The use of dilutions has been the foundation of our approach for assessing contaminated water, and accordingly, it may be important to establish similar or parallel approaches for sediment dilutions. Test organism responses to dilution gradients can identify the degree of necessary sediment alteration to reduce the toxicity. Using whole sediment dilutions to represent the complex interactions of in situ sediments can identify the toxicity, but the selection of the appropriate diluent for the contaminated sediment may affect the results and conclusions drawn. Contaminated whole sediments were examined to evaluate the toxicity of dilutions of sediments with a diversity of test organisms. Dilutions of the contaminated sediments were prepared with differing diluents that varied in organic carbon content, particle size distribution, and volatile solids. Studies were conducted using four macroinvertebrates and a vascular, rooted plant. Responses by some test organisms followed a sigmoidal dose-response curve, but others followed a U-shaped curve. Initial dilutions reduced toxicity as expected, but further dilution resulted in an increase in toxicity. The type of diluent used was an important factor in assessing the sediment toxicity, because the control soil reduced toxicity more effectively than sand as a diluent of the same sediment. Using sediment chemical and physical characteristics as an indicator of sediment dilution may not be as useful as chemical analysis of contaminants, but warrants further investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(93)90158-2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, M., Landrum, P., Burton, G., Klaine, S., Crecelius, E., Byl, T., Gossiaux, D.C., Tsymbal, V., Cleveland, L., Ingersoll, C.G., and Sasson-Brickson, G., 1993, Toxicity of contaminated sediments in dilution series with control sediments: Chemosphere, v. 27, no. 9, p. 1789-1812, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90158-2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1789","endPage":"1812","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5868d226e4b0cd2dabe7c809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, M.K.","contributorId":80583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landrum, P.F.","contributorId":98423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G.A. Jr.","contributorId":91959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klaine, S.J.","contributorId":38304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaine","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crecelius, E.A.","contributorId":50787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crecelius","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Byl, T.D.","contributorId":86373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gossiaux, Duane C.","contributorId":7225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gossiaux","given":"Duane","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tsymbal, V.N.","contributorId":177807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsymbal","given":"V.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cleveland, L.","contributorId":82084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sasson-Brickson, G.","contributorId":177808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sasson-Brickson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13348,"text":"Wright State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70179664,"text":"70179664 - 1993 - Comparison of episodic acidification of Mid-Atlantic Upland and Coastal Plain streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:27:21","indexId":"70179664","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of episodic acidification of Mid-Atlantic Upland and Coastal Plain streams","docAbstract":"Episodic acidification was examined in five mid-Atlantic watersheds representing three physiographic provinces: Coastal Plain, Valley and Ridge, and Blue Ridge. Each of the watersheds receives a similar loading of atmospheric pollutants (SO42− and NO3−) and is underlain by different bedrock type. The purpose of this research was to quantify and compare the episodic variability in storm flow chemistry in Reedy Creek, Virginia (Coastal Plain), Mill Run and Shelter Run, Virginia (Valley and Ridge), and Fishing Creek Tributary and Hunting Creek, Maryland (Blue Ridge). Because episodic responses were similar from storm to storm in each of the watersheds, a representative storm from each watershed was discussed. Acidification, defined as the loss of acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), was observed in all streams except Mill Run. Mill Run chemistry showed little episodic variability. During storms in the other streams, pH decreased while SO42−, NO3−, and K+ concentrations increased. Concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ increased in Reedy Creek and Fishing Creek Tributary, but decreased in Shelter Run and Hunting Creek. Therefore the net effect of episodic changes on the acid-base status differed among the streams. In general, greater losses of ANC were observed during storms at Shelter Run and Hunting Creek, watersheds underlain by reactive bedrock (carbonate, metabasalt); comparatively smaller losses in ANC were observed at Reedy Creek and Fishing Creek Tributary, watersheds underlain by quartzites and unconsolidated quartz sands and cobbles. Increased SO42− concentrations were most important during storms at Reedy Creek and Fishing Creek Tributary, but organic anions (inferred by anion deficit) were also a factor in causing the loss of ANC. Dilution of base cations was the most important factor in the loss of ANC at Shelter Run. Both increased sulfate and dilution of base flow were important in causing the episodic acidification at Hunting Creek. The role of SO42− in contributing to episodic acidification in these watersheds is similar to that documented in studies conducted in other regions of the United States, Scandinavia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The importance of SO42− in mid-Atlantic United States streams contrasts with northeastern United States streams, in which increased NO3- derived from snowpack is more important in causing episodic acidification. Results support the importance of shallow subsurface processes in determining storm flow chemistry, regional climatic characteristics in determining the different sources of acidity during episodes, and the importance of bedrock geology in determining the amount of ANC loss.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR01408","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Rice, K.C., Kennedy, M.M., and Bricker, O.P., 1993, Comparison of episodic acidification of Mid-Atlantic Upland and Coastal Plain streams: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 9, p. 3029-3039, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR01408.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3029","endPage":"3039","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Fishing Creek Tributary, Hunting Creek, Mill Run, Reedy Creek, Shelter Run","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.266357421875,\n 37.93553306183642\n ],\n [\n -79.266357421875,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n -77.0361328125,\n 37.93553306183642\n ],\n [\n -79.266357421875,\n 37.93553306183642\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58760117e4b04eac8e0746eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, Anne K.","contributorId":52955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179663,"text":"70179663 - 1993 - Acid Rain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:35:19","indexId":"70179663","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":806,"text":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acid Rain","docAbstract":"Acid deposition, or acid rain as it is more commonly referred to, has become a widely publicized environmental issue in the U.S. over the past decade. The term usually conjures up images of fish kills, dying forests, \"dead\" lakes, and damage to monuments and other historic artifacts. The primary cause of acid deposition is emission of S02 and NOx to the atmosphere during the combustion of fossil fuels. Oxidation of these compounds in the atmosphere forms strong acids - H2SO4 and HNO3 - which are returned to the Earth in rain, snow, fog, cloud water, and as dry deposition.
Although acid deposition has only recently been recognized as an environmental problem in the U.S., it is not a new phenomenon (Cogbill & Likens 1974). As early as the middle of the 17th century in England, the deleterious effects of industrial emissions on plants, animals, and humans, and the atmospheric transport of pollutants between England and France had become issues of concern (Evelyn 1661, Graunt 1662). It is interesting that well over three hundred years ago in England, recommendations were made to move industry outside of towns and build higher chimneys to spread the pollution into \"distant parts.\" Increasing the height of smokestacks has helped alleviate local problems, but has exacerbated others. In the U.S. the height of the tallest smokestack has more than doubled, and the average height of smokestacks has tripled since the 1950s (Patrick et al 1981). This trend occurred in most industrialized nations during the 20th century and has had the effect of transforming acid rain from a local urban problem into a problem of global scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.001055","usgsCitation":"Bricker, O.P., and Rice, K.C., 1993, Acid Rain: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 21, no. 1, p. 151-174, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.001055.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"174","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70179669","text":"Article republished in a compilation"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58760117e4b04eac8e0746ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179349,"text":"70179349 - 1993 - Uptake of planar polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T11:23:37","indexId":"70179349","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake of planar polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"The uptake of persistent polychlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs) by four avian species was investigated at upper trophic levels of two aquatic food chains of the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin. Accumulation of total and specific planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), and H411E rat hepatoma cell bioassay-derived 2,37,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) was evaluated in Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) and common tern (Sterna hirundo) chicks, and in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) and red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestlings from colonies nesting in several locations within the watershed. Concentrations of the PCHs were greatest in eggs and chicks of the two tern species, less in the tree swallows and least in the red-winged blackbirds. Young of all four species accumulated total PCBs, PCB congeners 77, 105, 126, and 169, and TCDD-EQ. The young birds also accumulated small concentrations of several 2,3,7,8-sbustituted PCDF and PCDD congeners. Uptake rates for certain of the PCHs for the Forster's tern chicks were: 15 μg/day for total PCBs, 70, 200, 6.5, and 0.14 ng/day for PCB congeners 77, 105, 126, and 169, respectively, and 270 μg/day for TCDD-EQ. Principal components analysis revealed that the patterns of PCH concentrations in the samples were influenced by species of bird, their age (or length of exposure) and nesting location. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that exposure of avian species to contaminants derived from aquatic food chains can be characterized and quantified for the purposes of ecological risk assessment.
","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01128731","usgsCitation":"Ankley, G., Niemi, G.J., Lodge, K.B., Harris, H.J., Beaver, D.L., Tillitt, D.E., Schwartz, T.R., Giesy, J.P., Jones, P.D., and Hagley, C., 1993, Uptake of planar polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 332-344, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01128731.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"332","endPage":"344","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Green Bay, Lower Fox River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.18519592285156,\n 44.386200799061896\n ],\n [\n -88.18519592285156,\n 44.73258898857743\n ],\n [\n -87.74642944335938,\n 44.73258898857743\n ],\n [\n -87.74642944335938,\n 44.386200799061896\n ],\n [\n -88.18519592285156,\n 44.386200799061896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f1ee4b0cd2dabe7c4eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ankley, Gerald T.","contributorId":67382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankley","given":"Gerald T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niemi, Gerald J.","contributorId":71904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemi","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lodge, Keith B.","contributorId":175374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lodge","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, Hallett J.","contributorId":177749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Hallett","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24697,"text":"Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay, Green Bay, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beaver, Donald L.","contributorId":175373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beaver","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, Paul D.","contributorId":175332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hagley, Cynthia","contributorId":177750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hagley","given":"Cynthia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70179038,"text":"70179038 - 1993 - Ground-water hydrology of the upper Sevier River Basin, south-central Utah, and simulation of ground-water flow in the valley-fill in Panguitch Valley.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T09:31:32","indexId":"70179038","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"102","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the upper Sevier River Basin, south-central Utah, and simulation of ground-water flow in the valley-fill in Panguitch Valley.","docAbstract":"The ground-water hydrology of the upper Sevier River basin, primarily of the unconsolidated valley-fill aquifers, was studied from 1988 to 1989. Recharge to the valley-fill aquifers is mostly by seepage from surface-water sources. Changes in soil-moisture content am water levels were measured in Panguitch Valley both at a flood-irrigated and at a sprinkler-irrigated alfalfa field to quantify seepage from unconsumed irrigation water. Lag time between irrigation and water-level response decreased from 6 to 2 days in the flood-irrigated field as the soil-moisture content increased. Water levels measured in the sprinkler-irrigated field did not respond to irrigation. Discharge from the valley-fill aquifer to the Sevier River in Panguitch Valley is about 53,570 acre-feet per year.
Water levels measured in wells from 1951 to 1989 tend to fluctuate with the quantity of precipitation falling at higher elevations. Ground-water discharge to the Sevier River in Panguitch Valley causes a general increase in the specific conductance of the river in a downstream direction.
A three-layered ground-water-flow model was used to simulate the effects of changes in irrigation practices am increased ground-water withdrawals in Panguitch Valley. The establishment of initial conditions consisted of comparing simulated water levels and simulated gains and losses from the Sevier River and selected canals with values measured during the 1988 irrigation season. The model was calibrated by comparing water-level changes measured from 1961 to 1963 to simulated changes. A simulated change from flood to sprinkler irrigation resulted in a maximum decline in water level of 0.9 feet after the first year of change. Simulating additional discharge from wells resulted in drawdowns of about 20 feet after the first year of pumping.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., and Brothers, W.C., 1993, Ground-water hydrology of the upper Sevier River Basin, south-central Utah, and simulation of ground-water flow in the valley-fill in Panguitch Valley.: Technical Publication 102, vii, 121 p.","productDescription":"vii, 121 p.","numberOfPages":"129","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-6-511"},{"id":332092,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/y920/y920000a.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Sevier River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.862548828125,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -111.6046142578125,\n 37.36579146999664\n ],\n [\n -111.4947509765625,\n 39.56758783088905\n ],\n [\n -111.7034912109375,\n 39.56758783088905\n ],\n [\n -112.532958984375,\n 38.14319750166766\n ],\n [\n -112.862548828125,\n 37.400710068740565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585268e5e4b0e2663625eca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brothers, William C.","contributorId":68891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brothers","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179264,"text":"70179264 - 1993 - Use of mesocosm data to predict effects in aquatic ecosystems: Limits to interpretation: Chapter 16","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T12:15:02","indexId":"70179264","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Use of mesocosm data to predict effects in aquatic ecosystems: Limits to interpretation: Chapter 16","docAbstract":"Aquatic mesocosm studies are being used to refute a presumption of risk derived from laboratory toxicity tests conducted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Mesocosm studies incorporate many biological, chemical and physical characteristics of natural ecosystems. Hence, they serve as realistic surrogates of natural ecosystems and allow tests of pesticide effect at the population, community, and ecosystem level. We discuss two factors, ecosystem trophic status and organism life history, which influence the results derived from aquatic mesocosm studies. Trophic status influences the fat and effects of chemicals which strongly sorb or biologically degrade, yet may not be as important in the fate and effects of more water soluble chemicals. Life history traits of organisms and the intensity, frequency, and duration of the pesticide disturbance also determine the mesocosm response pattern.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb33ae4b0824b2d154766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorava, J.M.","contributorId":68756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, B.A.","contributorId":8872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175166,"text":"70175166 - 1993 - Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:11:07","indexId":"70175166","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-07T06:15:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2379,"text":"Journal of Marine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries","docAbstract":"Coastal ocean waters tend to have very different patterns of phytoplankton biomass variability from the open ocean, and the connections between physical variability and phytoplankton bloom dynamics are less well established for these shallow systems. Predictions of biological responses to physical variability in these environments is inherently difficult because the recurrent seasonal patterns of mixing are complicated by aperiodic fluctuations in river discharge and the high-frequency components of tidal variability. We might expect, then, less predictable and more complex bloom dynamics in these shallow coastal systems compared with the open ocean. Given this complex and dynamic physical environment, can we develop a quantitative framework to define the physical regimes necessary for bloom inception, and can we identify the important mechanisms of physical-biological coupling that lead to the initiation and termination of blooms in estuaries and shallow coastal waters? Numerical modeling provides one approach to address these questions. Here we present results of simulation experiments with a refined version of Cloern's (1991) model in which mixing processes are treated more realistically to reflect the dynamic nature of turbulence generation in estuaries. We investigated several simple models for the turbulent mixing coefficient. We found that the addition of diurnal tidal variation to Cloern's model greatly reduces biomass growth indicating that variations of mixing on the time scale of hours are crucial. Furthermore, we found that for conditions representative of South San Francisco Bay, numerical simulations only allowed for bloom development when the water column was stratified and when minimal mixing was prescribed in the upper layer. Stratification, however, itself is not sufficient to ensure that a bloom will develop: minimal wind stirring is a further prerequisite to bloom development in shallow turbid estuaries with abundant populations of benthic suspension feeders.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sears Foundation for Marine Research","doi":"10.1357/0022240933223954","usgsCitation":"Koseff, J.R., Holen, J.K., Monismith, S., and Cloern, J.E., 1993, Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries: Journal of Marine Research, v. 51, no. 4, p. 843-868, https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240933223954.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"868","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a072b1e4b060ce18fb2d94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holen, Jacqueline K.","contributorId":173302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holen","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174859,"text":"70174859 - 1993 - 1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T19:57:26","indexId":"70174859","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","docAbstract":"This first annual report of the San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program contains the results of monitoring measurements made in 1993. Measurements of conventional water quality parameters and trace contaminant concentrations were made at 16 stations throughout the Estuary three times during the year: the wet period (March), during declining Delta outflow (May), and during the dry period (September). Water toxicity tests were conducted at 8 of those stations. Measurements of sediment quality and contaminant concentrations were made at the same 16 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods. Sediment toxicity was measured at 8 of those stations. Transplanted, bagged bivalve bioaccumulation and condition was measured at 11 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods.
\nWater Monitoring. Total or near-total (dissolved + particulate, see text) arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and dissolved (0.45 µm filtered) arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, silver, and zinc in water were highest in the South Bay. In general, dissolved metals in water were usually lowest in the Central Bay due to ocean influences. Near-total nickel and total mercury in water were highest in the northern estuary (San Pablo and Suisun Bays). Dissolved chromium and lead were highest at the Sacramento and San Joaquin River confluence stations. Six of the ten dissolved trace metals were highest in March during high runoff. Dissolved and total arsenic, selenium, and near-total cadmium were highest in September.
\nConcentrations of trace organic contaminants are reported for the March sampling period. Total PAHs and PCBs were highest in the South Bay, but PCBs were also high in the Napa River. Dissolved PAHs were highest in the Central Bay, and dissolved PCBs were highest in the Napa River. Total and dissolved pesticides were highest in the Sacramento River and in the Extreme South Bay.
\nConcentrations of trace elements in water (except selenium) were usually closely related with other environmental parameters. Total or near-total metals concentrations in water were most often associated with the amount of particulate material (TSS) in the water. Dissolved concentrations were usually associated with salinity or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Dissolved PAHs were well correlated with TSS, but dissolved and total trace organic contaminants were poorly correlated with other water parameters.
\nBased on deviations from conservative mixing of fresh and salt water, three different patterns of possible sources of metals were identified in 1993. For dissolved chromium and lead, rivers and local runoff appeared to be important sources. For dissolved arsenic, cadmium, copper, and nickel year-round inputs from the South Bay appeared to be important sources. Dissolved mercury, selenium, and zinc were associated with local runoff in the South Bay during the wet period. Dissolved silver did not fit any of these patterns.
\nAlthough most contaminant concentrations were below water quality objectives, several trace contaminants were above the objectives at some stations. Comparisons to water quality objectives are used as a guide for evaluation of contaminant concentrations, but there are some differences in the way the RMP data are measured and that prescribed for regulatory purposes (see text). Concentrations of 5 metals in water were above EPA or Regional Basin Plan water quality objectives at six stations (see Table 30). Most of these elevated levels occurred at the northern estuary stations. Total PCB concentrations were above EPA human health objectives at all RMP stations. The pesticides chlordane, dieldrin, and DDTs were above the EPA objectives at several RMP stations, particularly at the northern-most, and river confluence stations.
\nAlthough some of the contaminant concentrations were above water quality objectives, water toxicity tests (96 hour algal growth and 48 hour bivalve larval development tests) did not indicate toxicity (sometimes inconclusive) associated with the water samples collected at any of the RMP stations in 1993. Exposure to Bay San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program Regional Monitoring Program 1993 Report ii water actually enhanced algal growth at most stations.
\nIn addition to the Estuary-wide sampling, the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers were sampled upstream from their confluence. Stations in each river were sampled six times over a 6 week period of high flows. In the Sacramento River, seven of the ten dissolved metals measured had concentrations lower than those measured at the river confluence stations. Some metals concentrations in the San Joaquin River were higher, and some were lower than concentrations from the river confluence station. Metals concentrations in the Sacramento River were poorly related to river flow because the station at Rio Vista is under considerable tidal influence. In the San Joaquin River, flows were inversely related to 7 of 10 total metals concentrations.
\nSediment Monitoring. Concentrations of silver, mercury, and lead in sediment were highest in the South Bay. However, concentrations of most trace metals in sediments were highest in the northern estuary at stations with the finest (silt, clay) sediments. The northern estuary stations with the coarsest (sand, shell) sediments generally had the lowest metals concentrations. There were differences in concentrations of cadmium, lead, and selenium in sediments between the sampling periods, but no consistent trend as to which sampling period had higher values. In September, PAHs and PCBs in sediments were highest in the Central Bay, but pesticides in sediments were highest in the northern estuary and Extreme South Bay.
\nNOAA’s Median Effects Ranges (ERM) for sediments were used as a guide for evaluation of sediment contaminant concentrations. Nickel was the only trace contaminant in sediment above the ERM guidelines, and it was high at all RMP stations. These high levels are probably due to natural, geologic sources.
\nAlthough sediment contaminant concentrations were below ERMs, sediment toxicity tests (10 day amphipod mortality, and 48 hour bivalve larval development in elutriates) indicated toxicity at all stations tested. Sediment factors that could have caused the toxicity were not investigated.
\nBivalve Bioaccumulation. Mussels, oysters, and freshwater clams were transplanted to the RMP stations to evaluate bioaccumulation of trace substances. Trace metals were bioaccumulated at nearly all RMP stations. However, arsenic, lead, and mercury did not appear to bioaccumulate. There was generally more bioaccumulation during the dry season than during the wet season. In September, PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides accumulated in all samples. Bioaccumulation of PAHs and pesticides was generally highest at the river confluence stations, and the Napa River. PCBs accumulated most at Redwood Creek.
\nThere were substantial differences in the degree of bioaccumulation among the species. Oysters appeared to accumulate higher concentrations of trace metals than the other species, especially copper, which may be a natural phenomenon.
\nThere are no established tissue contaminant standards for trace metal and organic contaminants. Therefore, comparisons to Median International Standards (MIS) for human consumption, or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) action levels for trace organics are used to evaluate the bioaccumulation results. Concentrations of selenium were higher than MIS guidelines at all stations during the wet season. Other trace metal concentrations were higher than MIS guidelines at various stations during one or the other sampling period. However, none of the bivalves contained concentrations above the USFDA or National Academy of Sciences (NAS) guidelines for trace organic contaminants.
\nThe transplanted bivalves survived well at all stations except in the Napa River where less than 35% survived during both sampling seasons. Measures of bivalve condition (dry weight, shell volume) indicated that bivalves deployed in the Central Bay grew significantly, but those at most other stations actually lost weight. Whether these differences were due to natural causes such as salinity or food supply, or to contamination, was not determined.
\nPilot Studies. Two pilot monitoring studies were conducted in 1993. A pilot study of Estuary hydrography and phytoplankton was conducted by scientists from the U.S. Summary Geological Survey in Menlo Park and U.C. Davis. Water column profiles at up to 37 stations were monitored along a transect of the Estuary run monthly between the South Bay and the Delta.
\nThe primary objective of this study was to define physical (salinity, temperature, suspended particulate matter, and light penetration), chemical (dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll a) characteristics of Estuary water that may influence other chemical and biological reactions. A second objective was to investigate planktonic indicators of ecosystem structure and function.
\nThe data collected in 1993 showed the extent and duration of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the South Bay, other localized blooms in the northern estuary, the stratification and mixing associated with the entrapment zone in the northern estuary, and mixing in the Estuary resulting from the high rainfall in 1993. Knowledge of the duration and extent of these natural features of the Estuary provide context for interpretation of the RMP contaminant data collected only 3 times per year.
\nAnother pilot study of suspended sediment transport processes was conducted by the USGS in Sacramento. This study used continuous recording sensors at Point San Pablo and the Bay Bridge to measure the amount of suspended sediment in the water at mid-depth and near the bottom, as well as tide height.
\nThe objectives of this study were to estimate which factors determine suspended solids concentrations in the Central Bay and to collect time series of suspended solids that are appropriate for continuous monitoring of suspended solids and for calibration and validation of numerical models.
\nThe investigators determined that spring tides accounted for most of the variation in suspended solids concentrations at the stations monitored, not runoff from the Sacramento or San Joaquin Rivers, or semidiurnal and diurnal tides.
\nComparisons were also made between measurements made by the continuous recordings and the RMP samples collected during the regular monitoring cruises. The different ways of measuring TSS were generally comparable, however only 3 measurements per year as made by the RMP could not provide the information of TSS variation actually occurring in the Estuary.
\nThis information is important because as shown by the RMP data, total contaminant concentrations in Estuary water is largely dependent on the TSS in the water. This implies that the RMP measurements alone cannot determine accurately the range of contaminant concentrations without better characterizing the dynamics of TSS.
\nThe RMP Pilot Studies are important to the developing RMP because they will help put RMP measurements into the perspective of Estuary processes and mechanisms at other time scales. The studies can relate those processes to the RMP measurements and will facilitate revision of sampling design and interpretation.
\nSummaries of other monitoring activities pertinent to regional monitoring are also included in the Report: a description of the Regional Board’s Bay Protection Studies, the Sacramento Coordinated Monitoring Program, and a wetlands monitoring plan are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","collaboration":"A Cooperative Program Managed and Administered by the San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Thompson, B., Lacy, J., Hardin, D., Grovhaug, T., Taberski, K., Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., Caffrey, J., Cole, B., and Schoellhamer, D., 1993, 1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances, 226 p.","productDescription":"226 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-03-01","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":325419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1993_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ],\n [\n -121.39617919921874,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -121.322021484375,\n 37.76854362092148\n ],\n [\n -121.92901611328125,\n 37.155938651244625\n ],\n [\n -122.48931884765626,\n 37.16469418870222\n ],\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdace4b0f1bea0e0f80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, B.","contributorId":13810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacy, Jessica","contributorId":71277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hardin, Dane","contributorId":92898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardin","given":"Dane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grovhaug, Tom","contributorId":172974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grovhaug","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taberski, K.","contributorId":80075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taberski","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Caffrey, J.","contributorId":147320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cole, B.","contributorId":36744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70174192,"text":"70174192 - 1993 - Research and education to improve surface and ground-water quality of a claypan soil--Proceedings of agricultural research to protect water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-09T15:53:01","indexId":"70174192","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Research and education to improve surface and ground-water quality of a claypan soil--Proceedings of agricultural research to protect water quality","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"Agricultural research to protect water quality","conferenceDate":"February 21-24, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","publisherLocation":"Ankeny, Iowa","isbn":"0935734341","collaboration":"In cooperation with Agricultural Research Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Extension Service, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Alberts, E., Blevins, D.W., Kitchen, N.K., and Prato, T., 1993, Research and education to improve surface and ground-water quality of a claypan soil--Proceedings of agricultural research to protect water quality, Agricultural research to protect water quality, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, February 21-24, 1993, p. 21-38.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324592,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774f2c0e4b07dd077c6a9d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alberts, E.E.","contributorId":169236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alberts","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blevins, D. W.","contributorId":75940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchen, N. K.","contributorId":172545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kitchen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prato, Tony","contributorId":97394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prato","given":"Tony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174578,"text":"70174578 - 1993 - Organic carbon sources and sinks in San Francisco Bay: variability induced by river flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:23:40","indexId":"70174578","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-05T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic carbon sources and sinks in San Francisco Bay: variability induced by river flow","docAbstract":"We used a remotely operated submersible vehicle equipped with a color video camera to videotape the lake bed and document the distribution and abundance of burbot Lota lota on a 156‐hectare portion of Julianˈs Reef in southwestern Lake Michigan. The substrates and bathymetry of the study area had been mapped recently by side‐scan sonar. Burbot density determined from videotapes covering 6,900 m2 of lake bed at depths of 23–41 m averaged 139 individuals/ hectare (range, 0–571/hectare). This density was substantially higher than the highest burbot density (59–95/hectare) reported in the literature. Burbot were present on the lake bed at depths of 23–36 m, but were most abundant near the crest of the reef at 23–28 m, where the water temperature was 8–13°C, their preferred summer temperature range. Substrates in that temperature range on the reef were bedrock, bedrock ridges, and bedrock and rubble. Burbot were most abundant on the bedrock and rubble. Small fish and macroinvertebrates typically eaten by burbot elsewhere in western Lake Michigan were distributed on the reef according to their summer preferred temperatures and were not seen in abundance where burbot density was highest. We saw no lake trout Salvelinus namaycush on Julianˈs Reef, although large numbers of juvenile lake trout have been stocked there annually and temperatures on the reef were in the preferred summer temperature range for lake trout.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0560:DAARMO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., Kennedy, G.W., and Horns, W.H., 1993, Distribution, abundance, and resting microhabitat of burbot on Julian's Reef, southwestern Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 4, p. 560-574, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0560:DAARMO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"560","endPage":"574","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.546944,42.205833 ], [ -87.546944,42.218056 ], [ -87.523056,42.218056 ], [ -87.523056,42.205833 ], [ -87.546944,42.205833 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a76e8ce4b0e93eb366ee6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horns, William H.","contributorId":40946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horns","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223369,"text":"5223369 - 1993 - Toxicity of sediments and pore water from Brunswick Estuary, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-18T17:30:51","indexId":"5223369","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of sediments and pore water from Brunswick Estuary, Georgia","docAbstract":"A chlor-alkali plant in Brunswick, Georgia, USA, discharged >2 kg mercury/d into a tributary of the Turtle River-Brunswick Estuary from 1966 to 1971. Mercury concentrations in sediments collected in 1989 along the tributary near the chlor-alkali plant ranged from 1 to 27 μg/g (dry weight), with the highest concentrations found in surface (0–8 cm) sediments of subtidal zones in the vicinity of the discharge site. Toxicity screening in 1990 using Microtox® bioassays on pore water extracted on site from sediments collected at six stations distributed along the tributary indicated that pore water was highly toxic near the plant discharge. Ten-day toxicity tests on pore water from subsequent sediment samples collected near the plant discharge confirmed high toxicity to Hyalella azteca, and feeding activity was significantly reduced in whole-sediment tests. In addition to mercury in the sediments, other metals (chromium, lead, and zinc) exceeded 50 μg/g, and polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) concentrations ranged from 67 to 95 μg/g. On a molar basis, acid-volatile sulfide concentrations (20–45 μmol/g) in the sediments exceeded the metal concentrations. Because acid-volatile sulfides bind with cationic metals and form metal sulfides, which are generally not bioavailable, toxicities shown by these sediments were attributed to the high concentrations of PCBs and possibly methylmercury.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00210729","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., Lasier, P.J., and Geitner, H., 1993, Toxicity of sediments and pore water from Brunswick Estuary, Georgia: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 25, no. 3, p. 371-376, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210729.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"376","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Brunswick Estuary, Turtle River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 31.084105761640277\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 31.21280145833882\n ],\n [\n -81.47254943847656,\n 31.21280145833882\n ],\n [\n -81.47254943847656,\n 31.084105761640277\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 31.084105761640277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f07b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, Parley V.","contributorId":27983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"Parley","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasier, Peter J.","contributorId":6178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geitner, Harvey","contributorId":177539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geitner","given":"Harvey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":338552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222771,"text":"5222771 - 1993 - Environmental contaminants in canvasbacks wintering on San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"5222771","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in canvasbacks wintering on San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"The concentrations of 11 trace elements, 21 organochlorines, 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 13 aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined in canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) wintering on San Francisco Bay, California during 1988. With the exception of Se, concentrations of potentially toxic elements were low. Similarly, concentrations of most organic compounds were near or below detection limits. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, and DDE were common, but at levels lower than those known to be harmful to waterfowl. Innocuous trace elements (Cu, Fe, and Zn), which are often associated with anthropogenic contamination, occurred at high levels. Concentrations of toxic elements were several times lower and those of benign elements were similar or greater than concentrations reported for surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) or greater scaup (Aythya marila) from San Francisco Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Fish and Game","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Miles, A., and Ohlendorf, H.M., 1993, Environmental contaminants in canvasbacks wintering on San Francisco Bay, California: California Fish and Game, v. 79, no. 1, p. 28-38.","productDescription":"28-38","startPage":"28","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60244e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, A.K. 0000-0002-3108-808X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":85902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ohlendorf, H. M.","contributorId":28194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}