This paper presents results of chemical speciation and reaction path calculations that model fluid chemistry evolution and ore deposition in the main-stage Creede, Colorado, epithermal system. An extensive geologic, mineralogic, and geochemical framework for mineralization has been developed by many researchers for the central and southern district vein systems (OH and P veins; central and southern Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems) and is used to constrain and guide the modeling presented in this paper. Previous studies have shown that the central base metal sulfide-rich and southern barite- and silver-rich Creede ores were deposited by hydrothermal brines with temperatures as high as 285 degrees C and salinities as high as 13 wt percent NaCl equiv. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that mixing with dilute steam-heated ground waters was the dominant ore deposition mechanism, although boiling did occur during some stages. Speciation calculations confirm that the hydrothermal fluids, due to their high salinities, were relatively acidic (pH near 5.5) and transported significant quantities of base metals (i.e., up to 10-2 m total concentrations of Zn) as chloride complexes. Reaction path calculations show that strong north-south mineralogical variations in main-stage mineralization are best accounted for by variable boiling of the hydrothermal brines, followed by lateral mixing of the brines with overlying dilute, steam-heated ground waters. The extent of boiling prior to mixing was a function of the temperature and gas contents of the hydrothermal fluids as they first entered the district ore zones from depth, and of the thickness of the steam-heated ground-water column overlying the hydrothermal fluids. The calculations indicate that limited amounts of boiling (during stages when the overlying ground-water column was relatively thick) produced a chlorite-pyrite-hematite-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite + or - adularia assemblage in the central district vein systems (OH and P veins; central Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems). More extensive boiling (during a stage in which the ground-water table apparently dropped considerably) deposited quartz, fluorite, adularia, and hematite with only minor sulfides in the central district veins. Boiling ceased when the saturation pressure of the hydrothermal fluids dropped below hydrostatic pressures generated by the overlying ground-water column. Following boiling, lateral mixing with overlying steam-heated ground waters initially produced sphalerite- and galena-rich assemblages in the central district vein systems. With continued mixing to the south, the hydrothermal fluids deposited abundant barite, subordinate sphalerite, galena, and quartz, and lesser native silver, acanthite, and sulfosalts in the district's southern vein systems (southern Amethyst, southern Bulldog Mountain vein systems).Modeling results for Creede and other epithermal fluid compositions show that epithermal ore grades, mineral assemblages, and mineral zoning patterns are strongly influenced by shallow hydrologic processes such as boiling and fluid mixing. As a result, epithermal mineral assemblages and zoning patterns can be used to reconstruct the paleohydrology of the hydrothermal systems from which they were deposited, and thus provide useful tools for epithermal ore exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., 1994, Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1860-1882, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1860","endPage":"1882","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a126ee4b0c8380cd542ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017021,"text":"70017021 - 1994 - Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T17:02:09","indexId":"70017021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":801,"text":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States","docAbstract":"Natural gas hydrates, mostly methane hydrates, occur within seafloor sediments almost everywhere in the world’s oceans where water depths exceed 300 to 500 m, and hydrates in this setting probably contain very large quantities of methane.’ Gas hydrates have been identified in marine sediments by coring and by the response that they create in seismic reflection profiles. Our research has endeavored to refine the criteria used to recognize hydrates in seismic reflection data and to use such data to map hydrates on the United States Atlantic continential rise.
Gas hydrates in ocean floor sediments occur within a layer just below the sea floor, controlled by the pressure and temperature conditions. Actually, hydrates would be stable in deep ocean water (at depths greater than 300-500 m), but probably do not exist there due to lack of gas saturation. Furthermore, if they did form in the water the hydrates would float upward and melt at the lower pressure and higher temperature conditions found at shallower depths. However, gas is present in the sediments either as biogenic gas produced by bacteria or as thermogenic gas rising from deeper strata, and when hydrate forms in sediments it is trapped in the sedimentary matrix. Temperature increases downward through the sediments, and, although pressure also increases (which tends to make hydrate more stable), the temperature ultimately becomes too great for hydrate to exist at ambient pressure. Because the thermal gradient is fairly constant within a restricted geographic region, this stability limit will be reached at approximately the same subbottom depth everywhere in the region. The result is a zone of hydrate-cemented sediment that extends down from the sea floor; this zone can have a thickness of as much as 1000 m.
","language":"English","publisher":" John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38850.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., Lee, M.W., and Coleman, D., 1994, Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 364-380, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38850.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -71.982421875,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -79.365234375,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -68.64257812499999,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 44.77793589631623\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3831e4b0c8380cd6149e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, Dwight F.","contributorId":81827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Dwight F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017325,"text":"70017325 - 1994 - Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:08:20.679635","indexId":"70017325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","docAbstract":"A method for collecting suspended sediment samples has been developed that pumps a discharge-weighted volume of water from fixed depths at four to 40 locations across a river and separates the suspended sediment in the sample using a continuous-flow centrifuge. The efficacy of the method is evaluated by comparing the particle size distributions of sediment collected by the discharge-weighted pumping method with the particle size distributions of sediment collected by depth integration and separated by gravitational settling. The pumping method was found to undersample the suspended sand sized particles (> 63 μm) but to collect a representative sample of the suspended silt and clay sized particles (< 63 μm). The centrifuge separated the silt and clay sized particles (< 63 μm) into three fractions. Based on the average results of processing 17 samples from the Mississippi River and several of its large tributaries in 1990, about 10% of the silt and clay sized material was trapped in a centrifuge bowl-bottom sealing unit containing the nozzle and consisted of mostly medium and coarse silt from 16 to 63 μm. About 74% was retained on a Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl and consisted of sizes from 0–1 to 63 μm. About 9% was discharged from the centrifuge in the effluent and was finer than 0–1 μm. About 7% was lost during the processes of removing the wet sediment fractions from the centrifuge, drying and weighing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080603","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 1994, Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 6, p. 513-530, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080603.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cede4b0c8380cd52d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54887,"text":"wdrOH932 - 1994 - Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 2. St. Lawrence River Basin and statewide project data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-15T19:02:27.946939","indexId":"wdrOH932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OH-93-2","title":"Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 2. St. Lawrence River Basin and statewide project data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrOH932","usgsCitation":"Shindel, H., Mangus, J., and Trimble, L., 1994, Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 2. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shindel, H.L.","contributorId":17652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shindel","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangus, J.P.","contributorId":28301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangus","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trimble, L.E.","contributorId":101732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014928,"text":"1014928 - 1994 - Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T12:32:28","indexId":"1014928","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity","docAbstract":"Adult white suckers were collected from four lakes in Maine that ranged in pH from 7.0 to 5.4. The gastrointestinal tract and remainder of the carcass of fishes of similar age and size from each lake, and gills from additional fishes of similar size, were analyzed for Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Carcasses were also analyzed for Hg. Concentrations of Al, Cd, and Pb were highest in the gastrointestinal tract and lowest in the carcass; Zn concentration was highest in the gill. For carcass, all metals except Al differed significantly among lakes, for gill tissue Cd and Pb differed, and for gastrointestinal tract, only Cd differed among lakes. Where differences were significant, patterns among lakes were similar in each tissue analyzed. Concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb were negatively correlated with lake water pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), Ca, and lake:watershed area, and positively correlated with lake water SO4, indicating that concentrations were higher in fish from more acidic lakes. Zinc concentrations in gills were unrelated to lake acidity, and carcass concentrations were higher in the less acidic lakes, which is the opposite of the pattern for the other metals studied. Zinc in gastrointestinal tract did not differ among lakes. Although the lakes we studied were located in undisturbed watersheds and did not receive any point source discharges, fish metal concentrations were comparable to or higher than those reported from waters receiving industrial discharges.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00477991","usgsCitation":"Haines, T., and Brumbaugh, W.G., 1994, Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 73, no. 1, p. 265-274, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00477991.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267639,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477991"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014763,"text":"1014763 - 1994 - Evaluation of the effects of an oxygen injection system on the growth, hematology, and immunity of lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:45:34.305899","indexId":"1014763","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the effects of an oxygen injection system on the growth, hematology, and immunity of lake trout","docAbstract":"Fingerling lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were reared for 64 d at three pressures of dissolved gases, expressed in relation to saturation values (▵P)–untreated (control) water, ▵P = 10 mm Hg; water treated by column degassing with air, ▵P = 9 mm Hg; and water treated with an oxygen injection system, ▵P = −20 mm Hg. Dissolved oxygen concentration for experimental groups was increased with column degassing by 7.8% and with oxygen injection by 8.7%. Nitrogen level was reduced 2.2% with columns receiving air and 7.4% with the oxygen injection system. There were no differences in production, mean lengths, or mean weights among fish reared in the three treatments. Hematocrit, plasma protein levels, and mean antibody microtiters to injected Salmonella H antigen were not different among fish from the three water treatments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0207:EOTEOA%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Krise, W.F., Meade, J.W., and McClain, J., 1994, Evaluation of the effects of an oxygen injection system on the growth, hematology, and immunity of lake trout: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 56, no. 3, p. 207-210, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0207:EOTEOA%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa47e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, J. W.","contributorId":38082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McClain, J.R.","contributorId":28932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClain","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017031,"text":"70017031 - 1994 - Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues","docAbstract":"Naturally occurring gas hydrate is found in sediment of two regions: (1) continental, including continental shelves, at high latitudes where surface temperatures are very cold, and (2) submarine outer continental margins where pressures are very high and bottom-water temperatures are near 0??C. Continental gas hydrate is found in association with onshore and offshore permafrost. Submarine gas hydrate is found in sediment of continental slopes and rises. The amount of methane present in gas hydrate is thought to be very large, but the estimates that have been made are more speculative than real. Nevertheless, at the present time there has been a convergence of ideas regarding the amount of methane in gas hydrate deposits worldwide at about 2 x 1016 m3 or 7 x 1017 ft3 = 7 x 105 Tcf [Tcf = trillion (1012) ft3]. The potentially large amount of methane in gas hydrate and the shallow depth of gas hydrate deposits are two of the principal factors driving research concerning this substance. Such a large amount of methane, if it could be commercially produced, provides a potential energy resource for the future. Because gas hydrate is metastable, changes of surface pressure and temperature affect its stability. Destabilized gas hydrate beneath the sea floor leads to geologic hazards such as submarine mass movements. Examples of submarine slope failures attributed to gas hydrate are found worldwide. The metastability of gas hydrate may also have an effect on climate. The release of methane, a 'greenhouse' gas, from destabilized gas hydrate may contribute to global warming and be a factor in global climate change.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., 1994, Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 232-246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x.","startPage":"232","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205578,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x"},{"id":224957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6302e4b0c8380cd7223f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017511,"text":"70017511 - 1994 - A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:28:16.708111","indexId":"70017511","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits","docAbstract":"Tabular sandstone uranium deposits constitute the largest uranium resource type in the United States. A major point of contention has been the nature and direction of the ground-water flow. This paper presents a quantitative simulation of regional ground-water flow during uranium deposition in the Westwater Canyon Member and Jackpile Sandstone Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the San Juan basin. Input for the four-layer finite-difference model was from thicknesses and sandstone/mudstone ratios in each layer from 1,600 drill holes and 100 measured sections and from palcotopographic reconstructions. Topographic slope, shoreline position, and density contrasts in the lake and pore fluids controlled the directions of flow and recharge-discharge areas. The most important results for uranium ore deposit formation are that regional ground water discharged throughout the basin, regional discharge was concentrated along the shore line or playa margin, flow was dominantly gravity driven, and compaction dewatering was negligible. A strong association is found between the tabular sandstone uranium deposits and major inferred zones of mixed local and regional ground-water discharge. The results of ground-water modeling favor the brine interface model over the lacustrine-humate model for uranium deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.2.341","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Sanford, R., 1994, A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 2, p. 341-360, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.2.341.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e526e4b0c8380cd46b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, R.F.","contributorId":38562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54906,"text":"wdrOK931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T17:10:32.663106","indexId":"wdrOK931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OK-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin","docAbstract":"Volumes 1 and 2 of the water resources data for the 1993 water year for Oklahoma consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes or reservoirs; and water levels of ground-water wells. This report contains discharge records for 135 gaging stations; stage and contents for 30 lakes or reservoirs; water quality for 58 gaging stations; 23 partial-record or miscellaneous streamflow stations and 28 ground-water sites. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge and water-quality sites. Volume 3 contains statewide miscellaneous water-quality data. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Oklahoma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma and with other agencies","doi":"10.3133/wdrOK931","usgsCitation":"Blazs, R., Walters, D., Coffey, T., White, D., Boyle, D., and Kerestes, J., 1994, Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. 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D.K.","contributorId":30279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boyle, D.L.","contributorId":55505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kerestes, J.F.","contributorId":19219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerestes","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54947,"text":"wdrPA933 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Ohio and St. Lawrence River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:38","indexId":"wdrPA933","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PA-93-3","title":"Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Ohio and St. Lawrence River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA933","usgsCitation":"Lescinsky, J., Coll, M., and Siwicki, R., 1994, Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Ohio and St. Lawrence River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PA-93-3, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPA933.","productDescription":"166 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lescinsky, J.B.","contributorId":83197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lescinsky","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coll, M.B.","contributorId":19629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coll","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siwicki, R.W.","contributorId":100060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siwicki","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017068,"text":"70017068 - 1994 - Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T11:26:53.155498","indexId":"70017068","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"The Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation, a thin (10 m) fractured dolomite aquifer, lies approximately 450 m above the repository horizon of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico, USA. Salinities of water in the Culebra range roughly from 10,000 to 200,000 mg/L within the WIPP site. A proposed model for the post-Pleistocene hydrochemical evolution of the Culebra tentatively identifies the major sources and sinks for many of the groundwater solutes. Reaction-path simulations with the PHRQPITZ code suggest that the Culebra dolomite is a partial chemical equilibrium system whose composition is controlled by an irreversible process (dissolution of evaporites) and equilibrium with gypsum and calcite. Net geochemical reactions along postulated modern flow paths, calculated with the NETPATH code, include dissolution of halite, carbonate and evaporite salts, and ion exchange. R-mode principal component analysis revealed correlations among the concentrations of Si, Mg, pH, Li, and B that are consistent with several clay-water reactions. The results of the geochemical calculations and mineralogical data are consistent with the following hydrochemical model:
The Chinese underground nuclear test site in the Kuruktag and Kyzyltag mountains of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of northwest China, is the location of sixteen underground tests that occurred between 1969 and 1992. The largest test to date, conducted on 21 May 1992, had a reported yield of about one megaton. Geophysical properties of the rocks and a large-scale geologic map of part of the test area were published by the Chinese in 1986 and 1987 and are the first site-specific data available for this test site. In areas of low relief, underground nuclear testing has occurred below the water table, in shafts drilled vertically into dense, low porosity Paleozoic granitic and metasedimentary rocks. Additional testing in areas of more rugged terrain has occurred in horizontal tunnels, probably above the water table. At least one of these tunnels was driven into granite. The upper 50 m of the rock in the area of the vertical tests is weathered and fractured; these conditions have been shown to influence the magnitude of the disturbance of the land surface after a nuclear explosion. These descriptions suggest hard rock coupling at depth and a closer resemblance to the former Soviet test site in eastern Kazakhstan than to the U.S. test site in Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(94)90002-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Matzko, J., 1994, Geology of the Chinese nuclear test site near Lop Nor, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China: Engineering Geology, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 173-181, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90002-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"181","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a254be4b0c8380cd587ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matzko, J.R.","contributorId":56653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzko","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017641,"text":"70017641 - 1994 - A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:03:11.828965","indexId":"70017641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","docAbstract":"As the need to share spatial data increases, more than agreement on a common format is needed to ensure that the data is meaningful to both the importer and the exporter. Effective data transfer also requires common definitions of spatial features. To achieve this, part 2 of the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) provides a model for a spatial features data content specification and a glossary of features and attributes that fit this model. The model provides a foundation for standardizing spatial features. The glossary now contains only a limited subset of hydrographic and topographic features. For it to be useful, terms and definitions must be included for other categories, such as base cartographic, bathymetric, cadastral, cultural and demographic, geodetic, geologic, ground transportation, international boundaries, soils, vegetation, water, and wetlands, and the set of hydrographic and topographic features must be expanded. This paper will review the philosophy of the SDTS part 2 and the current plans for creating a national spatial features register as one mechanism for maintaining part 2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602836","usgsCitation":"Cascio, J., 1994, A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 155-158, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602836.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947be4b08c986b31aafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cascio, Janette","contributorId":81265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cascio","given":"Janette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017650,"text":"70017650 - 1994 - Quaternary paleoceanography of the deep Arctic Ocean based on quantitative analysis of Ostracoda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T11:06:26.459162","indexId":"70017650","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary paleoceanography of the deep Arctic Ocean based on quantitative analysis of Ostracoda","docAbstract":"Ostracodes were studied from deep Arctic Ocean cores obtained during the Arctic 91 expedition of the Polarstern to the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov Basins, the Lomonosov Ridge, Morris Jesup Rise and Yermak Plateau, in order to investigate their distribution in Arctic Ocean deep water (AODW) and apply these data to paleoceanographic reconstruction of bottom water masses during the Quaternary. Analyses of coretop assemblages from Arctic 91 boxcores indicate the following: ostracodes are common at all depths between 1000 and 4500 m, and species distribution is strongly influenced by water mass characteristics and bathymetry; quantitative analyses comparing Eurasian and Canada Basin assemblages indicate that distinct assemblages inhabit regions east and west of the Lomonosov Ridge, a barrier especially important to species living in lower AODW; deep Eurasian Basin assemblages are more similar to those living in Greenland Sea deep water (GSDW) than those in Canada Basin deep water; two upper AODW assemblages were recognized throughout the Arctic Ocean, one living between 1000 and 1500 m, and the other, having high species diversity, at 1500–3000 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(94)90188-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Holtz, T., and Whatley, R., 1994, Quaternary paleoceanography of the deep Arctic Ocean based on quantitative analysis of Ostracoda: Marine Geology, v. 119, no. 3-4, p. 305-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90188-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"332","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a92d4e4b0c8380cd80a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holtz, T.R. Jr.","contributorId":23703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"T.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whatley, R.C.","contributorId":85211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whatley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017399,"text":"70017399 - 1994 - Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:51:56","indexId":"70017399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"The preferential dealkylation pathways of the s-triazine herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and two monodealkylated triazine metabolites, deisopropylatrazine (DIA: 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine) and deethylatrazine (DEA: 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were investigated on two adjacent Eudora silt-loam plots growing corn (Zea mays L.). Results from the shallow unsaturated zone and surface-water runoff showed preferential removal of an ethyl side chain from atrazine, simazine, and DIA relative to an isopropyl side chain from atrazine, propazine, and DEA. It is hypothesized that deethylation reactions may proceed at 2-3 times the rate of deisopropylation reactions. It is concluded that small concentrations of DIA reportedly associated with the degradation of atrazine may be due to a rapid turnover rate of the metabolite in the unsaturated zone, not to small production levels. Because of continued dealkylation of both monodealkylated metabolites, a strong argument is advanced for the presence of a didealkylated metabolite in the unsaturated zone.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00053a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Michael, T.E., 1994, Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 600-605, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00053a011.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"605","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265836,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00053a011"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a821be4b0c8380cd7b8ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, Thurman E.","contributorId":86116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Thurman","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017078,"text":"70017078 - 1994 - The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T11:09:46.881574","indexId":"70017078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX932","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S., McPherson, E.M., Gibbons, W., Hinds, B., and Andrews, F., 1994, Water resources data Texas, water year 1993, volume 2. 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Silver, linear alkylbenzenes, coprostanol, and spores of the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, in bottom sediments and in near-bottom suspended sediment, provide evidence for rapid settling of a portion of discharged solids, accumulation on the sea floor, and biological mixing beneath the water sediment interface. Biological effects include an increase in 1989 of two species of benthic polychaete worm not abundant at the dump site before sludge dumping began in 1986. These changes in benthic ecology are attributed to the increased deposition of utilizable food in the form of sludge-derived organic matter.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(94)90045-0","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Takada, H., Knight, I., Hill, R.T., Butman, B., Farrington, J., Colwell, R., and Grassle, J.F., 1994, Indicators of sewage contamination in sediments beneath a deep-ocean dump site off New York: Marine Environmental Research, v. 38, no. 1, p. 43-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(94)90045-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d85e4b08c986b31846c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takada, H.","contributorId":47094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takada","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knight, I.T.","contributorId":59960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"I.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, R. 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On the basis of geohydrologic information, a qualitative assessment of the possible effects of this injection indicates that fresh groundwater in certain areas of the Duchesne River formation may be more susceptible than water in other areas to becoming mixed with injected oil-production water. The reason for this possible mixing is because these areas containing the susceptible groundwater lack a thick shale layer above the disposal zone, as indicated in geophysical logs. In other areas, naturally occurring moderately saline water exists at shallow depths and may be withdrawn from water wells completed more than 200 ft below land surface. Additional geohydrologic information will need to be collected to allow investigators to make a quantitative determination of the rate of horizontal and vertical migration of injected oil-production water within and above the disposal zone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924043","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., 1994, Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4043, 2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924043.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393973,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47621.htm"},{"id":82078,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82077,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum-field, Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.2722\n ],\n [\n -109.8589,\n 40.2722\n ],\n [\n -109.8589,\n 40.4775\n ],\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.4775\n ],\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.2722\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6063d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017090,"text":"70017090 - 1994 - Adsorption and desorption of atrazine and deethylatrazine by low organic carbon geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T22:53:39.498062","indexId":"70017090","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption and desorption of atrazine and deethylatrazine by low organic carbon geologic materials","docAbstract":"The adsorption and desorption of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and a primary metabolite, deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine; DEA), by low organic C (≤ 3.3 g kg−1) materials were measured by batch-equilibrium techniques. The adsorbents were samples of glacial outwash sand, till, and stream sediments. The adsorption of both atrazine and DEA conformed to linear isotherms. The adsorption of atrazine by most of the adsorbents yielded apparent Koc values that were in excess of those based on surface agricultural soils. Adsorption correlated with only the pH of the sand-water suspensions. The desorption of atrazine was hysteretic under the conditions of the measurement. DEA had a lower affinity for the same adsorbents; the mean ratio of Kd values of DEA to those of atrazine was 0.37 ± 0.20. DEA adsorption did not correlate with organic C, surface area, clay content of the adsorbents, or with the pH of the suspensions. DEA adsorption, unlike atrazine, tended to be reversible. There was a linear relationship between the adsorption constants of atrazine and those of DEA.
No abstract available.
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The analysis indicated that the 1993 flood was primarily a 10- to 50-year event on unregulated watersheds less than about 50,000 square kilometers. Of the 111 stations analyzed, the L-moment and Bulletin 17B methods were used to identify 24 and 30 stations, respectively, that had recurrence intervals greater than 50 years, and 13 and 16 stations, respectively, that had recurrence intervals greater than 100 years for the 1993 flood. Because the magnitude and duration of precipitation was substantial over a major part of the basin, the 1993 flood was greater than a 100-year event on the larger watersheds such as the Missouri River downstream from Rulo, Nebraska, and a reach of the Mississippi River from Keokuk, Iowa, to St. Louis, Missouri.
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