To explore latitudinal genetic variation in cold hardiness and leaf phenology, we planted a common garden of paired collections of native and introduced riparian trees sampled along a latitudinal gradient. The garden in Fort Collins, Colorado (latitude 40.6°N), included 681 native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) and introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis, and hybrids) collected from 15 sites from 29.2 to 47.6°N in the central United States. In the common garden, both species showed latitudinal variation in fall, but not spring, leaf phenology. This suggests that latitudinal gradient field observations in fall phenology are a result, at least in part, of the inherited variation in the critical photoperiod. Conversely, the latitudinal gradient field observations in spring phenology are largely a plastic response to the temperature gradient. Populations from higher latitudes exhibited earlier bud set and leaf senescence. Cold hardiness varied latitudinally in both fall and spring for both species. Although cottonwood was hardier than saltcedar in midwinter, the reverse was true in late fall and early spring. The latitudinal variation in fall phenology and cold hardiness of saltcedar appears to have developed as a result of multiple introductions of genetically distinct populations, hybridization, and natural selection in the 150 years since introduction.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations – 2011","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., Roelle, J.E., and Cade, B.S., 2012, Genetic and environmental influences on cold hardiness of native and introduced riparian trees, in National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations – 2011, p. 82-86.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"86","ipdsId":"IP-015052","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p068.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6105a0e4b06e28e9c25571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047253,"text":"70047253 - 2012 - Volcanoes: observations and impact","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T14:46:38","indexId":"70047253","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Volcanoes: observations and impact","docAbstract":"Volcanoes are critical geologic hazards that challenge our ability to make long-term forecasts of their eruptive behaviors. They also have direct and indirect impacts on human lives and society. As is the case with many geologic phenomena, the time scales over which volcanoes evolve greatly exceed that of a human lifetime. On the other hand, the time scale over which a volcano can move from inactivity to eruption can be rather short: months, weeks, days, and even hours. Thus, scientific study and monitoring of volcanoes is essential to mitigate risk. There are thousands of volcanoes on Earth, and it is impractical to study and implement ground-based monitoring at them all. Fortunately, there are other effective means for volcano monitoring, including increasing capabilities for satellite-based technologies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_731","usgsCitation":"Thurber, C., and Prejean, S.G., 2012, Volcanoes: observations and impact, chap. of Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, p. 11633-11654, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_731.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"11633","endPage":"11654","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034834","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521c78ede4b01458f784299e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurber, Clifford","contributorId":44067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"Clifford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prejean, Stephanie G. sprejean@usgs.gov","contributorId":2602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"Stephanie","email":"sprejean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032640,"text":"70032640 - 2012 - Titan's fluvial valleys: Morphology, distribution, and spectral properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-22T19:29:14.577396","indexId":"70032640","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Titan's fluvial valleys: Morphology, distribution, and spectral properties","docAbstract":"Titan's fluvial channels have been investigated based on data obtained by the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument and the Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft. In this paper, a database of fluvial features is created based on radar-SAR data aiming to unveil the distribution and the morphologic and spectral characteristics of valleys on Titan on a global scale. It will also study the spatial relations between fluvial valleys and Titan's geologic units and spectral surface units which have become accessible thanks to Cassini-VIMS data. Several distinct morphologic types of fluvial valleys can be discerned by SAR-images. Dendritic valley networks appear to have much in common with terrestrial dendritic systems owing to a hierarchical and tree-shaped arrangement of the tributaries which is indicative of an origin from precipitation. Dry valleys constitute another class of valleys resembling terrestrial wadis, an indication of episodic and strong flow events. Other valley types, such as putative canyons, cannot be correlated with rainfall based on their morphology alone, since it cannot be ruled out that they may have originated from volcanic/tectonic action or groundwater sapping. Highly developed and complex fluvial networks with channel lengths of up to 1200 km and widths of up to 10 km are concentrated only at a few locations whereas single valleys are scattered over all latitudes. Fluvial valleys are frequently found in mountainous areas. Some terrains, such as equatorial dune fields and undifferentiated plains at mid-latitudes, are almost entirely free of valleys. Spectrally, fluvial terrains are often characterized by a high reflectance in each of Titan's atmospheric windows, as most of them are located on Titan's bright ‘continents’. Nevertheless, valleys are spatially associated with a surface unit appearing blue due to its higher reflection at
Apparent groundwater ages along two flow paths in the upper Patapsco aquifer of the Maryland Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA, were estimated using 14C, 36Cl and 4He data. Most of the ages range from modern to about 500 ka, with one sample at 117 km downgradient from the recharge area dated by radiogenic 4He accumulation at more than one Ma. Last glacial maximum (LGM) water was located about 20 km downgradient on the northern flow path, where the radiocarbon age was 21.5 ka, paleorecharge temperatures were 0.5–1.5 °C (a maximum cooling of about 12 °C relative to the modern mean annual temperature of 13 °C), and Cl–, Cl/Br, and stable isotopes of water were minimum. Low recharge temperatures (typically 5–7 °C) indicate that recharge occurred predominantly during glacial periods when coastal heads were lowest due to low sea-level stand. Flow velocities averaged about 1.0 m a–1 in upgradient parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer and decreased from 0.13 to 0.04 m a–1 at 40 and 80 km further downgradient, respectively. This study demonstrates that most water in the upper Patapsco aquifer is non-renewable on human timescales under natural gradients, thus highlighting the importance of effective water-supply management to prolong the resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-012-0871-1","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Eggleston, J.R., Raffensperger, J.P., Hunt, A.G., Casile, G.C., and Andreasen, D.C., 2012, Old groundwater in parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA: Evidence from radiocarbon, chlorine-36 and helium-4: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1269-1294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0871-1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1269","endPage":"1294","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036422","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Anne Arundel","city":"Baltimore","volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3a0e4b01197b08e9cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eggleston, John R. 0000-0001-6633-3041 jegglest@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3041","contributorId":3068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"John","email":"jegglest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casile, Gerolamo C. jcasile@usgs.gov","contributorId":4007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casile","given":"Gerolamo","email":"jcasile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andreasen, D. C.","contributorId":32565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70044386,"text":"70044386 - 2012 - Mineral resource of the month: hydraulic cement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T16:40:51","indexId":"70044386","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: hydraulic cement","docAbstract":"Hydraulic cements are the binders in concrete and most mortars and stuccos. Concrete, particularly the reinforced variety, is the most versatile of all construction materials, and most of the hydraulic cement produced worldwide is portland cement or similar cements that have portland cement as a basis, such as blended cements and masonry cements. Cement typically makes up less than 15 percent of the concrete mix; most of the rest is aggregates. Not counting the weight of reinforcing media, 1 ton of cement will typically yield about 8 tons of concrete.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"van Oss, H.G., 2012, Mineral resource of the month: hydraulic cement: Earth, v. 2012, no. August, p. 29-29.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"29","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038296","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270498,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.agiweb.org/store/library/imprint.php?id=2012_08"}],"volume":"2012","issue":"August","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515bfdf0e4b075500ee5ca57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Oss, Hendrik G. hvanoss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Oss","given":"Hendrik","email":"hvanoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042820,"text":"70042820 - 2012 - Physical setting and natural sources of exposure to carcinogenic trace elements and radionuclides in Lahontan Valley, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T16:00:08","indexId":"70042820","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1219,"text":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical setting and natural sources of exposure to carcinogenic trace elements and radionuclides in Lahontan Valley, Nevada","docAbstract":"In Lahontan Valley, Nevada, arsenic, cobalt, tungsten, uranium, radon, and polonium-210 are carcinogens that occur naturally in sediments and groundwater. Arsenic and cobalt are principally derived from erosion of volcanic rocks in the local mountains and tungsten and uranium are derived from erosion of granitic rocks in headwater reaches of the Carson River. Radon and 210Po originate from radioactive decay of uranium in the sediments. Arsenic, aluminum, cobalt, iron, and manganese concentrations in household dust suggest it is derived from the local soils. Excess zinc and chromium in the dust are probably derived from the vacuum cleaner used to collect the dust, or household sources such as the furnace. Some samples have more than 5 times more cobalt in the dust than in the local soil, but whether the source of the excess cobalt is anthropogenic or natural cannot be determined with the available data. Cobalt concentrations are low in groundwater, but arsenic, uranium, radon, and 210Po concentrations often exceed human-health standards, and sometime greatly exceed them. Exposure to radon and its decay products in drinking water can vary significantly depending on when during the day that the water is consumed. Although the data suggests there have been no long term changes in groundwater chemistry that corresponds to the Lahontan Valley leukemia cluster, the occurrence of the very unusual leukemia cluster in an area with numerous 210Po and arsenic contaminated wells is striking, particularly in conjunction with the exceptionally high levels of urinary tungsten in Lahontan Valley residents. Additional research is needed on potential exposure pathways involving food or inhalation, and on synergistic effects of mixtures of these natural contaminants on susceptibility to development of leukemia.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.cbi.2011.04.004","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., 2012, Physical setting and natural sources of exposure to carcinogenic trace elements and radionuclides in Lahontan Valley, Nevada: Chemico-Biological Interactions, v. 196, no. 3, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2011.04.004.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"8","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023222","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269183,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2011.04.004"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lahontan Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.127414,39.463302 ], [ -119.127414,39.766719 ], [ -118.724621,39.766719 ], [ -118.724621,39.463302 ], [ -119.127414,39.463302 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"196","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51404e8ae4b089809dbf44b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, Ralph L.","contributorId":13609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044076,"text":"70044076 - 2012 - Parasite invasion following host reintroduction: a case of Yellowstone’s wolves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T13:24:19","indexId":"70044076","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3048,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parasite invasion following host reintroduction: a case of Yellowstone’s wolves","docAbstract":"Wildlife reintroductions select or treat individuals for good health with the expectation that these individuals will fare better than infected animals. However, these individuals, new to their environment, may also be particularly susceptible to circulating infections and this may result in high morbidity and mortality, potentially jeopardizing the goals of recovery. Here, using the reintroduction of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) into Yellowstone National Park as a case study, we address the question of how parasites invade a reintroduced population and consider the impact of these invasions on population performance. We find that several viral parasites rapidly invaded the population inside the park, likely via spillover from resident canid species, and we contrast these with the slower invasion of sarcoptic mange, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. The spatio-temporal patterns of mange invasion were largely consistent with patterns of host connectivity and density, and we demonstrate that the area of highest resource quality, supporting the greatest density of wolves, is also the region that appears most susceptible to repeated disease invasion and parasite-induced declines. The success of wolf reintroduction appears not to have been jeopardized by infectious disease, but now shows signs of regulation or limitation modulated by parasites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society Publishing","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2011.0369","usgsCitation":"Cross, P.C., Almberg, E., Dobson, A.P., Smith, D.W., and Hudson, P., 2012, Parasite invasion following host reintroduction: a case of Yellowstone’s wolves: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 367, no. 1604, p. 2840-2851, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0369.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2840","endPage":"2851","numberOfPages":"12","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032996","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0369","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270133,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0369"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.1560,44.1313 ], [ -111.1560,45.1090 ], [ -109.8255,45.1090 ], [ -109.8255,44.1313 ], [ -111.1560,44.1313 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"367","issue":"1604","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3a4e4b01197b08e9ce6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Almberg, Emily S.","contributorId":101111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almberg","given":"Emily S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dobson, Andrew P.","contributorId":63693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Douglas W.","contributorId":95727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudson, Peter J.","contributorId":85056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70042699,"text":"70042699 - 2012 - In-ground disposal of human sewage can contaminate nearshore waters and reefs with bacteria and viruses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T13:27:39","indexId":"70042699","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"In-ground disposal of human sewage can contaminate nearshore waters and reefs with bacteria and viruses","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical connections: south Florida's marine environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"IAN Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, MD","usgsCitation":"Lipp, E.K., Griffin, D., and Futch, J., 2012, In-ground disposal of human sewage can contaminate nearshore waters and reefs with bacteria and viruses, chap. of Tropical connections: south Florida's marine environment, p. 147-148.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-024441","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.63,24.52 ], [ -87.63,31.0 ], [ -80.03,31.0 ], [ -80.03,24.52 ], [ -87.63,24.52 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c394e4b01197b08e9cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipp, Erin K.","contributorId":73823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipp","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Futch, J.C.","contributorId":87044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futch","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043382,"text":"70043382 - 2012 - Reaching toward the integration of research into resource management activities: A 20 year evaluation of Colorado Biennial Conferences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T17:50:50.756165","indexId":"70043382","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Reaching toward the integration of research into resource management activities: A 20 year evaluation of Colorado Biennial Conferences","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
The Arctic PRISM was designed to determine shorebird population size and trend. During an extensive peer review of PRISM, some reviewers suggested that measuring demographic rates or monitoring shorebirds on migration would be more appropriate than estimating population size on the breeding grounds. However, each method has its own limitations. For demographic monitoring, an unbiased estimate based on a large sample of first-year survivorship would be extremely difficult for shorebirds in the arctic because the needed sample size would be unobtainable (in Canada at least) and the level of effort that would need to be expended (both financial and human resource-wise) would far exceed that of the current Arctic PRISM methodology. For migration monitoring, issues such as changes in use of monitored to non-monitored sites, residency times, and detection rates introduce bias that has not yet been resolved. While we believe demographic and migration monitoring are very valuable and are already components of the PRISM approach (e.g., Tier 2 sites focus on the collection of demographic data), we do not believe that either is likely to achieve the PRISM accuracy target of an 80% power to detect a 50% decline.
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Our approach consists of five main components:
1. A review of the primary scientific literature on statistical modeling of animal group size and avian count data to develop a candidate set of statistical distributions that have been used or may be useful to model seabird counts.
2. Statistical power curves for one-sample, one-tailed Monte Carlo significance tests of differences of observed small-sample means from a specified reference distribution. These curves show the power to detect \"hotspots\" or \"coldspots\" of occurrence and abundance at a range of effect sizes, given assumptions which we discuss.
3. A model selection procedure, based on maximum likelihood fits of models in the candidate set, to determine an appropriate statistical distribution to describe counts of a given species in a particular region and season.
4. Using a large database of historical at-sea seabird survey data, we applied this technique to identify appropriate statistical distributions for modeling a variety of species, allowing the distribution to vary by season. For each species and season, we used the selected distribution to calculate and map retrospective statistical power to detect hotspots and coldspots, and map pvalues from Monte Carlo significance tests of hotspots and coldspots, in discrete lease blocks designated by the U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM).
5. Because our definition of hotspots and coldspots does not explicitly include variability over time, we examine the relationship between the temporal scale of sampling and the proportion of variance captured in time series of key environmental correlates of marine bird abundance, as well as available marine bird abundance time series, and use these analyses to develop recommendations for the temporal distribution of sampling to adequately represent both shortterm and long-term variability.
We conclude by presenting a schematic “decision tree” showing how this power analysis approach would fit in a general framework for avian survey design, and discuss implications of model assumptions and results. We discuss avenues for future development of this work, and recommendations for practical implementation in the context of siting and wildlife assessment for offshore renewable energy development projects.
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Final report: NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 158, xiv, 77 p.","productDescription":"xiv, 77 p.","numberOfPages":"96","ipdsId":"IP-043284","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/OCS-Study-BOEM-2012-101/"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f3b2e4b0bc0bec0a0b1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinlan, Brian P.","contributorId":24679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinlan","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zipkin, Elise ezipkin@usgs.gov","contributorId":470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zipkin","given":"Elise","email":"ezipkin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":649598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Connell, Allan F. 0000-0001-7032-7023 aoconnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-7023","contributorId":471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"Allan","email":"aoconnell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldow, Chris","contributorId":66501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldow","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176762,"text":"70176762 - 2012 - The FOBIMO (FOraminiferal BIo-MOnitoring) initiative—Towards a standardised protocol for soft-bottom benthic foraminiferal monitoring studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T10:48:28","indexId":"70176762","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The FOBIMO (FOraminiferal BIo-MOnitoring) initiative—Towards a standardised protocol for soft-bottom benthic foraminiferal monitoring studies","docAbstract":"The European Community Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) was established to provide guidelines for monitoring the quality of marine ecosystems. Monitoring the status of marine environments is traditionally based on macrofauna surveys, for which standardised methods have been established. Benthic foraminifera are also good indicators of environmental status because of their fast turnover rates, high degree of specialisation, and the preservation of dead assemblages in the fossil record. In spite of the growing interest in foraminiferal bio-monitoring during the last decades, no standardised methodology has been proposed until today. The aim of the FOraminiferal BIo-MOnitoring (FOBIMO) expert workshop, held in June 2011 at Fribourg, Switzerland, which assembled 37 scientists from 24 research groups and 13 countries, was to develop a suite of standard methods. This paper presents the main outcome of the workshop, a list of motivated recommendations with respect to sampling devices, sample storage, treatment, faunal analysis and documentation. Our recommendations fulfil the criteria imposed both by scientific rigour and by the practical limitations of routine studies. Hence, our aim is to standardise methodologies used in bio-monitoring only and not to limit the use of different methods in pure scientific studies. Unless otherwise stated, all recommendations concern living (stained) benthic foraminiferal assemblages. We have chosen to propose two types of recommendations. Mandatory recommendations have to be followed if a study wants to qualify as sound and compatible to the norms. The most important of these recommendations are the interval from 0 to 1 cm below the sediment surface has to be sampled, and an interface corer or box corer that keeps the sediment surface intact is to be used for offshore surveys. A grab sampler must not be deployed in soft sediments. Three replicate samples are to be taken and analysed separately. Samples are to be washed on a 63-μm screen, and the living benthic foraminiferal fauna of the > 125 μm fraction is to be analysed. Splits are to be picked and counted entirely, and all counted foraminifera from at least one replicate per station have to be stored in micropalaeontological slides. Census data, supplementary laboratory data and microslides have to be archived. Advisory recommendations are to sample in autumn, to have a sample size of 50 cm2 or a tube of 8 cm inner diameter, to use > 70% ethanol as a preservative, rose Bengal at a concentration of 2 grams per litre for staining, and a staining time of at least 14 days. The split size should be defined by a target value of 300 specimens, heavy liquid separation should be avoided, and the 63–125 μm fraction or deeper sediment levels may be considered in some environments. We are convinced that the application of this protocol by a large number of scientists is a necessary first step to a general acceptance of benthic foraminifera as a reliable tool in bio-monitoring studies.
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Elena","contributorId":175148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romano","given":"Elena","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Mello Sousa, Silvia","contributorId":175149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mello Sousa","given":"Silvia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Tsujimoto, Akira","contributorId":58448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsujimoto","given":"Akira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30}]}} ,{"id":70197987,"text":"70197987 - 2012 - Correlation of early Paleogene global diversity patterns of large benthic foraminifera with Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-03T10:17:44","indexId":"70197987","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of early Paleogene global diversity patterns of large benthic foraminifera with Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events","docAbstract":"Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) were major contributors to many Paleogene carbonate platforms around the world. These photosymbiotic foraminifera lived in warm, oligotrophic, shallow waters within the photic zone. Such Paleogene families as the nummulitids, alveolinids, and orthophragminids rose to prominence in the late Paleocene, thrived in the early and middle Eocene, and declined in the late Eocene and Oligocene. Diversity data from these three families were studied to understand better the controls on the rise of Paleogene LBFs. Analyzed data included total diversity (total number of species per biozone), number of first occurrences per biozone, and number of last occurrences per biozone. Results indicate that there were four intervals of increased total diversity, increased first occurrence, and increased last occurrence for all three families studied. These four intervals follow closely after important climatic events within the Paleogene: the mid-Paleocene biotic event (MPBE), the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM, a hyperthermal event), the early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) and the middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO). The shallow marine biotic community, on a global scale, reacted to such climatic warming events as the MPBE, PETM, EECO, and MECO, based on these diversity trends. Our data also show a pattern of an increase in the number of last occurrences followed by an increase in the number of first occurrences, which suggests that the overall increase in species diversity is due to faunal turnover, as has been interpreted for the large benthic foraminiferal turnover that occurred at the PETM.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/palo.2010.p10-109r","usgsCitation":"Whidden, K.J., and Jones, R.J., 2012, Correlation of early Paleogene global diversity patterns of large benthic foraminifera with Paleocene-Eocene hyperthermal events: Palaios, v. 27, no. 4, p. 235-251, https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2010.p10-109r.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"251","ipdsId":"IP-022808","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":355480,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/palaios/article/27/4/235/146258/correlation-of-early-paleogene-global-diversity"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b46f6ebe4b060350a15d3bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whidden, Katherine J. 0000-0002-7841-2553 kwhidden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7841-2553","contributorId":3960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whidden","given":"Katherine","email":"kwhidden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":739484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Robert J.","contributorId":206118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37250,"text":"Natural History Museum, London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":739485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70173885,"text":"70173885 - 2012 - Collecting a sample of loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings before a natural emergence does not reduce nest productivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T15:28:22","indexId":"70173885","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1497,"text":"Endangered Species Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Collecting a sample of loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings before a natural emergence does not reduce nest productivity","docAbstract":"In numerous studies involving hatchling sea turtles, researchers have collected small numbers of hatchlings from nests a few hours before the turtles would otherwise have emerged naturally. This procedure makes it possible to do experiments in which the behavioral or physiological responses of numerous hatchlings must be tested in a limited period of time, and also allows hatchlings to be released back into the sea in time to migrate offshore before dawn. In principle, however, the procedure might inadvertently reduce nest productivity (the number of hatchlings that successfully leave the nest), if digging into a nest prior to emergence somehow reduces the ability of the remaining turtles to emerge. We compared nest productivity in 67 experimental loggerhead nests, from which we removed 10 hatchlings before a natural emergence, to 95 control nests left undisturbed before a natural emergence. The 2 groups showed no statistical differences in productivity. We conclude that taking a few hatchlings from a loggerhead nest shortly before a natural emergence has no negative impact on hatchling production if sampling is done with care at locations where there are few nest predators, and at sites where an emergence can be predicted because nest deposition dates are known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/esr00409","usgsCitation":"Salmon, M., Carthy, R.R., Lohmann, C.M., Lohmann, K.J., and Wyneken, J., 2012, Collecting a sample of loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings before a natural emergence does not reduce nest productivity: Endangered Species Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 295-299, https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00409.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"299","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034556","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00409","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.06423950195311,\n 26.434917225242593\n ],\n [\n -80.09445190429688,\n 26.240461037483637\n ],\n [\n -80.10543823242188,\n 26.168996529230178\n ],\n [\n -80.08895874023438,\n 26.172694044887898\n ],\n [\n -80.05462646484375,\n 26.432457797872374\n ],\n [\n -80.06423950195311,\n 26.434917225242593\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576a6533e4b07657d1a11d32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salmon, Michael","contributorId":172282,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salmon","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carthy, Raymond R. 0000-0001-8978-5083 rayc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-5083","contributorId":3685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carthy","given":"Raymond","email":"rayc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":638889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lohmann, Catherine M. F.","contributorId":172283,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lohmann","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lohmann, Kenneth J.","contributorId":172284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lohmann","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wyneken, Jeanette","contributorId":172285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wyneken","given":"Jeanette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70173872,"text":"70173872 - 2012 - A generalized model for estimating the energy density of invertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-15T14:47:04","indexId":"70173872","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A generalized model for estimating the energy density of invertebrates","docAbstract":"Invertebrate energy density (ED) values are traditionally measured using bomb calorimetry. However, many researchers rely on a few published literature sources to obtain ED values because of time and sampling constraints on measuring ED with bomb calorimetry. Literature values often do not account for spatial or temporal variability associated with invertebrate ED. Thus, these values can be unreliable for use in models and other ecological applications. We evaluated the generality of the relationship between invertebrate ED and proportion of dry-to-wet mass (pDM). We then developed and tested a regression model to predict ED from pDM based on a taxonomically, spatially, and temporally diverse sample of invertebrates representing 28 orders in aquatic (freshwater, estuarine, and marine) and terrestrial (temperate and arid) habitats from 4 continents and 2 oceans. Samples included invertebrates collected in all seasons over the last 19 y. Evaluation of these data revealed a significant relationship between ED and pDM (r2 = 0.96, p < 0.0001), where ED (as J/g wet mass) was estimated from pDM as ED = 22,960pDM − 174.2. Model evaluation showed that nearly all (98.8%) of the variability between observed and predicted values for invertebrate ED could be attributed to residual error in the model. Regression of observed on predicted values revealed that the 97.5% joint confidence region included the intercept of 0 (−103.0 ± 707.9) and slope of 1 (1.01 ± 0.12). Use of this model requires that only dry and wet mass measurements be obtained, resulting in significant time, sample size, and cost savings compared to traditional bomb calorimetry approaches. This model should prove useful for a wide range of ecological studies because it is unaffected by taxonomic, seasonal, or spatial variability.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1899/11-057.1","usgsCitation":"James, D.A., Csargo, I.J., Von Eschen, A., Thul, M.D., Baker, J.M., Hayer, C., Howell, J., Krause, J., Letvin, A., and Chipps, S.R., 2012, A generalized model for estimating the energy density of invertebrates: Freshwater Science, v. 31, no. 1, p. 69-77, https://doi.org/10.1899/11-057.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032442","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57627c2be4b07657d19a69b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Daniel A.","contributorId":41737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Csargo, Isak J.","contributorId":171858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Csargo","given":"Isak","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":26958,"text":"South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":639116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Von Eschen, Aaron","contributorId":171921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Von Eschen","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thul, Megan D.","contributorId":171922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thul","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, James M.","contributorId":171923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hayer, Cari-Ann chayer@usgs.gov","contributorId":150040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayer","given":"Cari-Ann","email":"chayer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":639120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Howell, Jessica","contributorId":171924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howell","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Krause, Jacob","contributorId":171925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krause","given":"Jacob","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Letvin, Alex","contributorId":171926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Letvin","given":"Alex","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Chipps, Steven R. 0000-0001-6511-7582 steve_chipps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":2243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"Steven","email":"steve_chipps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":638876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70136359,"text":"70136359 - 2012 - Can arsenic occurrence rate in bedrock aquifers be predicted?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-30T14:15:38","indexId":"70136359","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can arsenic occurrence rate in bedrock aquifers be predicted?","docAbstract":"A high percentage (31%) of groundwater samples from bedrock aquifers in the greater Augusta area, Maine was found to contain greater than 10 μg L–1 of arsenic. Elevated arsenic concentrations are associated with bedrock geology, and more frequently observed in samples with high pH, low dissolved oxygen, and low nitrate. These associations were quantitatively compared by statistical analysis. Stepwise logistic regression models using bedrock geology and/or water chemistry parameters are developed and tested with external data sets to explore the feasibility of predicting groundwater arsenic occurrence rates (the percentages of arsenic concentrations higher than 10 μg L–1) in bedrock aquifers. Despite the under-prediction of high arsenic occurrence rates, models including groundwater geochemistry parameters predict arsenic occurrence rates better than those with bedrock geology only. Such simple models with very few parameters can be applied to obtain a preliminary arsenic risk assessment in bedrock aquifers at local to intermediate scales at other localities with similar geology.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es203793x","usgsCitation":"Yang, Q., Jung, H.B., Marvinney, R.G., Culbertson, C.W., and Zheng, Y., 2012, Can arsenic occurrence rate in bedrock aquifers be predicted?: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 46, no. 4, p. 2080-2087, https://doi.org/10.1021/es203793x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2080","endPage":"2087","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034607","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8rn3jhw","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b4ae4b08de9379b32fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Qiang","contributorId":131129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Qiang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7255,"text":"City University of New York, Queens College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jung, Hun Bok","contributorId":131128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jung","given":"Hun","email":"","middleInitial":"Bok","affiliations":[{"id":7255,"text":"City University of New York, Queens College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marvinney, Robert G.","contributorId":131130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marvinney","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":7257,"text":"Maine Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zheng, Yan","contributorId":99046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zheng","given":"Yan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7255,"text":"City University of New York, Queens College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035210,"text":"70035210 - 2012 - Surface heat flow and CO2 emissions within the Ohaaki hydrothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T17:42:31.928065","indexId":"70035210","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Surface heat flow and CO2 emissions within the Ohaaki hydrothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","title":"Surface heat flow and CO2 emissions within the Ohaaki hydrothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","docAbstract":"Carbon dioxide emissions and heat flow have been determined from the Ohaaki hydrothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand following 20 a of production (116 MWe). Soil CO2 degassing was quantified with 2663 CO2 flux measurements using the accumulation chamber method, and 2563 soil temperatures were measured and converted to equivalent heat flow (W m−2) using published soil temperature heat flow functions. Both CO2 flux and heat flow were analysed statistically and then modelled using 500 sequential Gaussian simulations. Forty subsoil CO2 gas samples were also analysed for stable C isotopes. Following 20 a of production, current CO2 emissions equated to 111 ± 6.7 T/d. Observed heat flow was 70 ± 6.4 MW, compared with a pre-production value of 122 MW. This 52 MW reduction in surface heat flow is due to production-induced drying up of all alkali–Cl outflows (61.5 MW) and steam-heated pools (8.6 MW) within the Ohaaki West thermal area (OHW). The drying up of all alkali–Cl outflows at Ohaaki means that the soil zone is now the major natural pathway of heat release from the high-temperature reservoir. On the other hand, a net gain in thermal ground heat flow of 18 MW (from 25 MW to 43.3 ± 5 MW) at OHW is associated with permeability increases resulting from surface unit fracturing by production-induced ground subsidence. The Ohaaki East (OHE) thermal area showed no change in distribution of shallow and deep soil temperature contours despite 20 a of production, with an observed heat flow of 26.7 ± 3 MW and a CO2 emission rate of 39 ± 3 T/d. The negligible change in the thermal status of the OHE thermal area is attributed to the low permeability of the reservoir beneath this area, which has limited production (mass extraction) and sheltered the area from the pressure decline within the main reservoir. Chemistry suggests that although alkali–Cl outflows once contributed significantly to the natural surface heat flow (∼50%) they contributed little (<1%) to pre-production CO2 emissions due to the loss of >99% of the original CO2 content due to depressurisation and boiling as the fluids ascended to the surface. Consequently, the soil has persisted as the major (99%) pathway of CO2 release to the atmosphere from the high temperature reservoir at Ohaaki. The CO2 flux and heat flow surveys indicate that despite 20 a of production the variability in location, spatial extent and magnitude of CO2 flux remains consistent with established geochemical and geophysical models of the Ohaaki Field. At both OHW and OHE carbon isotopic analyses of soil gas indicate a two-stage fractionation process for moderate-flux (>60 g m−2 d−1) sites; boiling during fluid ascent within the underlying reservoir and isotopic enrichment as CO2 diffuses through porous media of the soil zone. For high-flux sites (>300 g m−2 d−1), the δ13CO2 signature (−7.4 ± 0.3‰ OHW and −6.5 ± 0.6‰ OHE) is unaffected by near-surface (soil zone) fractionation processes and reflects the composition of the boiled magmatic CO2 source for each respective upflow. Flux thresholds of <30 g m−2 d−1 for purely diffusive gas transport, between 30 and 300 g m−2 d−1 for combined diffusive–advective transport, and ⩾300 g m−2 d−1 for purely advective gas transport at Ohaaki were assigned. δ13CO2 values and cumulative probability plots of CO2 flux data both identified a threshold of ∼15 g m−2 d−1 by which background (atmospheric and soil respired) CO2 may be differentiated from hydrothermal CO2.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.10.006","usgsCitation":"Rissmann, C., Christenson, B., Werner, C.A., Leybourne, M., Cole, J., and Gravley, D., 2012, Surface heat flow and CO2 emissions within the Ohaaki hydrothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Applied Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 1, p. 223-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.10.006.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"239","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","otherGeospatial":"Taupo Volcanic Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 175.6988525390625,\n -39.06184913429153\n ],\n [\n 177.00073242187497,\n -39.06184913429153\n ],\n [\n 177.00073242187497,\n -37.553287645957646\n ],\n [\n 175.6988525390625,\n -37.553287645957646\n ],\n [\n 175.6988525390625,\n -39.06184913429153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fb2e4b08c986b31e7ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rissmann, C.","contributorId":42495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rissmann","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, B.","contributorId":68609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werner, Cynthia A. cwerner@usgs.gov","contributorId":2540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cwerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leybourne, M.","contributorId":6337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leybourne","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cole, J.","contributorId":90097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gravley, D.","contributorId":98602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gravley","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169878,"text":"70169878 - 2012 - Time lapse photography as an approach to understanding glide avalanche activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T10:44:45","indexId":"70169878","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Time lapse photography as an approach to understanding glide avalanche activity","docAbstract":"Avalanches resulting from glide cracks are notoriously difficult to forecast, but are a recurring problem for numerous avalanche forecasting programs. In some cases glide cracks are observed to open and then melt away in situ. In other cases, they open and then fail catastrophically as large, full-depth avalanches. Our understanding and management of these phenomena are currently limited. It is thought that an increase in the rate of snow gliding occurs prior to full-depth avalanche activity so frequent observation of glide crack movement can provide an index of instability. During spring 2011 in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, we began an approach to track glide crack avalanche activity using a time-lapse camera focused on a southwest facing glide crack. This crack melted in-situ without failing as a glide avalanche, while other nearby glide cracks on north through southeast aspects failed. In spring 2012, a camera was aimed at a large and productive glide crack adjacent to the Going to the Sun Road. We captured three unique glide events in the field of view. Unfortunately, all of them either failed very quickly, or during periods of obscured view, so measurements of glide rate could not be obtained. However, we compared the hourly meteorological variables during the period of glide activity to the same variables prior to glide activity. The variables air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, incoming and reflected long wave radiation, SWE, total precipitation, and snow depth were found to be statistically different for our cases examined. We propose that these are some of the potential precursors for glide avalanche activity, but do urge caution in their use, due to the simple approach and small data set size. It is hoped that by introducing a workable method to easily record glide crack movement, combined with ongoing analysis of the associated meteorological data, we will improve our understanding of when, or if, glide avalanche activity will ensue.
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","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Eisenberg, D., Barashkov, N., May, T.W., and Eisenberg, Z., 2012, Stability of selenium sources reviewed: Feedstuffs, v. 84, no. 25, p. 16-17.","startPage":"16","endPage":"17","ipdsId":"IP-036842","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277dde4b014cc3a3e76e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisenberg, D.","contributorId":187739,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenberg","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":517724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barashkov, N.","contributorId":118627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barashkov","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":517723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, T. W.","contributorId":120590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eisenberg, Z.","contributorId":187749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenberg","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":517725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70158612,"text":"70158612 - 2012 - Anguillidae: Freshwater eels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T15:54:25.842805","indexId":"70158612","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Anguillidae: Freshwater eels","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/s11270-011-0974-7","usgsCitation":"Saiki, M.K., Martin, B.A., May, T.W., and Brumbaugh, W.G., 2012, Assessment of two nonnative poeciliid fishes for monitoring selenium exposure in the endangered desert pupfish: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 223, no. 4, p. 1671-1683, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0974-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1671","endPage":"1683","ipdsId":"IP-025710","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"223","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6ae9de4b0f2f0cebe4101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saiki, Michael K.","contributorId":54671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Barbara A. 0000-0002-9415-6377 barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-6377","contributorId":2855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Barbara","email":"barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159028,"text":"70159028 - 2012 - Outlier reefs are found off the Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T16:15:25.747259","indexId":"70159028","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Outlier reefs are found off the Florida Keys","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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The Macondo 252 (Deepwater Horizon) well blowout of 2010 was even larger than the Ixtoc event in the Gulf of Campeche in 1979. History suggests it will not be the last accidental release, as deepwater drilling expands to meet an ever-growing demand. For those who must respond to this kind of disaster, the first line of action should be to know what is going on. This includes knowing where an oil plume is at any given time, where and how fast it is moving, and how it is evolving or degrading. We have experimented in the laboratory with induced polarization as a method to track hydrocarbons in the seawater column and find that finely dispersed oil in seawater gives rise to a large distributed capacitance. From previous sea trials, we infer this could potentially be used to both map and characterize oil plumes, down to a ratio of less than 0.001 oil-to-seawater, drifting and evolving in the deep ocean. A side benefit demonstrated in some earlier sea trials is that this same approach in modified form can also map certain heavy placer minerals, as well as communication cables, pipelines, and wrecks buried beneath the seafloor.
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