No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2394","usgsCitation":"Kaehler, C.A., and Hsieh, P.A., 1994, Hydraulic properties of a fractured-rock aquifer, Lee Valley, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2394, v, 64 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2394.","productDescription":"v, 64 p. 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Charles A. ckaehler@usgs.gov","contributorId":210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"Charles","email":"ckaehler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29229,"text":"wri944001 - 1994 - Nonpoint and Point Sources of Nitrogen in Major Watersheds of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri944001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4001","title":"Nonpoint and Point Sources of Nitrogen in Major Watersheds of the United States","docAbstract":"Estimates of nonpoint and point sources of nitrogen were made for 107 watersheds located in the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program study units throughout the conterminous United States. The proportions of nitrogen originating from fertilizer, manure, atmospheric deposition, sewage, and industrial sources were found to vary with climate, hydrologic conditions, land use, population, and physiography. Fertilizer sources of nitrogen are proportionally greater in agricultural areas of the West and the Midwest than in other parts of the Nation. Animal manure contributes large proportions of nitrogen in the South and parts of the Northeast. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen is generally greatest in areas of greatest precipitation, such as the Northeast. Point sources (sewage and industrial) generally are predominant in watersheds near cities, where they may account for large proportions of the nitrogen in streams. The transport of nitrogen in streams increases as amounts of precipitation and runoff increase and is greatest in the Northeastern United States. Because no single nonpoint nitrogen source is dominant everywhere, approaches to control nitrogen must vary throughout the Nation. Watershed-based approaches to understanding nonpoint and point sources of contamination, as used by the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, will aid water-quality and environmental managers to devise methods to reduce nitrogen pollution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri944001","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., 1994, Nonpoint and Point Sources of Nitrogen in Major Watersheds of the United States (Revised Mar 1994): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4001, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944001.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4001/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11654,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri944001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58089,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised Mar 1994","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182757,"text":"70182757 - 1994 - Using stable isotopes to determine seabird trophic relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T10:12:15","indexId":"70182757","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using stable isotopes to determine seabird trophic relationships","docAbstract":"1. The stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) were analysed in 22 species of marine birds from coastal waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. Analyses confirm that stable nitrogen isotopes can predict seabird trophic positions.
2. Based on δ15N analyses, seabird trophic-level inferences generally agree with those of conventional dietary studies, but suggest that lower trophic-level organisms are more important to several seabirds than was recognized previously.
3. Stable-carbon isotope analysis may be a good indicator of inshore vs. offshore feeding preference.
4. In general, stable-isotope analysis to determine trophic level offers many advantages over conventional dietary approaches since trophic inferences are based on time-integrated estimates of assimilated and not just ingested foods, and isotopic abundance represents a continuous variable that is amenable to statistical analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"The British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/5256","usgsCitation":"Hobson, K., Piatt, J.F., and Pitocchelli, J., 1994, Using stable isotopes to determine seabird trophic relationships: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 63, no. 4, p. 786-798, https://doi.org/10.2307/5256.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"786","endPage":"798","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.443359375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 61.270232790000634\n ],\n [\n -164.443359375,\n 61.270232790000634\n ],\n [\n -164.443359375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobson, Keith A.","contributorId":47306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobson","given":"Keith A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitocchelli, Jay","contributorId":28419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pitocchelli","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28995,"text":"wri934214 - 1994 - Application of borehole geophysics in the characterization of flow in fractured rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:40:00.241029","indexId":"wri934214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4214","title":"Application of borehole geophysics in the characterization of flow in fractured rocks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934214","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 1994, Application of borehole geophysics in the characterization of flow in fractured rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4214, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934214.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4214/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180858,"text":"70180858 - 1994 - Identification of tundra land cover near Teschekpuk Lake, Alaska using SPOT satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T12:54:18","indexId":"70180858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of tundra land cover near Teschekpuk Lake, Alaska using SPOT satellite data","docAbstract":"Tundra vegetation in the Teshekpuk Lake area of the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain was mapped to assess distribution and abundance of waterfowl habitats. Three SPOT satellite scenes were acquired and registered to a 20 m Universal Transverse Mercator grid. Two clustering techniques were used to develop statistical parameters by which the SPOT data were spectrally classified. A maximum likelihood algorithm that correlated spectral classes with land cover types was applied to the SPOT data. Field data were used to assist in spectral class labeling and vegetation descriptions. Twelve cover classes were mapped. The most common type was moist sedge meadow tundra (13.5%); the least common was moss/peat shoreline (0.2%). The moss/peat shoreline type, important to moulting geese and other waterfowl, was spectrally identified using supervised clustering techniques. All other land cover types were identified using unsupervised clustering techniques. Cover classes were described, and a tundra landscape profile produced.
Estimates of spawning habitat for white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus in the tailraces of the four dams on the lower 470 km of the Columbia River were obtained by using the Physical Habitat Simulation System of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology to identify areas with suitable water depths, water velocities, and substrates. Rearing habitat throughout the lower Columbia River was assessed by using a geographic information system to identify areas with suitable water depths and substrates. The lowering of spring and summer river discharges from hydropower system operation reduces the availability of spawning habitat for white sturgeons. The four dam tailraces in the study area differ in the amount and quality of spawning habitat available at various discharges; the differences are due to channel morphology. The three impoundments and the free-flowing Columbia River downstream from Bonneville Dam provide extensive areas that are physically suitable for rearing young-of-the-year and juvenile white sturgeons.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0812:WSSARH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Parsley, M.J., and Beckman, L.G., 1994, White sturgeon spawning and rearing habitat in the lower Columbia River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, p. 812-827, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0812:WSSARH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"812","endPage":"827","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef9e4b072a7ac0cad89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsley, Michael J. 0000-0003-0097-6364 mparsley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-6364","contributorId":2608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsley","given":"Michael","email":"mparsley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beckman, Lance G.","contributorId":15675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16961,"text":"ofr94129 - 1994 - Chemical analyses of ground and surface water from Battle Brook drainage basin, near Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:56:43","indexId":"ofr94129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-129","title":"Chemical analyses of ground and surface water from Battle Brook drainage basin, near Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94129","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R., Tuttle, M.L., Böhlke, J., and Briggs, P., 1994, Chemical analyses of ground and surface water from Battle Brook drainage basin, near Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-129, 25 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94129.","productDescription":"25 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0129/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0129/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Mille Lacs County, Sherburne 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B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54886,"text":"wdrOH931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 1. Ohio River basin excluding project data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T13:37:11.371254","indexId":"wdrOH931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OH-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 1. Ohio River basin excluding project data","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1993 water year for Ohio consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report, in two volumes, contains records for water discharge at 121 gaging stations, 335 wells, and 8 partial-record sites; and water levels at 365 observation wells. Also included are data from miscellaneous sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Ohio.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shindel, H.L.","contributorId":17652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shindel","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangus, J.P.","contributorId":28301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangus","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trimble, L.E.","contributorId":101732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55076,"text":"wdrWA931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T14:18:43.722798","indexId":"wdrWA931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WA-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1993 water year for Washington consist of records, of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels of wells. This report contains discharge records for 220 gaging stations; stage only records for 4 gaging stations; stage and (or) contents for 32 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 30 streamflow-gaging stations, and 7 ungaged streamsites; water levels for 5 observation wells; streamflow for 43 partial-record or miscellaneous streamflow stations, and 1 seepage investigation. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 4a, 4b, 5, 6a, and 6b. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Washington.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWA931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Miles, M., Wiggins, W., Ruppert, G., Smith, R.R., Reed, L., Hubbard, L., and Courts, M., 1994, Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WA-93-1, xxvii, 408 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWA931.","productDescription":"xxvii, 408 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492615,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wa-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wa-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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The model is based on the plausible assumption that flow of water in a thin film at the ice-till interface is unstable to the formation of a channelized drainage system, and is restricted to the case in which meltwater cannot escape through the till to an underlying aquifer. In describing the physics of such channelized drainage, we have generalized and extended Rothlisberger's model of channels cut into basal ice to include \"canals' cut into the till, paying particular attention to the role of sediment properties and the mechanics of sediment transport. We show that sediment-floored Rothlisberger (R) channels can exist for high effective pressures, and wide, shallow, ice-roofed canals cut into the till for low effective pressures. Canals should form a distributed, non-arborescent system, unlike R channels. Geologic evidence derived from land forms and deposits left by the Pleistocene ice sheets in North America and Europe is consistent with predictions of the model. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S0022143000003750","issn":"00221430","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Fowler, A., 1994, Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed: Journal of Glaciology, v. 40, no. 134, p. 3-15, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003750.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003750","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"134","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f460e4b0c8380cd4bcc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fowler, A.","contributorId":84522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17847,"text":"ofr94339 - 1994 - Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr94339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-339","title":"Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has 82 active or complete-except-report projects of hydrologic investigations ongoing within the New England Program Area. Of this total, 23 are data projects. Data projects contain statistics and data on the conditions of surface water, ground water, water quality and (or) water use for the study area. There currently are six data projects in Connecticut, five in Maine, four in Massachusetts, four in Rhode Island, and four in New Hampshire and Vermont. The remaining 59 of these projects are interpretive projects. Interpretive projects include research, aerial appraisal, and other hydrologic studies and include projects as diverse as (1) determining the direction of ground-water flow at a toxic site, (2) predicting the effect of acid rain on water quality of a reservoir, and (3) estimating yields of aquifers on Cape Cod. Of the interpretive projects, 26 are in Massachusetts, 17 in Connecticut, 17 are in New Hampshire and Vermont, 6 are in Maine, and 3 in Rhode Island. The report is compiled from project descriptions for fiscal year 1993. It briefly describes the water-resources activities and projects that were active in each District of the USGS, Water Resources Division, New England Program Area of September 30, 1993. Cooperator or funding source, problem statements, objectives, approaches, progress, and plans for next year are described for each project. The project area is located on a map of the appropriate State(s). The report contains a bibliography, by District and by author, of reports completed since 1977.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94339","usgsCitation":"Orlando, M., 1994, Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-339, v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94339.","productDescription":"v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlando, M.F.","contributorId":57475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17832,"text":"ofr93372 - 1994 - Water-quality data for the Ohio River from Willow Island Dam to Belleville Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, June-October 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:12","indexId":"ofr93372","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-372","title":"Water-quality data for the Ohio River from Willow Island Dam to Belleville Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, June-October 1991","docAbstract":"This report contains water-quality data for the Ohio River from river mile 160.6 (1.1 mi upstream from Willow Island Dam) to river mile 203.6 (0.3 mi upstream from Belleville Dam) during the summer of 1991. Water quality was determined by a combi- nation of synoptic field measurements and laboratory analyses. Synoptic sampling consisted of 8 cross-sectional transects and a longitudinal transect with 28 mid-channel stations. Each cross- sectional transect included five vertical profiles of water temperature, dissolved oxygen concen- tration, pH, and specific conductance. Longi- tudinal transect stations were sampled at three depths (near the surface, middle of the water column, and at or near the bottom) for the same characteristics. Sampling was completed in 3 days or less, and was repeated approximately every 2 weeks from June through October 1991. Beginning in August 1991, water samples were collected at selected locations and analyzed for chlorophyll-a and pheophytin concentrations, as measures of phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton-degradation products, respectively. The depth of light penetration was estimated at all pigment-sampling locations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93372","usgsCitation":"Chambers, D., Miller, K.F., Waldron, M., and Falkenburg, C., 1994, Water-quality data for the Ohio River from Willow Island Dam to Belleville Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, June-October 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-372, ii, 114 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93372.","productDescription":"ii, 114 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0372/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47070,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0372/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, D.B.","contributorId":76762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, K. 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This reduction resulted in about a 54-percent decrease in the phosphorus load in the Chattahoochee River downstream of Atlanta during this time period. Phosphorus loads in animal manure and fertilizers applied to the land (nonpoint sources) are greater than loads discharged to the Chattahoochee River from wastewater-treatment facilities (point sources). However, only a fraction of the phosphorus applied to the land enters the surface waters and is bioavailable. Even though nonpoint sources of land applied phosphorus potentially are important sources to surface waters, point-source inputs from wastewater effluent are far greater. Phosphorus concentrations in wastewater effluent from three cities of Atlanta waste-water treatment facilities need to be reduced by about an additional 31 percent by 1996 to comply with Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division regulations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9499","usgsCitation":"Wangsness, D., Frick, E.A., Buell, G.R., and DeVivo, J., 1994, Effect of the restricted use of phosphate detergent and upgraded wastewater-treatment facilities of water quality in the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-99, iii, 4 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9499.","productDescription":"iii, 4 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.43841552734375,\n 34.635467787833214\n ],\n [\n -83.6334228515625,\n 34.72355492704221\n ],\n [\n -83.9300537109375,\n 34.755153088189324\n ],\n [\n -84.13604736328125,\n 34.65806316573296\n ],\n [\n -84.22393798828125,\n 34.468070755169244\n ],\n [\n -84.342041015625,\n 34.21180215769026\n ],\n [\n -85.23193359375,\n 33.120300400098884\n ],\n [\n -85.25115966796875,\n 33.08463802391685\n ],\n [\n -85.2813720703125,\n 33.047810073472085\n ],\n [\n -85.29922485351562,\n 32.99829825477535\n ],\n [\n -85.2813720703125,\n 32.941843923502645\n ],\n [\n -85.20858764648438,\n 32.89688510614291\n ],\n [\n -85.17974853515625,\n 32.87036022808352\n ],\n [\n -85.24841308593749,\n 31.863562548378965\n ],\n [\n -85.2154541015625,\n 31.56449510799119\n ],\n [\n -85.0946044921875,\n 31.423975737976697\n ],\n [\n -85.2154541015625,\n 29.673735421779128\n ],\n [\n -84.9957275390625,\n 29.501768632523262\n ],\n [\n -84.5562744140625,\n 29.575845812137388\n ],\n [\n -84.6112060546875,\n 30.840931139029916\n ],\n [\n -84.52880859375,\n 30.899867985278892\n ],\n [\n -83.87443542480469,\n 31.825648496019383\n ],\n [\n -83.86035919189453,\n 31.960318444098693\n ],\n [\n -83.87374877929688,\n 32.024959860439054\n ],\n [\n -83.92524719238281,\n 32.55780987694078\n ],\n [\n -84.06326293945312,\n 32.84036602561056\n ],\n [\n -84.0069580078125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n -83.43841552734375,\n 34.635467787833214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6254fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wangsness, D. 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R.","contributorId":57103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buell","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeVivo, J.C.","contributorId":85828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVivo","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26578,"text":"wri944008 - 1994 - Performance characteristics of a bulk precipitation collector with respect to measurement of water isotopes oxygen-18 and deuterium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T15:19:37","indexId":"wri944008","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4008","title":"Performance characteristics of a bulk precipitation collector with respect to measurement of water isotopes oxygen-18 and deuterium","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944008","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H.C., and Halm, D.R., 1994, Performance characteristics of a bulk precipitation collector with respect to measurement of water isotopes oxygen-18 and deuterium: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4008, iii, 3 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944008.","productDescription":"iii, 3 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366928,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4008/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688572","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, Hans C.","contributorId":25165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halm, Douglas R. drhalm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halm","given":"Douglas","email":"drhalm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21056,"text":"ofr93421 - 1994 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; data on agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in water, 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr93421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-421","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; data on agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in water, 1988-90","docAbstract":"This report describes the sampling design and methods and presents data collected to determine the distribution of agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in selected areas of the upper Illinois River Basin as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. Four stations in small watersheds (two urban, two agricultural) were sampled in 1988 and 1989. Seventeen stations in an agricultural subbasin were sampled in 1990. Samples were collected before, during, and after runoff events from late spring to midsummer to determine concentrations of agricultural organic compounds in surface waters resulting from storm runoff, as well as background concentrations. Over 200 water samples were analyzed for agricultural organic compound, nutrient, and suspended-sediment concentrations. The agricultural organic compounds included triazine and chlorophenoxy-acid herbicides, and organo-phosphorus insecticides.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93421","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., and Terrio, P.J., 1994, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; data on agricultural organic compounds, nutrients, and sediment in water, 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-421, iv, 61 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93421.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0421/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50646,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terrio, P. J.","contributorId":11645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrio","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44725,"text":"wri944050 - 1994 - Potentiometric-surface map of the Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T11:23:05","indexId":"wri944050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4050","title":"Potentiometric-surface map of the Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1988","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944050","usgsCitation":"Oakley, W.T., and Burt, D.E., 1994, Potentiometric-surface map of the Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4050, 1 Plate: 37.95 x 36.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944050.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.95 x 36.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366787,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681f3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oakley, William T.","contributorId":70815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burt, David E. Jr.","contributorId":31443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burt","given":"David","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33121,"text":"b1926 - 1994 - Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T10:48:41","indexId":"b1926","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1926","title":"Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future","docAbstract":"In 1988, a group of leading experts from government, academia, and industry attended a workshop on airborne remote sensing sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and hosted by the Branch of Geophysics. The purpose of the workshop was to examine the scientific rationale for airborne remote sensing in support of government earth science in the next decade. This report has arranged the six resulting working-group reports under two main headings: (1) Geologic Remote Sensing, for the reports on geologic mapping, mineral resources, and fossil fuels and geothermal resources; and (2) Environmental Remote Sensing, for the reports on environmental geology, geologic hazards, and water resources. The intent of the workshop was to provide an evaluation of demonstrated capabilities, their direct extensions, and possible future applications, and this was the organizational format used for the geologic remote sensing reports. The working groups in environmental remote sensing chose to present their reports in a somewhat modified version of this format. A final section examines future advances and limitations in the field.
There is a large, complex, and often bewildering array of remote sensing data available. Early remote sensing studies were based on data collected from airborne platforms. Much of that technology was later extended to satellites. The original 80-m-resolution Landsat Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) has now been largely superseded by the 30-m-resolution Thematic Mapper (TM) system that has additional spectral channels. The French satellite SPOT provides higher spatial resolution for channels equivalent to MSS. Low-resolution (1 km) data are available from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's AVHRR system, which acquires reflectance and day and night thermal data daily. Several experimental satellites have acquired limited data, and there are extensive plans for future satellites including those of Japan (JERS), Europe (ESA), Canada (Radarsat), and the United States (EOS).
There are currently two national airborne remote sensing programs (photography, radar) with data archived at the USGS' EROS Data Center. Airborne broadband multispectral data (comparable to Landsat MSS and TM but involving several more channels) for limited geographic areas also are available for digital processing and analysis. Narrow-band imaging spectrometer data are available for some NASA experiment sites and can be acquired for other locations commercially.
Remote sensing data and derivative images, because of the uniform spatial coverage, availability at different resolutions, and digital format, are becoming important data sets for geographic information system (GIS) analyses. Examples range from overlaying digitized geologic maps on remote sensing images and draping these over topography, to maps of mineral distribution and inferred abundance.
A large variety of remote sensing data sets are available, with costs ranging from a few dollars per square mile for satellite digital data to a few hundred dollars per square mile for airborne imaging spectrometry. Computer processing and analysis costs routinely surpass these expenses because of the equipment and expertise necessary for information extraction and interpretation. Effective use requires both an understanding of the current methodology and an appreciation of the most cost-effective solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1926","usgsCitation":"1994, Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1926, xiii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1926.","productDescription":"xiii, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330815,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1926/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f78","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Watson, Ken","contributorId":90317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652814,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":652815,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017906,"text":"70017906 - 1994 - Sources of dissolved salts in the central Murray Basin, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T18:44:37","indexId":"70017906","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of dissolved salts in the central Murray Basin, Australia","docAbstract":"Large areas of the Australian continent contain scattered saline lakes underlain by shallow saline groundwaters of regional extent and debated origin. The normative salt composition of subsurface pore fluids extracted by squeezing cores collected during deep drilling at Piangil West 2 in the central Murray Basin in southeastern Australia, and of surface and shallow subsurface brines produced by subaerial evaporation in the nearby Lake Tyrrell systems, helps constrain interpretation of the origin of dissolved solutes in the groundwaters of this part of the continent. Although regional sedimentation in the Murray Basin has been dominantly continental except for a marine transgression in Oligocene-Pliocene time, most of the solutes in saline surface and subsurface waters in the central Murray Basin have a distinctly marine character. Some of the Tyrrell waters, to the southwest of Piangil West 2, show the increase in NaCl and decrease in sulfate salts expected with evaporative concentration and gypsum precipitation in an ephemeral saline lake or playa environment. The salt norms for most of the subsurface saline waters at Piangil West 2 are compatible with the dilution of variably fractionated marine bitterns slightly depleted in sodium salts, similar to the more evolved brines at Lake Tyrrell, which have recharged downward after evaporation at the surface and then dissolved a variable amount of gypsum at depth. Apparently over the last 0.5 Ma significant quantities of marine salt have been blown into the Murray Basin as aerosols which have subsequently been leached into shallow regional groundwater systems basin-wide, and have been transported laterally into areas of large evaporative loss in the central part of the basin. This origin for the solutes helps explain why the isotopic compositions of most of the subsurface saline waters at Piangil West 2 have a strong meteoric signature, whereas the dissolved salts in these waters appear similar to a marine assemblage. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(94)90087-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Jones, B., Hanor, J., and Evans, W., 1994, Sources of dissolved salts in the central Murray Basin, Australia: Chemical Geology, v. 111, no. 1-4, p. 135-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90087-6.","startPage":"135","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266057,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90087-6"},{"id":228356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9373e4b08c986b31a4dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanor, J.S.","contributorId":15768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanor","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, W.R.","contributorId":80014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29256,"text":"wri914174 - 1994 - Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T22:29:22.259627","indexId":"wri914174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4174","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"A water-resources investigation was conducted during 1989 in the Rio Lapa mountain basins in southern Puerto Rico, to define the hydrology, water quality, and to describe alternatives for additional water- resources supply. The total water budget for both surface- and ground-water resources in the study area was estimated to be 7,530 acre-feet per year for 1989. The water budget for the ground-water system, from which water needs are supplied in the study area, was estimated to be 2,760 acre-feet per year for 1989. Concentration of dissolved solids and fecal bacteria increased during the dry season as both streamflow and ground-water levels decreased. Water samples collected at two stream sites exceeded the recommended U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fecal bacteria concentration for natural water of 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters during June to November 1989. Water samples obtained from a well in the Rio Lapa Valley exceeded the secondary drinking-water standard for dissolved solids of 500 milligrams per liter during four dry months. In addition, fecal bacteria concentrations at this water-supply well exceeded the primary fecal- bacteria drinking-water standard of 1 colony per 100 milliliter during June to October 1989. Existing water resources can probably be developed to meet additional demands of 110 acre-feet per year pro- jected for 1995. Storage of the surface-water runoff during the wet season and its gradual release to the study area could offset ground-water declines during the dry season. Ground-water withdrawals can be increased by the construction and use of low- capacity wells to reduce the amount of water lowing out of the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914174","usgsCitation":"Ramos-Gines, O., 1994, Hydrology, water quality, and potential alternatives for water-resources development in the Río Majada and Río Lapa basins near the Albergue Olimpico, southern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4174, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914174.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4174/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394078,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47564.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Albergue Olimpico, Rio Majoda and Rio Lapa basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.2667,\n 18.0083\n ],\n [\n -66.2167,\n 18.0083\n ],\n [\n -66.2167,\n 18.0542\n ],\n [\n -66.2667,\n 18.0542\n ],\n [\n -66.2667,\n 18.0083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramos-Gines, Orlando","contributorId":98358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos-Gines","given":"Orlando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18401,"text":"ofr92630 - 1994 - Documentation of Model Input and Output Values Used for Analyses of Simulated Development in Stagecoac Valley, Lyon and Storey Counties, Western Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T14:18:42","indexId":"ofr92630","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-630","title":"Documentation of Model Input and Output Values Used for Analyses of Simulated Development in Stagecoac Valley, Lyon and Storey Counties, Western Nevada","docAbstract":"A previously published Geological Survey report (Professional Paper 1409-H) describes ground-water flow and simulated development scenarios in Stagecoach Valley, Lyon and Storey Counties, Nevada. This study was done as part of the Survey's Great Basin Regional Aquifer-Systems Analysis program. Documentation of model input and output values used for analysis of ground-water flow and simulated development scenarios in Stagecoach Valley, Lyon and Storey Counties, in western Nevada, has not been published previously. In this report, the documen- tation, consisting of a listing of input values and sample output, is contained on a 5-1/4-inch diskette in files presented according to the American International Standard Code for Information Inter- change (ASCII) format. These files require approxi- mately 760,000 bytes of disk space on an IBM- compatible microcomputer using the MS-DOS operating system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92630","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Carey, A.E., 1994, Documentation of Model Input and Output Values Used for Analyses of Simulated Development in Stagecoac Valley, Lyon and Storey Counties, Western Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-630, 1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in. + 4 p. text., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92630.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in. + 4 p. text.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270170,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0630/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63cd05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carey, Anne E.","contributorId":46550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17747,"text":"ofr9488 - 1994 - A summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa, fiscal year 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T14:55:54","indexId":"ofr9488","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-88","title":"A summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa, fiscal year 1994","docAbstract":"Water-resources programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa consist principally of hydrologic data collection and investigative studies that address water-resource issues. The work is supported by direct Federal funding, by transfer of funds from other Federal agencies, and by joint-funding agreements with State or local agencies.
\nThe Iowa District of the Geological Survey's Water Resources Division conducts its hydrologic work through a District Office in Iowa City and Field Headquarters in Iowa City, Council Bluffs, and Fort Dodge. The projects currently being conducted, as summarized in this report, are operated under the general categories of data collection and investigative studies.
\nThis report describes: (1) the organization of the Iowa District; (2) the hydrologic data-collection programs; and (3) the local, statewide, regional, or national hydrologic investigations conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa during fiscal year 1994. The report also lists reports published or released by the Iowa District since 1984.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9488","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Iowa and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R., 1994, A summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa, fiscal year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-88, viii, 72 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9488.","productDescription":"viii, 72 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46971,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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Potential effects of climate change on water resources in the Gunnison River basin of southwestern Colorado currently are being studied using a nested-model approach to disaggregate large-scale general circulation model output to account for smaller-scale processes. This paper presents a disaggregation technique in which scenarios of possible climate change will be developed by nesting a global general circulation model, a mesoscale climate model, a local orographic precipitation model, and a watershed model.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems","conferenceDate":"23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400202","usgsCitation":"Hay, L.E., and Leavesley, G.H., 1994, Nested-model approach to investigate climate change, in Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and, Denver, CO, USA, 23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994, p. 477-480.","startPage":"477","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64ade4b0c8380cd72a24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21240,"text":"ofr9452 - 1994 - U.S. Geological Survey national computer technology meeting; program and abstracts, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 10-15, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T19:39:41.832221","indexId":"ofr9452","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-52","title":"U.S. Geological Survey national computer technology meeting; program and abstracts, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 10-15, 1994","docAbstract":"This report contains some of the abstracts of papers that were presented at the National Computer Technology Meeting that was held in April 1994. 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Some of the topics addressed are data transfer, data-base management, hydrologic applications, national water information systems, and geographic information systems applications and techniques.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9452","usgsCitation":"Balthrop, B.H., and Baker, E., 1994, U.S. Geological Survey national computer technology meeting; program and abstracts, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 10-15, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-52, xvi, 61 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9452.","productDescription":"xvi, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1247,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr_94-52/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","city":"New Orleans","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balthrop, B. 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(compiler)","contributorId":92286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balthrop","given":"B.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, E.G.","contributorId":84382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017766,"text":"70017766 - 1994 - Implementation and use of direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T00:03:00.091872","indexId":"70017766","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implementation and use of direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW finite-difference ground-water flow model has been coupled with three surface-water packages - the MODBRANCH, River, and Stream packages - to simulate surface water and its interaction with ground water. Prior to the development of the coupling packages, the only interaction between these modeling packages was that leakage values could be passed between MODFLOW and the three surface-water packages. To facilitate wider and more flexible uses of the models, a computer program was developed and added to MODFLOW to allow direct flows or stages to be passed between any of the packages and MODFLOW. The flows or stages calculated in one package can be set as boundary discharges or stages to be used in another package. Several modeling packages can be used in the same simulation depending upon the level of sophistication needed in the various reaches being modeled. This computer program is especially useful when any of the River, Stream, or MODBRANCH packages are used to model a river flowing directly into or out of wetlands in direct connection with the aquifer and represented in the model as an aquifer block. A field case study is shown to illustrate an application.","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00621.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., 1994, Implementation and use of direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 1, p. 139-144, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00621.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a390be4b0c8380cd617a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17595,"text":"ofr94125 - 1994 - Quality of ground water in Harrison County, Mississippi, June - July 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-125","title":"Quality of ground water in Harrison County, Mississippi, June - July 1993","docAbstract":"During June and July 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey analyzed water from 145 wells in Harrison County, southeastern Mississippi. The wells are completed in five major geologic units: the Citronelle, Graham Ferry, Pascagoula, and Hattiesburg Formations and the Catahoula Sandstone. The wells ranged from 74 to 2,410 feet in depth. Specific conductance (lab) ranged from 15 to 2,020 microsiemens per centimeter; pH (lab), from 5.9 to 9.0; color, from less than 5 to 120 platinum-cobalt units; dissolved-solids concentrations (residue on evaporation), from 20 to 1,120 milligrams per liter; chloride concentrations, from 1.9 to 470 milligrams per liter; and nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations, from less than 0.02 to 0.85 milligram per liter. Most of the larger values of specific conductance, pH, dissolved-solids concen- trations, and chloride concentrations were from wells in the southern one-half of the county.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94125","usgsCitation":"Slack, L.J., Oakley, W.T., O'Hara, C., and Cooper, L.M., 1994, Quality of ground water in Harrison County, Mississippi, June - July 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-125, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94125.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654c0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, L. J.","contributorId":44157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakley, W. T.","contributorId":76331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Hara, C. G.","contributorId":53824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Hara","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, L. M.","contributorId":75529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}