The Enloe Dam was built in 1920 for hydropower generation and impounds a steep-banked, narrow reach of the Similkameen River in north-central Washington. During the subsequent century, sediment from the Similkameen River watershed, which includes historical mining operations, accumulated within Enloe Dam’s impoundment. Enloe Dam ceased hydropower production in 1958 and is currently under consideration for removal, but there are concerns that the remobilization of sediments may have harmful impacts on downstream water quality. To complement previously published analyses of heavy metal concentrations within sediments and assess the total volume that may be transported following dam removal, this report presents estimates of the volume of sediment trapped behind Enloe Dam which was measured in 2020. The volume of sediment was estimated by comparing a bathymetric survey, collected using an acoustic Doppler continuous profiler, and a survey of the bedrock-sediment interface, collected using a continuous resistivity profiler.
The study area spanned a 2.6-kilometer reach of the Similkameen River upstream from Enloe Dam. The volume of impounded sediment was calculated in 2020 by subtracting the elevation of the bedrock-sediment interface measured using the continuous resistivity profiler from a bathymetric surface measured by the acoustic Doppler current profiler. In 2020, the estimated volume of sediment impounded by Enloe Dam was 2.17±0.04 million cubic meters (Mm3) compared to 1.37 Mm3 measured in 1971. This equates to a deposition rate of approximately 16,300 cubic meters per year from 1971 to 2020. Continuous resistivity profiles revealed that bedrock within Enloe Dam’s impoundment was deepest (about 20 m) in the southern, downstream end of the profiles and shallowest (less than 5 m) in the northern upstream end of the profiles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation","usgsCitation":"Headman, A.O., Wilkerson, O.A., Curran, C.A., and Gendaszek, A.S., 2026, Estimation of impounded sediment volume in the Similkameen River upstream of Enloe Dam, Okanogan County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5126, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265126.","productDescription":"Report: v, 24 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-144072","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501399,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119320.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":501344,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93NUBE8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) in the Similkameen River above Enloe Dam, Okanogan County, Washington"},{"id":501338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5126/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":501339,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5126/sir20265126.pdf","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5126 PDF"},{"id":501343,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VI2ZIX","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Sediment volume and bedrock of the Similkameen River above Enloe Dam near Oroville, Washington"},{"id":501340,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265126/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2026-5126 HTML"},{"id":501341,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5126/sir20265126.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2026-5126 XML"},{"id":501342,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5126/images/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Okanogan County","otherGeospatial":"lower Similkameen River upstream from Enloe Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.52897239705791,\n 48.98921327416954\n ],\n [\n -119.52897239705791,\n 48.95605821757019\n ],\n [\n -119.49191341839283,\n 48.95605821757019\n ],\n [\n -119.49191341839283,\n 48.98921327416954\n ],\n [\n -119.52897239705791,\n 48.98921327416954\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
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934 Broadway, Suite 300
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Pervasive chemical weathering on stable cratons may form thick regoliths and elemental enrichment, but constraining the age of regolith formation is challenging. In this study we utilize multiple geochronological techniques on different minerals from the world-class Mount Weld rare earth element (REE) deposit, formed by lateritic weathering of a carbonatite, to constrain the age of formation and provide insight into landscape evolution. The oldest dates, ca. 100 to 38 Ma, are from Lu-Hf dating of churchite [HREE(PO4)·2(H2O)], a heavy REE phosphate mineral. Growth bands on individual minerals show a younging outwards. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of cryptomelane [K(Mn4+,Mn2+)₈O₁₆] yielded dates from ca. 40 to 27 Ma. Similarly, (U-Th)/He geochronology of goethite [FeO(OH)] yielded dates ranging from ca. 45 to 19 Ma.
Integrating results into regional constraints, suggests 1) churchite formed by mineral saturation in a karst-like setting below the water table from ca. 100 to 40 Ma, 2) with minor uplift and erosion, cryptomelane and goethite formed at or near the water table between ca. 45 and 19 Ma, 3) after ca. 15 to 10 Ma chemical weathering within the profile had ended. Other studies document that the region experienced minimal uplift and a wet, warm climate from ca. 100 Ma to 15 Ma. These conditions and the high carbonate content of the carbonatite promote extensive chemical weathering, a deep weathering profile, and the preservation of the weathered section. This study highlights the use of multiple geochronological techniques utilizing different minerals to provide insight into how laterites form and to constrain the timing and history of the formation of this important mineral deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2026.123326","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P.L., Mercer, C.M., Thompson, J.M., Danišík, M., Lowers, H.A., Morgan, L.E., and Bhat, G., 2026, Utilization of multiple geochronology techniques to constrain the age of laterization and mineralization of the world-class Mount Weld rare earth element deposit, Western Australia: Chemical Geology, v. 709, 123326, 19 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2026.123326.","productDescription":"123326, 19 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-178073","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502215,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P138SMEV","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":501478,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":501685,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2026.123326","text":"Publisher Index Page"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Western Australia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 113.32192697285603,\n -18.55510584054609\n ],\n [\n 113.32192697285603,\n -35.16051771148953\n ],\n [\n 127.2170611077915,\n -35.16051771148953\n ],\n [\n 127.2170611077915,\n -18.55510584054609\n ],\n [\n 113.32192697285603,\n -18.55510584054609\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"709","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":212813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mercer, Cameron Mark 0000-0003-0534-848X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-848X","contributorId":301880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"Cameron","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Jay M. 0000-0003-3322-0870","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3322-0870","contributorId":329664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Jay","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danišík, Martin 0000-0003-3909-6102","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-6102","contributorId":361709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danišík","given":"Martin","affiliations":[{"id":86336,"text":"Curtin University, Perth, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowers, Heather A. 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":191307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, Leah E. 0000-0001-9930-524X lemorgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-524X","contributorId":176174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Leah","email":"lemorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bhat, Ganesh","contributorId":329666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bhat","given":"Ganesh","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78683,"text":"Lynas Rare Earths Ltd","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70275038,"text":"70275038 - 2026 - Local water use and climate variability drive water stress and alter ecological flows over the conterminous United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70262124,"text":"70262124 - 2025 - Local water use and climate drive water stress over the conterminous United States with substantial impacts to fish species of conservation concern","indexId":"70262124","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"title":"Local water use and climate drive water stress over the conterminous United States with substantial impacts to fish species of conservation concern"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70275038,"text":"70275038 - 2026 - Local water use and climate variability drive water stress and alter ecological flows over the conterminous United States","indexId":"70275038","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"title":"Local water use and climate variability drive water stress and alter ecological flows over the conterminous United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-13T15:05:16.761878","indexId":"70275038","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-20T10:01:07","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":23283,"text":"Environmental Research: Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local water use and climate variability drive water stress and alter ecological flows over the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Consistent, large-scale estimates of water availability are needed to identify and avoid potential conflicts among human and ecosystem uses of water. We present an assessment of water limitation, defined as the monthly balance (difference) between water supply (ws) and human consumptive water use (wc), for the conterminous United States (CONUS) during water years 2010–2020. We estimate that 26.7 million Americans, 8% of CONUS population, live in areas with chronic high or severe water limitation. Although ws greatly exceeds wc at the CONUS scale, water is limited locally or regionally due to spatial and temporal patterns in climate and wc. Our water limitation metric, the monthly supply and use index (SUI), peaked in 2012 during a widespread drought when 38% of the CONUS land area experienced elevated water stress. The central and Southwestern U.S. experienced the highest SUI due to the combination of low ws and high wc, especially for irrigation. Spatial overlays of SUI and fish habitat ranges, including those of conservation concern, revealed that several species had notable proportions of their habitat exposed to high or severe water limitation during spawning season over the modeled time period, especially the Arkansas River shiner. ws was calculated from two CONUS, physically-based, hydrologic models while wc was calculated from three CONUS models of water use for crop irrigation, thermoelectric power generation, and public supply. The ws and wc values were routed through a stream network and compared to calculate water limitation and SUI for human populations and fish species at the scale of 12-digit hydrologic unit codes. Evaluation of water availability at higher spatial and temporal resolution promotes more comprehensive analyses of the drivers of water availability and can be combined with complementary studies of water quality and water limiting thresholds to better understand the limitations on water availability.
","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Science","doi":"10.1088/3033-4942/ae4d7e","usgsCitation":"Stets, E.G., Cashman, M.J., Miller, O.L., Powlen, K., Martinez, A., Padilla, J., and Archer, A.A., 2026, Local water use and climate variability drive water stress and alter ecological flows over the conterminous United States: Environmental Research: Water, v. 2, 025001, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/3033-4942/ae4d7e.","productDescription":"025001, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-183005","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/3033-4942/ae4d7e","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":502745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n 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PROSPER nonperennial stream classifications may be considered generally reliable in arid regions relative to other ecoregions within the Pacific Northwest study area but less reliable for high elevation mountain regions and larger streams and rivers. More than 75% of NHDPlusHR classifications may be considered reliable when evaluating reliability based on approximate climate conditions associated with the year that the NHDPlus HR classification was assigned. The decision procedure is reproducible, flexible to varying criteria of end user applications, and is intended to help provide cost saving opportunities for land managers by providing information for more strategic field verification of streamflow class determination based on available yet imperfect data sources.
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Typically, climate change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) evaluate three components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity, defined as the ability of a species to adjust to changing conditions, provides critical insight into how species may persist under future scenarios and can strengthen conservation planning by highlighting opportunities for resilience and targeted management strategies. Trait-based approaches offer a promising path for managers to operationalize adaptive capacity by identifying measurable biological and ecological traits that influence climate change response strategies. However, these insights are rarely integrated into broader vulnerability frameworks that support conservation decision making. We build on previous research to synthesize current understanding of adaptive capacity for three freshwater taxa in North America: fishes, mussels, and crayfishes. Our objectives were to: (1) assess the relevance of adaptive capacity factors for fishes, mussels, and crayfishes; (2) identify key opportunities and gaps in linking trait-based information into adaptive capacity assessments; and (3) illustrate how incorporating adaptive capacity can enhance management decisions for freshwater species under climate change. We used an expert workshop, literature review, and case studies to identify relevant adaptive capacity factors, assess available information, and evaluate inclusion in management contexts. We found that all three taxa had sufficient information to inform adaptive capacity assessments. In addition to existing adaptive capacity factors, we identified Morphology as an important yet underutilized cross-cutting diagnostic category when information was limited. By explicitly linking trait-based approaches with adaptive capacity frameworks, we offer practical guidance for improving climate adaptation strategies and prioritizing management actions for freshwater biodiversity under accelerating global change.
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Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Suski, Cory 0000-0001-8280-873X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-873X","contributorId":364207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suski","given":"Cory","affiliations":[{"id":16984,"text":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Thurman, Lindsey 0000-0003-3142-4909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-4909","contributorId":269425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"Lindsey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Walters, Annika W. 0000-0002-8638-6682 awalters@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8638-6682","contributorId":4190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Annika","email":"awalters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Westhoff, Jacob Thomas 0000-0002-2347-5098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-5098","contributorId":288958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westhoff","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22}]}} ,{"id":70276811,"text":"70276811 - 2026 - Deaf, deafblind, and hard of hearing university student experiences with earthquake early warning in the United States: Evaluating language planning and technology access","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-23T14:27:38.272396","indexId":"70276811","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-20T09:18:50","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2036,"text":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deaf, deafblind, and hard of hearing university student experiences with earthquake early warning in the United States: Evaluating language planning and technology access","docAbstract":"The growing literature on deaf and hard of hearing (DHH+) populations and disasters demonstrates that emergency communication (including alerts) is not reaching global DHH + individuals with dangerous impacts for morbidity and mortality. This is the first research study in the U.S. to qualitatively explore the experiences of DHH + persons with earthquake early warning (EEW) through group-based dialogue sessions. The study investigates eight DHH + university students'past earthquake experiences, access to EEW alerts, and perceptions of ShakeAlertⓇ, an EEW system for detecting earthquakes and alerting residents of California, Oregon, and Washington. Findings highlight key gaps in disaster alert usability within four thematic areas: lack of messaging in participants' language(s), unclear alert messaging, deficient message delivery mechanisms for deafblind persons, and insufficient access to earthquake information and training that leads to dependence on informal information networks. Weaknesses identified in these four themes reduce DHH + trust in EEW systems and compromise the capacity of alert recipients to take swift protective action or to mentally prepare before shaking starts. The study also underscores structural factors such as insufficient linguistic representation in disaster language planning and technology design, which ignores the linguistic and sensory access needs of DHH + individuals. Building on disaster language planning frameworks, we recommend involving DHH + populations to co-develop EEW alerts. By centering DHH + perspectives, this research contributes to ongoing efforts to ensure that EEW systems reach everyone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106095","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A., Takayama, K., Cooke, M., Drakes, O.O., Sumy, D.F., and McBride, S., 2026, Deaf, deafblind, and hard of hearing university student experiences with earthquake early warning in the United States: Evaluating language planning and technology access: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, v. 137, 106095, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106095.","productDescription":"106095, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-183665","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":506058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106095","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":505766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles, San Francisco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.68567608928053,\n 38.25429357222083\n ],\n [\n -121.5960301522532,\n 38.25429357222083\n ],\n [\n -121.5960301522532,\n 37.102410065706366\n ],\n [\n -122.68567608928053,\n 37.102410065706366\n ],\n [\n -122.68567608928053,\n 38.25429357222083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.64943213064828,\n 34.47880917553107\n ],\n [\n -117.13812576954172,\n 34.47880917553107\n ],\n [\n -117.13812576954172,\n 33.59778279874338\n ],\n [\n -118.64943213064828,\n 33.59778279874338\n ],\n [\n -118.64943213064828,\n 34.47880917553107\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"137","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Audrey","contributorId":372704,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"Audrey","affiliations":[{"id":88407,"text":"Gallaudet University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":963433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takayama, Kota","contributorId":372705,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takayama","given":"Kota","affiliations":[{"id":88407,"text":"Gallaudet University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":963434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooke, Michele","contributorId":358819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"Michele","affiliations":[{"id":36396,"text":"University of Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":963435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drakes, Oronde Oliver 0000-0002-1047-1389","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1047-1389","contributorId":328832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drakes","given":"Oronde","email":"","middleInitial":"Oliver","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":963436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sumy, Danielle F.","contributorId":372703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sumy","given":"Danielle","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":88404,"text":"Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology - IRIS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":963437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McBride, Sara K. 0000-0002-8062-6542","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8062-6542","contributorId":224626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McBride","given":"Sara K.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":963438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70274247,"text":"dr1219 - 2026 - Distribution and Abundance of Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) at the Sepulveda Dam Basin, Los Angeles County, California—2025 Data Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T16:56:45.130236","indexId":"dr1219","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-20T07:27:00","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9318,"text":"Data Report","code":"DR","onlineIssn":"2771-9448","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1219","displayTitle":"Distribution and Abundance of Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) at the Sepulveda Dam Basin, Los Angeles County, California—2025 Data Summary","title":"Distribution and Abundance of Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) at the Sepulveda Dam Basin, Los Angeles County, California—2025 Data Summary","docAbstract":"We surveyed for Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus; vireo) and Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus; flycatcher) along Bull Creek, Haskell Creek, and the Los Angeles River (Sepulveda Dam project area) in Los Angeles County, California, in 2025. Four vireo surveys were completed between April 16 and July 2, 2025, and three flycatcher surveys were completed between May 21 and July 2, 2025. We found 11 territorial male vireos, 4 of which were confirmed as paired, and 3 transient vireos. Of the 11 territorial vireos, 6 were detected along the Los Angeles River, 3 along Haskell Creek, and 2 along Bull Creek. Forty-three percent of vireos were detected in habitat characterized as mixed willow riparian, and most vireos were detected in habitat with greater than 50-percent native plant cover. No flycatchers were observed in the Sepulveda Dam project area in 2025.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/dr1219","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program","usgsCitation":"Allen, L., and Kus, B.E., 2026, Distribution and abundance of Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) and Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) at the Sepulveda Dam Basin, Los Angeles County, California—2025 data summary: U.S. Geological Survey Data Report 1219, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/dr1219.","productDescription":"vi, 7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-183448","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1219/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":501300,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1219/dr1219.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DR 1219 PDF"},{"id":501301,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/dr1219/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"DR 1219 HTML"},{"id":501302,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1219/dr1219.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"DR 1219 XML"},{"id":501303,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1219/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles County","otherGeospatial":"Sepulveda Dam Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.51999625652957,\n 34.18688849159706\n ],\n [\n -118.51999625652957,\n 34.16368403373161\n ],\n [\n -118.46625895917532,\n 34.16368403373161\n ],\n [\n -118.46625895917532,\n 34.18688849159706\n ],\n [\n -118.51999625652957,\n 34.18688849159706\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
We surveyed for Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus; flycatcher) at five survey areas within the City of Carlsbad Preserve, Carlsbad, California, in 2025. Three flycatcher surveys were completed between May 16 and June 30, 2025. One transient flycatcher was observed at the Lake Calavera survey area in the City of Carlsbad Preserve in 2025.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/dr1223","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program","usgsCitation":"Allen, L.D., and Kus, B.E., 2026, Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) surveys at the city of Carlsbad Preserve, San Diego County, California—2025 data summary: U.S. Geological Survey Data Report 1223,\n12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/dr1223.","productDescription":"vi, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-182732","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501298,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1223/images"},{"id":501297,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1223/dr1223.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"DR 1223 XML"},{"id":501296,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/dr1223/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"DR 1223 HTML"},{"id":501295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1223/dr1223.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DR 1223 PDF"},{"id":501294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1223/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","otherGeospatial":"City of Carlsbad Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.377308461014,\n 33.193661270823796\n ],\n [\n -117.377308461014,\n 33.10266370263524\n ],\n [\n -117.25583692207024,\n 33.10266370263524\n ],\n [\n -117.25583692207024,\n 33.193661270823796\n ],\n [\n -117.377308461014,\n 33.193661270823796\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
We surveyed for Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus; vireo), Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus; flycatcher), and Coastal California Gnatcatchers (Polioptila californica californica; gnatcatcher) at the Carbon Canyon Dam study area near Brea, California, in 2025. Four gnatcatcher and vireo surveys were completed between April 22 and June 25, 2025, and three flycatcher surveys were completed between May 15 and June 25, 2025.
We detected 14 territorial male vireos, 12 of which were paired. We also detected a transient vireo. Juvenile vireos were observed in two territories during surveys. Of the five vireo nests incidentally located during surveys, three were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Vireos were reported in four habitat types: (1) mixed willow riparian, (2) riparian scrub, (3) upland, and (4) non-native vegetation. The dominant tree species in vireo territories was Goodding’s black willow (Salix gooddingii). Most vireo territories (12) were in habitat with greater than 50-percent native vegetation. The most common exotic species in vireo territories was poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). No flycatchers or gnatcatchers were observed during surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/dr1221","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program","usgsCitation":"Howell, S.L., and Kus, B.E., 2026, Distribution and abundance of Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus), Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus), and Coastal California Gnatcatchers (Polioptila californica californica) at the Carbon Canyon Dam, Orange County, California—2025 data summary: U.S. Geological Survey Data Report 1221, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/dr1221.","productDescription":"vi, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-183132","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1221/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":501288,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1221/dr1221.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DR 1221 PDF"},{"id":501289,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/dr1221/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"DR 1221 HTML"},{"id":501290,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1221/dr1221.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"DR 1221 XML"},{"id":501291,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1221/images"}],"country":"Unted States","state":"California","county":"Orange County","otherGeospatial":"Carbon Canyon Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.84688454153519,\n 33.92960059426852\n ],\n [\n -117.84688454153519,\n 33.904524714665456\n ],\n [\n -117.81718931471414,\n 33.904524714665456\n ],\n [\n -117.81718931471414,\n 33.92960059426852\n ],\n [\n -117.84688454153519,\n 33.92960059426852\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and global warming. The current global methane budget has large uncertainties, and a better understanding of the budget would help to guide strategies for reducing anthropogenic emissions to fight climate change. Natural geologic methane emissions are a particularly poorly constrained source, with top-down estimates from 14C in ice cores suggesting much lower geologic emissions than bottom-up scaling of direct flux measurements. Our study aims to contribute to resolving this discrepancy through improved bottom-up characterization of geologic methane seepage in the San Juan Basin in southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico, USA. We performed 983 new flux chamber measurements in this basin during summer 2022 and winter 2023 field campaigns. Our results, in combination with prior measurements, suggest that natural seepage in the San Juan Basin only occurs on or near the Fruitland coal outcrop. Specifically, our new measurements confirm previous measurements of seepage along the northwestern exposure of the Fruitland outcrop in Colorado (a known hydrodynamic overpressure region) and for the first time, identified seepage locations along the southernmost Fruitland outcrop exposure in New Mexico, in association with a coal cleat and a fault. Overall, seepage along the Fruitland coal outcrop is heterogeneously distributed, with both positive and negative (interpreted as microbial soil sink) methane fluxes. Features that are hypothesized to be predictive of seepage (e.g., faults) were not associated with positive methane fluxes in areas outside of the Fruitland outcrop. Our best estimate for total geologic methane seepage in the San Juan Basin from spatial interpolation and statistical upscaling is approximately 0.14 Tg CH4/yr, with a range from 0.029 to 0.48 Tg CH4/yr. This best-estimate value is lower than a previous bottom-up estimate from a gridded seepage inventory, but higher than a previous top-down estimate.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","doi":"10.1525/elementa.2025.00061","usgsCitation":"Scholer, M., Hall, K.R., Weber, T.S., Buursink, M., Zhu, M., Ihle, A.C., Hencmann, D., Smith, A.M., Anthony, K.W., and Petrenko, V.V., 2026, Bottom-up characterization of geologic methane emissions in the San Juan Basin in the southwestern USA: Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, v. 14, no. 1, 00061, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2025.00061.","productDescription":"00061, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-172178","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2025.00061","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":502013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5689454607876,\n 37.40107713040729\n ],\n [\n -108.82473788846157,\n 37.40107713040729\n ],\n [\n -108.85098927466855,\n 35.182844028063656\n ],\n [\n -106.5837118655294,\n 35.193551773194685\n ],\n [\n -106.5689454607876,\n 37.40107713040729\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholer, Margaret","contributorId":369198,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scholer","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[{"id":87217,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Kathleen R.","contributorId":365776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Kathleen","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":87217,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weber, Thomas S.","contributorId":369199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weber","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":87217,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buursink, Marc L. 0000-0001-6491-386X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-386X","contributorId":203357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buursink","given":"Marc L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Mingzhe","contributorId":365779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhu","given":"Mingzhe","affiliations":[{"id":87217,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ihle, Alexander C.","contributorId":369200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ihle","given":"Alexander","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":87217,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hencmann, Devin","contributorId":369202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hencmann","given":"Devin","affiliations":[{"id":87736,"text":"Ensolum, LLC, Durango, CO 81301","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Andrew M.","contributorId":369204,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Andrew","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":87737,"text":"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia, NSW 2234","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Anthony, Katey W.","contributorId":369205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Katey","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":87218,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5910","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Petrenko, Vasilii V.","contributorId":365781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrenko","given":"Vasilii","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":87217,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70274581,"text":"70274581 - 2026 - Constraining source and path effects of large magnitude earthquakes using ground motion simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-01T17:30:17.899683","indexId":"70274581","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-19T10:24:20","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraining source and path effects of large magnitude earthquakes using ground motion simulations","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to use ground‐motion simulations to investigate ways in which source and path effects for large‐magnitude earthquakes can be represented in nonergodic ground‐motion models (GMMs). To achieve this, we designed a ground‐motion study in the San Francisco Bay Area that includes earthquakes with a broad range of magnitudes distributed uniformly on a fault plane, and sites covering a large range of rupture distances and azimuths. After running a large suite of kinematic simulations (magnitude 4–7), we then develop a nonergodic GMM with the simulated data. We find that trends in the within‐site residuals are affected significantly by the earthquake radiation pattern, rupture directivity, and slip patterns. Next, we modify an existing rupture directivity model to fit and remove the observed radiation pattern and rupture directivity from the residuals. We also minimize the contributions of slip patterns by averaging the within‐site residuals among multiple source realizations. Finally, after removing the source effects from the within‐site residuals, we compare the path effects computed with different magnitude groups using two approaches. The first approach only considers the small events that have the same shortest path to a site as the large events, whereas the second approach considers all small events on the fault plane. The results indicate that it is difficult to satisfactorily approximate the path effects of large events with those of small events using either approach, at least in the case of simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/0120250161","usgsCitation":"Meng, X., Graves, R., and Goulet, C.A., 2026, Constraining source and path effects of large magnitude earthquakes using ground motion simulations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1785/0120250161.","productDescription":"19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-180707","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501956,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.17098655449547,\n 39.4081868475823\n ],\n [\n -124.17098655449547,\n 36.13153010429927\n ],\n [\n -120.37323428562047,\n 36.13153010429927\n ],\n [\n -120.37323428562047,\n 39.4081868475823\n ],\n [\n -124.17098655449547,\n 39.4081868475823\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meng, Xiaofeng","contributorId":350798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meng","given":"Xiaofeng","affiliations":[{"id":13249,"text":"University of Southern California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, Robert 0000-0001-9758-453X rwgraves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":140738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","email":"rwgraves@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goulet, Christine A 0000-0002-7643-357X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-357X","contributorId":336587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goulet","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":958369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70274203,"text":"ofr20261067 - 2026 - Field performance evaluation of a bayluscide 20-percent suspension concentrate formulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T15:40:49.693596","indexId":"ofr20261067","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-19T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-1067","displayTitle":"Field Performance Evaluation of a Bayluscide 20-Percent Suspension Concentrate Formulation","title":"Field performance evaluation of a bayluscide 20-percent suspension concentrate formulation","docAbstract":"Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey) is a parasitic, invasive fish of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Since the late 1950s, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission has implemented an integrated Sea Lamprey Control Program (SLCP) that relies on two lampricidal chemicals: 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide. Niclosamide is applied using a bayluscide 20-percent emulsifiable concentrate; however, a solvent in this formulation, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, has been linked with worker safety concerns and has contributed to equipment degradation and clogging. To address these limitations, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with Battelle UK, developed a bayluscide 20-percent suspension concentrate (SC) as a potential alternative formulation.
In this study, we evaluated the field performance of SC on the Indian River in Schoolcraft County, Michigan. The objective was to assess the formulation’s compatibility with SLCP application procedures and equipment, and to determine its ability to deliver precise lampricide concentrations in a timely manner. SC was found to dilute easily with stream water and readily combined with TFM. As a result, target lampricide concentrations in the stream were achieved within 1 hour of initiating delivery. Moreover, concentrations remained within 9 percent of target values, with less than 2 percent variation across the width of the stream, demonstrating consistent and uniform distribution. These findings indicate that SC can support accurate and timely lampricide applications. When considered alongside previous research highlighting its favorable selectivity for sea lamprey and improved environmental safety, the results support the pursuit of registration and adoption of SC as a new tool for controlling invasive sea lamprey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20261067","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Sea Lamprey Control Program","usgsCitation":"Carmosini, N., Schueller, J.R., Kirkeeng, C.A., Wood, A.M., Criger, L.A., and Luoma, J.A., 2026, Field performance evaluation of a bayluscide 20-percent suspension concentrate formulation (ver. 1.1, March 19, 2026): U.S. Geological\nSurvey Open-File Report 2026–1067, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20261067.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 9; Data Release","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-177724","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1067/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":500976,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1067/images/"},{"id":500975,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1067/ofr20261067.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"OFR 2026-1067 XML"},{"id":500973,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1067/ofr20261067.pdf","size":"961 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2026-1067 PDF"},{"id":500974,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20261067/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2026-1067 HTML"},{"id":500977,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1ZIEH77","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Evaluation of bayluscide 20% suspension concentrate formulation field performance (Indian River, Schoolcraft County, MI)"},{"id":501267,"rank":7,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1067/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Schoolcraft County","otherGeospatial":"Indian River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.25,\n 45.98\n ],\n [\n -86.25,\n 45.97\n ],\n [\n -86.23,\n 45.97\n ],\n [\n -86.23,\n 45.98\n ],\n [\n -86.25,\n 45.98\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: March 17, 2026; Version 1.1: March 19, 2026","contact":"Center Director, Upper Midwest Ecological Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603
Submarine canyons are incised features of many continental margins that can have significant influence on the hydrodynamic distribution of sediments and organic matter eroded and deposited from the continents. Baltimore Canyon, on the mid-Atlantic margin of the United States, contains a complex set of sedimentary processes that simultaneously create unique benthic habitats and control the deposition of organic matter. Along the canyon axis, loci of net erosion, net deposition, and intense winnowing each host diverse faunal assemblages and varying mixtures of sedimentary organic matter derived both from production in the overlying water column and from mobilized sediments. Bioavailable components of this deposited organic matter sustain benthic communities, while recalcitrant components can contribute to long-term carbon burial in the deep sea. However, commonly employed bulk geochemical analyses provide little information about the relative bioavailability or depositional history of sedimentary organic matter. Here we employ a range of organic and isotopic analyses to explore in more detail how canyon-specific sediment dynamics determine the sorting of organic matter from shelf to open ocean. In combination with bulk geochemical characteristics, we subjected surface sediments from water depths of ∼200–1200 m in Baltimore Canyon to a sequential extraction procedure, isolating nonpolar and polar lipid classes, an acid-soluble fraction, and an acid-insoluble fraction. Each class was analyzed for carbon and nitrogen quantities and stable isotope ratios, and radiocarbon content where possible, along with compound-specific carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of individual amino acids in the acid-hydrolysed fraction. We find different organic matter sources and depositional history recorded in the properties of younger, bioavailable organic matter components (polar lipids, amino acids) in comparison to the older, more recalcitrant components (nonpolar lipids, acid-insoluble fraction). These differences in source and bioavailability of organic matter vary along the canyon, correlating with grain size and erosion/deposition dynamics, and may help shape the benthic faunal assemblages. Additionally, our results suggest that determining the relative concentrations of acid-soluble and acid-insoluble organic matter may provide an easily accessible method to improve our understanding of the nutritional quality of sediments for benthic fauna than more commonly used bulk carbon or nitrogen concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2026.03.029","usgsCitation":"Close, H.G., McCarthy, M.G., and Prouty, N.G., 2026, Organic and isotopic indicators for sorting of sedimentary organic matter along a marginal submarine canyon: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 421, p. 375-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2026.03.029.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"390","ipdsId":"IP-176938","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Baltimore Canyon, Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.60984786407985,\n 39.80856518270599\n ],\n [\n -75.60984786407985,\n 38.71634988341253\n ],\n [\n -74.76509645676569,\n 38.71634988341253\n ],\n [\n -74.76509645676569,\n 39.80856518270599\n ],\n [\n -75.60984786407985,\n 39.80856518270599\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"421","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Close, Hilary G.","contributorId":199931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Close","given":"Hilary","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, Matthew G.","contributorId":371167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Matthew","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17620,"text":"UCSC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70276384,"text":"70276384 - 2026 - Multi-objective optimization of a hydro-economic model in an over-allocated agricultural basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-03T14:06:16.933806","indexId":"70276384","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-19T08:55:47","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-objective optimization of a hydro-economic model in an over-allocated agricultural basin","docAbstract":"Groundwater depletion for agricultural irrigation poses significant environmental and economic challenges. This study introduces a proof-of-concept that combines hydro-economic modeling, scenario-based modeling, and multi-objective optimization to manage pumping curtailment in an over-allocated basin in the western United States. Three optimization scenarios were evaluated, each offering different degrees of management flexibility. Results reveal that scenarios with finer spatial resolution achieved greater environmental benefits per unit profit loss. Additionally, strategies allowing fractional reductions in curtailed wells–rather than complete shutdowns based on water rights seniority–substantially improved efficiency, highlighting the value of increased decision-making flexibility. Although scenario testing can aid stakeholder engagement and strategy exploration, multi-objective optimization provides a systematic framework to quantify tradeoffs between competing objectives. This combined approach demonstrates promise for building consensus and supporting the design of sustainable water management strategies that balance agricultural livelihoods with ecosystem preservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70051","usgsCitation":"Markovich, K.H., Fienen, M., Corson-Dosch, N., Cecile Coulon, White, J., and Gingerich, S., 2026, Multi-objective optimization of a hydro-economic model in an over-allocated agricultural basin: Groundwater, v. 64, no. 3, p. 278-294, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.70051.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"278","endPage":"294","ipdsId":"IP-177124","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.70051","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Harney Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.66994789891172,\n 44.30821146835248\n ],\n [\n -117.67673039786303,\n 44.30821146835248\n ],\n [\n -117.67673039786303,\n 42.24886285412916\n ],\n [\n -119.66994789891172,\n 42.24886285412916\n ],\n [\n -119.66994789891172,\n 44.30821146835248\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markovich, Katherine H. 0000-0002-4455-8255","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-8255","contributorId":221065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markovich","given":"Katherine","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":245632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corson-Dosch, Nicholas 0000-0002-6776-6241","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6776-6241","contributorId":202630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corson-Dosch","given":"Nicholas","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cecile Coulon 0000-0001-9722-9976","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9722-9976","contributorId":371714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cecile Coulon","affiliations":[{"id":49206,"text":"INTERA Incorporated","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, Jeremy T. 0000-0002-4950-1469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4950-1469","contributorId":248830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Jeremy T.","affiliations":[{"id":50032,"text":"GNS New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":220301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70275342,"text":"70275342 - 2026 - Evaluating the use of uncrewed surface vessels to enhance Lake Erie acoustic prey-fish surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-30T15:24:12.931965","indexId":"70275342","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-19T08:15:31","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the use of uncrewed surface vessels to enhance Lake Erie acoustic prey-fish surveys","docAbstract":"Incorporation of autonomous uncrewed surface vessels (USVs) into large-scale acoustic surveys may enhance spatiotemporal extent and quality of fish density estimates. Lake Erie is currently surveyed by three motorized research vessels (RVs), which annually collect acoustic data and estimate prey-fish abundances. To evaluate the feasibility of incorporating a USV into the existing survey to increase spatial coverage, we compared paired acoustic measurements of target strength (TS), area backscattering coefficient (ABC), and areal fish density from four motorized RVs (three currently and one historically used) and one USV (Saildrone Explorer). Acoustic data were collected along 2-km transects during five sampling events distributed throughout Lake Erie. Despite observing event-specific differences that were likely impacted by sampling conditions, survey-level estimates of areal density between RVs and the USV were comparable (i.e., RV 6% lower than USV). RVs and the USV appear to react differently (speed and stability) to variable environmental conditions (wind and waves), which impacted data quality and must be mitigated in future applications. However, similar to previous comparisons in marine and freshwater environments, incorporating a USV into an acoustic survey could enhance annual fish density estimates by increasing effort, spatial coverage, logistical flexibility, and biological data collection opportunities from RVs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.fishres.2026.107713","usgsCitation":"Dufour, M.R., Evans, T.M., Rudstam, L.G., Sethi, S.A., Holden, J.P., Luken, H., Jenkins, P., Yule, D.L., Warner, D.M., Farha, S.A., O’Brien, T.P., Barnard, A.R., Senczyszyn, S.A., Blair, H.B., Watkins, J.M., Roberts, J.J., and Esselman, P., 2026, Evaluating the use of uncrewed surface vessels to enhance Lake Erie acoustic prey-fish surveys: Fisheries Research, v. 297, 107713, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2026.107713.","productDescription":"107713, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-177347","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2026.107713","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":503681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United 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Overall, 11 detected chemicals were identified as high priority in different action categories. This included four chemicals prioritized for environmental management or targeted risk assessment, three chemicals prioritized for effects-based monitoring, one chemical prioritized for apical effects assessment, and three chemicals targeted for non-apical effects evaluation. This framework also identified 164 low-priority chemicals, among which more than 50% were prioritized based on water quality guidelines or apical effect concentrations (thus could be considered low priority for future risk assessment or management activities). Results aim to help regulatory agencies, environmental managers, and other stakeholders focus available resources on carrying out monitoring, experimental, and risk assessments for the chemicals that display the greatest potential to adversely impact Great Lakes ecosystems.
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The three-dimensional GFM provides a foundational framework to support groundwater, energy, and mineral resource assessments, and offers a transferable methodology for potential future U.S. Geological Survey efforts to build large-area subsurface models in underexplored regions of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265127","programNote":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","usgsCitation":"Spangler, L.R., 2026, A three-dimensional geologic framework model of the northern Great Plains region of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, USA: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5127, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265127.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 51 p.; 7 Plates: 40.15 x 40.82 inches: 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-169097","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501224,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5127/sir20265127_plate05.pdf","text":"Plate 5","size":"4.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5127 Plate 5","linkHelpText":"Elevation from Sea Level for the Uppermost Horizon of the Inyan Kara Group Unit Produced in the Three-Dimensional Geologic Model"},{"id":501223,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5127/sir20265127_plate04.pdf","text":"Plate 4","size":"5.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5127 Plate 4","linkHelpText":"Elevation from Sea Level for the Uppermost Horizon of the Minnelusa Formation and Tensleep Sandstone Unit Produced in the Three-Dimensional Geologic Model"},{"id":501222,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5127/sir20265127_plate03.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"5.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5127 Plate 3","linkHelpText":"Elevation from Sea Level for the Uppermost Horizon of the Madison Group Unit Produced in the Three-Dimensional Geologic 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U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-980
Denver, CO 80225-0046
This report presents a new three-dimensional map of underground rock layers and faults in the northern Great Plains, covering parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The model was built from thousands of data points collected from wells, maps, and geophysical surveys. It shows the shape, depth, and thickness of multiple rock layers—many of which are important for water, energy, and mineral resources. The map helps scientists, land managers, and decisionmakers better understand the region’s subsurface geology. This work also shows that reliable geologic models can be made even in areas with limited data, using a repeatable method that can be applied in other underexplored areas.
","publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spangler, Leland R. 0000-0002-2223-7047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2223-7047","contributorId":295310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"Leland","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70274325,"text":"70274325 - 2026 - Deep critical zone controls on shallow landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-26T19:40:22.332984","indexId":"70274325","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-18T12:36:18","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep critical zone controls on shallow landslides","docAbstract":"The deep critical zone (CZ) has long been recognized for its importance in influencing shallow landslides but was not considered feasible to include in slope stability models at the watershed scale. In this study, we demonstrate that simple approximations of the CZ in a fully coupled hydrologic and soil slope stability model can effectively capture the location, timing, and likely size of shallow landslides. To achieve this, we use coupled, process-based models that incorporate the effects of 1) deep CZ structures, 2) three-dimensional transient hydrology, and 3) multidimensional slope stability, calibrated with data from an intensively monitored field site. Our results show that the hydrologically active deep CZ guides groundwater flow, influencing where it drains from or exfiltrates to the soil mantle, producing distinct patterns of soil saturation and seepage forces at the soil-bedrock boundary. Deep conductive weathered critical zone drains the soil mantle, reducing the likelihood of destabilizing pore pressures, while the downslope thinning of the CZ forces groundwater to the surface. This creates localized instability and a tendency for similar-sized landslides across the landscape. In contrast, the absence of conductive weathered bedrock results in more widespread destabilizing pore pressures, leading to larger landslides and the likelihood of landslides earlier in a storm than in landscapes underlain by a deep CZ. Our findings suggest that first-order variations of deep CZ can provide physical explanations for variations observed in the susceptibility, magnitude, and timing of shallow landslides, and that CZ structure may be inferred from patterns and timing of landsliding.","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2524542123","usgsCitation":"Moon, S., Formetta, G., Higa, J.T., Busti, R., Bellugi, D.G., Milledge, D.G., Ebel, B., and Dietrich, W.E., 2026, Deep critical zone controls on shallow landslides: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 123, no. 12, e2524542123, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524542123.","productDescription":"e2524542123, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-159353","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524542123","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":501638,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moon, Seulgi 0000-0001-5207-1781","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-1781","contributorId":264625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moon","given":"Seulgi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13399,"text":"UCLA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Formetta, Giuseppe 0000-0002-0252-1462","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0252-1462","contributorId":210296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Formetta","given":"Giuseppe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38100,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higa, Justin T.","contributorId":367913,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higa","given":"Justin","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12763,"text":"University of California, Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busti, Riccardo","contributorId":367914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Busti","given":"Riccardo","affiliations":[{"id":25322,"text":"University of Trento","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bellugi, Dino G.","contributorId":367915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellugi","given":"Dino","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Milledge, David G.","contributorId":367916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milledge","given":"David","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":33636,"text":"Newcastle University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":211845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dietrich, William E.","contributorId":367923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dietrich","given":"William","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36942,"text":"University of California, Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70274194,"text":"sir20265143 - 2026 - Urban stormwater treatment using biofiltration—Variable performance across solids, nutrients, major ions, and metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T13:54:51.847251","indexId":"sir20265143","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-18T12:21:23","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-5143","displayTitle":"Urban Stormwater Treatment Using Biofiltration—Variable Performance Across Solids, Nutrients, Major Ions, and Metals","title":"Urban stormwater treatment using biofiltration—Variable performance across solids, nutrients, major ions, and metals","docAbstract":"Urban runoff from streets and parking lots carries pollutants that degrade receiving waters. Green infrastructure, such as biofilters, is increasingly used to treat this runoff by mimicking natural hydrologic processes. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, evaluated a biofilter receiving roadway runoff from an industrial area in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, over a 3-year period (2022–24). Paired inlet and outlet samples were analyzed for changes in runoff volume, peak discharge, and concentrations of solids, nutrients, major ions, and metals. The biofilter reduced runoff volume by 86 percent and peak discharge by 92 percent, with substantial reductions in total suspended solids (99 percent), total phosphorus (86 percent), and particulate metals (greater than 80 percent for most analytes). However, dissolved constituents showed variable performance; dissolved phosphorus and several metals exhibited net export, likely influenced by media composition, redox conditions, and winter road salt inputs. Sodium export, despite stable chloride loads, suggests cation exchange and seasonal release dynamics. These findings highlight limitations of conventional biofilter designs for dissolved pollutants and underscore the need for improved media, vegetation management, and consideration of winter deicing practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","usgsCitation":"Selbig, W.R., and Romano, J., 2026, Urban stormwater treatment using biofiltration—Variable performance across solids, nutrients, major ions, and metals: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5143, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265143.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 27 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-179736","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5143/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":500780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5143/sir20265143.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5143"},{"id":500781,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5143/sir20265143.XML"},{"id":500782,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5143/images/"},{"id":500783,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265143/full"},{"id":500784,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13E8BMK","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water quality concentration and load data for a biofilter at Green Tech Station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2022–24"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Milwaukee","otherGeospatial":"Green Tech Station stormwater plaza","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.95385389802549,\n 43.092593420276046\n ],\n [\n -87.95385389802549,\n 43.09035056067961\n ],\n [\n -87.9520609229932,\n 43.09035056067961\n ],\n [\n -87.9520609229932,\n 43.092593420276046\n ],\n [\n -87.95385389802549,\n 43.092593420276046\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research Way
Middleton, WI 53562
Urban stormwater runoff can carry sediment, nutrients, salts, and metals into nearby rivers and lakes, contributing to flooding and water-quality problems. To reduce these impacts, communities are increasingly using shallow, planted systems called biofilters to capture and soak up runoff. This study evaluates how well a biofilter in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, performed over three years and what its results mean for managing stormwater in urban areas.
The biofilter was highly effective at managing stormwater volume and flow. On average, it reduced the amount of runoff leaving the site by 86 percent and reduced peak flow rates by 92 percent. These reductions help lower the risk of flooding downstream, especially during heavy rain.
The biofilter also worked very well at removing pollutants attached to soil and debris. Nearly all suspended sediment was removed, and total phosphorus was reduced by more than 80 percent. Most metals attached to sediment, such as lead and copper, were also greatly reduced. These results show that biofilters are reliable tools for controlling particulate forms of pollutants from roads, even when sediment loads are high.
However, the biofilter was less effective at treating dissolved phase pollutants. For example, dissolved phosphorus and several dissolved metals, including iron and manganese, were often higher in water leaving the biofilter than in water entering it. Sodium, a major component of road salt, was also released from the system at times. Export of dissolved phase pollutants from the biofilter likely reflects interactions between runoff, organic material in the soil, and winter deicing practices. Improving soil mixtures, managing vegetation, and reducing salt inputs may help biofilters better protect urban water quality in the future.
","publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selbig, William R. 0000-0003-1403-8280 wrselbig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-8280","contributorId":877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"William","email":"wrselbig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romano, James 0000-0002-1885-2178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-2178","contributorId":366936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romano","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70274237,"text":"sir20265131 - 2026 - Investigation of fish communities in natural channel sections of the Mohawk River, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-12T13:27:53.104614","indexId":"sir20265131","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-18T11:18:07","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-5131","displayTitle":"Investigation of Fish Communities in Natural Channel Sections of the Mohawk River, New York","title":"Investigation of fish communities in natural channel sections of the Mohawk River, New York","docAbstract":"Little is known about the natural resources in the natural channel sections of the Mohawk River between Rome and Frankfort, New York, where the river channel runs separately from and parallel to the Erie Canal. This river section runs through multiple locations that are listed as active remediation sites under New York’s Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Site Program and has negligible public or commercial access. As a result, there is minimal recreational usage of this river section, and efforts to conduct biological sampling have been limited. To better understand the composition of fish communities and contaminant concentrations in the natural channel of the Mohawk River, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, sampled resident fish in the 34-kilometer section from the mouth of Oriskany Creek downstream to Frankfort. Fish communities were sampled using boat electrofishing during 2021, 2023, and 2024 across multiple reaches within this section. These data were used to estimate species richness (number of species), relative abundance and biomass (catch rates), population size structure (distribution of lengths), and fish condition (a proxy for health). Some gamefish specimens were also analyzed to determine contaminant concentrations in fish tissue.
A total of 1,531 individual fish and 38 fish species were captured across all surveys. Seventeen of the 38 (45 percent) species were classified as native to the Mohawk River watershed, whereas 21 of the 38 (55 percent) species were classified as nonnative. Some popular gamefish species such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) were abundant in most reaches, whereas others such as walleye (Sander vitreus) and northern pike (Esox lucius) were found sporadically. Only one round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) was captured, indicating that this high-profile invasive species remains uncommon in this habitat. A backwater reach had the greatest relative abundance and condition of many species. This indicates connected lentic habitats such as oxbows and backwaters may be important nursery and refuge areas in the aquatic ecosystem.
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in fish tissue were highly elevated relative to the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) fish consumption “don’t eat” advisory guideline. Some specimens exceeded the guideline by an order of magnitude or more, particularly those from a localized area downstream from the Utica Harbor Dam. Concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) often approached the NYSDOH “don’t eat” consumption guideline but only one sample exceeded the guideline. Concentrations of other contaminants such as mercury and pesticides were consistently measured at less than the “don’t eat” consumption guidelines. These data indicate PCBs remain the primary contaminant of concern in the natural channel of the Mohawk River and are readily bioaccumulating in aquatic organisms despite prior remediation measures. Taken together, the findings in this report are intended to inform future decisions related to fisheries management, public access, recreational usage, and fish consumption advisories.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265131","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"George, S.D., Sadekoski, T.R., Darling, M.J., Baldigo, B.P., Wells, S.M., Erway, D.B., Conine, A.L., Becker, J.C., and Dieterle, K.J., 2026, Investigation of fish communities in natural channel sections of the Mohawk River, New York:\nU.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5131, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265131.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 20 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-177241","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501250,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5131/sir20265131.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5131"},{"id":501249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5131/coverthb.jpg","linkHelpText":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/manager/#links-pane"},{"id":501252,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5131/sir20265131.XML","description":"SIR 2026-5131 XML"},{"id":501253,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5131/images"},{"id":501254,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JVPW7","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Fish Community Data from Natural Channel Sections of the Mohawk River, NY (ver. 1.1, January 2026)"},{"id":501404,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119322.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":502179,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265131/full","text":"HTML Document","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5131 HTML"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Mohawk River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.00127321730884,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -75.00127321730884,\n 43.1667\n ],\n [\n -75.333,\n 43.1667\n ],\n [\n -75.333,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -75.00127321730884,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Collaborative governance structures (CGS) have been increasingly adopted to address joint-jurisdictional management challenges. While the establishment of CGSs has been widely studied, their practical development has remained a conspicuous gap. CGSs are variable systems with several developmental stages (activation, collectivity, and institutionalization) which eventually lead to stabilization, decline, re-creation, or re-orientation. CGSs in decline may need to revisit earlier developmental stages if members choose to re-create or re-orient the structure. The Atlantic Salmon Recovery Framework (ASRF) was the CGS responsible for managing the Gulf of Maine Distinct Population Segment of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) from 2011 until 2019 when it was replaced by the Collaborative Management Strategy (CMS) pilot program. The CMS was designed to address concerns identified in the ASRF; 1. slow and ineffective decision-making, 2. confusion surrounding leadership, and 3. low adaptive capacity. Building upon a previous evaluation of the ASRF, we used a parallel design to compare the structural components and participant perceptions of the two structures using a comparative case study methodology. The changes that occurred between the ASRF and the CMS constitute a re-creation, providing a unique opportunity to study this developmental phase of a CGS. The issues observed in the CMS may result from a misalignment between participant expectations and the current developmental stage of the re-created CGS. The CMS reorganized ASRF members and created roles for participants without direct management jurisdiction. The implementation of the CMS addressed many concerns identified in the ASRF while others remained (i.e., high membership uncertainty and confusion surrounding decision-making procedures). Formal leadership roles have created more equal representation, but participants still reported uncertainty regarding status and formalization of non-leadership roles.
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A structural comparison of collaborative governance structures for the management of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Maine: Marine Policy, v. 189, 107122, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107122.","productDescription":"107122, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-176942","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zydlewski, Joseph D. 0000-0002-2255-2303 jzydlewski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-2303","contributorId":2004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Joseph","email":"jzydlewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":958581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70274594,"text":"70274594 - 2026 - Behavioral shifts mask the success of legislation and outreach for endangered species recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-01T17:06:24.458043","indexId":"70274594","displayToPublicDate":"2026-03-18T09:53:12","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2842,"text":"Nature Communications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavioral shifts mask the success of legislation and outreach for endangered species recovery","docAbstract":"A fundamental challenge in conservation is assessing the efficacy of recovery actions to optimize endangered species management. Considerable recent attention has focused on effective measures to counter the endangerment of avian scavengers, which have declined worldwide, primarily due to poisoning. One iconic example is efforts to recover the critically endangered California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), whose leading cause of death is poisoning from ingesting lead-based ammunition in carcasses. Despite enormous resources expended in California, USA, including implementation of public outreach campaigns and two legislative bans on lead ammunition, lead-related mortality of condors has increased. Here we show that two types of behavioral shifts explain the observed increases in condor lead exposure: wilder foraging and ranging by condors and increased shooting of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) by humans. After accounting for these trends, we show that both lead ammunition bans and public outreach efforts have significantly reduced condor blood lead levels in California, lowering mortality. Our analyses uncover a dynamic in which changing ecological conditions mask the true efficacy of legislation and outreach. Given rapid global change, such dynamics are likely operating in many settings, underscoring the importance of comprehensive evaluations of recovery actions, which can be obscured by shifting behaviors and threats.
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While traditional metrics like air temperature (Tair) and satellite-derived surface temperature dominate urban heat studies, these measures often fail to reflect how people actually experience thermal exposure intensity. More human-oriented metrics, such as mean radiant temperature (MRT), and the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), better capture this lived experience, particularly at locations where people are likely to encounter outdoor heat, such as bus stops. Human demographics further complicate heat exposure, as access to cooling resources like trees and greenspaces can vary by neighborhood income. Our study addresses these complications by collecting thermal data across 60 commuting locations in Denver, Colorado in the summer. We evaluate (1) the extent to which more human-oriented metrics capture thermal exposure compared to Tair and LST, and (2) how heat exposure varies by neighborhood income levels. We observed that bus stops in low-income neighborhoods had an MRT increase 2.8 °C compared wealthier neighborhoods, and that income-driven differences in MRT and WBGT strongly depended on bus stop aspect. After accounting for solar orientation, differences in MRT increased to as much as 6.3 °C at north-facing stops. Our results suggest tree canopy shade explains some observed heat exposure patterns, with south facing bus stops seeing a MRT and WBGT decrease of 0.42 °C and 0.11 °C from a percent increase in tree canopy. Interestingly, depending on bus stop aspect, nearby buildings can increase MRT and WBGT (facing east), or decrease MRT and WBGT (facing south) If planners aim to address this issue, consideration of bus stops, and land covers configuration may help.
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