Compared were concentrations of Al, Cd, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, P, and Zn in water, plants, and aquatic invertebrates of wetlands, ponds, and small lakes in Maryland and Maine. The accumulation of metals by aquatic plants and insects and the concentration of metals in water were not greatly affected by pH. None of the metal concentrations in water significantly correlated with metals in insects. Plant metal concentrations poorly correlated with metal concentrations in water. Concentrations of metals exceeded acceptable dietary levels more frequently in plants than in invertebrates. Concerns about metal toxicity in birds that feed on invertebrates and plants from acidified waters seem to be unwarranted. Positive correlations among pH, Ca in water, Ca in insects, and Ca in plants imply that acidification can reduce the Ca content of aquatic biota. Aquatic insects were low in Ca, but crayfishes and snails, which are adversely affected by low pH, were very high. A concern for waterfowl is Ca deprivation from decreased Ca availability in low-pH wetlands, ponds, and small lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120603","usgsCitation":"Albers, P., and Camardese, M., 1993, Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 2. Wetlands, ponds and small lakes: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 6, p. 969-976, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120603.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"969","endPage":"976","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db62462d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camardese, M.B.","contributorId":106591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camardese","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222831,"text":"5222831 - 1993 - Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T15:11:50.808307","indexId":"5222831","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:08","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed wetlands","docAbstract":"Compared were concentrations of Al, Cd, Ca, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, and Zn in water, plants, and aquatic insects of three acidified (pH ∼ 5.0) and three nonacidified (pH ˜ 6.5) constructed wetlands. Concentrations of Zn in water and bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) were higher in acidified wetlands than in nonacidified wetlands. Floating nonrooted plants contained mean concentrations of Fe, Mg, and Mn that were higher than recommended maximum levels for poultry feed. The mean concentrations of all metals in insects were below recommended maximum levels for poultry feed and below levels that cause toxic effects in wild birds. Smaller than expected increases of metal concentrations in the water of acidified wetlands were probably due to limited mobilization of metals from the sediments and insignificant changes in sedimentation of aqueous metals. Calcium was lower in acidified than in nonacidified wetland water, but the Ca content of insects and bur-reed was not lower. Low concentrations of Ca in aquatic insects from both groups of wetlands indicate that calcium-rich crustaceans and mollusks are probably important to female waterfowl and their young during the spring, when invertebrates make up the majority of the diet. Although toxic effects from metal ingestion seem to be unlikely consequences of wetland acidification, the adverse effect of low pH on the occurrence of crustaceans and mollusks could threaten egg production and development of young.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120602","usgsCitation":"Albers, P., and Camardese, M., 1993, Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed wetlands: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 6, p. 959-967, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120602.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"959","endPage":"967","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e2445","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camardese, M.B.","contributorId":106591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camardese","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018023,"text":"70018023 - 1993 - Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T15:52:35.572159","indexId":"70018023","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5790,"text":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits","docAbstract":"Seamount phosphorites have been recognized since the 1950s, but this is the first study to provide an in depth exploration of the origin and history of these widespread deposits. Representative samples from equatorial Pacific Cretaceous seamounts were analyzed for chemical, mineralogical, and stable isotope compositions. The phosphorites occur in a wide variety of forms, but most commonly carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) replaced middle Eocene and older carbonate sediment in a deep water environment (>1000 m). Element ratios distinguish seamount phosphorites from continental margin, plateau, and insular phosphorites. Uranium and thorium contents are low and total rare earth element (REE) contents are generally high. REE ratios and shale-normalized patterns demonstrate that the REEs and host CFA were derived from seawater. Strontium isotopic compositions compared with inferred Cenozoic seawater curves define two major episodes of Cenozoic phosphatization: Late Eocene/early Oligocene (39–34 Ma) and late Oligocene/early Miocene (27–21 Ma); three minor events are also indicated. The major episodes occurred at times of climate transition, the first from a nonglacial to glacial earth and the second from a predominantly glacial to warm earth. The paleoceanographic conditions that existed at those times initiated and sustained development of phosphorite by accumulation of dissolved phosphorus in the deep sea during relatively stable climatic conditions when oceanic circulation was sluggish. Fluctuations in climate, sealevel, and upwelling that accompanied the climate transitions may have driven cycles of enrichment and depletion of the deep-sea phosphorus reservoir. As temperature gradients in the oceans increased, Antarctic glaciation expanded and oceanic circulation and upwelling intensified. Expansion and intensification of the oxygen minimum zone may have increased the capacity for midwater storage of phosphorus supplied by dynamic upwelling around seamounts; however, the bottom waters never became anoxic during the phosphogenic episodes. Fluctuations in the CCD and lysocline, CO2 fluxes, and changes in bottom water circulation and temperatures may have bathed the seamount carbonates in more corrosive waters which, coupled with increased supplies of dissolved phosphorus, promoted replacement processes. The late Eocene/early Oligocene phosphogenic episode recorded in seamount deposits is not matched by large phosphorite deposits in the geologic record, whereas the late Oligocene/early Miocene episode and middle Miocene event are matched by large deposits distributed globally. The seamount phosphorites are exposed at the surface of the seamounts and have been for most of the Neogene and Oligocene. The phosphorites do not show signs of etching that would indicate substantial undersaturation of seawater phosphate with respect to CFA. Mass balance calculations indicate that about 5.4–19 × 1012 g of P2O5 are locked up in equatorial Pacific seamount phosphorites. That amount is equivalent to about 2-7 years of the present annual input from rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93PA00320","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Hsueh-Wen, Y., Gunn, S., Sliter, W., Benninger, L., and Chung-Ho, W., 1993, Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 293-311, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA00320.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"311","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228458,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb958e4b08c986b327bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsueh-Wen, Yeh","contributorId":75811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsueh-Wen","given":"Yeh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sliter, W.V.","contributorId":38997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benninger, L.M.","contributorId":34930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benninger","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chung-Ho, Wang","contributorId":82982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung-Ho","given":"Wang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70156924,"text":"70156924 - 1993 - Spring climate and salinity in the San Francisco Bay Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-09T15:43:33.955176","indexId":"70156924","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spring climate and salinity in the San Francisco Bay Estuary","docAbstract":"Salinity in the San Francisco Bay Estuary almost always experiences its yearly maximum during late summer, but climate variability produces marked interannual variations. The atmospheric circulation pattern impacts the estuary primarily through variations of runoff from rainfall and snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada and, secondarily, through variations in the near-surface salinity in the coastal ocean. While winter precipitation is the primary influence upon salinity in the estuary, spring climate variations also contribute importantly to salinity fluctuations. Spring atmospheric circulation influences both the magnitude and the timing of freshwater flows, through anomalies of precipitation and temperature. To help discriminate between the effects of these two influences, the record is divided into subsets according to whether spring conditions in the region are cool and wet, warm and wet, cool and dry, or warm and dry. Warm springs promote early snowmelt-driven flows, and cool springs result in delayed flows. In addition to effects of winter and spring climate variability operating on the watershed, there are more subtle effects that are transmitted into the estuary from the coastal ocean. These influences are most pronounced in cool and dry springs with high surface salinity (SS) in the coastal ocean versus cool and wet springs with low SS in the coastal ocean. A transect of SS records at stations from the mouth to the head of the bay suggests that the coastal ocean anomaly signal is attenuated from the mouth to the interior of the estuary. In contrast, a delayed, postsummer signal caused by winter and spring runoff variations from the upstream watershed are most pronounced at the head of the estuary and attenuate toward the mouth.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR02152","usgsCitation":"Cayan, D.R., and Peterson, D., 1993, Spring climate and salinity in the San Francisco Bay Estuary: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 2, p. 293-303, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR02152.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"303","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.52777099609375,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.52777099609375,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.90155029296875,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.90155029296875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.52777099609375,\n 37.41816326969145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6fee4b058f706e53ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, David H.","contributorId":82776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5200127,"text":"5200127 - 1993 - Acidic Depositions: Effects on Wildlife and Habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5200127","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":101,"text":"Wildlife Society Technical Review","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"93-1.","title":"Acidic Depositions: Effects on Wildlife and Habitats","docAbstract":"The phenomenon of 'acid rain' is not new; it was recognized in the mid-1800s in industrialized Europe. In the 1960s a synthesis of information about acidification began in Europe, along with predictions of ecological effects. In the U.S. studies of acidification began in the 1920s. By the late 1970s research efforts in the U.S. and Canada were better coordinated and in 1980 a 10-year research program was undertaken through the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Plan (NAPAP) to determine the causes and consequences of acidic depositions. Much of the bedrock in the northeastern U.S. and Canada contains total alkalinity of <200 ?eq 1-1, thus, it lacks acid-neutralizing capacity. In the U.S. about 5% of the land area and in Canada about 43 % of the land area is sensitive to acidic depositions. Further, these areas receive >20 kg/ha/yr of wet sulphate depositions and are vulnerable to acidifying processes. Acidic depositions contribute directly to acidifying processes of soil and soil water. Soils must have sufficient acid-neutralizing capacity or acidity of soil will increase. Natural soil-forming processes that lead to acidification can be accelerated by acidic depositions. Long-term effects of acidification are predicted, which will reduce soil productivity mainly through reduced availability of nutrients and mobilization of toxic metals. Severe effects may lead to major alteration of soil chemistry, soil biota, and even loss of vegetation. Several species of earthworms and several other taxa of soil-inhabiting invertebrates, which are important food of many vertebrate wildlife species, are affected by low pH in soil. Loss of canopy in declining sugar maples results in loss of insects fed on by certain neotropical migrant bird species. No definitive studies categorically link atmospheric acidic depositions with direct or indirect effects on wild mammals. Researchers have concentrated on vegetative and aquatic effects. Circumstantial evidence suggests that effects are probable for certain species of aquatic-dependent mammals (water shrew, mink, and otter) and that these species are at risk from the loss of foods or contamination of these foods by metals, especially methylmercury. Continued acidification of terrestrial habitats, to the extent that earthworm populations are broadly reduced, might expose some fossorial mammalian species to risk because of decline in their major prey species. Acidic deposition affects primarily aquatic habitats of avian species by disrupting food webs (ecological effects) and increasing amounts of available heavy metals (mercury, aluminum, cadmium) in prey of avian species (toxicological effects). The ecological effects of acidifying wetlands are to reduce acid-intolerant prey (invertebrates) and to change prey quality from high-calcium bearing prey to low-calcium bearing prey. The toxicological effects are to increase contamination by heavy metals, especially methylated mercury, in foods of breeding waterbirds. The combination of these 2 types of effects results in potentially lower survival of adults and reduced production, growth, or survival of young of many bird species. Effects of acidification on herpteofauna and their habitats are mainly reproductive failure of susceptible species and reduced or metal-contaminated foods for both amphibians and reptiles.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","collaboration":"OCLC 32707020","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993, Acidic Depositions: Effects on Wildlife and Habitats: Wildlife Society Technical Review 93-1., iii, 42.","productDescription":"iii, 42","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699635"} ,{"id":5230236,"text":"5230236 - 1993 - Habitat suitability index model for brook trout in streams of the Southern Blue Ridge Province: Surrogate variables, model evaluation, and suggested improvements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:19:33","indexId":"5230236","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 18","title":"Habitat suitability index model for brook trout in streams of the Southern Blue Ridge Province: Surrogate variables, model evaluation, and suggested improvements","docAbstract":"Data from several sources were collated and analyzed by correlation, regression, and principal components analysis to define surrrogate variables for use in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) habitat suitability index (HSI) model, and to evaluate the applicability of the model for assessing habitat in high elevation streams of the southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP). In all data sets examined, pH and alkalinity were highly correlated, and both declined with increasing elevation; however, the magnitude of the decline varied with underlying rock formations and other factors, thereby restricting the utility of elevation as a surrogate for pH. In the data sets that contained biological information, brook trout abundance (as biomass, density, or both) tended to increase with elevation and decrease with the abundance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and was not significantly correlated (P >0.05) with the abundance of most benthic macroinvertebrate taxa normally construed as important in the diet of brook trout. Using multiple linear regression, the authors formulated an alternative HSI model A? based on point estimates of gradient, pH, elevation, stream width, and rainbow trout density A? which explained 40 to 50 percent of the variance in brook trout density in 256 stream reaches. Although logically developed, the present U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service HSI model, proposed in 1982, seems deficient in several areas, especially when applied to SBRP streams. The authors recommend that the water quality component in the model be updated and reevaluated, focusing on the differential sensitivities of each life stage, the stochastic nature of the water quality variables, and the possible existence of habitat requirements that differ among brook trout strains.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, C., Lemly, A., and Winger, P.V., 1993, Habitat suitability index model for brook trout in streams of the Southern Blue Ridge Province: Surrogate variables, model evaluation, and suggested improvements: Biological Report No. 18, iii, 43 p.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64862c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, C. J. 0000-0001-6804-2360","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":56339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemly, A.D.","contributorId":40323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemly","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210713,"text":"5210713 - 1993 - Waterbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210713","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Waterbirds","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chesapeake Bay Strategy for the Restoration and Protection of Ecologically Valuable Species","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Annapolis","usgsCitation":"Jorde, D., Haramis, G., and Forsell, D., 1993, Waterbirds, chap. of Chesapeake Bay Strategy for the Restoration and Protection of Ecologically Valuable Species, p. 69-75.","productDescription":"ix, 88","startPage":"69","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorde, Dennis G. djorde@usgs.gov","contributorId":12804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorde","given":"Dennis G.","email":"djorde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forsell, D.J.","contributorId":100083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsell","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210878,"text":"5210878 - 1993 - Evaluating impacts of stream flow alteration on warmwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5210878","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Evaluating impacts of stream flow alteration on warmwater fishes","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Georgia","publisherLocation":"Athens","usgsCitation":"Freeman, M.C., and Crance, J., 1993, Evaluating impacts of stream flow alteration on warmwater fishes, chap. of Proceedings of the 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference, p. 303-305.","productDescription":"412","startPage":"303","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"412","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a6f8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Kathryn J.","contributorId":113326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507261,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crance, J.H.","contributorId":84050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crance","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210890,"text":"5210890 - 1993 - Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5210890","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"In 1992, the Vicksburg Field Research Station of the National Wetlands Research Center initiated research on the ecology of migratory birds within forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). The MAV was historically a nearly contiguous bottomland hardwood forest, however, only remnants remain. These remnants are fragmented and often influenced by drainage projects, silviculture, agriculture, and urban development. Our objectives are to assess species richness and relative abundance, and to relate these to the size, quality, and composition of forest stands. Species richness and relative abundance were estimated for 53 randomly selected forest sites using 1 to 8 point counts per site, depending on the size of the forest fragment. However, statistical comparisons among sites will be restricted to an equal number ofpoint counts within the sites being compared. Point counts, lasting five minutes, were conducted from 11 May to 29 June 1992, foltowing Ralph, Sauer, and Droege (Point Count Standards; memo dated 9 March 1992). Vegetation was measured at the first three points on each site using a modification of the methods employed by Martin and Roper (Condor 90: 5 1-57; 1988). During 252 counts, 7 1 species were encountered, but only 62 species were encountered within a 50-m radius of point center. The mean number of species encountered within 50 m of a point, was 7.3 (s.d. = 2.7) and the mean number of individuals was 11.2 (s.d. = 4.2). The mean number of species detected at any distance was 9.6 (s.d, = 2.8) and the mean number of individuals was 15.6 (s.d. = 7.9). The most frequently encountered warblers in the MAV were Prothonotary Warbler and Northern Parula. Rarely encountered warblers were American Redstart and Worm-eating Warbler. The genera, Quercus, Ulmus, Carya, and Celtis were each encountered at 80 or more of the 152 points at which vegetation was sampled. Species most frequentlyencountered were: sugarberry (Celtis laevagata), water hickory (Caqa aquatica), American elm (Ulmus arnericana), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and willow oak (Quercus phellos) The mean basal area of all trees 10 cm diameter-at-breast height (dbh) was 28 m2 /ha (range 7-70). The mean canopy cover was 87 percent, mean canopy height was 20 m, ground cover was 60 percent, and vegetation density (2-7 m) was 47 percent. The most frequently encountered understory species were sugarberry, ash (Fraxinus spp.), maple (Acer spp.), and elm (Ulnrus spp.). A cooperative GIs effort among the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nature Conservancy, and the University of Arkansas is currently classifying forested habitats within the MAV. This effort will provide information on stand size and topology which will be used in concert with our current data, and data from visits to additional forest stands in 1993, to assess the relationship between the size, quatity, and composition of forests within the MAV and their breeding bird community.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"New Orleans, LA.","collaboration":"OCLC 34795517. Held Nov. 12-14 : Memphis, Tenn.","usgsCitation":"Nelms, C., and Twedt, D., 1993, Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, chap. of Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight.","productDescription":"20","startPage":"17 (abs)","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, Winston Paul","contributorId":112384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507277,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nelms, C.O.","contributorId":41554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210830,"text":"5210830 - 1993 - Trail inventory and assessment approaches to trail system planning at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5210830","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Trail inventory and assessment approaches to trail system planning at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","docAbstract":"Trail system planning and management require accurate assessments of existing trail resources and their condition. A standardized and efficient process for surveying, inventorying, and assessing trail systems was developed and applied in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Two approaches employed were (1) a Trail System Inventory, and (2) Prescriptive Work Logs. These complimentary approaches provide resource managers with valuable information regarding the location and length of individual trails, their current condition and needed maintenance work, and material and labor estimates necessary to conduct such work.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1992 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. April 5-7, 1992, State Parks Management and Research Institute, Saratoga Springs, NY","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Radnor, Pennsylvania","collaboration":"OCLC 28521751 PDF on file: 4452_Williams.pdf","usgsCitation":"Williams, P., and Marion, J., 1993, Trail inventory and assessment approaches to trail system planning at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, chap. of Proceedings of the 1992 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. April 5-7, 1992, State Parks Management and Research Institute, Saratoga Springs, NY, p. 80-83.","productDescription":"vii, 171","startPage":"80","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/prodabs/pubpdfs/4452_Williams.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6270bc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Vander Stoep, Gail A.","contributorId":111476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vander Stoep","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507183,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Williams, P.B.","contributorId":29107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210547,"text":"5210547 - 1993 - Monitoring of colonial waterbirds in the United States: Needs and priorities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5210547","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"26","title":"Monitoring of colonial waterbirds in the United States: Needs and priorities","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterfowl and Wetland Conservation in the 1990s -- A Global Perspective ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau","publisherLocation":"Slimbridge, Gloucester, England","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Frederick, P.C., and Trapp, J., 1993, Monitoring of colonial waterbirds in the United States: Needs and priorities, chap. of Waterfowl and Wetland Conservation in the 1990s -- A Global Perspective , p. 18-22.","productDescription":"vi, 248","startPage":"18","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e67","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Moser, M.","contributorId":112996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506658,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prentice, R.C.","contributorId":112174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prentice","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506657,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Vessen, J.","contributorId":111628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Vessen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506656,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frederick, P. C.","contributorId":66645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederick","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trapp, John","contributorId":91966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trapp","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210549,"text":"5210549 - 1993 - Monitoring goals and programs of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5210549","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Monitoring goals and programs of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service","docAbstract":"The United States Fish and Wildlife Service coordinates several surveys that collect information on the population status of migratory birds in North America. The North American Breeding Bird Survey is the primary source of population information on nongame birds during the breeding season, and waterfowl surveys are conducted during breeding and wintering seasons. The surveys are international in scope, based upon research into sampling methods for birds, and used in management of migratory birds. The Service also maintains the Bird Banding Laboratory in cooperation with the Canadan Wildlife Service, and supports demographic monitoring of bird populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds. ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","collaboration":" PDF on file: 4502_Sauer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., 1993, Monitoring goals and programs of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, chap. of Status and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds. , p. 245-251.","productDescription":"iv, 422","startPage":"245","endPage":"251","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92036,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/22905","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627427","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Finch, D.M.","contributorId":39331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506662,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stangel, P.W.","contributorId":111323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stangel","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506663,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018372,"text":"70018372 - 1993 - Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites, Gulf of Cadiz, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:59:04.233212","indexId":"70018372","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites, Gulf of Cadiz, Spain","docAbstract":"The Pliocene—Quaternary pattern of contourite deposits on the eastern Gulf of Cadiz continental slope results from an interaction between linear diapiric ridges that are perpendicular to slope contours and the Mediterranean undercurrent that has flowed northwestward parallel to the slope contours and down valleys between the ridges since the late Miocene opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. Coincident with the northwestward decrease in undercurrent speeds from the Strait there is the following northwestward gradation of sediment facies associations: (1) upper slope facies, (2) sand dune facies on the upstream mid-slope terrace, (3) large mud wave facies on the lower slope, (4) sediment drift facies banked against the diapiric ridges, and (5) valley facies between the ridges. The southeastern sediment drift facies closest to Gibraltar contains medium-fine sand beds interbedded with mud. The adjacent valley floor facies is composed of gravelly, shelly coarse to medium sand lags and large sand dunes on the valley margins. Compared to this, the northwestern drift contains coarse silt interbeds and the adjacent valley floors exhibit small to medium sand dunes of fine sand. Further northwestward, sediment drift grades to biogenous silt near the Faro Drift at the Portuguese border. Because of the complex pattern of contour-parallel and valley-perpendicular flow paths of the Mediterranean undercurrent, the larger-scale bedforms and coarser-grained sediment of valley facies trend perpendicular to the smaller-scale bedforms and finer-grained contourite deposits of adjacent sediment drift facies.
The bottom-current deposits of valleys and the contourites of the Cadiz slope intervalley areas are distinct from turbidite systems. The valley sequences are not aggradational like turbidite channel—levee complexes, but typically exhibit bedrock walls against ridges, extensive scour and fill into adjacent contourites, transverse bedform fields and bioclastic lag deposits. Both valley and contourite deposits exhibit reverse graded bedding and sharp upper bed contacts in coarse-grained layers, low deposition rates, and a regional pattern of bedform zones, textural variation, and compositional gradation.
The surface sandy contourite layer of 0.2–1.2 m thickness that covers the Gulf of Cadiz slope has formed during the present Holocene high sea level because high sea level results in maximum water depth over the Gibraltar sill and full development of the Mediterranean undercurrent. The late Pleistocene age of the mud underlying the surface sand sheet correlates with the age of the last sea-level lowstand and apparent weak Mediterranean undercurrent development. Thus, the cyclic deposition of sand or mud layers and contourite or drape sequences appear to be related to late Pliocene and Quaternary sea-level changes and Mediterranean water circulation patterns. Since its Pliocene origin, the contourite sequence has had low deposition rates of < 5 cm/1000y on the upper slope and < 13 cm/1000y in the middle slope sediment drift.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(93)90116-M","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Baraza, J., and Maldonado, A., 1993, Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites, Gulf of Cadiz, Spain: Sedimentary Geology, v. 82, no. 1-4, p. 103-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90116-M.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Cadiz","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -7.905732423730626,\n 37.25853420758331\n ],\n [\n -7.905732423730626,\n 36.73793276908742\n ],\n [\n -6.359609032719902,\n 36.73793276908742\n ],\n [\n -6.359609032719902,\n 37.25853420758331\n ],\n [\n -7.905732423730626,\n 37.25853420758331\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a537ee4b0c8380cd6cb0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":191503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baraza, J.","contributorId":12200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baraza","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maldonado, A.","contributorId":90437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017434,"text":"70017434 - 1993 - Mantle and crustal contributions to continental flood volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:55:22.977778","indexId":"70017434","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mantle and crustal contributions to continental flood volcanism","docAbstract":"Most continental flood basalts are enriched in incompatible elements and have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and low ϵNd values. Many are depleted in Nb and Ta. The commonly-held view that these characteristics are inherited directly from a source in metasomatized lithospheric mantle is inconsistent with the following arguments: (1) thermomechanical modelling demonstrates that flood basalt magmas come mainly from an asthenospheric or plume source, with minimal direct melting of the continental lithospheric mantle. The low water contents of most flood basalts argue against proposals that hydrous lithosphere was the source. (2) Lithospheric mantle normally has low concentrations of incompatible elements, and chondrite-normalized Nb and Ta contents similar to those of other incompatible elements. Such material cannot be the unmodified source of Nb-Ta-depleted basalts such as those from the Karoo, Ferrar, or Columbia River provinces.
We suggest there are two main controls on the compositions of continental flood basalts. The first is lithospheric thickness, which strongly influences the depth and degree of mantle melting of a plume or asthenospheric source, and thus has an important influence on the composition of primary magmas. All liquids formed by partial melting of peridotite at sub-lithosphere depths are highly magnesian (20–25 wt.% MgO) but have variable trace-element contents. Where the lithosphere is thick, the source melts at high pressure, garnet is present, the degree of melting is low, and trace-element concentrations are high. This type of magma evolves to produce the high-Ti type of continental flood basalt. Where the lithosphere is thinner, the source ascends to shallower levels, the degree of melting is greater, garnet may be exhausted, and the magmas have lower trace-element contents; these magmas yield low-Ti basalts.
The second control is processing of magmas in chambers that were periodically replenished and tapped, while continuously fractionating and assimilating their wall rocks. The uniform compositions of basalts that evolve in such chambers are far removed from those of their picritic parental magmas. Major elements in continental flood basalts reflect control by olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase crystallization, and this assemblage places the magma chambers at crustal depth. We believe that trace-element and isotopic compositions are also buffered, and that the erupted basalts represent steady-state liquids tapped from these magma chambers. These processes impose a crustal signature on the magmas, as expressed most strongly in the concentrations of incompatible elements (e.g., Nb-Ta anomalies) and their isotopic characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90156-E","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Arndt, N.T., Czamanske, G., Wooden, J.L., and Fedorenko, V., 1993, Mantle and crustal contributions to continental flood volcanism: Tectonophysics, v. 223, no. 1-2, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90156-E.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228842,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"223","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cd1e4b0c8380cd69eff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arndt, Nicholas T.","contributorId":50187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":193587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018223,"text":"70018223 - 1993 - Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T14:54:08.82958","indexId":"70018223","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California","docAbstract":"Efflorescent salt crusts in Death Valley, California, were mapped by using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data and a recently developed least-squares spectral band-fitting algorithm. Eight different saline minerals were remotely identified, including three borates, hydroboracite, pinnoite, and rivadavite, that have not been previously reported from the Death Valley efflorescent crusts. The three borates are locally important phases in the crusts, and at least one of the minerals, rivadavite, appears to be forming directly from brine. Borates and other evaporite minerals provide a basis for making remote chemical measurements of desert hydrologic systems. For example, in the Eagle Borax Spring area, the AVIRIS mineral maps pointed to elevated magnesium and boron levels in the ground waters, and to the action of chemical divides causing subsurface fractionation of calcium. Many other chemical aspects of playa brines should have an expression in the associated evaporite assemblages. Certain anhydrous evaporites, including anhydrite, glauberite, and thenardite, lack absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range, and crusts composed of these minerals could not be characterized by using AVIRIS. In these situations, thermal-infrared remote sensing data may complement visible and near-infrared data for mapping evaporites. Another problem occurred in wet areas of Death Valley, where water absorption caused low signal levels in the 2.0-2.5 ??m wavelength region that obscured any spectral features of evaporite minerals. Despite these difficulties, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for using AVIRIS and other imaging spectrometer data to study playa chemistry. Such data can be useful for understanding chemical linkages between evaporites and ground waters, and will facilitate studies of how desert ground-water regimes change through time in response to climatic and other variables.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(93)90025-S","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1993, Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 44, no. 2-3, p. 337-356, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90025-S.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"356","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.68655810627652,\n 36.921398315526645\n ],\n [\n -117.68655810627652,\n 35.9185137883743\n ],\n [\n -116.61296354270263,\n 35.9185137883743\n ],\n [\n -116.61296354270263,\n 36.921398315526645\n ],\n [\n -117.68655810627652,\n 36.921398315526645\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5070e4b0c8380cd6b6be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017341,"text":"70017341 - 1993 - Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:19:23.682331","indexId":"70017341","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda","docAbstract":"The development of a large northeastern Atlantic shelf ostracod database has confirmed that an intrinsic relationship exists between watermass temperature and the spatial (latitudinal) distribution of benthonic shelf Ostracoda. A second Pliocene ostracod database, using assemblages from four boreholes in The Netherlands and a number of localities from the East Anglian Neogene succession has also been constructed.
A quantitative method of modern analogues and the Squared Chord Distance dissimilarity coefficient has been employed as a means of calculating the level of similarity between Recent and Neogene assemblages and, therefore, to aid in the reconstruction of palaeotemperatures in the southern North Sea Basin during the Pliocene.
The results, in the form of contoured dissimilarity values, indicate the presence of at least seven palaeoceanographical climatic phases between ca. 5.2 and 1.6 Ma BP. An early Pliocene cooling phase (ecozone A), in which the fauna is dominated by the cryophilic species; Palmenella limicola (Norman), Elofsonella concinna (Jones), Robertsonites tuberculatus (Sars), Neomonoceratina tsurugasakensis (Tabuki) and Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman), supervenes a period of stable subtropical conditions in the Miocene.
A ‘mid’ Pliocene warming phase (ecozone B), which has been documented throughout the North Atlantic, can be recognized in the faunal composition of the sublittoral ostracod assemblages of both The Netherlands and East Anglia. A hiatus between the Coralline and Waltonian crags is thought to be associated with a deterioration in climatic conditions. Recent analogues to The Netherlands faunas of ecozone C (first phase late Pliocene cooling, ca. 2.9 Ma BP) indicate a decrease of approximately 5–6°C in mean summer surface temperatures. A return to elevated temperatures, of a Mauritanian aspect, can be seen in the fauna of the FA2 zone and Waltonian Crag. This amelioration of climate occurred prior to the Praetiglian cold phase (second phase late Pliocene cooling, ca. 2.4 Ma BP) which again saw the reintroduction of cryophilic species including Baffinicythere howei Hazel, Fimarchinella logani (Brady, Crosskey and Robertson) and Hemicythere emarginata (Sars), into the southern North Sea during the Newbournian and Butleyan stages.
The final phase of the latest Pliocene (third phase late Pliocene cooling) is only documented in the ostracod fauna of the Norwich Crag. Evidence in the covariance of Loxoconchidae and Norwegian provincial cryophilic species, indicates that the Polar Front may have been as much as 2000 km further south during the deposition of the Chillesford Sand Member (Norwich Crag Fm., ca. 2.0-1.6 Ma BP).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(93)90015-E","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Wood, A., Whatley, R., Cronin, T.M., and Holtz, T., 1993, Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 12, no. 9, p. 747-767, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90015-E.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"767","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -3.6815435312724674,\n 58.92454350185787\n ],\n [\n -3.6815435312724674,\n 52.571046421533\n ],\n [\n 9.938967201508575,\n 52.571046421533\n ],\n [\n 9.938967201508575,\n 58.92454350185787\n ],\n [\n -3.6815435312724674,\n 58.92454350185787\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c70e4b0c8380cd799ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, A.M.","contributorId":34271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whatley, R.C.","contributorId":85211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whatley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holtz, T.","contributorId":96839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22724,"text":"ofr93643 - 1993 - What is ground water?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-24T20:32:41.250262","indexId":"ofr93643","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-643","title":"What is ground water?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93643","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.W., and Briar, D.W., 1993, What is ground water?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-643, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93643.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1469,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr93-643/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, David W.","contributorId":77146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briar, David W. dbriar@usgs.gov","contributorId":4034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briar","given":"David","email":"dbriar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32231,"text":"ofr93124 - 1993 - Volcano fact sheet; glacier-generated debris flows at Mount Rainier","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-14T13:00:37","indexId":"ofr93124","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-124","title":"Volcano fact sheet; glacier-generated debris flows at Mount Rainier","docAbstract":"Mount Rainier is a young volcano whose slopes are undergoing rapid change by a variety of geologic processes, including debris flows. Debris flows are churning masses of water, rock and mud that travel rapidly down the volcano's steep, glacially carved valleys, leaving in their wake splintered trees, picnic sites buried in mud, and damaged roads. Debris flows typically contain as much as 65 to 70 percent rock and soil by volume and have the appearance of wet concrete. At Mount Rainier National Park, these flows invariably begin in remote areas nearly inaccessible to people, but may move rapidly downstream into areas frequented by visitors.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93124","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Driedger, C.L., 1993, Volcano fact sheet; glacier-generated debris flows at Mount Rainier: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-124, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93124.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3194,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/OFR93-124/framework.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Washington","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd7c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driedger, C. L.","contributorId":101656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32230,"text":"ofr93111 - 1993 - Water fact sheet, history of landslides and debris flows at Mount Rainier","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T10:01:32","indexId":"ofr93111","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-111","title":"Water fact sheet, history of landslides and debris flows at Mount Rainier","docAbstract":"Many landslides and debris flows have originated from Mount Rainier since the retreat of glaciers from Puget Sound about 10,000 years ago. The recurrent instability is due to several factors--height of the steep-sided volcanic cone, frequent volcanic activity, continuous weakening of rock by steam and hot, chemical-laden water, and exposure of unstable areas as the mountains glaciers have receded. The landslide scars and deposits tell a fascinating story of the changing shape of the volcano. Landslides occur when part of the volcano \"collapses\" or fails and slides away from the rest of the volcano. The failed mass rapidly breaks up into a jumble of disaggregated pieces that flow at high velocity like a fluid. Clay and water in the debris cause further change to a liquid slurry known as a debris flow or mudflow. Volcanic debris flows are also widely known by the Indonesian term \"lahar.\" Although the largest debris flows at Rainier form from landslides, many smaller flows are caused by volcanic eruptions, intense rainfall, and glacial-outburst floods.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Vancouver, WA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93111","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., and Vallance, J., 1993, Water fact sheet, history of landslides and debris flows at Mount Rainier: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-111, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93111.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr93111.jpg"},{"id":3193,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":288103,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0111/pdf/OF1993-111.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.47,46.6446 ], [ -122.47,47.4125 ], [ -121.4082,47.4125 ], [ -121.4082,46.6446 ], [ -122.47,46.6446 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, K. M.","contributorId":8119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27370,"text":"wri934145 - 1993 - Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri934145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4145","title":"Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Public water supply in the Rockaway River valley depends almost entirely on ground water from wells in the valley-fill deposits. Ground-water withdrawals from these deposits in 1986 were about 9.1 million gallons per day. A steady-state ground-water flow model was developed to quantify the effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels in the valley-fill aquifers and on ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River. The ground-water-flow model, which represents an aquifer system consisting of an unconfined and a confined aquifer separated by a discontinuous confining unit, was implemented to examine aquifer resonse to current and predicted ground-water withdrawals in areas of proposed well sites and the effect of increased ground-water withdrawals on ground-water discharge to the river. Ground-water flow to wells in the valley-fill aquifers is sustained by increased vertical flow between the two aquifers, the diversion of ground water that had discharged to the Rockaway River, and induced seepage resulting from pumping near the Rickaway River. If the rate of ground-water recharge decreases or if the rate of ground-water withdrawals from the valley-fill aquifers increases, ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir will decrease by an equivalent amount. The average annual base flow of the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir will meet the minimum passing flow requirement of 7 million gallons per day under conditions of average annual ground-water recharge, and increased ground-water withdrawals anticipated by the years 2000 and 2040. For anticipated increases in withdrawals to 11.5 million gallons per day by the the year 2000, and 14.6 million gallons per day by the year 2040, base flow to the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir may not be sufficient to meet the minimum required reservoir outflow during extended periods of decreased recharge, such as drought, as much as 5 and 11 percent of the time, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934145","usgsCitation":"Gordon, A.D., 1993, Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4145, vi, 74 :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934145.","productDescription":"vi, 74 :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db613081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Alison D. 0000-0002-9502-8633 agordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-8633","contributorId":890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","email":"agordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22283,"text":"ofr93632 - 1993 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Jersey, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:02","indexId":"ofr93632","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-632","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Jersey, 1990-91","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93632","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, F., and Larkins, R., 1993, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Jersey, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-632, vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93632.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0632/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51706,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0632/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9e43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, F. L.","contributorId":91085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"F. 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Fluoride is a natural chemical constituent in domestic and public water supplies in West Virginia. Fluoride concentrations of about 1.0 milligram per liter in drinking water are beneficial to dental health. Concentrations greater than 2.0 milligrams per liter, however, could harm teeth and bones. Fluoride concentra- tions in ground water of West Virginia range from less than 0.1 to 12 milligrams per liter. Fluoride concentrations that exceed 2.0 milligrams per liter are found in wells drilled to all depths, wells drilled in all topographic settings, and wells drilled into most geologic units. Most fluoride concentrations that exceed 2.0 milligrams per liter are located at sites clustered in the northwestern part of the State.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92140","usgsCitation":"Mathes, M., and Waldron, M., 1993, Distribution of fluoride in ground water of West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-140, 1 over-size sheet. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92140.","productDescription":"1 over-size sheet. 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