Aeromagnetic, aeroradioactivity, and gravity surveys of Fairfax County, Virginia, are interpreted with the aid of existing geologic data and local geophysical measurements. Highly magnetic metasedimentary rocks of the Peters Creek Schist and Sykesville Formation produce most of the magnetic anomalies of Fairfax County. In contrast, the granitoid rocks of the Occoquan pluton are relatively non-magnetic and are characterized by broad magnetic and gravity lows. Linear magnetic highs without corresponding gravity anomalies, plus samples from a test well, indicate that Peters Creek Schist underlies the east side of the Triassic-Jurassic Culpeper basin. The continuation of the Piney Branch mafic-ultramafic complex beneath the basin is indicated by a gravity high. Basement lithology beneath the Coastal Plain sediments is interpreted by the following anomaly combinations: Sykesville Formation - magnetic high with no gravity expression; Chopawamsic Formation -magnetic and corresponding gravity high; Occoquan granitoid rocks -magnetic and corresponding gravity low.
Analysis of a detailed gravity profile across a diabase body near Herndon indicates that the intrusive is a sill which is partly discordant with the sedimentary rocks of the Culpeper basin. The limbs of the horseshoe-shaped exposure dip gently toward the center; the west limb, 500 m thick, dips 15° east and the east limb, 250 m thick, dips west 3° or less. A second gravity profile across a similar diabase body near Centreville suggests that part of its western limb consists of a narrow dike-like body projecting upwards from a 200 m-thick buried sill. Both of these bodies apparently have a spoon-shaped structure with a discordant northern edge which was probably controlled by faulting. Similarities between these intrusives apply also to the small Boyds diabase in Maryland. The three diabase bodies are aligned, have similar magnetic expressions, and abut the edge of the Culpeper basin, suggesting that they were intruded under similar structural settings at about the same time. The northward decrease in size of these intrusives may be a consequence of the inward-dipping shape and a greater degree of uplift and deeper erosion to the north. By this reasoning, the Boyds body represents only the basal remnant of a largely eroded structure with the Centreville body preserving more of the original form.
A ground magnetometer survey and an aeroradioactivity survey indicate the presence of additional zones in the thermal metamorphic aureole in the sedimentary rocks around the large diabase bodies. A 150-300-m-wide inner magnetite-rich zone above and below the Herndon sill is inferred from anomalies on a detailed ground magnetic profile. Aeroradioactivity data show a rim of high values outside the geologically mapped aureole of both the Herndon and Centreville bodies. This suggests a subtle outer zone slightly enriched in thermally expelled radio-elements.
Deep resistivity soundings in the Culpeper basin indicate that the sedimentary rocks may reach a thickness of about 3600 feet (1100 m) at the western edge of the county.
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David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":157830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8511,"text":"ofr80981 - 1980 - Hole-to-surface resistivity measurements at Salt Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T21:50:10.338216","indexId":"ofr80981","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-981","title":"Hole-to-surface resistivity measurements at Salt Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"Evaporites are an important potential medium for the storage of radioactive wastes. In order to ascertain the viability of a proposed waste isolation site, it is necessary to study its geology without extensive drilling that might destroy its structural integrity. Hole-to-surface and hole-to-hole geophysical measurements can be useful in supplementing geologic data obtained from a few drill holes and can be used to aid the interpretation of surface geophysical measurements. The study presented in this paper was conducted at Salt Valley, Utah to test the feasibility of using hole-to-surface direct-current resistivity measurements to detect geologic inhomogeneities in evaporites. These measurements show the following:
(1) It is feasible to make hole-to-surface resistivity measurements over evaporites. However, near-surface steel casing can make it difficult to quantitatively analyze the field data with present interpretation techniques. Future investigations should include theoretical studies to solve interpretation problems when steel casing is in the hole and the mud is a high-conductivity brine.
(2) A comparison of measurements made from the three different source drill holes shows that the halite acts as an electrical insulator and most of the current emitted from the source is contained in the caprock.
(3) A comparison of measurements made parallel and perpendicular to the valley walls shows that there are more variations in the halitecaprock interface perpendicular than parallel to the axis of the Salt Valley anticline.
(4) Structurally complex interbeds within the salt may cause differences in the current distribution measured at the surface from current sources buried at different depths.
(5) Total field mapping would be more useful than the single-component data that were collected in this study.
The history of deposition in the White River Reservoir was reconstructed from a study of sediment in the reservoir. Suspended-sediment concentrations, particle size, and streamflow characteristics were measured at gaging stations upstream and downstream from the reservoir from November 1975 through September 1977. Characteristics of the sediments were determined from borings and samples taken while the reservoir was drained in September 1976. The sediment surface and the pre-reservoir topography were mapped. Sediment thickness ranged from less than 1 foot near the shore to more than 20 feet in the old stream channel. The original reservoir capacity and the volume of deposited sediment were calculated to be 815 acre-feet and 487 acre-feet, respectively. Sediment size ranged from clay and silt in the pool area to large cobbles and boulders at the upstream end of the reservoir. Analyses of all samples averaged 43 percent sand, 40 percent silt, and 17 percent clay, and particle size typically increased upstream. Cobbles, boulders, and gravel deposits were not sampled. The average density of the deposited sediment was about 80 pounds per cubic foot for the entire reservoir. The reservoir was able to trap about 80 percent of the sediment entering from upstream, early in its history. This trap efficiency has declined as the reservoir filled with sediment. Today (1976), it traps only sand and silt-sized sediment, or only about 20 percent of the sediment entering from upstream. Data collected during this study indicate that essentially all of the clay-sized sediment (<0.062 mm) passes through the reservoir. The gross rate of deposition was 7.0 acre-feet per year over the reservoir history, 1907-76. Rates during 1907-63 and 1963-76 were 7.4 and 5.7 acre-feet per year, respectively, determined by the cesium-137 method. Based on scant data, the average annual sediment yield of the total 279 square mile drainage area above the gaging station at the powerhouse was about 50 tons per square mile. Analysis of the drainage-basin characteristics indicates that most of this sediment was derived from less than 10 percent of the total drainage area and from steep unvegetated streambanks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2069","collaboration":"Preapared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., and Hindall, S.M., 1980, Sediment deposition in the White River Reservoir, northwestern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2069, Report: iv, 30 p.; 1 Plate: 16.88 x 13.63 inches: Preceeding Publications, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2069.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 30 p.; 1 Plate: 16.88 x 13.63 inches: Preceeding Publications","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25570,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2069/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94695,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2069/plate-1.pdf","size":"208","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior, White River Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.91162109375,\n 45.69850658738846\n ],\n [\n -91.91162109375,\n 47.16730970131578\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 47.16730970131578\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 45.69850658738846\n ],\n [\n -91.91162109375,\n 45.69850658738846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":142995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hindall, S. M.","contributorId":59414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hindall","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8743,"text":"ofr801189 - 1980 - Field data describing the movement and storage of sediment in the East Fork River, Wyoming; Part I, River hydraulics and sediment transport, 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr801189","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1189","title":"Field data describing the movement and storage of sediment in the East Fork River, Wyoming; Part I, River hydraulics and sediment transport, 1979","docAbstract":"Bed-material gradation and water-surface slope were determined for a 3.3-kilometer reach of East Fork River, Wyo. During peak snowmelt runoff, frequent measurements of water discharge and sediment-transport rate provided data describing the inflow and outflow of water and sediment. In spring 1979, bankfull stage was exceeded on 8 days. Maximum discharge was about 32 cubic meters per second, which has a recurrence interval of about 2 years. The median particle size of bed material is 1.28 millimeters; the 35 and 65 percentiles are represented by diameters of 0.50 and 2.88 millimeters, respectively. The average water-surface slope in the reach is 0.0007 and varies little with river stage. Bedload-transport rates ranged from a little less than 0.001 to a little more than 0.1 kilograms per meter of channel width per second. Median bedload grain size, with several exceptions, ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 millimeters. Gravel-size particles generally constituted 10 to 40% of the bedload. Suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 6 to 95 milligrams per liter. Suspended sediment smaller than sand constited about half the measured suspended sediment, ranging from 17 to 81%. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr801189","usgsCitation":"Emmett, W.W., Myrick, R.M., and Meade, R.H., 1980, Field data describing the movement and storage of sediment in the East Fork River, Wyoming; Part I, River hydraulics and sediment transport, 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1189, 47 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801189.","productDescription":"47 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1189/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ebd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmett, William W.","contributorId":68715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myrick, Robert M.","contributorId":24345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myrick","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meade, Robert H. 0000-0002-4965-3040 rhmeade@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3040","contributorId":2744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"Robert","email":"rhmeade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":158248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8760,"text":"ofr80320 - 1980 - Minisparker profiles from Jeffreys Ledge and adjacent areas in the western Gulf of Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T11:08:30","indexId":"ofr80320","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-320","title":"Minisparker profiles from Jeffreys Ledge and adjacent areas in the western Gulf of Maine","docAbstract":"A total of 250 kilometers of single-channel seismic-reflection data (28 minisparker profiles) were collected in the coastal waters of Massachusetts, north of and immediately south of Cape Ann, and on the western flank of Jeffreys Ledge, western Gulf of Maine, during the September 1978 cruise of the R/V ASTERIAS. The survey was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the Massachusetts Cooperative Marine Geologic Program.
The seismic systems used included a 1Del Norte minisparker and streamer, an Energy International Streamer, and EPC 3200 and 4100 recorders. Navigational control was established by Radar and Loran-C. The Loran-C navigation data were recorded on a Northstar 6000 system.
The purpose of the cruise was to discover the significance and extent of the folded and faulted internal reflections that were first noticed on the esternmost tip of Jeffreys Ledge in line 14 of esternmost tip of Jeffreys Ledge in line 14 of rninisparker data from the 1976 R/V FAY 023 cruise.
Sixteen northwest-trending lines were run off Cape Ann to investigate the deformed reflectors, now thought to represent a moraine formed by readvance of continental ice over the last glacial marine Presurnpscot Formation. Lines north and south of Cape Ann were run to locate the offshore extension of the Clinton-Newbury and Bloody Bluff fault systems.
The original records can be studied at the U.S. Geological Survey offices at Woods Hole, Mass. Microfilm copies of the records can be purchased only from the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, NOAA/EDIS/NGSDC, Code D621, 325 Broadway; Boulder, CO 80303 (303-497-6338)
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr80320","usgsCitation":"Eskenasy, D.M., and Bailey, N.G., 1980, Minisparker profiles from Jeffreys Ledge and adjacent areas in the western Gulf of Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-320, 2 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80320.","productDescription":"2 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr80320.PNG"},{"id":259865,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0320/ofr1980320.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1980-320"}],"contact":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
The U.S. Geological Survey collected approximately 1,200 km each of airgun and minisparker single-channel seismic-reflection profiles during the R/V FAY cruise 023 in September 1976. The purpose of the 6-day cruise was to study the shallow sedimentary structure south and east of southern Massachusetts and to obtain magnetic and gravity data in these areas and in the vicinity of Great South Channel and Cape Ann. The survey was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the Massachusetts Cooperative Marine Geologic Program.
Seismic instruments used include a 1Teledyne 600-joule minisparker system and a 20-in3 airgun system. Navigational data during the cruise were obtained by the use of an Integrated Navigation System, which included the following subsystems:
The original records may be studied at the U.S. Geological Survey offices in Woods Hole, Mass. Copies of the records can be purchased only from the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, NOAA/EDIS/NGSDC, Code D621, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80303- (303-497-6338).
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr80509","usgsCitation":"Eskenasy, D.M., 1980, Single-channel seismic-reflection profiles from Massachusetts coastal waters and the western part of Georges Bank: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-509, 2 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80509.","productDescription":"2 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr80509.PNG"},{"id":259864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0509/ofr1980509.pdf","text":"Report","size":"778 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1980-509"}],"contact":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Water samples were collected from 12 reservoirs in northeastern Montana during the late winter, spring, summer, and early fall of 1978. The resulting physical and chemical water-quality data will be useful in managing the reservoirs for use of stock watering, waterfowl propagation, fish production, and recreation. The surface areas of the reservoirs range for 0.4 to 28.1 hectares with water depths ranging from 0.25 to 6.9 meters. The chemical composition of water varied among reservoirs and with season. Specific conductance ranged from 446 to 4,020 micromhos per centimeter during the winter sampling period and from 62 to 999 micromhos per centimeter during the spring sampling period. Although a pH of 6.9 was measured at one reservoir during the winter, pH values generally ranged from 7.7 to 9.8. Under ice cover, which averaged 1.0 meter thick in late February, three reservoirs attained dissolved-oxygen concentrations above saturation. Each reservoir can be classified as having one of the following three water types: sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulfate, or calcium sodium bicarbonate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80339","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Ferreira, R.F., 1980, Limnological data for 12 reservoirs in Valley County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-339, iv, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80339.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404362,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0339/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Valley County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.75,48.5 ], [ -106.75,49 ], [ -106,49 ], [ -106,48.5 ], [ -106.75,48.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5210","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferreira, Rodger F.","contributorId":13976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1330,"text":"wsp2063 - 1980 - Channel and dynamic flow characteristics of the Chattahoochee River, Buford Dam to Georgia Highway 141","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T09:51:35","indexId":"wsp2063","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2063","title":"Channel and dynamic flow characteristics of the Chattahoochee River, Buford Dam to Georgia Highway 141","docAbstract":"Detailed flow and cross-section data for a 17-mile reach of the Chattahoochee River in northeast Georgia are described and summarized. Flow data include measurements of highly dynamic stage and discharge at five stations during the period March 21-23, 1976. Flow data were collected at 5-minute intervals and are listed accordingly. Coordinate data for 39 cross sections in the study reach are also listed. A mathematical model is developed and applied whereby stage data collected at a single station can be used to compute highly dynamic discharge at the station. The model is based on the continuity and momentum equations that describe unsteady, one-dimensional flow in open channels. Both equations are transformed to a single quadratic equation which describes mean flow velocity at a single station. Flow-geometry parameters used by the model are computed using cross-section coordinates and the equation which describes the area of an irregular polygon. Use of the model in conjunction with highly dynamic stage data collected on March 23, 1976, provided close agreement between measured and computed discharges. The model was also used to investigate the sensitivity of highly dynamic discharge to channel and flow parameters. Computed discharge was most sensitive to changes in channel roughness and slope.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2063","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., and Cherry, R.N., 1980, Channel and dynamic flow characteristics of the Chattahoochee River, Buford Dam to Georgia Highway 141: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2063, 66 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2063.","productDescription":"66 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26385,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2063/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Buford Dam, Chattahoochee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.5343017578125,\n 32.99023555965106\n ],\n [\n -84.8089599609375,\n 32.8472886646638\n ],\n [\n -85.0177001953125,\n 32.81959486923976\n ],\n [\n -85.220947265625,\n 32.856518010109546\n ],\n [\n -85.3143310546875,\n 32.99945000822837\n ],\n [\n -85.3143310546875,\n 33.22030778968541\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -84.9517822265625,\n 33.970697997361626\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -84.407958984375,\n 34.16636338473789\n ],\n [\n -84.166259765625,\n 34.37517887533528\n ],\n [\n -84.0618896484375,\n 34.52918706954935\n ],\n [\n -84.04541015625,\n 34.768691457552706\n ],\n [\n -83.82568359375,\n 34.88142481679756\n ],\n [\n -83.64990234375,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -83.3917236328125,\n 34.8183131456094\n ],\n [\n -83.34228515625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -83.64990234375,\n 34.20271636159618\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 33.897777013859475\n ],\n [\n -84.5452880859375,\n 33.38558626887102\n ],\n [\n -84.5343017578125,\n 32.99023555965106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e47cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Rodney N.","contributorId":85941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Rodney","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8873,"text":"ofr78556E - 1980 - Drainage areas of surface water bodies of the Kennebec River basin in southwestern Maine","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8873,"text":"ofr78556E - 1980 - Drainage areas of surface water bodies of the Kennebec River basin in southwestern Maine","indexId":"ofr78556E","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Drainage areas of surface water bodies of the Kennebec River basin in southwestern Maine"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":7104,"text":"ofr78556 - 1978 - Drainage areas in Maine","indexId":"ofr78556","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Drainage areas in Maine"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":7104,"text":"ofr78556 - 1978 - Drainage areas in Maine","indexId":"ofr78556","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"title":"Drainage areas in Maine"},"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T17:32:40.350332","indexId":"ofr78556E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-556","chapter":"E","title":"Drainage areas of surface water bodies of the Kennebec River basin in southwestern Maine","docAbstract":"The report contains drainage-area values for: lakes and ponds included in the MIDAS (Maine Informational Display Analysis System) File 906-Z, streams that drain an area greater than 25 square miles, dams, and locations where hydrologic data are collected. Supplemental information includes State and Federal location systems used to identify these lake and stream sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr78556E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maine Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., 1980, Drainage areas of surface water bodies of the Kennebec River basin in southwestern Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-556, v, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr78556E.","productDescription":"v, 83 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0556-e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":430920,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1978/0556-e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Kennebec River basin, southwestern Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.64716269660408,\n 45.578452261446074\n ],\n [\n -70.64716269660408,\n 43.9178350922833\n ],\n [\n -69.72485488923323,\n 43.9178350922833\n ],\n [\n -69.72485488923323,\n 45.578452261446074\n ],\n [\n -70.64716269660408,\n 45.578452261446074\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":158468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8887,"text":"ofr791545 - 1980 - Preliminary report on the hydrogeology of a low-level radioactive waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-26T18:10:27.022333","indexId":"ofr791545","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-1545","title":"Preliminary report on the hydrogeology of a low-level radioactive waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","docAbstract":"The Sheffield low-level radioactive-waste disposal site is located on 20 acres of rolling terrain about 3 miles southwest of Sheffield, Illinois. Twenty-one trenches were constructed and filled with radioactive waste from August 1967 through April 1978. Forty-three test wells were installed by the U.S. Geological Survey on and adjacent to the site. Continuous cores were collected from 36 wells to help in defining the subsurface geology. The wells have been used for water sample collection and to monitor water-level changes. A tunnel. 6.5 feet in diameter by 290 feet in length, was constructed beneath four burial trenches to provide access for collection of hydrologic and geologic data.
Pennsylvanian shale and mudstone deposits are overlain by Pleistocene glacial deposits consisting of the Teneriffe Silt, Glasford Formation, Roxana Silt, Peoria Loess, Parkland Sand, Cahokia Alluvium, and Henry Formation. Three till units of the Glasford Formation, the Hulick Till Member, the Radnor Till Member, and Till A have been identified on the site. Stratigraphic position indicates that the Hulick Till Member and Till A are probably variations of the same till. A continuous pebbly sand deposit, classified as part of the Toulon Member, extends across the middle of the site and continues off site on the northeast and southwest corners. Because of its relatively high hydraulic conductivity, this deposit will be a controlling factor in shallow groundwater movement and in any radionuclide migration.
Ground water at the site is derived through infiltration of precipitation and as underflow from adjacent highlands. Precipitation averages 35 inches per year, 1 or 2 inches of which probably recharge the ground water. Runoff is estimated to be 12 to 15 inches per year and evapotranspiration about 20 inches.
The fluctuation of water levels has been about 2.5 feet in hilltop wells, 3.6 feet in sidehill wells, and 5.9 feet in valley wells.
Hydraulic conductivity of the materials comprising the hydrogeologic system vary widely from about 2.8 to 2.8 x 10-6 feet/day. Tritium in ground water near the southeast corner of the site has moved about 25 feet per year since June 1975.
Beginning in October 1976, a program of water-level monitoring of abandoned water wells was initiated in the Palmdale area with the purpose of identifying possible water-level changes premonitory to a major earthquake on the San Andreas fault. In October 1977, the program was extended southeastward along the rift zone to the Valyermo area. In November 1977, the monitoring of water wells along the San Jacinto fault was initiated with the expectation of experiencing a moderate size earthquake while monitoring was in progress. Currently over thirty wells are being monitored. Eleven wells are monitored continuously with Stevens Type F recorders, two of which have been modified to operate with the Caltech Remote Observatory Support Systems (TIMS). The remaining wells are probed weekly, or in some cases semi-weekly or daily, by volunteers. We are endeavoring to improve the volunteer program by increasing the frequency of measurements and simplifying the procedure to minimize measurement errors. Weekly water-level data are displayed on computer-generated hydrographs for each well. Rainfall and earthquakes are plotted on the graphs for direct comparison with water levels. The hydrographs are updated and reviewed weekly. Weekly hydrographs are also prepared from recorder charts on two wells maintained by W. R. Moyle, Jr., of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division Office, Laguna Niguel, California. A M5.5 earthquake occurred on 25 February 1980, between the Buck Ridge and San Jacinto strands of the San Jacinto fault zone, about 8 miles east-southeast of Anza. This is the largest earthquake which has occurred on the faults within our monitoring network. The Stevens recorder chart for well number 11S/6E-3N4 located in Borrego Valley about 20 miles southeast of the epicenter indicates that, during a period of about four hours on 21 February, the water level rose 1.5 to 1.6 feet and returned to its prior level. This is one of the most remarkable short-term water-level fluctuations observed during our monitoring program; it occurred about 88 hours prior to the earthquake. This well has been monitored since October 1977 and has had a Stevens recorder since October 1978. Long-term water levels have been remarkably steady compared to those in other wells we are monitoring. This well shows a strong response to earth tides. The Stevens record on a second well in Borrego Valley (11S/6E-1C1) showed a much smaller (0.1 foot) spike in water level at the same time as the spike in well number 11S/6E-3N4. Other continuously recording wells in Anza and Ocotillo Wells showed no identifiable water-level anomalies. The two wells in Borrego Valley which showed possible strain-induced water-level spikes appear to be more sensitive to earth tides than wells in the same area which did not show spikes in water level. We cannot conceive of any nontectonic cause for the spike on the Stevens record of well 11S/6E3N4. A creep event on the Coyote Creek fault about four miles from the well is one possibility. Because the spikes in the two wells in Borrego Valley are unique for the long-term record of these wells, they may represent precursors to the 25 February earthquake. Local seismic activity was also recorded in water levels of the two wells in Borrego Springs with continuous water-level recorders. One well showed peculiar high frequency water-level fluctuations from 22 July to 21 August 1980; since then the record has appeared normal. Several wells in the Palmdale-Valyermo area have shown peculiar changes in water level within the past year or so. The long-term hydrograph of well number 5N/12W-4H1 shows the most unusual behavior. The well showed no response to the 1977 and very heavy 1978 rainstorms, yet began to rise in early 1979 and continued to rise through the dry season of 1979. By comparison, most wells show a more normal seasonal response to rainfall. Eight wells in the Palmdale-Valyermo area have shown water-level changes which are different than would have been predicted from the previous history of water-level changes and seasonal rainfall. A longer period of observation is required to determine whether the changes are anomalous. Changes in the strain pattern and other geophysical phenomena have also been observed in southern California during about the same period as the water-level changes. If the water-level changes are the result of tectonic strain, the mechanism and significance are unknown. However, it is interesting that five of the eight wells with possibly anomalous water-level changes have been identified as good strain meters based on their response to earth tides. Six wells showing an unexpected rise in water level are located west of the earthquake swarm which occurred in 1976-1977 (McNally et al, 1978), whereas the two which show water levels lower than would have been predicted are located east of the earthquake swarm.
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Equations for the Terzaghi theory of consolidation and equations for ground-water flow are identical under specific conditions. A combination of the two sets of equations relates porosity to void ratio and relates the modulus of elasticity to the coefficient of compressibility, coefficient of volume compressibility, compression index, coefficient of consolidation, specific storage, and ultimate compaction. Also, transient ground-water flow is related to coefficient of consolidation, rate of soil compaction, and hydraulic conductivity. Examples show that soils-engineering data and concepts are useful to solution of problems in ground-water hydrology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. 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(compiler)","contributorId":12743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Beverly","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nokes, Janet M.","contributorId":103274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokes","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9125,"text":"ofr80378 - 1980 - In-situ measurements of seismic velocity at 27 locations in the Los Angeles, California region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-01T01:01:41","indexId":"ofr80378","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-378","title":"In-situ measurements of seismic velocity at 27 locations in the Los Angeles, California region","docAbstract":"Studies conducted in the San Francisco Bay Region (Gibbs, Fumal and Borcherdt, 1980) have shown that average shear-wave velocity can be readily tied to quantitative estimates of ground motion such as ground amplification and earthquake intensity. Furthermore, when certain physical properties of the geologic materials such as texture, hardness and fracture spacing are observed during geologic mapping, a method can be used to predict shear-wave velocity from the descriptions of geologic units. By measuring shear-wave velocities in key units together with the above data, regional maps depicting the earthquake shaking hazard can be compiled. The goals of the current program are to provide shear-wave data in the Los Angeles area to compare with that in the San Francisco Bay Region where high-strain intensity data are available. Data from twenty-seven locations are summarized in this report as part of a continuing project to seismically zone the Los Angeles area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr80378","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, J., Fumal, T.E., and Roth, E.F., 1980, In-situ measurements of seismic velocity at 27 locations in the Los Angeles, California region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-378, i, 169 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80378.","productDescription":"i, 169 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":142020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_80_378.gif"},{"id":259294,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0378/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259118,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0378/of80-378.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f58e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, James F.","contributorId":95880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fumal, Thomas E.","contributorId":67882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":159143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roth, Edward F.","contributorId":12481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9154,"text":"ofr81125 - 1980 - Documentation and program listings for the Tektronix 4051 plot package, using Honolulu Series Lavas petrochemical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:18","indexId":"ofr81125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-125","title":"Documentation and program listings for the Tektronix 4051 plot package, using Honolulu Series Lavas petrochemical data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81125","usgsCitation":"Globerman, B.R., 1980, Documentation and program listings for the Tektronix 4051 plot package, using Honolulu Series Lavas petrochemical data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-125, 96 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81125.","productDescription":"96 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36782,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d7b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Globerman, Brian R.","contributorId":73871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Globerman","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7461,"text":"ofr8142 - 1980 - Processed data from the Gilroy array and Coyote Creek records, Coyote Lake, California earthquake, 6 August 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-01T15:37:49","indexId":"ofr8142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-42","title":"Processed data from the Gilroy array and Coyote Creek records, Coyote Lake, California earthquake, 6 August 1979","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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N.","contributorId":33309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mork","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perez, V.","contributorId":17224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porter, L.D.","contributorId":41418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":155717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4804,"text":"pp1162B - 1980 - Makah Formation — A deep-marginal-basin sequence of late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7300,"text":"ofr79581 - 1979 - Makah Formation--a deep marginal basin sedimentary sequence of Late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington","indexId":"ofr79581","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Makah Formation--a deep marginal basin sedimentary sequence of Late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4804,"text":"pp1162B - 1980 - Makah Formation — A deep-marginal-basin sequence of late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington","indexId":"pp1162B","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Makah Formation — A deep-marginal-basin sequence of late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T21:04:42.123337","indexId":"pp1162B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1162","chapter":"B","title":"Makah Formation — A deep-marginal-basin sequence of late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington","docAbstract":"The Makah Formation of the Twin River Group crops out in a northwest-trending linear belt in the northwesternmost part of the Olympic Peninsula, Wash. This marine sequence consists of 2800 meters of predominantly thin-bedded siltstone and sandstone that encloses six distinctive newly named members--four thick-bedded amalgamated turbidite sandstone members, an olistostromal shallow-water marine sandstone and conglomerate member, and a thin-bedded water-laid tuff member. A local unconformity of submarine origin occurs within the lower part of the Makah Formation except in the central part of the study area, where it forms the contact between the older Hoko River Formation and the Makah. Foraminiferal faunas indicate that the Makah Formation ranges in age from late Eocene (late Narizian) to late Oligocene (Zemorrian) and was deposited in a predominantly lower to middle bathyal environment. \r\n\r\nThe Makah Formation is part of a deep-marginalbasin facies that crops out in the western part of the Olympic Peninsula, in southwesternmost Washington and coastal embayments in northwestern Oregon, and along the central part of the coast of western Vancouver Island. On the basis of limited subsurface data from exploratory wells, correlative deep-marginal-basin deposits underlie the inner continental shelf of Oregon and the continental shelf (Tofino basin) along the southwestern side of Vancouver Island. \r\n\r\nDirectional structures in the Makah Formation indicate that the predominantly lithic arkosic sandstone that forms the turbidite packets was derived from the northwest. A possible source of the clastic material is the dioritic, granitic, and volcanic terranes in the vicinity of the Hesquiat Peninsula and Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Vertical and lateral variations of turbidite facies suggest that the four packets of sandstone were formed as depositional lobes on an outer submarine fan. The thin-bedded strata between the turbidite packets have characteristics of basin-plain and outer-fan fringe deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1162B","usgsCitation":"Snavely, P.D., Niem, A.R., MacLeod, N.S., Pearl, J.E., and Rau, W.W., 1980, Makah Formation — A deep-marginal-basin sequence of late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1162, iii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1162B.","productDescription":"iii, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31765,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1162b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1162b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408779,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74397.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.75,\n 48.4083\n ],\n [\n -124.75,\n 48.1903\n ],\n [\n -124.25,\n 48.1903\n ],\n [\n -124.25,\n 48.4083\n ],\n [\n -124.75,\n 48.4083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snavely, P. D.","contributorId":13971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niem, A. R.","contributorId":54984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacLeod, N. S.","contributorId":55816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearl, J. E.","contributorId":89883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rau, W. W.","contributorId":71963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rau","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":4802,"text":"pp1046B - 1980 - Lunar remote sensing and measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:44","indexId":"pp1046B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1046","chapter":"B","title":"Lunar remote sensing and measurements","docAbstract":"Remote sensing and measurements of the Moon from Apollo orbiting spacecraft and Earth form a basis for extrapolation of Apollo surface data to regions of the Moon where manned and unmanned spacecraft have not been and may be used to discover target regions for future lunar exploration which will produce the highest scientific yields. Orbital remote sensing and measurements discussed include (1) relative ages and inferred absolute ages, (2) gravity, (3) magnetism, (4) chemical composition, and (5) reflection of radar waves (bistatic). Earth-based remote sensing and measurements discussed include (1) reflection of sunlight, (2) reflection and scattering of radar waves, and (3) infrared eclipse temperatures. Photographs from the Apollo missions, Lunar Orbiters, and other sources provide a fundamental source of data on the geology and topography of the Moon and a basis for comparing, correlating, and testing the remote sensing and measurements. \r\n\r\nRelative ages obtained from crater statistics and then empirically correlated with absolute ages indicate that significant lunar volcanism continued to 2.5 b.y. (billion years) ago-some 600 m.y. (million years) after the youngest volcanic rocks sampled by Apollo-and that intensive bombardment of the Moon occurred in the interval of 3.84 to 3.9 b.y. ago. Estimated fluxes of crater-producing objects during the last 50 m.y. agree fairly well with fluxes measured by the Apollo passive seismic stations. \r\n\r\nGravity measurements obtained by observing orbiting spacecraft reveal that mare basins have mass concentrations and that the volume of material ejected from the Orientale basin is near 2 to 5 million km 3 depending on whether there has or has not been isostatic compensation, little or none of which has occurred since 3.84 b.y. ago. Isostatic compensation may have occurred in some of the old large lunar basins, but more data are needed to prove it. \r\n\r\nSteady fields of remanent magnetism were detected by the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites, and the lunar dipole field was revised to no more than 6x 10 19 gauss. High-resolution mapping of fields of weak remanent magnetism (to 0.1 gamma) was made possible by the Apollo plasma and energetic-particle experiment. Although the causes of remanent magnetism are poorly understood, correlations with geologic units suggest the results may ultimately have farreaching significance to lunar history. Maria are much less structured by strong surface magnetic anomalies than the highlands. The strongest anomalies are associated with ejecta of farside basins, plains materials filling pre-Imbrian craters, and other old Imbrian to pre-Imbrian units. The high remanent fields could be due to cooling of ejecta units in an ancient magnetic field, lunar regolith maturity, extensive reworking and disruption of a magnetized layer, or simply surface roughness. \r\n\r\nOrbital geochemical experiments have shown that lunar high lands have larger Al: Si ratios and smaller Mg: Si ratios than maria. These two ratios are inversely related on a regional basis. With the exception of fresh craters, albedo and Al : Si ratios vary directly, showing that compositional differences as well as exposure of fresh materials are responsible for high albedos. Statistically treated data show that geologic contacts and compositional boundaries are concentric and can be roughly matched. Some craters on mare material have penetrated the mare fill, bringing highland-type materials to the surface. Natural radioactivity from thorium, potassium, and uranium is inversely correlated with elevation. Mare regions are enriched in iron, titanium, and magnesium relative to the highlands. \r\n\r\nOrbital bistatic-radar results provide estimates of surface roughness at two scale lengths (about 30 m and 250 m), which agree with visual estimates of roughness. The dielectric constant of the lunar surface, where sampled, is uniform to 13-cm radar and near 3. Slope frequency distributions measured by the radar vary and","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1046B","usgsCitation":"Moore, H., Boyce, J.M., Schaber, G.G., and Scott, D.H., 1980, Lunar remote sensing and measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1046, p. B1-B78, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1046B.","productDescription":"p. B1-B78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1046b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31763,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1046b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648a44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyce, J. M.","contributorId":85952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":9211,"text":"ofr80161 - 1980 - Channel erosion and sediment transport in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin; a preliminary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T09:51:20","indexId":"ofr80161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-161","title":"Channel erosion and sediment transport in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin; a preliminary report","docAbstract":"The purpose of this 5-year study is to (1) evaluate the sediment transport, streamflow characteristics, and stream-channel morphology, (2) relate the above to land-use practices; and (3) evaluate the effect that changes in land-use practices will have on Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wis. This report presents findings of sediment transport, streamflow characteristics, and stream-channel morphology from the first year of the study and documents historical erosion. The study is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the city of Middleton and the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. Pheasant Branch, a tributary to Lake Mendota, drains 23.1 square miles of glacial drift. Channel erosion is severe within Middleton, requiring extensive use of erosion-control structures. Occasionally, channel dredging near the mouth and into Lake Mendota is required for boating. Comparison of stream-channel surveys of 1971 and 1977 shows the lowest part of the channel lowered 3 to 4 feet at some sites in the urban reach from U.S. Highway 12 downstream to Century Avenue. Downstream from Century Avenue, channel width increased from about 35 to 48 feet and channel cross-section area increased about 86 percent. A survey of Pheasant Branch in 1971 provided data for quantification of stream-channel changes since that time. Six erosion-control structures previously installed appear to have had some benefit in controlling head cutting in the channel. (USGS).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Middleton and Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Grant, R.S., and Goddard, G., 1980, Channel erosion and sediment transport in Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin; a preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-161, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80161.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":142718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0161/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0161/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wiscoonsin","county":"Dane County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota, Pheasant Branch Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.60758209228516,\n 43.06788453128748\n ],\n [\n -89.60758209228516,\n 43.15360247702298\n ],\n [\n -89.45823669433594,\n 43.15360247702298\n ],\n [\n -89.45823669433594,\n 43.06788453128748\n ],\n [\n -89.60758209228516,\n 43.06788453128748\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3ea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, R. Stephen","contributorId":83125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goddard, Gerald","contributorId":54202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9356,"text":"ofr81255 - 1980 - Support of the Southern California Geophysical Data and Analysis Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:27","indexId":"ofr81255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-255","title":"Support of the Southern California Geophysical Data and Analysis Center","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81255","usgsCitation":"Harkrider, D.G., 1980, Support of the Southern California Geophysical Data and Analysis Center: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-255, 1 leaf ;28 cm.; (3 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81255.","productDescription":"1 leaf ;28 cm.; (3 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0255/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37068,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0255/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harkrider, David G.","contributorId":91111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harkrider","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4419,"text":"cir824 - 1980 - Thorium resources of selected regions in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"cir824","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"824","title":"Thorium resources of selected regions in the United States","docAbstract":"Thorium resources have been assessed in a previous report entitled 'Principal thorium resources in the United States' (Staatz and others, 1979) for (1) veins in the larger districts, {2) massive carbonatites, {3) disseminated deposits, and {4) stream placers of North and South Carolina. This report is a sequel to that report and assesses thorium resources in {1) Florida beach placers, (2) Idaho stream placers, (3) veins and pipes in the Bokan Mountain district, Alaska, (4) carbonatite dikes, and {5) apatite-bearing iron deposits near Mineville, New York. Thorium resources for each of these categories are divided into reserves and probable potential resources. When data are available, each of these is then divided into the following cost categories: (1) the amount of ThO2 producible at a cost of less than $15/lb (per pound), (2) the amount producible at a cost of between $15 and $30/lb, and (3) the amount producible at a cost of between $30 and $50/1b. \r\n\r\nBeach placers of northern Florida have reserves of 16,200 short tons of ThO2 and probable potential resources of 5,120 tons of ThO2. These deposits are heavy-mineral placers that are mined for a variety of minerals--principally titanium minerals and zircon. The thorium-bearing mineral in these placers, monazite, makes up only a minor part of the heavy minerals. Therefore, production of ThO2 from these placers is dependent on the markets for other heavy minerals. Assuming the market for other heavy minerals to be the same as in 1978, then 98 percent of the ThO2 could be produced for less than $15/lb. If, however, no other coproducts were produced, then the cost of producing ThO2 would be greater than $50/1b. \r\n\r\nStream placers containing thorium are found along many streams that drain the Idaho batholith, but most are too small to add significantly to the thorium resources. The resources of the five largest districts, each of which consists of at least several individual placers, have been tabulated. These districts are (1) Long Valley, (2) Bear Valley, (3) Burgdorf-Warren area, (4) Boise Basin, and (5) Ell City-Newsome area. These five areas have reserves of 10,100 short tons of ThO2 and probable potential resources of 10,300 tons. Long Valley contains about half the reserves--5,680 tons of ThO2--and all the probable potential resources. Monazite is the most important heavy mineral in all except the Bear Valley deposit. Here euxenite, although not quite as abundant as monazite, is a more important mineral, because it contains approximately 14.5 percent U3O8 in addition to 5 percent ThO2. Reserves in this placer amount to 1,605 short tons of ThO2 and 1,475 tons of U3O8. Eighty-two percent of the reserves and all of the probable potential resources can be produced at less than $30/1b of ThO2. The lower cost reserves are concentrated in the Long and Bear Valley areas. Here 64 percent of the ThO2 can be produced for less than $15/1b and another 29 percent of the ThO2 at between $15 and $30/lb. \r\n\r\nSixteen veins and pipelike bodies are evaluated in the Bokan Mountain area of southeastern Alaska. The district contains other deposits that are too poorly exposed to make meaningful resource estimates. Reserves estimated in this district are 1,440 short tons of ThO2; probable potential resources amount to 2,320 tons of ThO2. About 99 percent of these resources are in deposits whose grade is at least 0.2 percent ThO2. In addition, these deposits contain reserves of 420 tons of U3O8 and probable potential resources of 820 tons of U3O8. Eighty-two percent of the reserves and probable potential resources can be produced at less than $15/lb. The average grade of this ore is 0.54 percent ThO2 and 0 15 percent U3O8. Some carbonatite dikes, although generally not as high grade as the veins, contain resources of thorium. Carbonatite dikes in the following six districts were investigated: (1) Wet Mountains, Colo.; (2) Powderhorn district, Colorado; (3) Mountain Pass area, California; (4) Bearpaw","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir824","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Hall, R., Macke, D., Armbrustmacher, T., and Brownfield, I.K., 1980, Thorium resources of selected regions in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 824, iii, 32 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir824.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1980/0824/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1980/0824/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bc2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer Hay","contributorId":39754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"Hay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, R.B.","contributorId":17214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macke, D. L.","contributorId":101643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macke","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Armbrustmacher, T.J.","contributorId":92642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbrustmacher","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brownfield, I. K.","contributorId":77915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":10447,"text":"ofr802014 - 1980 - Time-term solutions and corresponding data for the crustal structure of north-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:27","indexId":"ofr802014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-2014","title":"Time-term solutions and corresponding data for the crustal structure of north-central New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr802014","usgsCitation":"Murdock, J.N., and Jaksha, L.H., 1980, Time-term solutions and corresponding data for the crustal structure of north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-2014, 40 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr802014.","productDescription":"40 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/2014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/2014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b4ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdock, James N.","contributorId":94309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdock","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaksha, Lawrence H.","contributorId":75921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaksha","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}