lakes and reservoirs, supplemental water quality for 186 gaged sites; water quality for 25 miscellaneous sites and 14 observation wells; water levels for 3 observation wells, and meteorological data for 34 sites. Eight pertinent stations operated by bordering States also are included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W.F. Horak, District Chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO971","usgsCitation":"Crowfoot, R., Paillet, A., Ritz, G., Smith, M., Steger, R., and O’Neill, G.B., 1997, Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1997--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-97-1, 513 p.; 5 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO971.","productDescription":"513 p.; 5 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5607,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrCO971","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowfoot, R.M.","contributorId":6116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowfoot","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, A.V.","contributorId":89217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steger, R.D.","contributorId":78008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54162,"text":"wdrCO972 - 1997 - Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1997--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"wdrCO972","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-97-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1997--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for Colorado for the 1997 water year consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells and springs. This report (Volumes 1 and 2) contains discharge records for 327 gaging stations, stage and contents of 26 lakes and reservoirs, discharge measurements for 1 partial-record low-flow station and 1 miscellaneous site, peak-flow information for 30 crest-stage partial-record stations; water quality for 129 gaging stations and for 7 lakes and reservoirs, supplemental water quality for 186 gaged sites; water quality for 25 miscellaneous sites and 14 observation wells; water levels for 3 observation wells, and meteorological data for 34 sites. Eight pertinent stations operated by bordering States also are included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W.F. Horak, District Chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO972","usgsCitation":"Crowfoot, R., Paillet, A., Ritz, G., Smith, M., Jenkins, R., and O’Neill, G.B., 1997, Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1997--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-97-2, 565 p.; 5 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO972.","productDescription":"565 p.; 5 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5608,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrCO972","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowfoot, R.M.","contributorId":6116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowfoot","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, A.V.","contributorId":89217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jenkins, R.A.","contributorId":48192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54443,"text":"wdrCA964 - 1997 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1996. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA964","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-96-4","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1996. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1996 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams, stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 4 contains discharge records for 180 gaging stations, stage and contents for 45 lakes and reservoirs, gage-height records for 5 stations, precipitation data for 3 stations, and water quality for 15 stations. Also included is 1 low-flow partial-record station. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA964","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S., Rockwell, G., Friebel, M., and Webster, M., 1997, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1996. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-96-4, xvii, 469 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA964.","productDescription":"xvii, 469 p.","numberOfPages":"492","costCenters":[{"id":631,"text":"Water Resources Division-California District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_96_4.jpg"},{"id":260066,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/ca-96/WRD-1996-vol4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin;Honey Lake Basin;Northern Central Valley Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,38 ], [ -123,42 ], [ -120,42 ], [ -120,38 ], [ -123,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, G.L.","contributorId":47408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webster, M.D.","contributorId":68385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28694,"text":"wri964221 - 1996 - Assessment of saltwater intrusion in southern coastal Broward County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T12:03:11.117943","indexId":"wri964221","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T10:55:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4221","displayTitle":"Assessment of Saltwater Intrusion in Southern Coastal Broward County, Florida","title":"Assessment of saltwater intrusion in southern coastal Broward County, Florida","docAbstract":"Of the counties in southeastern Florida, Broward County has experienced some of the most severe effects of saltwater intrusion into the surficial Biscayne aquifer because, before 1950, most public water-supply well fields in the county were constructed near the principal early population centers located less than 5 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. The construction of major regional drainage canals in the early 20th century caused a lowering of the water table and a gradual inland movement of the saltwater front toward the well fields. The U.S. Geological Survey began field investigations of saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer of southeastern Broward County in 1939. As part of the present study, the positions of the saltwater front in 1945, 1969, and 1993 were estimated using chloride concentrations of water samples collected between 1939 and 1994 from various monitoring and exploratory wells. The data indicate that, between 1945 and 1993, the saltwater front has moved as much as 0.5 mile inland in parts of the study area. The position and movement of the saltwater front were simulated numerically to help determine which of the various hydrologic factors and water-management features characterizing the coastal subsurface environment and its alteration by man are of significance in increasing or decreasing the degree of saltwater intrusion. Two representational methods were applied by the selection and use of appropriate model codes. The SHARP code simulates the position of the saltwater front as a sharp interface, which implies that no transition zone (a zone in which a gradational change between freshwater and saltwater occurs) separates freshwater and saltwater. The Subsurface Waste Injection Program (SWIP) code simulates a two-fluid, variable-density system using a convective-diffusion approach that includes a representation of the transition zone that occurs between the freshwater and saltwater bodies. The models were applied to: (1) approximately replicate predevelopment and current positions of the interface in the study area; and (2) study the relative importance of various factors affecting the interface position. The model analyses assumed a conceptual model of uniform easterly flow in the aquifer toward points of offshore discharge to tidewater. Measurements of water-table altitude and the depth to the interface in the study area exhibit an interrelation that differes substantially from the classical Ghyben-Herzberg relation. However, both model codes simulated water-table altitudes and interface positions that were generally consistent with the Ghyben-Herzberg relation but differed substantially from observed data. The simulate interface positions were inland of the known positions, and simulate water-table altitudes were higher than measured ones. The SHARP and SWIP simulations were in general agreement with each other when a low value of longitudinal dispersivity was specified in the SWIP simulation and also for higher values of longitudinal dispersivity when modified dispersion algorithms were used in SWIP that greatly reduced the simulated degree of vertical dispersion. Sensitivity analyses performed using the SHARP code indicated simulation results to be relatively insensitive to a substantial change in the specified slope of the base of the aquifer and moderately sensitive to a 150-percent change in net atmospheric recharge to the aquifer (rainfall minus evapotranspiration). Representing well-field pumping by the City of hallandale had only a minor, localized influence on the simulated regional interface position. Using various cross-sectional grid designs in applications of the SWIP code, near convergence of all lines of equal concentrations in the transition zone was achieved within a simulation time of 10 years. The simulated equilibrium interface location was sensitive to substantial spatial variations in the specified hydraulic conductivity values, but was relatively insensitive to seasonal varying","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964221","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1996, Assessment of saltwater intrusion in southern coastal Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4221, v, 133 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964221.","productDescription":"v, 133 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57536,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4221/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.16 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Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Borehole geophysical logging is a procedure to collect and transmit specific information about the geologic formations penetrated by a well by raising and lowering a set of probes or sondes that contain water-tight instruments in the well. The data collected can be used to determine general formation geology, fracture distribution, vertical borehole flow, and water-yielding capabilities.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Electrical-resistivity logs and water-quality data were used to delineate the fresh water/saline-water interface in a 22,000-square-mile area of the central Michigan Basin, where Mississippian and younger geologic units form a regional system of aquifers and confining units.
Pleistocene glacial deposits in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan contain freshwater, except in a 1,600-square-mile area within the Saginaw Lowlands, where these deposits typically contain saline water. Pennsylvanian and Mississippian sandstones are freshwater bearing where they subcrop below permeable Pleistocene glacial deposits. Down regional dip from subcrop areas, salinity of ground water progressively increases in Early Pennsylvanian and Mississippian sandstones, and these units contain brine in the central part of the basin. Freshwater is present in Late Pennsylvanian sandstones in the northern and southern parts of the aquifer system. Typically, saline water is present in Pennsylvanian sandstones in the eastern and western parts of the aquifer system.
Relief on the freshwater/saline-water interface is about 500 feet. Altitudes of the interface are low (300 to 400 feet above sea level) along a north-south-trending corridor through the approximate center of the area mapped. In isolated areas in the northern and western parts of the aquifer system, the altitude of the base of freshwater is less than 400 feet, but altitude is typically more than 400 feet. In the southern and northern parts of the aquifer system where Pennsylvanian rocks are thin or absent, altitudes of the base of freshwater range from 700 to 800 feet and from 500 to 700 feet above sea level, respectively.
Geologic controls on distribution of freshwater in the regional aquifer system are (1) direct hydraulic connection of sandstone aquifers and freshwater-bearing, permeable glacial deposits, (2) impedance of upward discharge of saline water from sandstones by lodgement tills, (3) impedance of recharge of freshwater to bedrock (or discharge of saline water from bedrock) by Jurassic red beds, and (4) vertical barriers to ground-water flow within and between sandstone units.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri944242","usgsCitation":"Westjohn, D.B., and Weaver, T.L., 1996, Configuration of freshwater/saline-water interface and geologic controls on distribution of freshwater in a regional aquifer system, central lower peninsula of Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4242, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944242.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": 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B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, T. L.","contributorId":24339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5622,"text":"fs16296 - 1996 - South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:56:24.520293","indexId":"fs16296","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"162-96","displayTitle":"South Florida High-Accuracy Elevation Data Collection Project","title":"South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project","docAbstract":"The major issues facing ecosystem restoration and management in south Florida are centered on the availability and distribution of clean, fresh water. Surface water flow modeling studies are an important aspect of the scientific information needs of the ecosystem restoration initiative. Hydrologic models provide much needed predictive capabilities for evaluating options for management of parks, refuges, and lands planned for acquisition, as well as for understanding the impacts of land management practices in surrounding areas. Models must account for the expansive and extremely low relief terrain of south Florida, where surface waters of the natural system are transported by sheet flow from Lake Okeechobee through the Everglades to Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. To model sheet flows, highly accurate elevation data that define the surface topography are required as the most critical input parameter to the Natural Systems Model and other hydrologic models. These data are necessary for calculating water surface slope, depth, velocity, and direction of flow. Hydrologists have stated vertical accuracy requirements of between 3 and 15 centimeters. These accuracy requirements are so stringent, because of the extremely flat terrain, that any standard or other currently available data products would not suffice for this modeling application.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16296","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 1996–162, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16296.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118357,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0162/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0162/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Bedrock units at the Weldon Spring ordnance works in St. Charles County, Missouri, dip to the northeast at about 60 feet per mile, as measured by the top of the Chouteau Group. The top of the bedrock forms a generally east-west trending ridge through the Weldon Spring training area and the Weldon Spring chemical plant. This surface contains a large, broad bedrock low centered about the unnamed tributary to Dardenne Creek that contains Burgermeister spring. The low has been interpreted to be a paleodrainage that existed before deposition of glacial drift. This feature consists of smaller, more elongate paleovalleys at and west of the chemical plant where more dense drillhole data provide better definition.
The uppermost bedrock unit throughout most of the ordnance works is the BurlingtonKeokuk Limestone of Mississippian age. It is subdivided based on weathering characteristics into a lower, unweathered unit; an upper, weathered unit; and a strongly weathered subunit of the weathered unit. The unweathered unit is a light to medium gray, coarse to less commonly fine crystalline, thin to massive bedded, fossiliferous, cherty limestone. The unweathered unit can be silty or argillaceous, or can locally be dolostone or siltstone. The weathered unit is characterized by an increase in mostly horizontal fractures and partings, increased porosity, vugs, voids, breccia, and discoloration by iron oxides. A strongly weathered subunit of the weathered unit is identified in some monitoring wells where these features are particularly abundant or intense.
The overburden units are, in ascending order: residuum, basal till, glacial till, including a glacial outwash subunit, the Ferrelview Formation, loess, alluvium, and fill. Some of the thickest overburden occurs in the northern part of the training area and north of the training area and may be caused by a larger thickness of glacial drift. The paleodrainage centered about the unnamed tributary to Dardenne Creek that contains Burgermeister spring appears to have been partially filled by glacial drift, and a surface-water divide now exists southeast of the tributary.
The upper, more permeable part of the shallow aquifer consists of the residuum, basal till, glacial outwash (where there is no glacial till below it), and the weathered unit of the Burlington-Keokuk Limestone. The lower, less permeable part of the shallow aquifer consists of the unweathered unit of the Burlington-Keokuk Limestone and the Fern Glen Formation. Generally, the upper part of the shallow aquifer thins to the north, reflecting the thin to absent weathered unit north of the training area and chemical plant. A glacial drift confining unit consists of parts of the glacial till and the Ferrelview Formation. Ground water as recharge and discharge probably moves in fractures through this unit. It confines ground water where the potentiometric surface of the shallow aquifer is above its base. There are stream reaches where the streams have cut through the glacial drift confining unit to expose the underlying shallow aquifer.
A potentiometric surface map of the shallow aquifer shows a large ground-water mound in the south-central part of the training area. This mound is part of a generally east-west trending ground-water ridge through the training area and the chemical plant that defines a ground-water divide. Precipitation that percolates downward through fractures in the glacial drift confining unit recharges the shallow aquifer. Where the glacial drift confining unit is not present, precipitation can be expected to recharge the shallow aquifer more readily. There is the potential for groundwater flow in permeable overburden units where the potentiometric surface is above the top of bedrock. Generally, the residuum and locally other overburden units of the shallow aquifer potentially become more important as mediums of ground-water flow north and downgradient of the ground-water ridge. This is probably limited where clay-rich zones in the residuum confine ground water below in the bedrock. Because the thickness of the weathered unit generally decreases to the north, it generally becomes a less important medium of ground-water flow downgradient to the north. Also to the north, the potentiometric surface of the shallow aquifer is above the base of the glacial drift confining unit over a large area, indicating that the aquifer is confined. Upward ground-water gradients measured in monitoring well pairs, Burgermeister and other springs, the gaining unnamed tributary to Dardenne Creek upstream of Burgermeister spring, and Dardenne Creek indicate ground-water discharge in the northern part of the ordnance works.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Mugel, D.N., 1996, Geohydrology of the Weldon Spring ordnance works, St. Charles County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4171, Report: iv, 47 p.; 16 Plates: 17.00 x 11.04 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964171.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 47 p.; 16 Plates: 17.00 x 11.04 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57662,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361517,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361508,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361509,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361518,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":361519,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361510,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361520,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361511,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361512,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361521,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361522,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361523,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361513,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361514,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361515,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":361516,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4171/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Charles County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.94207763671875,\n 38.511639141458616\n ],\n [\n -90.5328369140625,\n 38.511639141458616\n ],\n [\n -90.5328369140625,\n 38.91133881927712\n ],\n [\n -90.94207763671875,\n 38.91133881927712\n ],\n [\n -90.94207763671875,\n 38.511639141458616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mugel, Douglas N. dmugel@usgs.gov","contributorId":290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mugel","given":"Douglas","email":"dmugel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32078,"text":"ofr96534 - 1996 - Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:07:50","indexId":"ofr96534","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-534","title":"Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles)","docAbstract":"The geology of the Cascade Head area bridges the geology in the Tillamook Highlands to the north (Wells and others, 1994; 1995) with that of the Newport Embayment on the south (Snavely and others, 1976 a,b,c). The four 7.5-minute quadrangles (Neskowin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph) which comprise the Cascade Head area include significant stratigraphic, structural, and igneous data that are essential in unraveling the geology of the northern and central part of the Oregon Coast Range and of the adjacent continental shelf
Earlier studies (Snavely and Vokes, 1949) were of a broad reconnaissance nature because of limited access in this rugged, densely forested part of the Siuslaw National Forest. Also, numerous thick sills of late middle Eocene diabase and middle Miocene basalt mask the Eocene stratigraphic relationships. Previous mapping was hampered by a lack of precise biostratigraphic data. However, recent advances in biostratigraphy and radiometric age dating and geochemistry have provided the necessary tools to decipher stratigraphic and structural relationships in the Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences (W.W. Rau, personal communication, 1978 to 1988; Bukry and Snavely, 1988).
Many important stratigraphic and igneous relationships are displayed within the Casacde Head area:
(1) turbidite sandstone of the middle Eocene Tyee Formation, which is widespread in the central and southern part of the Oregon Coast Range (Snavely and others, 1964), was not deposited in the western part of the Cascade Head, and is of limited extent north of the map area (Wells and others, 1994);
(2) the late middle Eocene Yamhill Formation, which crops out along the west and east flank of the Oregon Coast Range, overlaps older strata and overlies an erosional unconformity on the lower Eocene Siletz River Volcanics (Snavely and others, 1990; 1991);
(3) thick sills of late middle Eocene diabase (43 Ma) are widespread in the Cascade Head area and also form much of the eastern flank of the Tillamook Highlands (Wells and others, 1994), but are rare south of the map area;
(4) Cascade Head is the northernmost eruptive center of late Eocene alkalic basalts--85 km north of the eruptive center of correlative alkalic flows of the Yachats Basalt in the Newport Embayment (Snavely and Vokes, 1949; Snavely and others, 1990; Barnes and Barnes, 1992; Davis and others, 1995);
(5) early Oligocene (33 Ma) sills and dikes of nepheline syenite and camptonite present in the Newport Embayment (Snavely and Wagner, 1961) are not found in the Cascade Head area;
(6) extensive middle Oligocene (30 Ma) granophyric gabbro sills that are widespread in the central part of the Oregon Coast Range (Snavely and Wagner, 1961; MacLeod, 1969) are not present in the Cascade Head area.
The Cascade Head area is the last segment of the Oregon Coast to receive detailed geologic mapping. Increased logging operations in the 1970's and 1980's created numerous new roadcut exposures and access to exposures in stream beds. More importantly, microfossil biostratigraphic control, available since 1970, based upon foraminifer determinations by W.W. Rau and nannofossil determinations by David Bukry provided critical information on stratigraphic succession as well as on depositional environments of the deep water (bathyal) siltstone units present in much of the Cascade Head area. These paleontologic data also permitted correlations with other sedimentary sequences mapped in the Newport Embayment and in the Tillamook Highlands as well as in western Washington.
New 7.5-minute topographic maps and aerial photographs which became available in the late 1980's provided detailed topography which can be related to the distribution of thick sills and broad landslide areas, as well as a precise geographic relationship of geologic observations in this densely forested and brush-covered terrain.
New geographic information systems (GIS) technology has produced a digitized color map of the Cascade Head area that combines the four 7.5-minute quadrangles that previously were open-filed as separate black and white 7.5-minute quadrangles (Snavely and others, 1990; 1990a; 1991; 1993).
The tectonic framework and stratigraphic architecture presented on the map of the Cascade Head area was obtained by classic geologic field methods. This information could have been obtained only through detailed observation and sampling along stream beds, road cuts, and outcrops. Remote sensing techniques were of minor help in unraveling the geology in this poorly exposed and complex terrain, a terrain that characterizes much of the Oregon and Washington Coast Ranges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96534","usgsCitation":"Snavely, P., Niem, A., Wong, F.L., MacLeod, N.S., Calhoun, T.K., Minasian, D.L., and Niem, W., 1996, Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-534, Report: 16 p.; 2 Plates: 44.86 x 26.85 inches and 45.27 x 28.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96534.","productDescription":"Report: 16 p.; 2 Plates: 44.86 x 26.85 inches and 45.27 x 28.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350270,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350271,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350269,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Head area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.75,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.75,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snavely, Parke D. Jr.","contributorId":80328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"Parke D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niem, Alan","contributorId":7345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacLeod, Norman S.","contributorId":13643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calhoun, Tracy K.","contributorId":93114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calhoun","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minasian, Diane L. dminasian@usgs.gov","contributorId":12906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minasian","given":"Diane","email":"dminasian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Niem, Wendy","contributorId":67949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Wendy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":24528,"text":"ofr9615 - 1996 - Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr9615","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-15","title":"Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed as part of a cooperative U.S. Geological Survey/Massachusetts Water Resources Authority program to study contaminated sediment accumulation and transport in Massachusetts Bay. This report details the development of the model and assesses how well the model represents observed currents and water properties in the bay. It also summarizes circulation and comparative effluent dilution simulations from existing and future Boston sewage outfalls over a three-year period from October 1, 1989 to December 31, 1992. \r\n\r\nThe ECOM-si model, a semi-implicit version of the Blumberg and Mellor (1987) Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Model, is shown to reproduce many of the important hydrodynamical features of Massachusetts Bay: the seasonal evolution of the pycnocline, the mean flow pattern, and the strength of sub-tidal current fluctuations. Throughout the simulation period, during both vertically well-mixed and stratified conditions, the seasonal statistics of observed currents are well-represented by the model. The model is therefore appropriate for studying the average dilution of sewage effluent and other continuously discharged substances over seasonal time scales. \r\n\r\nThe ability of the model to reproduce individual flow events varies with season and location within the bay. Flow events during unstratified conditions in western Massachusetts Bay are particularly well-represented, indicating that the model is appropriate for studying processes such as the transport of suspended material from the future outfall site due to winter storms. Individual flow events during stratified conditions and in the offshore Stellwagen Bank region, however, are less well-represented due to small length scales (caused by upwelling and river discharge events) coupled with insufficient data to specify open boundary forcing from the Gulf of Maine. Thus while the model might be used to answer issues such as the frequency with which Gulf of Maine river plumes visit the new outfall site, attempting to predict whether a particular plume would visit the outfall site could be problematic. \r\n\r\nComparative simulations of effluent discharged from the existing and future Boston outfalls show that the region of relatively high effluent concentrations (1 part effluent to 200 parts sea water) is significantly smaller with the future outfall and is limited to Western Massachusetts Bay during both unstratified and stratified seasons. The region of even higher concentration (1 part effluent to 50 parts sea water) that covers much of Boston Harbor with the existing outfall is non-existent in the future outfall simulation. Additional simulations of chlorination plant failure predict that the offshore location of the future outfall will lead to dramatically lower levels of pathogens at area beaches.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Woods Hole Field Center,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9615","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., Jenter, H.L., and Blumberg, A.F., 1996, Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-15, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9615.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1622,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://crusty.er.usgs.gov/mbayopen/mbayopen.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenter, Harry L. 0000-0002-1307-8785 hjenter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-8785","contributorId":228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenter","given":"Harry","email":"hjenter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blumberg, Alan F.","contributorId":66299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumberg","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23345,"text":"ofr96211 - 1996 - Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr96211","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-211","title":"Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"A physically based flow-routing model using Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) was constructed for modeling streamflow in the Carson River at daily time intervals as part of the Truckee-Carson Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Daily streamflow data for water years 1978-92 for the mainstem river, tributaries, and irrigation ditches from the East Fork Carson River near Markleeville and West Fork Carson River at Woodfords down to the mainstem Carson River at Fort Churchill upstream from Lahontan Reservoir were obtained from several agencies and were compiled into a comprehensive data base. No previous physically based flow-routing model of the Carson River has incorporated multi-agency streamflow data into a single data base and simulated flow at a daily time interval. Where streamflow data were unavailable or incomplete, hydrologic techniques were used to estimate some flows. For modeling purposes, the Carson River was divided into six segments, which correspond to those used in the Alpine Decree that governs water rights along the river. Hydraulic characteristics were defined for 48 individual stream reaches based on cross-sectional survey data obtained from field surveys and previous studies. Simulation results from the model were compared with available observed and estimated streamflow data. Model testing demonstrated that hydraulic characteristics of the Carson River are adequately represented in the models for a range of flow regimes. Differences between simulated and observed streamflow result mostly from inadequate data characterizing inflow and outflow from the river. Because irrigation return flows are largely unknown, irrigation return flow percentages were used as a calibration parameter to minimize differences between observed and simulated streamflows. Observed and simulated streamflow were compared for daily periods for the full modeled length of the Carson River and for two major subreaches modeled with more detailed input data. Hydrographs and statistics presented in this report describe these differences. A sensitivity analysis of four estimated components of the hydrologic system evaluated which components were significant in the model. Estimated ungaged tributary streamflow is not a significant component of the model during low runoff, but is significant during high runoff. The sensitivity analysis indicates that changes in the estimated irrigation diversion and estimated return flow creates a noticeable change in the statistics. The modeling for this study is preliminary. Results of the model are constrained by current availability and accuracy of observed hydrologic data. Several inflows and outflows of the Carson River are not described by time-series data and therefore are not represented in the model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96211","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., 1996, Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-211, iv, 41 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96211.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19457,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64865c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2332,"text":"wsp2470B - 1996 - Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20184,"text":"ofr94505 - 1994 - Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","indexId":"ofr94505","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2332,"text":"wsp2470B - 1996 - Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","indexId":"wsp2470B","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:49:38","indexId":"wsp2470B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2470","chapter":"B","title":"Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"This report presents results derived from a numerical model of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington, that was used to test and refine the conceptual understanding of the flow system, estimate the effects of past and future human-caused changes to ground-water recharge and discharge on ground-water levels and streamflow, and determine priorities for ground-water monitoring and data collection that would facilitate improvements in the utility and accuracy of the model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wsp2470B","collaboration":"Two files available for download:\r\nFirst file contains the documents text only.\r\nSecond, larger, file contains only the plates for this document.","usgsCitation":"Morgan, D.S., and McFarland, W.D., 1996, Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington (Supersedes OFR 94-505): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2470, v, 83 p.; 9 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2470B.","productDescription":"v, 83 p.; 9 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28191,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28192,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28193,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28184,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28185,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28186,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28187,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28188,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28189,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28190,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 94-505","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f306e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, David S.","contributorId":73181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, William D.","contributorId":18738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23661,"text":"ofr96558 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Nutrients in two coastal prairie streams draining agricultural areas, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T15:24:53","indexId":"ofr96558","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-558","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Nutrients in two coastal prairie streams draining agricultural areas, 1994-95","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began nationwide implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Long-term goals of NAWQA are to describe the status of and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation?s surface- and ground-water resources and to provide a sound, scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors affecting the quality of these resources (Leahy and others, 1990). The Trinity River Basin in east-central Texas (fig. 1) was among the first 20 hydrologic areas, called study units, to be assessed by this program. The first intensive data-collection phase for the Trinity River Basin NAWQA began in March 1993 and ended in September 1995. Streams in the Trinity River Basin were assessed by sampling water, bed sediment, and tissue of biota and characterizing the aquatic communities and their habitat. Aquifers were assessed by sampling water from wells. The coastal prairie is a small part of the Trinity River Basin, but it is environmentally important because of its proximity to Galveston Bay and the extensive use of agricultural chemicals on many irrigated farms. Galveston Bay (fig. 1) was selected by Congress as an estuary of national significance and was included on a priority list for the National Estuary Program. The Trinity River is especially important because its watershed dominates the total Galveston Bay drainage area and because its flow contributes substantial amounts of freshwater and water-quality constituents to the bay. Historically, measurements of the quantity and quality of water entering Galveston Bay from the Trinity River Basin have been made using data from a station about 113 kilometers (70 miles) upstream from Trinity Bay, an inlet bay to Galveston Bay. With a focused objective of providing additional water-quality information in the intervening coastal prairie area and an overall objective of improving the understanding of the relations between farming practices and stream quality in the Trinity River Basin, a special study was conducted. This report provides a description of the occurrence and concentrations of nutrients in two streams in this intervening area. An earlier report by Brown (1996) describes the occurrence and concentrations of pesticides in these two streams. An overall analysis of nutrient data collected during 1974?91 in the Trinity River Basin is given by Van Metre and Reutter (1995).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96558","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Nutrients in two coastal prairie streams draining agricultural areas, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-558, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96558.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0558/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/ofr-96-558.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0558/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee615","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22630,"text":"ofr96212 - 1996 - Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:07:03","indexId":"ofr96212","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-212","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina","docAbstract":"This report and the attached 3 1/2-inch diskette contain, in compressed format, the data sets for the model of ground-water flow in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina. The data sets can be uncompressed using a program provided with this report. The uncompressed files require approximately 3.7 megabytes of disk space on an IBM-compatible microcomputer1 using the MS-DOS operating system. All files are in American Standard Code for Information Interchange format.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96212","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Campbell, B.G., and van Heeswijk, M., 1996, Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina (Version 3.3.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-212, 2 p. 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96212.","productDescription":"2 p. 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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This report provides low-flow characteristics for 216 continuous-record gaging stations using frequency analysis techniques. Included are low-flow frequency characteristics for 143 unregulated, gaging stations; and sample percentiles for 32 stations that were subject to regulation or diversion, and sample percentiles for 41 stations, regulated and unregulated, that exhibited significant trends in the annual low-flow time series. Estimates of low-flow frequency characteristics are provided for 242 partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites based on correlations with daily mean discharges at continuous-record stations. Low-flow measurement data are available at approximately 1,300 continuous-record gaging stations, partial- record stations and miscellaneous sites. Historic low-flow measurement data are accessible through the U.S. Geological Survey Automatic Data Processing System.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation","usgsCitation":"Rumenik, R.P., and Grubbs, J.W., 1996, Low-flow characteristics of Florida streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4165, Report: vi, 220 p.; 2 Plates: 32.50 x 35.79 inches and 32.50 x 32.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934165.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 220 p.; 2 Plates: 32.50 x 35.79 inches and 32.50 x 32.76 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P.","contributorId":42626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumenik","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26728,"text":"wri954223 - 1996 - Water resources of the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954223","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4223","title":"Water resources of the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Existing data were used in conjunction with onsite measurements to evaluate the water resources on the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming. The reservation is located mainly in the Wind River drainage basin. Ground water is used for public- supply, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes, and potentially for irrigation. Deposits of Quaternary age provide water for domestic and public-supply uses. Median well yields from different types of Quaternary deposits ranged from 6 to 20 gallons per minute. The Wind River Formation of Tertiary age is a major source of water for domestic and public-supply uses; well yields ranged from 0.1 to 350 gallons per minute. For the Tensleep Sandstone and Madison Limestone of Paleozoic age, wells might yield as much as 1,000 gallons per minute. The dissolved-solids concentration of water from the Little Wind River and Popo Agie River flood-plain alluvium near mountains was generally less than 400 mg/L (milligrams per liter), but with increasing distance from mountains, the range was about 600 to about 750 mg/L. Dissolved-solids concentrations of water in the Wind River Formation ranged from 211 to 5,110 mg/L. Streams provide most water used for irrigation. Discharge records from streamflow-gaging stations indicate flow characteristics of streams on the reservation are extremely variable. Average annual runoff was 122 to 1,150 acre-feet per square mile on perennial streams with gaging stations. Near the mountains, most perennial streams had dissolved-solids concentrations less than 200 mg/L, and with increasing distance from the mountains, concentrations were about 400 to 600 mg/L.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,[distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954223","usgsCitation":"Daddow, R.L., 1996, Water resources of the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4223, vii, 121 :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954223.","productDescription":"vii, 121 :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55603,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55604,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55605,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55606,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55607,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e62c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daddow, R. L.","contributorId":35748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daddow","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28927,"text":"wri954282 - 1996 - Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:15:15","indexId":"wri954282","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4282","title":"Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","docAbstract":"The Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project was formed by a consortium of local governments and governmental agencies in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey to supplement existing data on conventional pollutants, nutrients, and metals to enable eventual determination of long-term trends; to examine spatial differences among water supplies within the region, especially differences between smaller upland sources, large multipurpose reservoirs, and run-of-river supplies; to provide tributary loading inlake data for predictive modeling of Falls of the Neuse and B. Everett Jordan reservoirs; and to establish a database for synthetic organic compounds.\r\n\r\nWater-quality sampling began in October 1988 at 35 sites located on area run-of-river and reservoir water supplies and their tributaries. Sampling has continued through 1994. Samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace metals, pesticides, and semivolatile and volatile organic compounds. Monthly concentration data, high-flow concentration data, and data on daily mean streamflow at most stream sites were used to calculate loadings of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and trace metals to reservoirs.\r\n\r\nStream and lake sites were assigned to one of five site categories-- (1) rivers, (2) large multipurpose reservoirs, (3) small water-supply reservoirs, (4) streams below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants, and (5) headwater streams--according to general site characteristics. Concentrations of nitrogen species, phosphorus species, and selected trace metals were compared by site category using nonparametric analysis of variance techniques and qualitatively (trace metals). Wastewater-treatment plant effluents and urban runoff had a significant impact on water quality compared to reservoirs and headwater streams. Streams draining these areas had more mineralized water than streams draining undeveloped areas. Moreover, median nitrogen and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were significantly greater than all other site categories. Phosphorus was significantly greater than for reservoir sites or headwater streams. Few concentrations of trace metals were greater than the minimum reporting limit, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards were rarely exceeded. Detections, when they occurred, were most frequent for sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plant effluents.\r\n\r\nA small number of samples for analysis of acetanilide, triazine, carbamate, and chlorophenoxy acid pesticides indicate that some of these compounds are generally present in area waters in small concentrations. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides are ubiquitous in the study area in very small concentrations. Trihalomethanes were detected at sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants. Otherwise, volatile organic compounds and semivolatile compounds were generally not detected.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, and zinc loads into Falls Lake, Jordan Lake, University Lake, Cane Creek Reservoir, Little River Reservoir, and Lake Michie were calculated. In general, reservoirs act as traps for suspended sediment and constituents associated with suspended sediments.\r\n\r\nDuring 1989-94, annual suspended-sediment load to Falls Lake ranged from 29,500 to 88,200 tons. Because Lake Michie trapped from 83 to 93 percent of the suspended sediment delivered by Flat River, Flat River is a minor contributor of suspended sediment to Falls Lake. Yields of suspended sediment from Little River, Little Lick Creek, and Flat River Basins were between 184 and 223 tons per square mile and appear to have increased increased slightly from yields reported in a study for the period 1970-79. Annual suspended-sediment load to Jordan Lake ranged from 271,000 to 622,000 tons from 1989 through 1994 water years. The Haw River contributed more than 75 percent of the tota load to Jordan Lake. The suspended-sediment yields for Haw River and Northeast Cree","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954282","usgsCitation":"Oblinger, C.J., and Treece, M., 1996, Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4282, v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954282.","productDescription":"v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Upper Cape Fear River 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C. 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Jr.","contributorId":60255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treece","given":"M.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31700,"text":"ofr96632 - 1996 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:11:15","indexId":"ofr96632","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-632","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota","docAbstract":"Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected sites on streams in the Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River Basin, located in southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, outlets of sewage treatment plants, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr96632","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C.A., 1996, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-632, Document: 21 p.; Plate: 44 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96632.","productDescription":"Document: 21 p.; Plate: 44 x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":19525,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0632/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0632/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19526,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0632/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.87699890136719, 45.02355322956419 ], [ -95.86463928222656, 45.02840634444917 ], [ -95.86395263671875, 45.034229539203075 ], [ -95.85708618164062, 45.045389006413735 ], [ -95.83717346191406, 45.03956694724904 ], [ -95.83580017089842, 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Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2477","title":"Verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for the Fox River in Illinois","docAbstract":"The previously-calibrated application of the Full EQuations (FEQ) model of one-dimensional, unsteady flow to a 30.7-mile reach of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois was verified with discharge, stage, and dye-transport data collected during a 12-day period in October-November 1990. The period included unsteady flow induced by the operation of a sluice gate dam located at the upstream end of the reach. The model flow field was input to the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model (BLTM) for the simulation of dye transport. The results of the FEQ and BLTM model simulations are compared with the measured data and sensitivity analyses of the model parameters for this application are presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2477","usgsCitation":"Ishii, A., and Turner, M.J., 1996, Verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for the Fox River in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2477, v, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2477.","productDescription":"v, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WSP&number=2477","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2477/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27328,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2477/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ishii, Audrey L. alishii@usgs.gov","contributorId":1818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"Audrey L.","email":"alishii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Mary J.","contributorId":91838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29182,"text":"wri964226 - 1996 - Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:49:55","indexId":"wri964226","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4226","title":"Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Peak flows were simulated for Scott Creek, just upstream from Sylva, in Jackson County, North Carolina, in order to provide Jackson County officials with information that can be used to improve preparation for and response to flash floods along the reach of Scott Creek that flows through Sylva. A U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model was calibrated using observed rainfall and streamflow data collected from March 1994 through September 1995. Standard errors for calibration were 34 percent for runoff volumes and 21 percent for peak flows. The calibrated model was used to simulate peak flows resulting from syn- thetic rainfall amounts of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 inches in 24-hour periods. For each rainfall amount, peak flows were simulated under low-, moderate-, and high-antecedent soil-moisture conditions, represented by selected 3-month periods of daily rainfall and evaporation record from nearby climatic-data measuring stations. Simulated peak flows ranged from 89 to 10,100 cubic feet per second.\r\n\r\nProfiles of water-surface elevations for selected observed and simu- lated peak flows were computed for the reach of Scott Creek that flows through Sylva, North Carolina. The profiles were computed using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles computer program and channel cross-section data collected by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The stage-discharge relation for Scott Creek at the simulation site has changed since the collection of the cross-section data. These changes, however, are such that the water-surface profiles presented in this report likely overestimate the true water-surface elevations at the simulation site for a given peak flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964226","usgsCitation":"Pope, B., 1996, Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4226, iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964226.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Jackson County","city":"Sylva","otherGeospatial":"Scott Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.1787,35.5197],[-83.1687,35.5104],[-83.1534,35.4954],[-83.1438,35.4948],[-83.1391,35.4917],[-83.1383,35.4858],[-83.1365,35.4682],[-83.1341,35.4664],[-83.1098,35.4652],[-83.0995,35.4623],[-83.0937,35.4584],[-83.0894,35.4508],[-83.0803,35.4478],[-83.0794,35.4392],[-83.0752,35.433],[-83.0654,35.4287],[-83.0546,35.4267],[-83.0529,35.4258],[-83.0451,35.4142],[-83.0446,35.4015],[-83.042,35.3943],[-83.0234,35.3807],[-83.0183,35.38],[-83.0081,35.3779],[-82.9983,35.3741],[-82.993,35.3693],[-82.9883,35.3635],[-82.9756,35.3424],[-82.9676,35.3377],[-82.9635,35.3196],[-82.9507,35.3104],[-82.9381,35.3057],[-82.9364,35.3044],[-82.9307,35.3032],[-82.9201,35.2911],[-82.9211,35.2739],[-82.9266,35.241],[-82.9318,35.2295],[-82.9384,35.2248],[-82.9578,35.2157],[-82.9608,35.2061],[-82.9859,35.1873],[-82.9875,35.1827],[-82.9836,35.1692],[-82.9951,35.163],[-82.9955,35.1566],[-82.9792,35.1448],[-82.9784,35.138],[-83.0446,35.0763],[-83.0522,35.0548],[-83.0401,35.0492],[-83.0359,35.0416],[-83.02,35.0379],[-83.0073,35.028],[-83.069,35.0118],[-83.1052,35.002],[-83.1076,35.0079],[-83.1094,35.011],[-83.1129,35.0141],[-83.1224,35.013],[-83.1314,35.0268],[-83.1341,35.0381],[-83.1499,35.054],[-83.1699,35.0608],[-83.1718,35.0671],[-83.1565,35.0775],[-83.1459,35.08],[-83.1451,35.0878],[-83.1494,35.0954],[-83.1758,35.1083],[-83.1868,35.1307],[-83.1962,35.1409],[-83.2126,35.1564],[-83.2246,35.1606],[-83.2178,35.2253],[-83.2274,35.24],[-83.2365,35.2425],[-83.2431,35.2382],[-83.2485,35.2326],[-83.272,35.2292],[-83.2862,35.2329],[-83.2898,35.236],[-83.2984,35.2548],[-83.3083,35.26],[-83.3149,35.2698],[-83.3126,35.2821],[-83.323,35.315],[-83.3317,35.3198],[-83.338,35.3336],[-83.3325,35.3515],[-83.3351,35.3596],[-83.3359,35.3637],[-83.3368,35.3718],[-83.3373,35.3841],[-83.342,35.3876],[-83.3462,35.3925],[-83.3492,35.4101],[-83.3521,35.4109],[-83.3572,35.4126],[-83.3601,35.4143],[-83.3625,35.4179],[-83.3633,35.422],[-83.3641,35.4274],[-83.3609,35.4316],[-83.3577,35.4362],[-83.3566,35.438],[-83.3573,35.4412],[-83.3566,35.4489],[-83.3506,35.4673],[-83.3467,35.4701],[-83.3412,35.4721],[-83.3384,35.4735],[-83.3367,35.4736],[-83.332,35.4701],[-83.3286,35.4683],[-83.3245,35.4666],[-83.3188,35.465],[-83.3143,35.4647],[-83.3111,35.4688],[-83.3087,35.4794],[-83.3031,35.4813],[-83.2971,35.4842],[-83.2936,35.4834],[-83.2903,35.4853],[-83.2877,35.4895],[-83.2861,35.4927],[-83.283,35.4982],[-83.2746,35.5016],[-83.2719,35.5049],[-83.2648,35.5096],[-83.2621,35.5133],[-83.257,35.513],[-83.2537,35.5145],[-83.2481,35.5164],[-83.2426,35.5189],[-83.2393,35.5221],[-83.2315,35.5251],[-83.2248,35.5262],[-83.2181,35.5277],[-83.2124,35.5261],[-83.2088,35.5212],[-83.1975,35.5215],[-83.1854,35.5177],[-83.1787,35.5197]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Jackson\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f323e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, B.F.","contributorId":10062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28931,"text":"wri964253 - 1996 - Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964253","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4253","title":"Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Understanding of the interaction of ground-water and surface-water resources is vital to water management when water availability is limited.Inflow of ground water is the primary source ofwater during stream base flow. The water chemistry of streams may substantially be affected by that inflow of ground water. This report is part of a study to examine ground-water and surface-water interaction in the Owl Creek Basin, Wyoming, completed by the U.S. Geological Survey incooperation with the Northern Arapaho Tribe and the Shoshone Tribe. During a low flow period between November\\x1113 - 17, 1991, streamflowmeasurements and water-quality samples were collected at 16 selected sites along major streams and tributaries in the Owl Creek Basin,Wyoming. The data were used to identify stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow and to examine causes of changes in stream chemistry.Streamflow measurements, radon-222 activity load, and dissolved solids load were used to identified stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow.Streamflow measurements identified three stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. Analysis of radon-222 activity load identified five stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. Dissolvedsolids load identified six stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. When these three methods were combined, stream reaches in two areas, theEmbar Area and the Thermopolis Anticline Area, were identified as receiving ground-water inflow.The Embar Area and the Thermopolis Anticline Area were then evaluated to determine the source of increased chemical load in stream water. Three potential sources were analyzed: tributary inflow, surficial geology, and anticlines. Two sources,tributary inflow and surficial geology, were related to changes in isotopic ratios and chemical load in the Embar Area. In two reaches in the Embar Area, isotopic ratios of 18O/16O, D/H, and 34S/32S indicated that tributary inflow affected stream-water chemistry. Increased chemical load of dissolved solids and dissolved sulfate in North Fork andSouth Fork Owl Creek appear to be related to the percentage of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits and of Cretaceous-Jurassic deposits in the drainage area. In the Thermopolis Anticline Area, changes in water chemistry in Owl Creek were not related to tributary inflow, surficial geology, or anticlines.The three tributaries that flow into Owl Creek in the Thermopolis Anticline Area did not substantially affect the isotopic ratios or contribute to the chemical load. Changes in the chemical load were not associated with changes in the surficial geologybetween the stream-water sampling sites. Water levels and chemical ratios indicate no ground-water inflow from the Thermopolis Anticline geothermal system to Owl Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964253","usgsCitation":"Ogle, K., 1996, Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4253, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964253.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a24f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogle, K.M.","contributorId":38178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27153,"text":"wri964199 - 1996 - Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri964199","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4199","title":"Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality","docAbstract":"Bacterial injury, survival, and regrowth were investigated by use of replicate flow-through incubation chambers placed in the Cuyahoga River or Lake Erie in the greater Cleveland metropolitan area during seven 4-day field studies. The chambers contained wastewater or combined-sewer-overflow (CSO) effluents treated three ways-unchlorinated, chlorinated, and dechlorinated. At timestep intervals, the chamber contents were analyzed for concentrations of injured and healthy fecal coliforms by use of standard selective and enhanced-recovery membrane-filtration methods.\r\n\r\nMean percent injuries and survivals were calculated from the fecal-coliform concentration data for each field study. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that treatment affected mean percent injury and survival, whereas site did not. In the warm-weather Lake Erie field study, but not in the warm-weather Cuyahoga River studies, the results of ANOVA indicated that dechlorination enhanced the repair of injuries and regrowth of chlorine-injured fecal coliforms on culture media over chlorination alone. The results of ANOVA on the percent injury from CSO effluent field studies indicated that dechlorination reduced the ability of organisms to recover and regrow on culture media over chlorination alone. However, because of atypical patterns of concentration increases and decreases in some CSO effluent samples, more work needs to be done before the effect of dechlorination and chlorination on reducing fecal-coliform concentrations in CSO effluents can be confirmed. The results of ANOVA on percent survivals found statistically significant differences among the three treatment methods for all but one study. Dechlorination was found to be less effective than chlorination alone in reducing the survival of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluent, but not in CSO effluent.\r\n\r\nIf the concentration of fecal coliforms determined by use of the enhanced-recovery method can be predicted accurately from the concentration found by use of the standard method, then increased monitoring and expense to detect chlorine-injured organisms would be unnecessary. The results of linear regression analysis, however, indicated that the relation between enhanced-recovery and standard-method concentrations was best represented when the data were grouped by treatment. The model generated from linear regression of the unchlorinated data set provided an accurate estimate of enhanced-recovery concentrations from standard-method concentrations, whereas the models generated from the chlorinated and dechlorinated data sets did not. In addition, evaluation of fecal-coliform concentrations found in field studies in terms of Ohio recreational water-quality standards showed that concentrations obtained by standard and enhanced-recovery methods were not comparable. Sample treatment and analysis methods were found to affect the percentage of samples meeting and exceeding Ohio's bathing-water, primary-contact, and secondary-contact standards. Therefore, determining the health risk of swimming in receiving waters was often difficult without information on enhanced-recovery method concentrations and was especially difficult in waters receiving high proportions of chlorinated or dechlorinated effluents.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964199","usgsCitation":"Francy, D., Hart, T., and Virosteck, C., 1996, Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4199, iii, 42 p. :ill. (1 col.), map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964199.","productDescription":"iii, 42 p. :ill. (1 col.), map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56032,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, D.S. 0000-0001-9229-3557","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":86809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, T.L.","contributorId":15239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virosteck, C.M.","contributorId":18410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virosteck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}