Accurate delineation of recharge areas for wells is an important requisite to protecting ground-water quality. Zones of transport and zones of contribution are two types of recharge areas that can be delineated. Analytical-calculation, numerical-modeling, and hydrogeologic-mapping methods were used to delineate recharge areas for two high-capacity wells (greater than about 200 gallons per minute discharge) completed in a karstic aquifer in the city of Rochester, in southeastern Minnesota. One well is less than 1,000 feet from a river in an area where the aquifer is unconfined, whereas the other well is more than 2,000 feet from a stream in an area where a bedrock confining unit is present.
\nGround-water travel times from points along the top of the aquifer to a pumped well are identified by use of a constructed map showing lines of equal advective travel time. A zone of transport, therefore, is defined by the area bounded by lines of equal travel time. Zones of transport are delineated by analytical models (calculations) and by numerical models that account for hydrologic factors. Analytical models that were used include fixed-radius (Theis drawdown, Theis time-of-travel, and volumetric equation) and variable shape. Numerical modeling was done with the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional ground-water-flow model MODFLOW and particle-tracking code MODPATH. The zone-of-transport areas for each of the two wells calculated by the various analytical models were very similar. The Theis-drawdown method yielded results that compared least favorably with results from the other analytical methods. The zone-of-transport areas computed by use of the numerical model were generally larger than areas computed by use of analytical models.
\nHydrogeologic mapping and numerical modeling were used to delineate zones of contribution to wells, defined as all parts of a ground-water-flow system that could supply water to a well. The zones of contribution delineated by use of numerical modeling have similar orientation (parallel to regional flow directions) but significantly different areas than the zones of contribution delineated by use of hydrogeologic mapping. Differences in computed areas of recharge are attributed to the capability of the numerical model to more accurately represent (1) the three-dimensional flow system, (2) hydrologic boundaries such as streams, (3) variable recharge, and (4) the influence of nearby pumped wells, compared to the analytical models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2397","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Almendinger, J.E., 1993, Delineation of recharge areas for selected wells in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2397, v, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2397.","productDescription":"v, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424298,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25297.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2397/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2397/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Rochester","otherGeospatial":"St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 43.898881944430414\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 44.11815563115412\n ],\n [\n -92.35519409179688,\n 44.11815563115412\n ],\n [\n -92.35519409179688,\n 43.898881944430414\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 43.898881944430414\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab9e4b07f02db6712f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Almendinger, James Edward","contributorId":43330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2010,"text":"wsp2402 - 1993 - Biogeochemical and hydrological processes controlling the transport and fate of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in soil and ground water, central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2402","title":"Biogeochemical and hydrological processes controlling the transport and fate of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in soil and ground water, central Florida","docAbstract":"Widespread contamination of ground water in central Florida by 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) has resulted because of its heavy usage as a soil fumigant during a 20-year period, its relatively high aqueous solubility, and the low sorption capacity of the highly permeable sandy soils lacking organic matter. Two models were used to improve understanding of biogeochemical and hydrological processes that control the transport and fate of EDB in soil and ground water. First, a mass-balance model was developed to estimate the max-imum concentration of EDB in ground water resulting from known application rates of EDB. Key processes that were quantified in the model included volatilization, diffusion of EDB vapor in soils, partitioning between aqueous and gaseous phases, sorption of EDB vapor on organic carbon and soil particles, chemical and biological degradation reactions, and nonreversible binding of EDB to soils. Model calculations using an EDB half-life of 0.65 year closely reproduced the maximum observed concentrations in ground water, 37 and 0.22 micrograms per liter, at downgradient sites in two study areas in central Florida. \r\n\r\nMaximum concentrations of EDB in ground water also were estimated in a second model that incorporated an analytical solution to the three-dimensional advection-dispersion equation for instantaneous point sources of EDB entering the flow systems in the two study areas. The model used an EDB half-life of 0.65 year (obtained from the mass-balance calculations), mean ground-water flow velocities of 0.6 to 1 meter per day, coefficients of longitudinal hydro-dynamic dispersion of 0.6 to 1.0 square meter per day, and coefficients of transverse hydrodynamic dispersion of 0.1 square meter per day. Peak concentrations of EDB in ground water calculated from the analytical model agreed closely with observed peak concentrations measured from 1983 through 1987.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Book and Open-File Report Sales [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2402","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., 1993, Biogeochemical and hydrological processes controlling the transport and fate of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in soil and ground water, central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2402, vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2402.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":24,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2402/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625abd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2687,"text":"wsp2364 - 1993 - Sediment characteristics of North Carolina streams, 1970-79","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15987,"text":"ofr87701 - 1988 - Sediment characteristics of North Carolina streams, 1970-79","indexId":"ofr87701","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Sediment characteristics of North Carolina streams, 1970-79"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2687,"text":"wsp2364 - 1993 - Sediment characteristics of North Carolina streams, 1970-79","indexId":"wsp2364","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Sediment characteristics of North Carolina streams, 1970-79"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:02:49","indexId":"wsp2364","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2364","title":"Sediment characteristics of North Carolina streams, 1970-79","docAbstract":"Data collected at 152 sampling sites during 1970-79 were used to characterize fluvial sediment in North Carolina streams. On the basis of predominant land use in individual basins, sites were categorized into one of five groups: forested (7 sites), forested and affected by minor development (7 sites), rural affected by agriculture (83 sites), rural affected by nonagricultural activities (38 sites), and urban (17 sites). Results of >13,000 suspended sediment samples collected during the study were used to determine sediment yield, sediment discharge, concentrations, and other site and basin characteristics. Fluvial sediment characteristics, such as yields, are regionalized, with lower values occurring in the Coastal Plain Province. Statewide, when compared by predominant land use, minimum annual yields occur in forested basins and range from 5-88 tons/sq mi; ratios of average annual yields for forested, rural-agricultural, and urban sites in the Piedmont Province are approximately 1:6:14, respectively. During high flow (0.1% flow duration) in Piedmont basins, the mean suspended sediment concentration for large urban streams is about 1,600 mg/L as compared with 870 mg/L for rural-agricultural sites and 100 mg/L for forested sites. Maximum sediment yields of rural-agricultural basins occur in predominantly clay soil areas of the western Piedmont, with annual values of as much as 470 tons/sq mi, whereas minimum yields as small as 7 tons/sq mi occur in the sandy soil of the Coastal Plain Province. Considerable amounts of fluvial sediment are deposited on flood plains and streambeds as major rivers flow from the rolling Piedmont Province into the flat Coastal Plain Province. For example, >130,000 tons are deposited annually in an 85 mi stretch of the Neuse River between stations at Smithfield and Kinston. Mathematical relations were developed for estimating suspended sediment transport characteristics at unmeasured rural-agricultural sites and urban sites in the Piedmont. Correlation coefficients for the relations range from 0.75 to 0.98, and standard errors of estimate range from 25% to 74%. The best single-variable equation used log-transformed values of drainage area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2364","usgsCitation":"Simmons, C.E., 1993, Sediment characteristics of North Carolina streams, 1970-79: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2364, vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2364.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2364/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29044,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2364/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545f00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simmons, Clyde E.","contributorId":71528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"Clyde","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1668,"text":"wsp2403 - 1993 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45981,"text":"ofr90399 - 1991 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","indexId":"ofr90399","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1668,"text":"wsp2403 - 1993 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","indexId":"wsp2403","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:11:28","indexId":"wsp2403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2403","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina","docAbstract":"Ten low-flow hydrologic areas were defined for North Carolina by relating topography, geology, mean annual runoff, and other features to low-flow frequency characteristics for 122 continuous-record streamflow stations and 396 partial-record streamflow stations. Regression equations relating low-flow characteristics to mean annual discharge were developed for five of the hydrologic areas covering 40% of the State, and statistical summaries of low-flow characteristics are given for all 10 hydrologic areas. Low-flow characteristics selected for analysis were the low-flow 7Q10, which is the annual minimum 7-day consecutive low flow, which on average will be exceeded in 9 out of 10 years--or stated another way, the probability is 10% that the 7-day consecutive low flow in any year will be less than the 7Q10; the low-flow W7Q10, which is similar to the low-flow 7Q10 except that it takes into account only the months from November through March; the low-flow 7Q2; and the low-flow 30Q2. Low-flow 7Q10's ranged from zero in some hydrologic areas in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont physiographic areas to a maximum value of 1.06 cu ft/sec/sq mi for a station in the western Piedmont and mountains physiographic area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2403","usgsCitation":"Giese, G.L., and Mason, 1993, Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2403, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2403.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giese, G. L.","contributorId":44898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giese","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, Jr. 0000-0002-3998-3468 rrmason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-3468","contributorId":2090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rrmason@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1096,"text":"wsp2392 - 1993 - Ground-water chemical evolution and diagenetic processes in the upper Floridan Aquifer, southern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18365,"text":"ofr8927 - 1988 - Ground-water chemical evolution and diagenetic processes in the Upper Floridan aquifer, southern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia","indexId":"ofr8927","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water chemical evolution and diagenetic processes in the Upper Floridan aquifer, southern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1096,"text":"wsp2392 - 1993 - Ground-water chemical evolution and diagenetic processes in the upper Floridan Aquifer, southern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia","indexId":"wsp2392","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water chemical evolution and diagenetic processes in the upper Floridan Aquifer, southern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T10:52:04","indexId":"wsp2392","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2392","title":"Ground-water chemical evolution and diagenetic processes in the upper Floridan Aquifer, southern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2392","usgsCitation":"Burt, R.A., 1993, Ground-water chemical evolution and diagenetic processes in the upper Floridan Aquifer, southern South Carolina and northeastern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2392, vii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2392.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25826,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2392/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2392/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 32.30570601389429\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 32.30570601389429\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 31.80289258670676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burt, Ronald Allen","contributorId":54173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burt","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2319,"text":"wsp2386 - 1993 - Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20141,"text":"ofr89271 - 1991 - Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","indexId":"ofr89271","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2319,"text":"wsp2386 - 1993 - Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","indexId":"wsp2386","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2386","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2386","title":"Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85","docAbstract":"The movement of water and tritium through the unsaturated zone was studied at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Bureau County, Illinois, from 1981 to 1985. Water and tritium movement occurred in an annual, seasonally timed cycle; recharge to the saturated zone generally occurred in the spring and early summer. Mean annual precipitation (1982-85) was 871 mm (millimeters); mean annual recharge to the disposal trenches (July 1982 through June 1984) was estimated to be 107 mm. Average annual tritium flux below the study trenches was estimated to be 3.4 mCi/yr (millicuries per year). Site geology, climate, and waste-disposal practices influenced the spatial and temporal variability of water and tritium movement. Of the components of the water budget, evapotranspiration contributed most to the temporal variability of water and tritium movement. \r\n\r\nDisposal trenches are constructed in complexly layered glacial and postglacial deposits that average 17 m (meters) in thickness and overlie a thick sequence of Pennsylvanian shale. The horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity of the clayey-silt to sand-sized glacial and postglacial deposits ranges from 4.8x10 -1 to 3.4x10 4 mm/d (millimeters per day). \r\n\r\nA 120-m-long horizontal tunnel provided access for hydrologic measurements and collection of sediment and water samples from the unsaturated and saturated geologic deposits below four disposal trenches. Trench-cover and subtrench deposits were monitored with soil-moisture tensiometers, vacuum and gravity lysimeters, piezometers, and a nuclear soil-moisture gage. A cross-sectional, numerical ground-water-flow model was used to simulate water movement in the variably saturated geologic deposits in the tunnel area. Concurrent studies at the site provided water-budget data for estimating recharge to the disposal trenches. \r\n\r\nVertical water movement directly above the trenches was impeded by a zone of compaction within the clayey-silt trench covers. Water entered the trenches primarily at the trench edges where the compacted zone was absent and the cover was relatively thin. Collapse holes in the trench covers that resulted from inadequate compaction of wastes within the trenches provided additional preferential pathways for surface-water drainage into the trenches; drainage into one collapse hole during a rainstorm was estimated to be 1,700 L (liters). Till deposits near trench bases induced lateral water and tritium movement. Limited temporal variation in water movement and small flow gradients (relative to the till deposits) were detected in the unsaturated subtrench sand deposit; maximum gradients during the spring recharge period averaged 1.62 mm/mm (millimeter per millimeter). Time-of-travel of water moving from the trench covers to below the trenches was estimated to be as rapid as 41 days (assuming individual water molecules move this distance in one recharge cycle). \r\n\r\nTritium concentrations in water from the unsaturated zone ranged from 200 (background) to 10,000,000 pCi/L (picocuries per liter). Tritium concentrations generally were higher below trench bases (averaging 91,000 pCi/L) than below intertrench sediments (averaging 3,300 pCi/L), and in the subtrench Toulon Member of the Glasford Formation (sand) (averaging 110,000 pCi/L) than in the Hulick Till Member of the Glasford Formation (clayey silt) (averaging 59,000 pCi/L). Average subtrench tritium concentration increased from 28,000 to 100,000 pCi/L during the study period. Within the trench covers, there was a strong seasonal trend in tritium concentrations; the highest concentrations occurred in late summer when soil-moisture contents were at a minimum. Subtrench tritium movement occurred in association with the annual cycle of water movement, as well as independently of the cycle, in apparent response to continuous water movement through the subtrench sand deposits and to the deterioration of trench-waste containers. \r\n\r\nThe increase in concen","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Book and Open-File Report Sales [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2386","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., and Healy, R.W., 1993, Water and tritium movement through the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois, 1981-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2386, vi, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2386.","productDescription":"vi, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2386/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28159,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2386/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4676,"text":"twri03B4_supp - 1993 - Regression modeling of ground-water flow; Supplement 1 : modifications to the computer code for nonlinear regression solution of steady-state ground-water flow problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T15:39:59","indexId":"twri03B4_supp","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-B4","title":"Regression modeling of ground-water flow; Supplement 1 : modifications to the computer code for nonlinear regression solution of steady-state ground-water flow problems","docAbstract":"Modifications to the computer code for nonlinear regression solution of steady-state ground-water flow problems in \"Regression Modeling of Ground-Water Flow\", by R.L. Cooley and R.L. Naff (U.S. Geological Survey, Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. B4, 1990), improve the performance of the code. The changes 1) allow any model parameters to be transformed to natural logarithms, and 2) improve the procedure for computing the parameter that damps changes in the values of model parameters for each iteration of the solution method. In addition, the user is shown how to read prior information separately from the initial set of parameter values.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/twri03B4_supp","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., 1993, Regression modeling of ground-water flow; Supplement 1 : modifications to the computer code for nonlinear regression solution of steady-state ground-water flow problems (Suppliment 1): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-B4, vii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03B4_supp.","productDescription":"vii, 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b4-supp/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346259,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b4-supp/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Suppliment 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3023,"text":"wsp2387 - 1993 - Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a riverbed and aquifer system on the Susquehanna River in Broome County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T20:47:25.853386","indexId":"wsp2387","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2387","title":"Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a riverbed and aquifer system on the Susquehanna River in Broome County, New York","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional finite-difference model of groundwater flow was used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of riverbed and aquifer material in a 1-square-mile valley-fill aquifer system near a large river in which induced infiltration due to pumping cannot be measured directly. The aquifer consists of a 30- to 70-foot thickness of sand and gravel containing discontinuous layers of compact and silty sand and gravel. \r\n\r\nHorizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer material, estimated through trial-and-error calibration of simulated water levels to drawdowns measured during an aquifer test, ranged from 500 to 10,000 feet per day; anisotropy (ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) ranged from 125:1 to 250:1. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed was estimated to be 0.1 to 0.5 foot per day, whereas permeameter tests on samples of silty sand and gravel layers from the riverbed yielded vertical hydraulic conductivity of 10 -3 foot per day. \r\n\r\nA sensitivity analysis indicated that a narrow range of anisotropy values gave the smallest residual error in simulated drawdowns. Residual error increased sharply when the maximum hydraulic conductivity value for the aquifer was lowered to less than 5,000 feet per day. Residual error also was large for large values of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed, but decreased to a constant amount for values less than 0.1 foot per day. Residual error was relatively insensitive to changes in the storage coefficient and specific yield. A nonlinear regression method that approximated the sensitivity matrix with a perturbation technique was applied to refine the estimates of these parameters and compute standard error of the estimates. The nonlinear regression indicated that the model was sensitive to hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and anisotropy of the upper part of the aquifer but not to anisotropy of the lower part, and that vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed was less than 0.5 foot per day. The regression method yielded aquifer hydraulic-conductivity values of 210 to 13,000 feet per day and an anisotropy ratio of 350:1 for the upper part of the aquifer; the standard error of these estimates was relatively small. In contrast, the standard errors of estimates of anisotropy in the lower part of the aquifer and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed were extremely large.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2387","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., 1993, Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a riverbed and aquifer system on the Susquehanna River in Broome County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2387, Report: vi, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 24.50 x 21.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2387.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 24.50 x 21.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411522,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25530.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":29854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2387/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29853,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2387/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2387/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Broome County","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.83453671420425,\n 42.100820862709355\n ],\n [\n -75.83453671420425,\n 42.073147428507525\n ],\n [\n -75.80759862776691,\n 42.073147428507525\n ],\n [\n -75.80759862776691,\n 42.100820862709355\n ],\n [\n -75.83453671420425,\n 42.100820862709355\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68457a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Richard M. 0000-0001-7725-1148 ryager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-1148","contributorId":950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","email":"ryager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4482,"text":"cir1120A - 1993 - Flood discharges in the upper Mississippi River basin, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-09T13:29:03","indexId":"cir1120A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"A","title":"Flood discharges in the upper Mississippi River basin, 1993","docAbstract":"From mid-June through early August 1993, flooding was severe in the upper Mississippi River Basin following a wet-weather pattern that persisted over the area for at least 6 months before the flood. The magnitude and timing of several intense rainstorms in late June and July, combined with wet antecedent climatic conditions, were the principal causes of the flooding.
\nFlood-peak discharges that equaled or exceeded the 10-year recurrence interval were recorded at 154 streamflow-gaging stations in the upper Mississippi River Basin. At 41 streamflowgaging stations, the peak discharge was greater than the previous maximumknown discharge. At 15 additional gaging stations, peak discharges exceeded the previous maximum regulated peak discharge. At 45 gaging stations, peak discharges exceeded 100-year recurrence intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120A","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., Melcher, N.B., and James, R.W., 1993, Flood discharges in the upper Mississippi River basin, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, v, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120A.","productDescription":"v, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_A.bmp"},{"id":527,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-a","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352372,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/circ1120-a/pdf/circ_1120-a_a.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.296875,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 43.73935207915473\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 44.24519901522129\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 46.01222384063238\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 46.07323062540838\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -94.3505859375,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -97.7783203125,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -98.173828125,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -100.5029296875,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -100.986328125,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -101.07421875,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -101.1181640625,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -100.7666015625,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -100.283203125,\n 42.90816007196054\n ],\n [\n -99.755859375,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -98.96484375,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 39.436192999314095\n ],\n [\n -97.91015624999999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -95.0537109375,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -93.779296875,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 37.61423141542417\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 37.125286284966805\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef0e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melcher, Nick B.","contributorId":73587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Nick","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"James, Robert W. Jr.","contributorId":77514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4484,"text":"cir1120C - 1993 - Occurrence and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River basin, July through August 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:21:10","indexId":"cir1120C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"C","title":"Occurrence and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River basin, July through August 1993","docAbstract":"Heavy rainfall and severe flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin from mid-June through early August 1993 flushed extraordinarily large amounts of agricultural chemicals (herbicides and nitrate) into the Mississippi River, many of its tributaries, and, ultimately, the Gulf of Mexico. Even though extremely high streamflows were recorded during the flood in 1993, concentrations of herbicides, such as atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor, were similar to the maximum concentrations measured during spring and summer 1991 and 1992. It was anticipated that the higher streamflows during the flood would dilute the concentrations of herbicides that are usually flushed into streams in late spring and summer. Instead, concentrations were similar to those measured during much lower flows, but the daily loads of herbicides transported in some reaches of the Mississippi River were higher than those measured in 1991 and 1992. The total atrazine load transported to the Gulf of Mexico from April through August 1993 (539,000 kilograms) was about 80 percent higher than that for the same period in 1991 and 235 percent higher than for the same period in 1992. The concentrations of atrazine and cyanazine in a few individual samples exceeded health-based limits for drinking water. However, because drinking-water regulations are based on the average of at least four quarterly samples, the annual average concentrations in the Mississippi River probably will not exceed these limits for 1993. Nitrate concentrations were similar to those measured during spring and summer 1991 and 1992. The loads of nitrate-nitrogen transported into the Gulf of Mexico during July and August 1993 were as much as 5,734 metric tons per day. These loads generally are similar to those measured in spring 1991 and 1992 but larger than those measured in summer 1991 and 1992. The total nitrate-nitrogen load transported to the Gulf of Mexico from April through August 1993 (827,000 metric tons) was about 37 percent larger than that for this same period in 1991 and 112 percent larger than that for the same period in 1992. The transport of extraordinarily high loads of nitrate and large amounts of fresh-water into the Gulf of Mexico during midsummer when primary production is highest could increase phytoplankton biomass and affect the gulf ecosystem along the Louisiana coast.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120C","usgsCitation":"Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W.A., and Thurman, E.M., 1993, Occurrence and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River basin, July through August 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120C.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_C.bmp"},{"id":529,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-c","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -92.0654296875,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21165,"text":"ofr90194 - 1992 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual","indexId":"ofr90194","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","indexId":"twri06A3","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"twri06A3","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A3","title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","docAbstract":"A MODular, Finite-Element digital-computer program (MODFE) was developed to simulate steady or unsteady-state, two-dimensional or axisymmetric ground-water flow. Geometric- and hydrologic-aquifer characteristics in two spatial dimensions are represented by triangular finite elements and linear basis functions; one-dimensional finite elements and linear basis functions represent time. Finite-element matrix equations are solved by the direct symmetric-Doolittle method or the iterative modified, incomplete-Cholesky, conjugate-gradient method. Physical processes that can be represented by the model include (1) confined flow, unconfined flow (using the Dupuit approximation), or a combination of both; (2) leakage through either rigid or elastic confining beds; (3) specified recharge or discharge at points, along lines, and over areas; (4) flow across specified-flow, specified-head, or bead-dependent boundaries; (5) decrease of aquifer thickness to zero under extreme water-table decline and increase of aquifer thickness from zero as the water table rises; and (6) head-dependent fluxes from springs, drainage wells, leakage across riverbeds or confining beds combined with aquifer dewatering, and evapotranspiration.\r\nThe report describes procedures for applying MODFE to ground-water-flow problems, simulation capabilities, and data preparation. Guidelines for designing the finite-element mesh and for node numbering and determining band widths are given. Tables are given that reference simulation capabilities to specific versions of MODFE. Examples of data input and model output for different versions of MODFE are provided.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/twri06A3","usgsCitation":"Torak, L., 1993, A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A3, USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A3. 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A3.","productDescription":"USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A3. 136 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":686,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a3/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adeb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, L.J.","contributorId":87533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4918,"text":"twri06A5 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 3: Design philosophy and programming details","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"twri06A5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A5","title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 3: Design philosophy and programming details","docAbstract":"A MODular Finite-Element, digital-computer program (MODFE) was developed to simulate steady or unsteady-state, two-dimensional or axisymmetric ground-water-flow. The modular structure of MODFE places the computationally independent tasks that are performed routinely by digital-computer programs simulating ground-water flow into separate subroutines, which are executed from the main program by control statements. Each subroutine consists of complete sets of computations, or modules, which are identified by comment statements, and can be modified by the user without affecting unrelated computations elsewhere in the program. Simulation capabilities can be added or modified by either adding or modifying subroutines that perform specific computational tasks, and the modular-program structure allows the user to create versions of MODFE that contain only the simulation capabilities that pertain to the ground-water problem of interest. MODFE is written in a Fortran programming language that makes it virtually device independent and compatible with desk-top personal computers and large mainframes.\r\nMODFE uses computer storage and execution time efficiently by taking advantage of symmetry and sparseness within the coefficient matrices of the finite-element equations. Parts of the matrix coefficients are computed and stored as single-subscripted variables, which are assembled into a complete coefficient just prior to solution. Computer storage is reused during simulation to decrease storage requirements. Descriptions of subroutines that execute the computational steps of the modular-program structure are given in tables that cross reference the subroutines with particular versions of MODFE. Programming details of linear and nonlinear hydrologic terms are provided. Structure diagrams for the main programs show the order in which subroutines are executed for each version and illustrate some of the linear and nonlinear versions of MODFE that are possible. Computational aspects of changing stresses and boundary conditions with time and of mass-balance and error terms are given for each hydrologic feature. Program variables are listed and defined according to their occurrence in the main programs and in subroutines. Listings of the main programs and subroutines are given.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/twri06A5","usgsCitation":"Torak, L., 1993, A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 3: Design philosophy and programming details: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A5, USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A5. 243 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A5.","productDescription":"USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A5. 243 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":687,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, L.J.","contributorId":87533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4483,"text":"cir1120B - 1993 - Precipitation in the upper Mississippi River basin, January 1 through July 31, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T12:36:14","indexId":"cir1120B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"B","title":"Precipitation in the upper Mississippi River basin, January 1 through July 31, 1993","docAbstract":"Excessive precipitation produced severe flooding in a nine-State area in the upper Mississippi River Basin during spring and summer 1993. Following a spring that was wetter than average, weather patterns that persisted from early June through July caused the upper Midwest to be deluged with an unusually large amount of rainfall. Monthly precipitation data were examined at 10 weather-station locations in the flood-affected region to illustrate precipitation patterns and amounts in the flood-affected area. In 1993, all 10 of the selected locations received greater than the normal rainfall for January through June 1961-90, 8 of the 10 locations received more than 200 percent of the normal rainfall for July 1961-90, and 3 received more than 400 percent of the normal rainfall for July. (The average rainfall for any given 30-year period is termed the 'normal' rainfall for the given period.) May through July 1993 was the wettest or nearly the wettest such period on record at many locations in the flooded area. Of the 10 locations, 6 received more rainfall in the first 7 months of 1993 than generally is received in a year.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1120B","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K.L., Vining, K.C., and Wiche, G.J., 1993, Precipitation in the upper Mississippi River basin, January 1 through July 31, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, v, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120B.","productDescription":"v, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_B.bmp"},{"id":528,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-b","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680e2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Kenneth L.","contributorId":61024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vining, Kevin C. 0000-0001-5738-3872 kcvining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-3872","contributorId":308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vining","given":"Kevin","email":"kcvining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4697,"text":"twri03A20 - 1993 - Simulation of soluble waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19638,"text":"ofr92457 - 1992 - Simulation of soluble waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers","indexId":"ofr92457","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of soluble waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4697,"text":"twri03A20 - 1993 - Simulation of soluble waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers","indexId":"twri03A20","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of soluble waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03A20","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-A20","title":"Simulation of soluble waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers","docAbstract":"Soluble tracers can be used to simulate the transport and dispersion of soluble wastes that might have been introduced or are planned for introduction into surface waters. Measured tracer-response curves produced from the injection of a known quantity of soluble tracer can be used in conjunction with the superposition principle to simulate potential waste buildup in streams, lakes, and estuaries. Such information is particularly valuable to environmental and water-resource planners in determining the effects of proposed waste discharges.\r\nThe theory, techniques, analysis, and presentation of results of tracer-waste simulation tests in rivers, lakes, and estuaries are described. This manual builds on other manuals dealing with dye tracing by emphasizing the expanded use of data from time-of-travel studies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/twri03A20","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, F.A., 1993, Simulation of soluble waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-A20, xi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03A20.","productDescription":"xi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-a20/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b5e4b07f02db5cb61b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, F. A.","contributorId":22319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3423,"text":"cir1081 - 1993 - Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T12:16:04","indexId":"cir1081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1081","title":"Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990","docAbstract":"Water withdrawals in the United States during 1990 were estimated to average 408,000 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of freshwater and saline water for offstream uses--2 percent more than the 1985 estimate. Total freshwater withdrawals were an estimated 339,000 Mgal/d during 1990, about the same as during 1985. Average per-capita use for all offstream uses was 1,620 gallons per day (gal/d) of freshwater and saline water combined and 1,340 gal/d of freshwater.
Offstream water-use categories are classified in this report as public supply, domestic, commercial, irrigation, livestock, industrial, mining, and thermoelectric power. During 1990, public-supply withdrawals were an estimated 38,500 Mgal/d, and self-supplied withdrawals were estimated as follows: domestic, 3,390 Mgal/d; commercial, 2,390 Mgal/d; irrigation, 137,000 Mgal/d; livestock, 4,500 Mgal/d; industrial, 22,600 Mgal/d, of which 3,270 Mgal/d was saline water; mining, 4,960 Mgal/d, of which 1,650 Mgal/d was saline; and thermoelectric power, 195,000 Mgal/d, of which 64,500 Mgal/d was saline.
Water use for hydroelectric power generation, the only instream use compiled in this report, was estimated to be 3,290,000 Mgal/d during 1990, or 8 percent more than during 1985 and about the same as estimated for 1975 and 1980.
Estimates of withdrawals by source indicate that during 1990, total surface-water withdrawals were 327,000 Mgal/d, or 1 percent more than during 1985, and total ground-water withdrawals were 80,600 Mgal/d, or 9 percent more than during 1985. Total saline-water withdrawals during 1990 were 69,400 Mgal/d, or 15 percent more than during 1985, most of which was saline surface water. Reclaimed wastewater averaged about 750 Mgal/d during 1990, or 30 percent more than during 1985.
Total freshwater consumptive use was an estimated 94,000 Mgal/d during 1990, or 2 percent more than during 1985. Consumptive use by irrigation accounted for the largest part of total consumptive use, and was an estimated 76,200 Mgal/d. Freshwater consumptive use in the East (water-resources regions east of and including the Mississippi regions) was about 12 percent of freshwater withdrawn in the East and accounted for only 21 percent of the Nation's total consumptive use. By comparison, freshwater consumptive use in the West was about 44 percent of the freshwater withdrawn in the West.
The 1990 estimates of total freshwater withdrawals and consumptive use were just slightly more than the 1985 estimates but substantially less than the 1980 estimates; this is consistent with the general trend indicated by a slackening in the rate of increase of total withdrawals from 1970 to 1975 and again from 1975 to 1980, and a decrease in total withdrawals from 1980 to 1985. Public-supply withdrawals during 1990 were 5 percent more than during 1985, and self-supplied withdrawals during 1990 compared to 1985 were as follows: domestic, 2 percent more; commercial, 95 percent more; irrigation, 0.3 percent less; livestock, 0.8 percent more; industrial, 13 percent less; mining, 44 percent more; and thermoelectric power, 4 percent more.
A comparison of total withdrawals (fresh, saline) by State indicates that 20 States and the District of Columbia had less water withdrawn for offstream uses during 1990 than during 1985. California accounted for the most water withdrawn for offstream use, 46,800 Mgal/d, more than the total of water withdrawn in both Texas or Idaho, the next largest users. A similar comparison by water-resources regions indicates that the coastal regions (New England, Mid Atlantic, South Atlantic-Gulf, Pacific Northwest, California) accounted for nearly one-half of the total water withdrawn in the United States. Total withdrawals in the East accounted for 54 percent of the Nation's total withdrawals, the same as during 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1081","usgsCitation":"Solley, W.B., Pierce, R.R., and Perlman, H.A., 1993, Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1081, vii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1081.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p.","numberOfPages":"86","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/1081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/1081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47dce4b07f02db4b77ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solley, Wayne B.","contributorId":61409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solley","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Robert R.","contributorId":62578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perlman, Howard A.","contributorId":86323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlman","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25584,"text":"wri934047 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri934047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4047","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of water in the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base area. The aquifer consists of glacial sands and gravels that fill a buried bedrock-valley system. Consolidated rocks in the area consist of poorly permeable Ordovician shale of the Richmondian stage, in the upland areas, the Brassfield Limestone of Silurian age. The valleys are filled with glacial sediments of Wisconsinan age consisting of clay-rich tills and coarse-grained outwash deposits. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity of the shales based on results of displacement/recovery tests range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day; estimates for the glacial sediments range from less than 1 foot per day to more than 1,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nGround water flow from the uplands towards the valleys and the major rivers in the region, the Great Miami and the Mad Rivers. Hydraulic-head data indicate that ground water flows between the bedrock and unconsolidated deposits. Data from a gain/loss study of the Mad River System and hydrographs from nearby wells reveal that the reach of the river next to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a ground-water discharge area.\r\n\r\nA steady-state, three-dimensional ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the region. The model contains three layers and encompasses about 100 square miles centered on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by river leakage and underflow at the model boundary. Ground water exits the modeled area primarily by flow through the valleys at the model boundaries and through production wells. A model sensitivity analysis involving systematic changes in values of hydrologic parameters in the model indicates that the model is most sensitive to decreases in riverbed conductance and vertical conductance between the upper two layers. The analysis also indicates that the contribution of water to the buried-valley aquifer from the bedrock that forms the valley walls is about 2 to 4 percent of the total ground-water flow in the study area.\r\n\r\nGround waters in the vicinity of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base can be classified into two compositional groups on the basis of their chemical composition: calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type and sodium chloride-type waters. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type waters are found in the glacial deposits and the Brassfield Limestone, whereas the sodium chloride waters are exclusively associated with the shales. Equilibrium speciation calculations indicate that ground water of the glacial drift aquifer is in equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, and chalcedony, but is undersaturated with respect to gypsum and fluorite. Waters from the shales are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and siderite but are undersaturated with respect to chalcedony. Simple-mass balance calculations treating boron as a conservative species indicate that little (< 5 percent) or no recharge from the shales to the glacial drift aquifer takes place.\r\n\r\nData on the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate a meteoric origin for all ground water beneath Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, but the data were inconclusive with respect to identification of distinct isotopic differences between water collected from the glacial drift and bedrock aquifers. Tritium concentrations used to distinguish waters having a pre-and post-1953 recharge component indicate that most water entered the glacial drift aquifer after 1953. This finding indicates that recharge from shallow to deep parts (greater than 150 feet) of the aquifer takes place over time intervals of a few years or decades. However, the fact that some deep parts of the glacial aquifer did not contain measurable tritium indicates that ground-water flow from recharge zones to these parts of the aquifer takes decades or longer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934047","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D., Schalk, C.W., Rowe, G., and De Roche, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4047, viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934047.","productDescription":"viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26004,"text":"wri924071 - 1993 - The phytoplankton of Fremont Lake, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri924071","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4071","title":"The phytoplankton of Fremont Lake, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924071","usgsCitation":"Averett, R., Emmett, W.W., and Peterson, D.A., 1993, The phytoplankton of Fremont Lake, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4071, iv, 64 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924071.","productDescription":"iv, 64 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54764,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a72e4b07f02db642f1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Averett, R. C.","contributorId":35709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averett","given":"R. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, W. W.","contributorId":107695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, D. A.","contributorId":6453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24952,"text":"ofr93103 - 1993 - Oxygen-isotope, X-ray-diffraction and scanning-electron-microscope examinations of authigenic-layer-silicate minerals from Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones in the Michigan Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:14:40","indexId":"ofr93103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-103","title":"Oxygen-isotope, X-ray-diffraction and scanning-electron-microscope examinations of authigenic-layer-silicate minerals from Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones in the Michigan Basin","docAbstract":"Oxygen-isotope compositions of authigenic-layer silicates (<2-micrometer fraction) extracted from Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan were determined. Petrographic and scanning-electron-microscope examinations, and X-ray diffractograms show that chlorite and kaolinite are the most common authigenic-layer silicates in Mississippian sandstones. The range of oxygen-isotope compositions of chlorite and kaolinite are +10.3 to +11.9 and +12.9 to +19.3 pars per thousand (per mil) (relative to Standard Mean Ocean Water), respectively. Kaolinite is the only authigenic-isotopic compositions of kaolinite range from +16.8 to +19.0 per mil.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr93103","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Zacharias, K., Sibley, D., Westjohn, D., and Weaver, T.L., 1993, Oxygen-isotope, X-ray-diffraction and scanning-electron-microscope examinations of authigenic-layer-silicate minerals from Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones in the Michigan Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-103, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93103.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0103/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Michigan 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K.F.","contributorId":83168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zacharias","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sibley, D.F.","contributorId":20492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibley","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Westjohn, D.B.","contributorId":68411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weaver, T. L.","contributorId":121074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26018,"text":"wri924146 - 1993 - Hydrology of the Jackson, Tennessee, area and delineation of areas contributing ground water to the Jackson well fields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri924146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4146","title":"Hydrology of the Jackson, Tennessee, area and delineation of areas contributing ground water to the Jackson well fields","docAbstract":"A comprehensive hydrologic investigation of the Jackson area in Madison County, Tennessee, was conducted to provide information for the development of a wellhead-protection program for two municipal well fields. The136-square-mile study area is between the Middle Fork Forked Deer and South Fork Forked Deer Rivers and includes the city of Jackson.\r\n\r\nThe formations that underlie and crop out in the study area, in descending order, are the Memphis Sand, Fort Pillow Sand, and Porters Creek Clay. The saturated thickness of the Memphis Sand ranges from 0 to 270 feet; the Fort Pillow Sand, from 0 to 180 feet. The Porters Creek Clay, which ranges from 130 to 320 feet thick, separates a deeper formation, the McNairy Sand, from the shallower units. Estimates by other investigators of hydraulic conductivity for the Memphis Sand range from 80 to 202 feet per day. Estimates of transmissivity of the Memphis Sand range from 2,700 to 33,000 feet squared per day. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity for the Fort Pillow Sand range from 68 to 167 feet per day, and estimates of transmissivity of that unit range from 6,700 to 10,050 feet squared per day.\r\n\r\nA finite-difference, ground-water flow model was calibrated to steady-state hydrologic conditions of April 1989, and was used to simulate hypothetical pumping plans for the North and South Well Fields. The aquifers were represented as three layers in the model to simulate the ground-water flow system. Layer 1 is the saturated part of the Memphis Sand; layer 2 is the upper half of the Fort Pillow Sand; and layer 3 is the lower half of the Fort Pillow Sand.\r\n\r\nThe steady-state water budget of the simulated system showed that more than half of the inflow to the ground-water system is underflow from the model boundaries. Most of this inflow is discharged as seepage to the rivers and to pumping wells. Slightly less than half of the inflow is from areal recharge and recharge from streams. About 75 percent of the discharge from the system is into the streams, lakes, and out of the model area through a small quantity of ground-water underflow. The remaining 25 percent is discharge to pumping wells.\r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was modified to simulate the effects on the ground-water system of three hypothetical pumping plans that increased pumping from the North Well Field to up to 20 million gallons per day, and from the South Well Field, to up to 15 million gallons per day. Maximum drawdown resulting from the 20 million-gallons-per-day rate of simulated pumping was 44.7 feet in a node containing a pumping well, and maximum drawdown over an extended area was about 38 feet. Up to 34 percent of ground-water seepage to streams in the calibrated model was intercepted by pumping in the simulations. A maximum of 9 percent more water was induced through model boundaries.\r\n\r\nA particle-tracking program, MODPATH, was used to delineate areas contributing water to the North and South Well Fields for the calibrated model and the three pumping simulations, and to estimate distances for different times-of-travel to the wells. The size of the area contributing water to the North Well Field, defined by the 5-year time-of-travel capture zone, is about 0.8 by 1.8 miles for the calibrated model and pumping plan 1. The size of the area for pumping plan 2 is 1.1 by 2.0 miles and, for pumping plan 3, 1.6 by 2.2 miles. The range of distance for l-year time-of-travel to individual wells is 200 to 800 feet for the calibrated model and plan 1, and 350 to 950 feet for plans 2 and 3.\r\n\r\nThe size of the area contributing water to the South Well Field, defined by the 5-year time-of-travel capture zone, is about 0.8 by 1.4 miles for the calibrated model. The size of the area for pumping plans 1 and 3 is 1.6 by 2.2 miles and, for pumping plan 2, 1.1 by 1.7 miles. The range of distance for l-year time-of-travel to individual wells is 120 to 530 feet for the calibrated model, 670 to 1,300 feet for pumping plans 1 and 3, and 260 to 850 feet","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924146","usgsCitation":"Bailey, Z., 1993, Hydrology of the Jackson, Tennessee, area and delineation of areas contributing ground water to the Jackson well fields: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4146, v, 54 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924146.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2020,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924146/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_92_4146.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Z. C.","contributorId":54587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Z. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25924,"text":"wri934074 - 1993 - Effects of agricultural and residential land use on ground-water quality, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T10:15:09","indexId":"wri934074","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4074","title":"Effects of agricultural and residential land use on ground-water quality, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Water quality in the 1,700-square-mile Anoka Sand Plain aquifer is affected by irrigated and nonirrigated agriculture and by residential land use. Concentrations of sulfate, chloride, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and pesticides in ground water are related to human activities; nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations are affected more than concentrations of other chemical constituents. Of the water samples collected from 100 wells during this study, samples from 30 wells had concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen greater than 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter), which is the limit recommended for drinking water by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Analysis of 360 water samples indicated that the median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen for undeveloped, nonirrigated-cultivated, irrigated, and residential lands were 0.22,2.0,5.3, and 4.2 mg/L, respectively.
\nDifferences in nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations at various depths below the water table were statistically significant. Median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen in groundwater samples less than 10 feet, 10 to 20 feet, and more than 20 feet below the water table were 5.1 mg/L, 2.7 mg/L, and less than 0.1 mg/L, respectively.
\nSeasonal fluctuations in nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations at many wells were as great or greater than long-term change; however, the springtime median concentration of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen increased steadily from 1984 (4.8 mg/L) through 1987 (5.5 mg/L).
\nTriazine herbicides were detected in 11 of 18 samples analyzed for pesticides. Concentrations of atrazine were less than the 3 (J-g/L maximum contaminant level set for atrazine by the Minnesota Department of Health and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri934074","collaboration":"Prepared In cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts of Anoka, Chisago, Isanti, Sherburne, and Stearns Counties","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H.W., 1993, Effects of agricultural and residential land use on ground-water quality, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4074, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934074.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Anoka Sand Plain aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.11712646484375, 45.80487122128867 ], [ -94.3121337890625, 45.80104178221643 ], [ -94.31625366210936, 45.78093290857323 ], [ -94.31625366210936, 45.766564985445 ], [ -94.35195922851562, 45.74548533557156 ], [ -94.39178466796875, 45.744526980468436 ], [ -94.41787719726561, 45.72823242650626 ], [ -94.43023681640625, 45.69946573221641 ], [ -94.45083618164062, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -94.48791503906249, 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45.6073128014868 ], [ -94.14596557617188, 45.6082735094011 ], [ -94.1693115234375, 45.627484212338246 ], [ -94.17617797851561, 45.64668833372338 ], [ -94.130859375, 45.678360745353004 ], [ -94.11026000976562, 45.70713829853578 ], [ -94.10751342773438, 45.72823242650626 ], [ -94.11026000976562, 45.766564985445 ], [ -94.11575317382812, 45.77997516219392 ], [ -94.11712646484375, 45.80487122128867 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H. W. Jr.","contributorId":11187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26024,"text":"wri934112 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T13:21:41","indexId":"wri934112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4112","title":"Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas","docAbstract":"Test drilling near two sewage lagoons in The Basin area of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas, has shown that the alluvium and colluvium on which the lagoons are located is not saturated in the immediate vicinity of the lagoons. A shallow aquifer, therefore, does not exist in this critical area at and near the lagoons. Should seepage outflow from the lagoons occur, the effluent from the lagoons might eventually be incorporated into shallow ground water moving westward in the direction of Oak Spring. Under these conditions such water could reach the spring. Test borings that bottomed in bedrock below the alluvial and colluvial fill material are dry, indicating that no substantial leakage from the lagoons was detected. Therefore, no contaminant plume was identified. Fill material in The Basin does not contain water everywhere in its extensive outcropping area and supplies only a small quantity of ground water to Window Pouroff, which is the only natural surface outlet of The Basin.
\nOak Spring, which is almost 2 miles downgradient from the lagoons, is the sole source of water for The Basin the principal tourist area in Big Bend National Park. Test drilling in the Oak Spring area revealed that the aquifer in the immediate vicinity of Oak Spring is a 5-foot thick sand bed hydraulically confined above and below by relatively thick, compact clay. The sand bed might be bounded locally by faults to the east and west of the spring. The test drilling and seismic surveys in the area also established the existence of a thick, extensive, surficial layer of colluvium consisting of large rhyolite boulders. The colluvial layer, which overlies sedimentary bedrock containing the Oak Spring aquifer, was unsaturated at the borehole sites.
\nInformation from drilling and from hydrogeologic observation indicates that the water from Oak Spring originates as precipitation in the Oak Spring area west of The Basin, with possibly a contribution originating as discharge from The Basin. The rhyolite boulder field in the Oak Spring area, which includes talus from Vernon Bailey Peak, is an effective receptacle for rapid recharge of precipitation. This water could then be efficiently routed into the Oak Spring aquifer in places to the east of Oak Spring where any shallow ground water in the boulder field might enter the subcropping truncated aquifer.
\nWater-chemistry data, hydrochemical facies, and isotopic data also indicate that water from Oak Spring originates principally from precipitation onto the land surface of the Oak Spring area. Tritium data indicate that Oak Spring water is \"modern,\" with an average age of recharge less than 14 years. The flow rates recorded almost continuously at Oak Spring beginning in December 1986 show a close relation between precipitation and discharge. The highest recorded spring flow of 167 gallons per minute in December 1986 is attributed to record high precipitation in the area during 1986. The lowest recorded flow of 22.4 gallons per minute, in December 1989, followed a period of 20 out of 26 months of below-normal precipitation. Flow at Oak Spring typically lags behind precipitation by about 1 month. This fairly rapid response indicates the spring is fed by a shallow aquifer having good permeability and effective recharge areas with the ability to absorb precipitation rapidly.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934112","usgsCitation":"Baker, E.T., and Buszka, P., 1993, Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4112, v, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934112.","productDescription":"v, 76 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4112/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.24446853982615\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.28220663151896\n ],\n [\n -103.25878143310545,\n 29.28220663151896\n ],\n [\n -103.25878143310545,\n 29.24446853982615\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.24446853982615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61488e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, E. T. Jr.","contributorId":88366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buszka, P.M.","contributorId":49001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26028,"text":"wri924149 - 1993 - Floods of September 26-October 4, 1986, and August 14-17, 1987, in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T22:42:29.020748","indexId":"wri924149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4149","title":"Floods of September 26-October 4, 1986, and August 14-17, 1987, in Illinois","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924149","usgsCitation":"Balding, G., and Ishii, A.L., 1993, Floods of September 26-October 4, 1986, and August 14-17, 1987, in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4149, Report: vii, 105 p.; 1 Plate: 33.33 x 24.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924149.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 105 p.; 1 Plate: 33.33 x 24.51 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413826,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47698.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54806,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54805,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4149/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4149/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.5089,\n 42.5086\n ],\n [\n -91.5089,\n 36.9636\n ],\n [\n -87.5028,\n 36.9636\n ],\n [\n -87.5028,\n 42.5086\n ],\n [\n -91.5089,\n 42.5086\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, G. O.","contributorId":87135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"G. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishii, A. L.","contributorId":61464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25900,"text":"wri924108 - 1993 - Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T19:06:30.133491","indexId":"wri924108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4108","title":"Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924108","usgsCitation":"Allen, R.L., and Laenen, A., 1993, Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4108, vi, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924108.","productDescription":"vi, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47671.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54659,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5083\n ],\n [\n -123.8333,\n 44.5083\n ],\n [\n -123.8333,\n 44.5583\n ],\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5583\n ],\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b2c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, R. L.","contributorId":82356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26070,"text":"wri934064 - 1993 - Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri934064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4064","title":"Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"An investigation of the Quashnet River stream- aquifer system on Cape Cod was initiated in response to concern over possible streamflow reduction and degradation of the sea-run brown trout habitat of the river resulting from proposed ground-water withdrawals. A two-layer finite-difference ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate the stream-aquifer system. Steady-state pumping rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day were simulated at three well sites 1,500 to 2,500 feet west of the river. No infiltration of water from the river to the aquifer was induced in any of the simulations. Maximum streamflow depletion along the river for the scenarios tested ranged from 3 to 15 percent of calculated steady-state prepumping streamflow. Mean monthly streamflow depletions determined by use of the transient model, for a constant withdrawal of 1.0 million gallons per day from a site 1,500 feet west of the river, range from 6 to 8 percent of the mean monthly streamflows measured at a gage located 0.3 miles from the mouth of the river. A particle-tracking postprocessor to the steady-state model was used to delineate contributing areas of the river and the proposed withdrawal sites. Although the simulated cone of depression produced by pumping extends beyond the river, the contributing area of the well does not include the river under any of the withdrawal schemes simulated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934064","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., and Hess, K., 1993, Simulated hydrologic responses of the Quashnet River stream-aquifer system to proposed ground-water withdrawals, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4064, vi, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934064.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54845,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b4e4b07f02db5cacdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}