We examine models for batch-equilibrium and fractional-equilibrium degassing of CO2 from magma at Kilauea Volcano. The models are based on
(1) the concept of two-stage degassing of CO2 from magma supplied to the summit chamber,
(2) C isotope data for CO2 in eruptive and noneruptive (quiescent) gases from Kilauea and
(3) data for the isotopic fractionation of C between CO2 and C dissolved in tholeiitic basalt melt.
The results of our study indicate that
(1) both eruptive and noneruptive degassing of CO2 most closely approach a batch equilibrium process,
(2) the δ13C of parental magma supplied to the summit chamber is in the range −4.1 to−3.4‰ and
(3) the δ13C of melt after summit chamber degassing is in the range −7 to −8‰, depending upon the depth of equilibration.
We also present δ13C data for CO2 in eruptive gases from the current East Rift Zone eruption. These are the first C isotope data for CO2 in high-temperature (>900°C) eruptive gases from Kilauea; they have a mean δ13C value of
Analyses of imaging radar data of volcanic terranes on Earth and Venus have emphasized the need for a clearer understanding of how these data can be most effectively used to accomplish important volcanological goals, including the interpretation of eruptive styles and the characterization of the geologic history of volcanic centers. The second Shuttle Imaging Radar experiment (SIR-B) obtained two digital images over the summit caldera and the Southwest Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano in 1984. Our geologic analyses of these images indicate that SIR-B data are particularly useful for delineating the distribution and surface textural variations of a'a lava flows, for mapping large-scale topographic features with radar-facing slopes, and for identifying an areally extensive pyroclastic deposit. Analyses of the SIR-B data of Kilauea, however, do not permit unambiguous identification of landforms such as pahoehoe lava flows, cinder cones, and fissures. Although separation of low-return units such as pahoehoe lava flows and adjacent pyroclastic ash is not greatly improved using standard image-enhancement techniques, the texture-analysis technique applied here did facilitate discrimination of such smooth-surfaced volcanic deposits. Although analyses of the SIR-B data permit a generally accurate interpretation of the eruptive history of Kilauea, the inability to distinguish low-return pahoehoe flows results in misinterpretation of several aspects of Kilauea volcanism, suggesting that caution should be exercised in the interpretation of SAR data of volcanic terranes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0317:GAOSIR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., Mouginis-Mark, P.J., Singer, R.B., and Kaupp, V., 1989, Geologic analyses of Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) data of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: GSA Bulletin, v. 101, no. 3, p. 317-332, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0317:GAOSIR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"332","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, Peter J. 0000-0002-7173-6141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7173-6141","contributorId":36793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, Robert B.","contributorId":16166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaupp, Verne","contributorId":213102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaupp","given":"Verne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015409,"text":"70015409 - 1989 - Geochemical evidence for invasion of Kilauea's plumbing system by Mauna Loa magma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-02T15:55:24.092012","indexId":"70015409","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for invasion of Kilauea's plumbing system by Mauna Loa magma","docAbstract":"From the beginning of the study of Hawaiian volcanism there has been controversy over possible relationships between the neighbouring active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea1–5. Seismic activity, thought to reflect upward migration of magma, reveals that the magmatic plumbing systems apparently converge at depth to form a broad funnel within the mantle6. Although on rare occasions they have erupted concurrently, the brief historical eruptive record appears to show that when Kilauea is most active, Mauna Loa is in repose and vice versa, suggesting that they may be competing for the same magma supply5,7. Petrological, geochemical and isotope data, however, require a diametrically opposite conclusion. Distinct differences in major-element, trace-element and isotope compositions of lavas are regarded as compelling evidence that the two volcanoes have separate magmatic plumbing systems, supplied by parental magmas from physically and geochemically distinct mantle sources8–13. Here we present preliminary geochemical data which show that in the past 2,000 years Kilauea has erupted a spectrum of lava compositions resembling historical Kilauea lavas at one end and Mauna Loa lavas at the other. We discuss the cause of this diversity, and speculate that magma from Mauna Loa may have invaded Kilauea's 'high-level' magmatic plumbing system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/337257a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Rhodes, J., Wenz, K., Neal, C., Sparks, J.W., and Lockwood, J.P., 1989, Geochemical evidence for invasion of Kilauea's plumbing system by Mauna Loa magma: Nature, v. 337, no. 6204, p. 257-260, https://doi.org/10.1038/337257a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"260","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea. Mauna Loa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.60940742819443,\n 19.530273132496674\n ],\n [\n -155.60940742819443,\n 19.224807673368957\n ],\n [\n -155.155825009142,\n 19.224807673368957\n ],\n [\n -155.155825009142,\n 19.530273132496674\n ],\n [\n -155.60940742819443,\n 19.530273132496674\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"337","issue":"6204","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162fe4b0c8380cd5509c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhodes, J.M.","contributorId":31110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wenz, K.P.","contributorId":16167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenz","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sparks, J. W.","contributorId":84083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lockwood, J. P.","contributorId":104473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016135,"text":"70016135 - 1989 - SO2 from episode 48A eruption, Hawaii: Sulfur dioxide emissions from the episode 48A East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T19:32:35","indexId":"70016135","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SO2 from episode 48A eruption, Hawaii: Sulfur dioxide emissions from the episode 48A East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"An SO2 flux of 1170??400 (1??) tonnes per day was measured with a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) in October and November 1986 from the continuous, nonfountaining, basaltic East Rift Zone eruption (episode 48A) of Kilauea volcano. This flux is 5-27 times less than those of highfountaining episodes, 3-5 times greater than those of contemporaneous summit emissions or interphase Pu'u O'o emissions, and 1.3-2 times the emissions from Pu'u O'o alone during 48A. Calculations based on the SO2 emission rate resulted in a magma supply rate of 0.44 million m3 per day and a 0.042 wt% sulfur loss from the magma upon eruption. Both of these calculated parameters agree with determinations made previously by other methods. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301550","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Andres, R., Kyle, P., Stokes, J.B., and Rose, W.I., 1989, SO2 from episode 48A eruption, Hawaii: Sulfur dioxide emissions from the episode 48A East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 113-117, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301550.","startPage":"113","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205385,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301550"},{"id":223552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf69e4b0c8380cd8758c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andres, R.J.","contributorId":12204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andres","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kyle, P.R.","contributorId":78476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stokes, J. B.","contributorId":19182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162677,"text":"70162677 - 1989 - Smithsonian traveling exhibition highlights two active volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T15:36:20","indexId":"70162677","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Smithsonian traveling exhibition highlights two active volcanoes","docAbstract":"Over time, active volcanoes have captured human fascination, not only because of their strange and dramatic beauty, but also because of their power to destroy. Two active U.S volcanoes-one on the Big Island of Hawaii, the other part of the Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest-will be the focus of \"Inside Active Volcanoes: Kilauea and Mount St. Helens.\" This major exhibit opened July 6 in the Evans Gallery of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural history in Washington, D.C, and continued through September 24.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hill, L., and Harney, T., 1989, Smithsonian traveling exhibition highlights two active volcanoes: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 3, p. 108-111.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49d3e4b07ca61bfea5de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, L.","contributorId":152672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harney, T.","contributorId":152673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harney","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015872,"text":"70015872 - 1989 - Singularity spectrum of intermittent seismic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T00:57:48.720261","indexId":"70015872","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Singularity spectrum of intermittent seismic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"
Fractal singularity analysis (FSA) is used to study a 22-year record of deep seismic tremor (30–60 km depth) for regions below Kilauea Volcano on the assumption that magma transport and fracture can be treated as a system of coupled nonlinear oscillators. Tremor episodes range from 1 to 100 min (cumulative duration = 1.60×104 min; yearly average = 727 min yr−1; mean gradient = 24.2 min yr−1 km−1). Partitioning of probabilities, pi, in the phase space of normalized durations, xi, are expressed in terms of a function f(α), where α is a variable exponent of a length scale, ℓ. Plots of f(α) vs. α are called multifractal singularity spectra. The spectrum for deep tremor durations is bounded by α values of about 0.4 and 1.9 at f = 0; fmax ≃ 1.0 for α ≃ 1. Results for tremor are similar to those found for systems transitional between complete mode locking and chaos.
Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in 1959, is a large pond of picritic basalt (average MgO content = 15.34% by weight), which has cooled and crystallized as a small, self-roofed magma chamber. Repeated drilling of the upper crust of the lake, down to its molten core, and more recent (1981) drilling, through the thermal maximum and part way through the lower crust, have made it possible to monitor the differentiation processes in the lake in detail.
Differentiation processes recognized as active in the lake include rather inefficient settling of the larger (2-10 mm) olivine phenocrysts, formation of segregation veins, and formation of diapir-like vertical olivine-rich bodies, all processes which occur in one or more of the other Kilauean lava lakes as well. In addition, most of the central part of Kilauea Iki has been affected by diapiric melt transfer. In this process, relatively low-density liquid, present at 1145-1160 °C, rose from within the loose crystal mush at the base of the lens of melt and intruded the equivalent thermal horizon at the top of the lens of melt, passing through the hotter but denser melt in the core of the lake without mixing. The source volume from which the low-density liquid was extracted is depleted in TiO2 and other incompatible elements and enriched in FeO and CaO. The upper part of the lake shows the opposite effects. The crystalline assemblage present was olivine + augite + minor plagioclase. The crystallinity of both the source and receiving layers was low enough that no obvious textural imprint was left by the transfer process; the principal evidence for its occurrence is the chemical zonation of the lake seen in core from depths of 13 to 80 m.
Diapiric melt transfer was active from 1960 to 1971 and has affected most of the central part of the lake from 13 m to at least 80 m. The process ran simultaneously with the other three main differentia tion processes but started and stopped independently of the others. Calculations suggest that between 21 and 42 wt % liquid has been extracted from the depleted zone at 56-78 m in the center of the lake, making this a very efficient process of chemical differentiation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0578:DTOMIK>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., Kirschenbaum, H., and Marinenko, J., 1989, Diapiric transfer of melt in Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: A quick, efficient process of igneous differentiation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 4, p. 578-594, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0578:DTOMIK>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"594","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.49550358984382\n ],\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.308980297966755\n ],\n [\n -155.08314109416602,\n 19.308980297966755\n ],\n [\n -155.08314109416602,\n 19.49550358984382\n ],\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.49550358984382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00a9e4b0c8380cd4f84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschenbaum, H.","contributorId":33063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschenbaum","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marinenko, J.W.","contributorId":75558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162357,"text":"70162357 - 1989 - Mount St. Helens and Kilauea volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T15:15:25","indexId":"70162357","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mount St. Helens and Kilauea volcanoes","docAbstract":"From the south, snow-covered Mount St. Helens looms proudly under a fleecy halo of clouds, rivaling the majestic beauty of neighboring Mount Rainer, Mount Hood, and Mount Adams. Salmon fishermen dot the shores of lakes and streams in the mountain's shadow, trucks loaded with fresh-cut timber barrel down backroads, and deer peer out from stands of tall fir trees.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Barrat, J., 1989, Mount St. Helens and Kilauea volcanoes: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 3, p. 101-107.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"107","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mt. St. Helen and Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.23320007324219,\n 46.23637764124692\n ],\n [\n -122.12745666503905,\n 46.23495279600417\n ],\n [\n -122.12333679199219,\n 46.14987006896229\n ],\n [\n -122.23731994628905,\n 46.148442979172565\n ],\n [\n -122.23320007324219,\n 46.23637764124692\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2714920043945,\n 19.43324800991602\n ],\n [\n -155.29380798339844,\n 19.425153718960157\n ],\n [\n -155.29861450195312,\n 19.412849624405244\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.39892544698541\n ],\n [\n -155.28316497802734,\n 19.395687095370263\n ],\n [\n -155.2426528930664,\n 19.40410667550917\n ],\n [\n -155.23853302001953,\n 19.410906787494774\n ],\n [\n -155.25501251220703,\n 19.43001034193552\n ],\n [\n -155.26325225830078,\n 19.43324800991602\n ],\n [\n -155.2714920043945,\n 19.43324800991602\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4ce4b0961cf2811c06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrat, J.","contributorId":152425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barrat","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015131,"text":"70015131 - 1989 - Petrologic constraints on rift-zone processes - Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T17:14:31","indexId":"70015131","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrologic constraints on rift-zone processes - Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The Puu Oo eruption in the middle of Kilauea volcano's east rift zone provides an excellent opportunity to utilize petrologic constraints to interpret rift-zone processes. Emplacement of a dike began 24 hours before the start of the eruption on 3 January 1983. Seismic and geodetic evidence indicates that the dike collided with a magma body in the rift zone. Most of the lava produced during the initial episode of the Puu Oo eruption is of hybrid composition, with petrographic and geochemical evidence of mixing magmas of highly evllved and more mafic compositions. Some olivine and plagioclase grains in the hybrid lavas show reverse zoning. Whole-rock compositional variations are linear even for normally compatible elements like Ni and Cr. Leastsquares mixing calculations yield good residuals for major and trace element analyses for magma mixing. Crystal fractionation calculations yield unsatisfactory residuals. The highly evolved magma is similar in composition to the lava from the 1977 eruption and, at one point, vents for these two eruptions are only 200 m apart. Possibly both the 1977 lava and the highly evolved component of the episode 1 Puu Oo lava were derived from a common body of rift-zone-stored magma. The more mafic mixing component may be represented by the most mafic lava from the January 1983 eruption; it shows no evidence of magma mixing. The dike that was intruded just prior to the start of the Puu Oo eruption may have acted as a hydraulic plunger causing mixing of the two rift-zone-stored magmas. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301548","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Garcia, M., Ho, R., Rhodes, J., and Wolfe, E., 1989, Petrologic constraints on rift-zone processes - Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 81-96, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301548.","startPage":"81","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205477,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301548"},{"id":224406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7812e4b0c8380cd78616","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, M.O.","contributorId":47868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ho, R.A.","contributorId":68887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhodes, J.M.","contributorId":31110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":13977,"text":"ofr88202 - 1988 - Permanent-Glass EDM measurements on Kilauea, Hawaii from June 6, 1979 to September 23, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:00","indexId":"ofr88202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-202","title":"Permanent-Glass EDM measurements on Kilauea, Hawaii from June 6, 1979 to September 23, 1987","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88202","usgsCitation":"Hanatani, R., 1988, Permanent-Glass EDM measurements on Kilauea, Hawaii from June 6, 1979 to September 23, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-202, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88202.","productDescription":"97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanatani, R.Y.","contributorId":104909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanatani","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38399,"text":"pp1463 - 1988 - The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Episodes 1 through 20, January 3, 1983, through June 8, 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T19:09:19.164134","indexId":"pp1463","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1463","title":"The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Episodes 1 through 20, January 3, 1983, through June 8, 1984","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1463","usgsCitation":"1988, The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Episodes 1 through 20, January 3, 1983, through June 8, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1463, Report: vii, 251 p.; 5 Plates: 27.00 × 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1463.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 251 p.; 5 Plates: 27.00 × 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104657,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4889.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4889"},{"id":121819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64765,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64764,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64763,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64762,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64761,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64760,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.33432006835938,\n 19.302070927953952\n ],\n [\n -155.0891876220703,\n 19.302070927953952\n ],\n [\n -155.0891876220703,\n 19.471771302105118\n ],\n [\n -155.33432006835938,\n 19.471771302105118\n ],\n [\n -155.33432006835938,\n 19.302070927953952\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad20","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wolfe, E. W.","contributorId":88009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749939,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15947,"text":"ofr88539 - 1988 - Applications of nonlinear dynamics to the history of seismic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:11","indexId":"ofr88539","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-539","title":"Applications of nonlinear dynamics to the history of seismic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88539","usgsCitation":"Shaw, H.R., and Chouet, B., 1988, Applications of nonlinear dynamics to the history of seismic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-539, 78 p. ill., maps. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88539.","productDescription":"78 p. ill., maps. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0539/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0539/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a42b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, H. R.","contributorId":23952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, Bernard","contributorId":65485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207902,"text":"70207902 - 1988 - Voluminous submarine lava flows from Hawaiian volcanoes ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T06:18:23","indexId":"70207902","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-17T13:09:52","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Voluminous submarine lava flows from Hawaiian volcanoes ","docAbstract":"The GLORIA long-range sonar imaging system has revealed fields of large lava flows in the Hawaiian Trough east and south of Hawaii in water as deep as 5.5 km. Flows in the most extensive field (110 km long) have erupted from the deep submarine segment of Kilauea's east rift zone. Other flows have been erupted from Loihi and Mauna Loa. This discovery confirms a suspicion, long held from subaerial studies, that voluminous submarine flows are erupted from Hawaiian volcanoes, and it supports an inference that summit calderas repeatedly collapse and fill at intervals of centuries to millenia owing to voluminous eruptions. These extensive flows differ greatly in form from pillow lavas found previously along shallower segments of the rift zones; therefore, revision of concepts of volcano stratigraphy and structure may be required.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0400:VSLFFH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Holcomb, R.T., Moore, J.G., Lipman, P.W., and Belderson, R., 1988, Voluminous submarine lava flows from Hawaiian volcanoes : Geology, v. 16, no. 5, p. 400-404, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0400:VSLFFH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"400","endPage":"404","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaiian volcanoes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.77490234375,\n 18.70869162255995\n ],\n [\n -154.44580078125,\n 18.70869162255995\n ],\n [\n -154.44580078125,\n 21.06399706324597\n ],\n [\n -156.77490234375,\n 21.06399706324597\n ],\n [\n -156.77490234375,\n 18.70869162255995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holcomb, Robin T.","contributorId":46938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belderson, R.H.","contributorId":221677,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belderson","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014320,"text":"70014320 - 1988 - Subsidence of Puna, Hawaii inferred from sulfur content of drilled lava flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014320","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsidence of Puna, Hawaii inferred from sulfur content of drilled lava flows","docAbstract":"Sulfur was analyzed in more than 200 lava samples from five drill holes located on the east rift zone of Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii. The sulfur content is a gage of whether lava was erupted subaerially (low sulfur) or erupted subaqueously (high sulfur). Despite considerable variation, sulfur is generally low (less than 0.025%) in the upper part of the holes, begins to increase at a depth of 250-320 m below sea level, and generally reaches a high level (greater than 0.1%) indicative of steady submarine eruption at 330-450 m below sea level. Assuming that the island is subsiding at 2.4 mm/yr, an analysis of these data indicates that part of the variation in sulfur concentration results from past eustatic oscillation of sea level, and that the volcano (at the drill hole site) finally emerged for the last time about 98 ka. The long-term average rate of lava accumulation is roughly 4.4 mm/yr, and upward growth of the volcano at the drill hole area is about 2 mm/yr in excess of subsidence. ?? 1988.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Thomas, D.M., 1988, Subsidence of Puna, Hawaii inferred from sulfur content of drilled lava flows: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 35, no. 1-2, p. 165-171.","startPage":"165","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d4de4b08c986b31d77b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, D. M.","contributorId":8827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162568,"text":"70162568 - 1988 - Volcanology in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T14:56:47","indexId":"70162568","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanology in Hawaii","docAbstract":"Polynesians who first inhabited the Hawaiian Islands told in legend about Pele, Goddess of volcanic fires, who migrated from the Island of Kauai to Oahu, then to Maui, and finally to her present home in Kilauea Volcano's Halemaumau Crater on the Island of Hawaii. Geologists today accept this same relative age progressions for the evolution of the islands, demonstrating the kernels of geologic truth may lie in long-lived myths and legends.
\nJ.D. Dana, a geologist with a United states exploring expedition in the 1840's, was the first to write about the increase in age of the Hawaiian Islands to the northwest. He noted that weathering of the lavas, erosional destruction of the islands by waves and streams and the growth of reeds around the islands progressively increased away from the Island of Hawaii. He correctly established the islands' relative ages, but absolute ages had to wait for over 120 years until radioactive age-dating techniques became available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Decker, R., and Decker, B., 1988, Volcanology in Hawaii: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 20, no. 1, p. 4-30.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.642333984375,\n 22.31958944283391\n ],\n [\n -160.46630859375,\n 21.993988560906022\n ],\n [\n -160.103759765625,\n 21.57571893245848\n ],\n [\n -159.312744140625,\n 21.688057256795453\n ],\n [\n -158.203125,\n 21.248422235627014\n ],\n [\n -157.027587890625,\n 20.73556590521865\n ],\n [\n -156.59912109375,\n 20.097206227083888\n ],\n [\n -156.192626953125,\n 19.663280219987662\n ],\n [\n -155.89599609375,\n 18.823116948090483\n ],\n [\n -155.28076171875,\n 18.823116948090483\n ],\n [\n -154.7314453125,\n 19.425153718960157\n ],\n [\n -154.676513671875,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -155.7421875,\n 20.797201434307\n ],\n [\n -156.544189453125,\n 21.186972714123776\n ],\n [\n -158.323974609375,\n 22.044913300245675\n ],\n [\n -159.49951171875,\n 22.329752304376473\n ],\n [\n -159.642333984375,\n 22.31958944283391\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6d5e4b0b28f1184dc2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, R.","contributorId":152591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decker","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Decker, B.","contributorId":152592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decker","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013821,"text":"70013821 - 1988 - Detailed record of SO2 emissions from Pu'u `O`o between episodes 33 and 34 of the 1983-86 ERZ eruption, Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:39","indexId":"70013821","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detailed record of SO2 emissions from Pu'u `O`o between episodes 33 and 34 of the 1983-86 ERZ eruption, Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A tripod-mounted correlation spectrometer was used to measure SO2 emissions from Pu`u `O`o vent, mid-ERZ, Kilauea, Hawaii between Episodes 33 and 34 (June 13 to July 6, 1985). In 24 repose days, 906 measurements were collected, averaging 38 determinations/day. Measurements reflect 13% of the total 576 hours of the repose and 42% of the bright daylight hours. The average SO2 emission for the 24-day repose interval is 167??83 t/d, a total of 4000 tonnes emitted for the entire repose. The large standard deviation reflects the \"puffing\" character of the plume. The overall rate of SO2 degassing gently decreased with a zero-intercept of 44-58 days and was interrupted by two positive peaks. The data are consistent with the gas emanating from a cylindrical conduit of 50 meter diameter and a length of 1700 meters which degasses about 50% of its SO2 during 24 days. This is in support of the Pu'u `O`o model of Greenland et al. (1987). 36 hours before the onset of Episode 34 (July 5-6, 1985), elevated SO2 emissions were detected while the magma column was extremely active ultimately spilling over during dome fountaining. A \"mid-repose\" anomaly of SO2 emission (June 21-22, 1985) occurs two days before a sudden increase in the rate of summit inflation (on June 24, 1985), suggesting magma was simultaneously being injected in both the ERZ and summit reservoir until July 24 when it was channelled only to the summit reservoir. This implies degassing magma is sensitive to perturbations within the rift zone conduit system and may at times reflect these disturbances. Periods of 7-45 min are detected in the daily SO2 emissions, which possibly reflect timing of convective overturn in the cylindrical magma body. If the 33-34 repose interval is considered representative of other repose periods, the ERZ reposes of Jan 1983-Jan 1986 ERZ activity, contributed 1.6 ?? 105 tonnes of SO2 to the atmosphere. Including summit fuming from non-eruptive fumaroles (2.7 ?? 105 tonnes SO2); 28% of the total SO2 budget from Kilauea between Jan 1983 to Jan 1986 was contributed by quiescent degassing, and the remainder was released during explosive fountaining episodes. ?? 1988 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01047485","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Chartier, T., Rose, W.I., and Stokes, J.B., 1988, Detailed record of SO2 emissions from Pu'u `O`o between episodes 33 and 34 of the 1983-86 ERZ eruption, Kilauea, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, no. 4, p. 215-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01047485.","startPage":"215","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204985,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047485"},{"id":219882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff54e4b0c8380cd4f122","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chartier, T.A.","contributorId":10546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chartier","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stokes, J. B.","contributorId":19182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014817,"text":"70014817 - 1988 - The mechanics and three-dimensional internal structure of active magmatic systems: Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:53:03.963401","indexId":"70014817","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mechanics and three-dimensional internal structure of active magmatic systems: Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Interpretation of abundant seismic data suggests that Kilauea's primary conduit within the upper mantle is concentrically zoned to about 34-km depth. This zoned structure is inferred to contain a central core region of relatively higher permeability, surrounded by numerous dikes that are in intermittent hydraulic communication with each other and with the central core. During periods of relatively high magma transport, the entire cross section of the conduit is utilized. During periods of relatively low to moderate transport, however, only the central core is active. As the conduit penetrates the oceanic crust and enters the volcanic shield, it simultaneously supplies the deeper sections of the rift zones (6-to 10-km depth) and the roots of the summit reservoir with picritic magma. The rift zones at depth are inferred to be almost wholly molten and to possess a high degree of fluid continuity from Heiheiahulu in the East Rift Zone, 45 km westward through the roots of the summit magma reservoir, and well into the Southwest Rift Zone. Higher in the shield, the subcaldera magma reservoir and the shallow rift zones occupy the 2-to 4-km depth interval. Summit-differentiated olivine tholeiite (ρ ≈ 2.62 g cm−3) is periodically injected laterally along a horizon of neutral buoyancy within the rift zones, where the density of the magma is just balanced by the in situ density of the shield (Ryan, 1987a, b). Deep rift zone intrusions push seaward the deep tectonic blocks of the volcano's south flank. Shallow rift intrusions build a sheeted dike complex, inferred to be in isostatic equilibrium with the higher-density deep rift cores below. General finite element analyses are presented for the deformation and stress fields surrounding such dikes in the horizontal and vertical planes. The dike tip in two and three dimensions is surrounded by a tubular core of tensile (σ1, σ2) and shear stress (τmax). The displacement field is characterized by counterrotating cells on either side of the dike tip which, in vertical orientation, produce the characteristic subsidence above the dike complex, with uplift on either side, forming a ridge-trough-ridge structure. A finite element model of Kilauea's shield computes the displacement fields and principal stress (σ1) distributions resulting from intrusive activity on each or both of the rift zones. Within the summit region, tensile stress lobes produced by the three-dimensional upward extension of the intrusions superpose constructively to produce calderawide regimes of tensile stress, conducive to caldera development. Parametric studies of (1) intrusion in the East Rift Zone only, (2) intrusion in the Southwest Rift Zone only, and (3) intrusion in both rift zones demonstrate their unique kinematic contributions. For case 1, the caldera undergoes a counterclockwise rotation (torque up state) conducive to the development of rightstepping en echelon eruptive fissures, as exemplified by the August 14, 1971, eruption. For case 2, the caldera undergoes a clockwise rotation (torque down state) conducive to the development of left-stepping eruptive fissures, as occurred during the December 31, 1974, eruption. For case 3, the caldera substructure is driven due southward, producing the southward migration of the upper portions of the summit magma reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB05p04213","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ryan, M., 1988, The mechanics and three-dimensional internal structure of active magmatic systems: Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B5, p. 4213-4248, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04213.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"4213","endPage":"4248","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226183,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badc3e4b08c986b323dd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, M.P.","contributorId":30754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014772,"text":"70014772 - 1988 - The giant submarine alika debris slide, Mauna Loa, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-19T10:40:16","indexId":"70014772","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The giant submarine alika debris slide, Mauna Loa, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A 4000‐km2 area of submarine slump and slide deposits along the west flank of Mauna Loa volcano has been mapped with GLORIA side‐scan sonar images, seismic reflection profiles, and new bathymetry. The youngest deposits are two debris avalanche lobes that travelled from their breakaway area near the present shoreline as much as 100 km into the Hawaiian Deep at water depths of 4800 m. The two lobes partly overlap and together are designated the Alika slide. They were derived from the same source area and probably formed in rapid succession. Distinction hummocky topography, marginal levees, and other features on lower slopes (0.3°–0.6°) of these deposits resemble subaerial volcanic debris avalanche deposits such as 1980 Mount St. Helens and suggest high emplacement velocities. The breakaway area for the Alika slide (10°–15° slopes) is characterized by large block slumps, bounded by normal faults, that probably represent multiple subsidence events before, during, and after the debris avalanches. Lower slopes of the slide contain distinctive lobate‐terraced deposits that are interpreted as having been emplaced more slowly, prior to the debris avalanches. Estimated thicknesses of 50–200 m suggest volumes of 200–600 km3 for the two lobes. The combined volume of the entire slide and slump terrane is probably 1500–2000 km3. The slide deposits predate a 13‐ka coral reef and probably postdate the block‐faulted Ninole Basalt, roughly dated as a few hundred thousand years old. The Alika slide, or a similar deposit recognized on GLORIA images further north along the Hawaiian Ridge, probably triggered a giant wave that washed 325 m high on Lanai at about 100 ka. Slumping on Mauna Loa has been most intense adjacent to the large arcuate bend in its southwest rift zone, as the rift zone migrated westward away from the growing Kilauea volcano. Slumping events were probably triggered by seismic activity accompanying dike injection along the rift zone. Such massive slumps, landslides, and distal submarine turbidity flows appear to be widespread on the flanks of Hawaiian volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB05p04279","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., Normark, W.R., Moore, J.G., Wilson, J.B., and Gutmacher, C.E., 1988, The giant submarine alika debris slide, Mauna Loa, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B5, p. 4279-4299, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04279.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"4279","endPage":"4299","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac85e4b08c986b323558","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, J. B.","contributorId":28606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gutmacher, Christina E.","contributorId":28272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutmacher","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":13975,"text":"ofr87175 - 1987 - Drytilt stations in Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:00","indexId":"ofr87175","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-175","title":"Drytilt stations in Kilauea, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87175","usgsCitation":"Hanatani, R., 1987, Drytilt stations in Kilauea, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-175, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87175.","productDescription":"72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0175/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0175/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633c7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanatani, R.Y.","contributorId":104909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanatani","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207555,"text":"70207555 - 1987 - The significance of observations at active volcanoes; A review and annotated bibliography of studies at Kilauea and Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T14:55:38.866338","indexId":"70207555","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-24T13:05:11","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5903,"text":"Geochemical Society Special Publication","onlineIssn":" 1073-217","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The significance of observations at active volcanoes; A review and annotated bibliography of studies at Kilauea and Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"Study of active volcanoes yields information of much broader significance than to only the discipline of volcanology. Some applications are 1) interpretation of lava-flow structures, stratigraphic complexities, and petrologic relations in older volcanic units; 2) interpretation of bulk properties of the mantle and constraints on partial melting and deep magma transport; 3) interpretation of geophysical characteristics of potentially active volcanic systems; 4) direct determination of physical properties of molten and solidified basalt, and of intensive variables (e.g., oxygen fugacity and temperature) accompanying cooling and crystallization; 5) quantitative assessment of crystal fractionation and magma mixing, 6) tests of theoretical and experimental geochemical, geophysical, and rheologic models of volcanic behavior; and 7) confirmation in nature of laboratory experiments related to crystallization in igneous systems. The critical factors that make real-time study of volcanic activity valuable are that the location and timing of events are known, and that molten rock and gases are available for direct observation and sampling for subsequent study. Observations made over a period of time make it possible to calculate rates of magma transport, storage, and crystallization, as well as to quantitatively determine elastic and inelastic deformation and the build up and decay of stress within the active volcanic system. Discussion of these topics is keyed to an annotated bibliography from which quantitative information on properties and processes may be obtained. Emphasis is on Hawaii's active basaltic volcanoes for which the most information is available. Additional references are made to research at Mount St. Helens, one of the first real-time studies of an active volcano of dacitic composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geochemical Society","isbn":"0-941-809-005","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Swanson, D., 1987, The significance of observations at active volcanoes; A review and annotated bibliography of studies at Kilauea and Mount St. Helens: Geochemical Society Special Publication, v. 1, p. 231-240.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano, Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.31509399414062,\n 19.381113715771875\n ],\n [\n -155.22171020507812,\n 19.381113715771875\n ],\n [\n -155.22171020507812,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.31509399414062,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.31509399414062,\n 19.381113715771875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.36022949218749,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -122.02239990234375,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -122.02239990234375,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -122.36022949218749,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -122.36022949218749,\n 46.14178273759234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014164,"text":"70014164 - 1987 - Geothermometry of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70014164","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geothermometry of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Data on the variation of temperature with time and in space are essential to a complete understanding of the crystallization history of basaltic magma in Kilauea Iki lava lake. Methods used to determine temperatures in the lake have included direct, downhole thermocouple measurements and Fe-Ti oxide geothermometry. In addition, the temperature variations of MgO and CaO contents of glasses, as determined in melting experiments on appropriate Kilauean samples, have been calibrated for use as purely empirical geothermometers and are directly applicable to interstitial glasses in olivine-bearing core from Kilauea Iki. The uncertainty in inferred quenching temperatures is ??8-10?? C. Comparison of the three methods shows that (1) oxide and glass geothermometry give results that are consistent with each other and consistent with the petrography and relative position of samples, (2) downhole thermo-couple measurements are low in all but the earliest, shallowest holes because the deeper holes never completely recover to predrilling temperatures, (3) glass geothermometry provides the greatest detail on temperature profiles in the partially molten zone, much of which is otherwise inaccessible, and (4) all three methods are necessary to construct a complete temperature profile for any given drill hole. Application of glass-based geothermometry to partially molten drill core recovered in 1975-1981 reveals in great detail the variation of temperature, in both time and space, within the partially molten zone of Kilauea Iki lava lake. The geothermometers developed here are also potentially applicable to glassy samples from other Kilauea lava lakes and to rapidly quenched lava samples from eruptions of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01080357","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., and Thornber, C., 1987, Geothermometry of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 49, no. 5, p. 651-668, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01080357.","startPage":"651","endPage":"668","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205688,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080357"},{"id":226206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28dfe4b0c8380cd5a4bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}