{"pageNumber":"170","pageRowStart":"4225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":27703,"text":"wri964062 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic setting and simulation of pesticide fate and transport in the unsaturated zone of a regolith-mantled, carbonate-rock terrain near Newville, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T11:16:37","indexId":"wri964062","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4062","title":"Hydrogeologic setting and simulation of pesticide fate and transport in the unsaturated zone of a regolith-mantled, carbonate-rock terrain near Newville, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical data were collected from May 1991 through April 1993 at a 4.5 hectare field site in Cumberland County, Pa., about 5 kilometers southeast of Newville. These data were used to define the hydrogeologic setting of a field site representative of the intensively farmed carbonate valleys of southeastern and south-central Pennsylvania. The environmental processing of commonly used pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides) in the unsaturated zone was simulated with a process- oriented digital model to evaluate the environmental fate and transport of pesticides to ground water. Site data and modelling results provide a basis for a discussion of water-quality implications of agricultural best-management practices. The carbonate valleys of Pennsylvania comprise regolith-mantled carbonate-rock terrains that consist of broad undulating upland areas dissected by mostly dry valleys and widely spaced spring-fed creeks. The upland areas are farmed and exhibit possess a doline karst topography with many closed depressions, sinkholes, and bedrock outcrops. Unsaturated materials at the field site consist of an almost continuous soil cover composed of fine-grained residuum underlain by an intermediate vadose zone composed of karstified limestone. Soils are absent on scattered bedrock outcrops and are more than 12 meters thick in other areas of the site. The soil profile stores appreciable quantities of water with a volumetric average of about 36 percent water at field capacity. Organic carbon content of soil materials is about 1.7 percent in the Ap-horizon and from 0.1 to 0.3 percent throughout the full thickness of the B- and C-horizons. Atrazine, metolachlor, simazine, and the atrazine soil metabolites deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine were detected at concentrations above 0.05 mg/L in just the upper 0.6 meters of soil materials. However, detectable concentrations of atrazine, simazine, and atrazine soil metabolites were measured in water samples from lysimeters installed in soil materials at depths of 1.2, 2.1, and 3.7 meters and from monitor wells completed in the saturated zone to depths of 122 meters. Data collected from the field site were used to configure a pesticide screening model based on the pesticide version of the leaching estimation and chemistry model (LEACHP) developed by Wagenet and Hutson (1987). Model simulations show that most field-applied pesticides volatilize to the atmosphere, accumulate in soils, degrade in the subsurface environment, or leach to ground water. Model results were used to rank the leaching potentials of 66 pesticides. Eighteen of 32 herbicides, 4 of 9 fungicides, and 10 of 25 insecticides have moderate to large potential for leaching to ground water. A review of available pesticide monitoring data suggests that many compounds given moderate or high leaching potentials have not been tested for in ground water and the presence of pesticides in Pennsylvania's ground water may be underreported. Monitoring data do not exist for more than two-thirds of the pesticide compounds currently used in agricultural, carbonate areas of Pennsylvania. Knowledge of processes that govern fate and transport of pesticides is needed to facilitate development of effective pesticide best-management practices. In addition to comprehensive monitoring for pesticides and pesticide degradation products in ground water downgradient of areas of pesticide use, improved (1) characterization of unsaturated flow and transport through regolith mantled carbonate rocks, (2) estimates of pesticide degradation rates, (3) understanding of soil-property controls on pesticide movement, and (4) management models developed from process-oriented research would aid in understanding the processes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964062","usgsCitation":"Hippe, D., and Hall, D.W., 1996, Hydrogeologic setting and simulation of pesticide fate and transport in the unsaturated zone of a regolith-mantled, carbonate-rock terrain near Newville, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4062, vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964062.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62793f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hippe, D. J.","contributorId":83951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hippe","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28703,"text":"wri964030 - 1996 - Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri964030","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4030","title":"Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","docAbstract":"Thousands of deep artesian wells were drilled into the Upper Floridan aquifer in west-central Florida prior to well-drilling regulations adopted in the 1970's. The wells were usually completed with a short length of casing through the unconsolidated sediments and were left open to multiple aquifers containing water of varying quality. These open boreholes serve as a potential source of water-quality degradation within the aquifers when vertical internal borehole flow is induced by hydraulic-head differences. Thispotential for water-quality degradation exists in west-central Florida where both the intermediate aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer exist. Measurements of caliper, temperature, gamma, fluid conductivity, and flow were obtained in 87 wells throughout west-central Florida to determine the occurrence of interaquifer borehole flow between the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer. Flow measurements were made using an impeller flowmeter, a heat-pulse flowmeter, and a video camera with an impeller flowmeter attachment. Of the 87 wells measured with the impeller flowmeter, 17 had internal flow which ranged from 10 to 300 gallons per minute. A heat-pulse flowmeter was used in 19 wells in which flow was not detected using the impeller flowmeter. Of these 19 wells, 18 had internal flow which ranged from 0.3 to 10gallons per minute. Additionally, water-quality samples were collected from specific contributing zones in wells that had internal flow. Analysis of geophysical and water-quality data indicates degradation of water quality has occurred from mineralized ground water flowing upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer into the intermediate aquifer system through both uncased boreholes and corroded black-iron well casings. In areas where there is a downward component of flow, data indicate that potable water from the intermediate aquifer system is artificially recharging the Upper Floridan aquifer through open boreholes. A geographical area was defined where there is a potential for water- quality degradation due to improperly cased wells. This area was delineated based on where there is an upward component of ground-water flow and where there is an occurrence of poor-quality water. The delineated area includes parts of Hillsborough, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte, De Soto, and Hardee Counties. To prevent further contamination of the aquifers, the Southwest Florida Water Management District began the Quality of Water Improvement Program in 1974 to restore hydrologic conditions altered by improperly constructed wells or deteriorating casings. As of May 1994, more than 3,000 wells have been inspected and approximately 1,350 have been plugged. To minimize interaquifer contamination, existing wells, especially ones with black-iron casing, should be inspected and, if necessary, repaired with new casing or plugged.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri964030","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Brendle, D., 1996, Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4030, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964030.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2275,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4030.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brendle, D. L.","contributorId":68343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28252,"text":"wri964014 - 1996 - Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:50:59","indexId":"wri964014","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4014","title":"Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995","docAbstract":"The 100-year flood plain was determined for Upper Three Runs, its tributaries, and the part of the Savannah River that borders the Savannah River Site. The results are provided in tabular and graphical formats. The 100-year flood-plain maps and flood profiles provide water-resource managers of the Savannah River Site with a technical basis for making flood-plain management decisions that could minimize future flood problems and provide a basis for designing and constructing drainage structures along roadways. A hydrologic analysis was made to estimate the 100-year recurrence- interval flow for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The analysis showed that the well-drained, sandy soils in the head waters of Upper Three Runs reduce the high flows in the stream; therefore, the South Carolina upper Coastal Plain regional-rural-regression equation does not apply for Upper Three Runs. Conse- quently, a relation was established for 100-year recurrence-interval flow and drainage area using streamflow data from U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations on Upper Three Runs. This relation was used to compute 100-year recurrence-interval flows at selected points along the stream. The regional regression equations were applicable for the tributaries to Upper Three Runs, because the soil types in the drainage basins of the tributaries resemble those normally occurring in upper Coastal Plain basins. This was verified by analysis of the flood-frequency data collected from U.S. Geological Survey gaging station 02197342 on Fourmile Branch. Cross sections were surveyed throughout each reach, and other pertinent data such as flow resistance and land-use were col- lected. The surveyed cross sections and computed 100-year recurrence-interval flows were used in a step-backwater model to compute the 100-year flood profile for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The profiles were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain on topographic maps. The Savannah River forms the southwestern border of the Savannah River Site. Data from previously published reports were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain for the Savannah River from the downstream site boundary at the mouth of Lower Three Runs at river mile 125 to the upstream site boundary at river mile 163.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri964014","usgsCitation":"Lanier, T.H., 1996, Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4014, Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964014.","productDescription":"Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57079,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57080,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57078,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4014/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Aiken","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River, Upper Three 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T. H.","contributorId":41469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23276,"text":"ofr96230 - 1996 - Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay, Citrus County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96230","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-230","title":"Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay, Citrus County, Florida","docAbstract":"Kings Bay is an estuary on the gulf coast of peninsular Florida with a surface area of less than one square mile. It is a unique estuarine system with no significant inflowing rivers or streams. As much as 99 percent of the freshwater entering the bay originates from multiple spring vents at the bottom of the estuary. The circulation and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay were evaluated by applying SIMSYS2D, a two-dimensional numerical model. Field data were used to calibrate and verify the model. Lagrangian particle simulations were used to determine the circulation characteristics for three hydrologic conditions: low inflow, typical inflow, and low inflow with reduced friction from aquatic vegetation. Spring discharge transported the particles from Kings Bay through Crystal River and out of the model domain. Tidal effects added an oscillatory component to the particle paths. The mean particle residence time was 59 hours for low inflow with reduced friction; therefore, particle residence time is affected more by spring discharge than by bottom friction. Circulation patterns were virtually identical for the three simulated hydroloigc conditions. Simulated particles introduced in the southern part of Kings Bay traveled along the eastern side of Buzzard Island before entering Crystal River and existing the model domain. The flushing characteristics of Kings Bay for the three hydrodynamic conditions were determined by simulating the injection of conservative dye constituents. The average concentration of dye initially injected in Kings Bay decreased asymptotically because of spring discharge, and the tide caused some oscillation in the average dye concentration. Ninety-five percent of the injected dye exited Kings Bay and Crystal River with 94 hours for low inflow, 71 hours for typical inflow, and 94 hours for low inflow with reduced bottom friction. Simulation results indicate that all of the open waters of Kings Bay are flushed by the spring discharge. Reduced bottom friction has little effect on flushing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96230","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hammett, K., Goodwin, C.R., and Sanders, G., 1996, Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay, Citrus County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-230, vi, 63 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96230.","productDescription":"vi, 63 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0230/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52563,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammett, K.M.","contributorId":59006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammett","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodwin, C. R.","contributorId":18398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanders, G.L.","contributorId":62622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":68677,"text":"ha738B - 1996 - Ground-water levels in intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:23:37","indexId":"ha738B","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"738","chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water levels in intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program is a series of studies by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to analyze regional ground-water systems that compose a major portion of the Nation's water supply (Sun, 1986). The Northern Rocky Mountains Intermontane Basins is one of the study regions in this national program. The main objectives of the RASA studies are to (1) describe the groundwater systems as they exist today, (2) analyze the known changes that have led to the systems present condition, (3) combine results of previous studies in a regional analysis, where possible, and (4) provide means by which effects of future ground-water development can be estimated.<br />The purpose of this study, which began in 1990, was to increase understanding of the hydrogeology of the intermontane basins of the Northern Rocky Mountains area. This report is Chapter B of a three-part series and shows the general distribution of ground-water levels in basin-fill deposits in the study area. Chapter A (Tuck and others, 1996) describes the geologic history and generalized hydrogeologic units. Chapter C (Clark and Dutton, 1996) describes the quality of ground and surface waters in the study area.<br />Ground-water levels shown in this report were measured primarily during summer 1991 and summer 1992; however, historical water levels were used for areas where more recent data could not be obtained. The information provided allows for the evaluation of general directions of ground-water flow, identification of recharge and discharge areas, and determination of hydraulic gradients within basin-fill deposits.</p>","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha738B","isbn":"0607861479","usgsCitation":"Briar, D.W., Lawlor, S., Stone, M., Parliman, D., Schaefer, J., and Kendy, E., 1996, Ground-water levels in intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 738, 1 map :col ;86 x 65 cm., on sheet 101 x 94 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha738B.","productDescription":"1 map :col ;86 x 65 cm., on sheet 101 x 94 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":265411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/738b/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":265410,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/738b/report.pdf"},{"id":187638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/738b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"750000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,44 ], [ -117,49 ], [ -111,49 ], [ -111,44 ], [ -117,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66756a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briar, David W. dbriar@usgs.gov","contributorId":4034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briar","given":"David","email":"dbriar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":278706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawlor, S.M.","contributorId":68164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawlor","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, M.A.","contributorId":9665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schaefer, J.L.","contributorId":106160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendy, Eloise","contributorId":63841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendy","given":"Eloise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":26049,"text":"wri954248 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic setting, hydraulic properties, and ground-water flow at the O-Field area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T15:40:38","indexId":"wri954248","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4248","title":"Hydrogeologic setting, hydraulic properties, and ground-water flow at the O-Field area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Army disposed chemical agents, laboratory materials, and unexploded ordnance at O-Field in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, from before World War II until at least the 1950's. Soil, ground water, surface water, and wetland sediments in the O-Field area were contaminated from the disposal activity. A ground-water-flow model of the O-Field area was constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1989 to simulate flow in the central and southern part of Gunpowder Neck. The USGS began an additional study of the contamination in the O-Field area in cooperation with the U.S. Army in 1990 to (1) further define the hydrogeologic framework of the O-Field area, (2) characterize the hydraulic properties of the aquifers and confining unit, and (3) define ground-water flow paths at O-Field on the basis of the current data and simulations of ground-water flow.</p><p>A water-table aquifer, an upper confining unit, and an upper confined aquifer comprise the shallow ground-water system of the O-Field area. A lower confining unit, through which ground-water movement is negligible, is considered a lower boundary to the shallow system. These units are all part of the Pleistocene Talbot Formation.</p><p>The model developed in the previous study was redesigned using the data collected during this study and emphasized New O-Field. The current steady-state model was calibrated to water levels of June 1993. The rate of ground-water flow calculated by the model was approximately 0.48 feet per day and the rate determined from chlorofluorocarbon dates was approximately 0.39 feet per day. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving Ground Support Activity Environmental Conservation and Restoration Division Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Banks, W.S., Smith, B.S., and Donnelly, C.A., 1996, Hydrogeologic setting, hydraulic properties, and ground-water flow at the O-Field area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4248, iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954248.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4248/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54826,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.30185127258301,\n              39.33316884707227\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.28605842590332,\n              39.33316884707227\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.28605842590332,\n              39.34571500699714\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.30185127258301,\n              39.34571500699714\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.30185127258301,\n              39.33316884707227\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, William S.L.","contributorId":35281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Barry S.","contributorId":21532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donnelly, Colleen A.","contributorId":62240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27893,"text":"wri964013 - 1996 - Prediction of traveltime and longitudinal dispersion in rivers and streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-12T21:28:43","indexId":"wri964013","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4013","title":"Prediction of traveltime and longitudinal dispersion in rivers and streams","docAbstract":"The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled upstream from a water supply is a constant concern to those diverting and using water from streams and rivers. Although many excellent models are available to estimate traveltime and dispersion, none can be used with confidence before calibration and verification to the particular river reach in question. Therefore, the availability of reliable input information is usually the weakest link in the chain of events needed to predict the rate of movement, dilution, and mixing of contaminants in rivers and streams.\n\nMeasured tracer-response curves produced from the injection of a known quantity of soluble tracer provide an efficient method of obtaining the necessary data. The purpose of this report is to use previously presented concepts along with extensive data collected on time of travel and dispersion to provide guidance to water-resources managers and planners in responding to spills. This is done by providing methods to estimate (1) the rate of movement of a contaminant through a river reach, (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant with time, and (3) the length of time required for the contaminant plume to pass a point in the river. Although the accuracy of the predictions can be greatly increased by performing time-oftravel studies on the river reach in question, the emphasis of this report is on providing methods for making estimates where few data are available.\n\nResults from rivers of all sizes can be combined by defining the unit concentration as that concentration of a conservative pollutant that would result from injecting a unit of mass into a unit of flow. Unit-peak concentrations are compiled for more than 60 different rivers representing a wide range of sizes, slopes, and geomorphic types. Analyses of these data indicate that the unitpeak concentration is well correlated with the time required for a pollutant cloud to reach a specific point in the river. The variance among different rivers is, of course, larger than for a specific river reach. Other river characteristics that were compiled and included in the correlation included the drainage area, the reach slope, the mean annual discharge, and the discharge at the time of the measurement. The most significant other variable in the correlation was the ratio of the river discharge to mean annual discharge.\n\nThe prediction of the traveltime is more difficult than the prediction of unit-peak concentration; but the logarithm of stream velocity can be assumed to be linearly correlated with the logarithm of discharge. More than 980 subreaches for about 90 different rivers were analyzed and prediction equations were developed based on the drainage area, the reach slope, the mean annual discharge, and the discharge at the time of the measurement. The highest probable velocity, which will result in the highest concentration, is usually of concern after an accidental spill. Therefore, an envelope curve for which more than 99 percent of the velocities were smaller was developed to address this concern.\n\nThe time of arrival of the leading edge of the pollutant indicates when a problem will first exist and defines the overall shape of the tracer-response function. The traveltime of the leading edge is generally about 89 percent of the traveltime to the peak concentration.\n\nThe area under a tracer-response function (a known value when unit concentrations are used) can be closely approximated as the area under a triangle with a height of the peak concentration and a base extending from the leading edge to a point where the concentration has reduced to 1C percent of the peak. Knowing the time of the leading edge and the peak, the peak concentration, and the time when the response function has reduced to 10 percent of its peak value allows the complete response function to be sketched with fair accuracy.\n\nFour example applications are included to illustrate how the prediction equations developed in this report can be used either to calibrate a mathematical model or to make predictions directly.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964013","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., 1996, Prediction of traveltime and longitudinal dispersion in rivers and streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4013, iv, 69 p.: ill.; 28 cm.; HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964013.","productDescription":"iv, 69 p.: ill.; 28 cm.; HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56713,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4013/documents/dispersion.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e5fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24266,"text":"ofr95765 - 1996 - Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:58:53.394521","indexId":"ofr95765","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-765","title":"Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida","docAbstract":"A series of freshwater subsurface injection, storage, and recovery tests were conducted at an injection-well site near Lake Okeechobee in Okeechobee County, Florida, to assess the recoverability of injected canal water from the Lower Floridan aquifer. At the study site, the Lower Floridan aquifer is characterized as having four local, relatively independent, high-permeability flow zones (389 to 398 meters, 419 to 424 meters, 456 to 462 meters, and 472 to 476 meters below sea level). Four subsurface injection, storage, and recovery cycles were performed at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site in which volumes of water injected ranged from about 387,275 to 1,343,675 cubic meters for all the cycles, and volumes of water recovered ranged from about 106,200 to 484,400 cubic meters for cycles 1, 2, and 3. The recovery efficiency for successive cycles 2 and 3 increased from 22 to 36 percent and is expected to continue increasing with additional cycles. A comparison of chloride concentration breakthrough curves at the deep monitor well (located about 171 meters from the injection well) for cycles 1, 4, and test no. 4 (from a previous study) revealed unexpected finings. One significant result was that the concentration asymptote, expected to be reached at concentration levels equivalent or close to the injected water concentration, was instead reached at higher concentration levels. The injection to recovery rate ratio might affect the chloride concentration breakthrough curve at the deep monitor well, which could explain this unexpected behavior. Because there are four high-permeability zones, if the rate of injection is smaller than the rate of recovery (natural artesian flow), the head differential might not be transmitted through the entire open wellbore, and injected water would probably flow only through the upper high- permeability zones. Therefore, observed chloride concentration values at the deep monitor well would be higher than the concentration of the injected water and would represent a mix of water from the different high-permeability zones. A generalized digital model was constructed to simulate the subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the Lower Floridan aquifer at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site.  The model was constructed using a modified version of the Saturated-Unsaturated TRAnsport code (SUTRA), which simulates variable-density advective-dispersive solute transport and variable-density ground-water flow. Satisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the deep monitor well were obtained when using the model during the injection and recovery phases of cycle 1, but not for the injection well during the recovery phase of cycle 1 even after several attempts. This precluded the determination of the recovery efficiency values by using the model. The unsatisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the injection well and failure of the model to represent the field data at this well could be due to the characteristics of the Lower Floridan aquifer (at the local scale), which is cavernous or conduit in nature. To test this possibility, Reynolds numbers were estimated at varying distances from the injection well, taking into consideration two aquifer types or conceptual systems, porous media and cavernous. For the porous media conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 10 at distances less than 1.42 meters from the injection well. Thus, application of Darcy's law to ground-water flow might not be valid at this distance. However, at the deep monitor well (171 meters from the injection well), the Reynolds number was 0.08 which is indicative of laminar porous media flow. For the cavernous conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 2,000 at distances less than 1,000 meters from the well. This number represents the upper limit of laminar flow, which is the fundamental assumption","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95765","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., Kotun, K., and Whitley, J.F., 1996, Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-765, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95765.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53391,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0765/ofr95765.pdf","text":"Report","size":"802 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 95-765"},{"id":155007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0765/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Okeechobee County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.8732,27.6425],[-80.7783,27.6434],[-80.7774,27.5586],[-80.6801,27.5578],[-80.6798,27.5265],[-80.6777,27.3688],[-80.6775,27.3097],[-80.6781,27.2941],[-80.6791,27.2941],[-80.678,27.2443],[-80.6781,27.2406],[-80.6779,27.206],[-80.6777,27.1212],[-80.8855,26.9586],[-80.8689,27.1459],[-80.8865,27.1662],[-80.89,27.1682],[-80.8941,27.1669],[-80.8997,27.1684],[-80.9056,27.1723],[-80.9091,27.1756],[-80.9089,27.1798],[-80.9082,27.1862],[-80.9091,27.1886],[-80.9157,27.1901],[-80.9227,27.194],[-80.9287,27.1984],[-80.9338,27.198],[-80.9368,27.2],[-80.9381,27.2051],[-80.9435,27.2108],[-80.9489,27.2188],[-80.9539,27.2217],[-80.9596,27.2191],[-80.9658,27.2165],[-80.9733,27.2213],[-80.9806,27.2299],[-80.9824,27.2359],[-80.9826,27.2451],[-80.9871,27.248],[-80.9945,27.2552],[-80.9988,27.2654],[-80.9989,27.2751],[-80.9979,27.2903],[-80.9987,27.2968],[-81.0036,27.3006],[-81.0123,27.3009],[-81.0205,27.3016],[-81.0264,27.3063],[-81.0288,27.3119],[-81.03,27.3207],[-81.0334,27.3254],[-81.0384,27.3283],[-81.0434,27.3326],[-81.0447,27.3391],[-81.0419,27.3455],[-81.0378,27.3482],[-81.0331,27.3499],[-81.033,27.354],[-81.0393,27.3625],[-81.0494,27.3651],[-81.0523,27.3702],[-81.0572,27.3777],[-81.0677,27.3831],[-81.0835,27.3854],[-81.1044,27.386],[-81.116,27.3909],[-81.1254,27.3999],[-81.1278,27.406],[-81.1343,27.4103],[-81.1413,27.4142],[-81.1416,27.4216],[-81.1402,27.4317],[-81.142,27.44],[-81.1489,27.4489],[-81.1578,27.457],[-81.1694,27.462],[-81.1723,27.4685],[-81.1771,27.4774],[-81.183,27.484],[-81.1957,27.488],[-81.2032,27.4914],[-81.2041,27.4974],[-81.2017,27.5075],[-81.2025,27.5135],[-81.2069,27.5196],[-81.2096,27.5308],[-81.2032,27.5398],[-81.202,27.5458],[-81.2014,27.5476],[-81.1904,27.5542],[-81.1811,27.5577],[-81.1721,27.5662],[-81.1653,27.5706],[-81.1596,27.5728],[-81.1573,27.581],[-81.1544,27.5892],[-81.149,27.5969],[-81.1427,27.6027],[-81.1413,27.6137],[-81.1419,27.6253],[-81.1421,27.635],[-81.1424,27.6432],[-81.066,27.6421],[-80.8732,27.6425]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Okeechobee\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68014e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kotun, Kevin","contributorId":16446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotun","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitley, J. F.","contributorId":10829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28826,"text":"wri954191 - 1996 - Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T11:30:35","indexId":"wri954191","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4191","title":"Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"<p>Large chloride concentrations in Arkansas River water have the potential to degrade water quality in the adjacent <i>Equus</i> beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, Kansas. The aquifer is an important source of water for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and domestic uses. </p><p>A three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow-model program (MODFLOW) was used with data from past studies and data collected during 1988-91 to simulate aquifer and stream conditions during the late 1930's, during 1940-89, and during 1990-2019. Results of ground-water flow-model simulations indicated that declining water levels in the <i>Equus</i> beds aquifer since the 1940's have caused base flow in the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers to decrease. In 1940, the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers had simulated net base-flow gains within the model area of about 21 and about 67 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (cubic feet per second), respectively. By the end of 1989, the Arkansas River had a simulated net base-flow loss of about 52 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, and the Little Arkansas River had a net base-flow gain of about 27 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Simulations for 1990-2019 showed that the water-level changes in a selected model cell located in the central part of the Wichita well field could range from -0.2 to -78 feet. Waterlevel changes in a selected model cell located near the Arkansas River could range from +1.3 to -1.2 feet. In model simulations where only pumpage varied, net base-flow loss from the Arkansas River to the aquifer ranged from about 59 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (no increase in pumpage since 1989) to 117 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (a 3-percent per year increase in pumpage since 1989) by 2019. </p><p>Assuming a chloride concentration of 630 milligrams per liter, the median concentration in Arkansas River water collected during 1988-91, the quantity of chloride discharged from the Arkansas River to the aquifer was estimated to have increased from about 21 tons per day in 1940 to about 100 tons per day in 1989. By 2019, chloride discharge was indicated to range from about 110 tons per day (associated with no increase in pumpage since 1989) to 200 tons per day (associated with a 3-percent per year increase in pumpage since 1989). </p><p>A particle-tracking program (MODPATH), which used the results from the flow model, was used to simulate the distribution in the aquifer of chloride from the river during the same time periods. Particle-tracking simulations show that, during 1940-89, the simulated distribution of particles representing chloride from the Arkansas River expanded from relatively narrow bands near the river to a wider distribution within the aquifer and the Wichita well field. Particle-tracking simulations indicate that chloride discharge from the Arkansas River may have reached the edge of the Wichita well field as early as 1963.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954191","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office, the Equus Beds Groundwater Management District No. 2, and the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Myers, N.C., Hargadine, G., and Gillespie, J.B., 1996, Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4191, Report: viii, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 27.30 x 41.80 inches and 34.95 x 36.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954191.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 27.30 x 41.80 inches and 34.95 x 36.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57686,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":118897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":344896,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":344897,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1,\n              38.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              38.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              37.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, N. C.","contributorId":13622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hargadine, G.D.","contributorId":93927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillespie, Joe B.","contributorId":21194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27535,"text":"wri964045 - 1996 - Postaudit of head and transmissivity estimates and ground-water flow models of Avra Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-20T09:17:21","indexId":"wri964045","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4045","title":"Postaudit of head and transmissivity estimates and ground-water flow models of Avra Valley, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water from regional alluvial-aquifer systems is the main source of water in the alluvial basins of Arizona, such as Avra Valley. Ground-water flow models are used to assess ground-water availability and the effects of development on the regional ground-water resources. A postaudit of regional-head and transmissivity estimates and the ground-water flow models of Avra Valley was used to evaluate potential errors in the distribution of aquifer properties and recharge that can cause predictive errors in ground-water models. Simulations of predevelopment conditions in 1940 and historical development conditions for 1960-79 provided the basis of comparison for assessing predictive errors of historical conditions for two regional ground-water flow models. Potential errors in the estimation of the regional-head and transmissivity and alternate conceptual models were compared with an existing calibrated two-layer flow model for predevelopment (1940) and developed conditions (1940-85).</p><p>Measured heads can be subdivided into a north-central region and a region south of the basin constriction. A more variable regional-head surface typical of developed aquifer systems was indicated by kriged developed heads (1985) with about 50 percent more uncertainty than predevelopment heads (1940). Incorporating heads from adjacent basins at the ground-water inflow and outflow regions reduced uncertainty in kriged heads for these boundary areas. Universal cokriging of heads with the strongly correlated land-surface altitudes may improve regional-head estimates and model comparisons where head data are sparse.</p><p>Local transmissivity estimates can be subdivided into northern and south-central regions that are distributed along the valley axis and the Santa Cruz River. Regional geostatistical estimates of transmissivity, which are based solely on local estimates, are low in the northern part of Avra Valley and are high in the south-central part when compared with the head-conditioned model-derived estimates. These differences may be related to a systematic bias between aquifer-test conditions and methods of aquifer-test analysis. Cokriging transmissivities with specific capacity and silt-and-clay content provided the least uncertainty of all kriged estimates.</p><p>Predictive errors for the Avra Valley model are the result of a different combination of factors that become significant in the simulation of ground-water flow for the periods representing predevelopment, historical development, and future development conditions. Predictive errors for simulation of predevelopment conditions are caused by potential systematic errors in estimates of local transmissivity, uncertainty in long-term mountain-front recharge, and uncertainty in predevelopment heads along the margins of the basin where recharge and transmissivity estimates are constrained by heads during model calibration. Analog-model historical predictions of future development indicate changes to 1985 were as much as 50 to 100 feet different from actual&nbsp;declines that were caused by errors in the spatial distribution and not the total amount of estimated future pumpage.</p><p>Predictive errors for simulation of historical development (1960-79) appear to be caused to a greater extent by combined errors in estimates of transmissivity and storage properties and to a lesser extent by estimates of net withdrawal and subsidence. Comparison of the two digital models resulted in differences in transmissivity of as much as 30,000 feet squared per day and differences in specific yield of as much as 0.1. In combination with some differences in net withdrawal, these model-parameter differences resulted in local differences in change in storage of as much as 4,000 acre-feet per square mile and are equivalent to historical predictive errors in water levels of as much as 40 feet. Areas with no differences in model parameters yield comparable simulated water-level declines that are similar to measured declines. The pattern of differences in transmissivity and storage parameters are similar to differences between model-derived estimates conditioned on heads and related geostatistical estimates derived from aquifer-test estimates.</p><p>A postaudit analysis of alternate conceptual models was explored on the basis of well-by-well comparisons of reductions in mean error and variance, and through the use of standardized calibration-error maps for predevelopment heads (1940) and developed heads (1985). Calibration-error maps provide a useful tool for exploring the spatial structure of model errors and the relative adequacy of model fit that is not available from traditional methods of model comparison. Calibration-error maps indicate estimated heads were too high in the southern part of Avra Valley, and estimated heads were too low in the northern part. Increased transmissivity in the southern part of the lower model layer; decreased hydraulic conductivity in the southwestern part of the upper layer; reduced ground-water inflow from Altar Valley; and increased recharge along the Tortolita Mountains, Tucson Mountains, and Brawley Wash yielded a significantly better model for predevelopment but not for developed conditions (1940-85). This may indicate that alternate conceptual models are different for different time periods or require analysis of time-varying model parameters for developed conditions, such as climatically variable recharge. Predictive errors for future simulations (1986-2025) also could potentially include errors of more than 40 ft from omission of subsidence from the simulation of regional ground-water flow in Avra Valley. Further refinement of the changing conceptual model of an aquifer system under continuing development and variable climate, such as Avra Valley, will require a variety of additional geophysical, geochemical, and hydraulic field data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources and City of Tucson","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., 1996, Postaudit of head and transmissivity estimates and ground-water flow models of Avra Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4045, vi, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964045.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Avra Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.25,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.25,\n              32.55\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              32.55\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              32\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29467,"text":"wri964124 - 1996 - Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:49:43.32201","indexId":"wri964124","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4124","title":"Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Methods for estimating low-flow frequency characteristics at ungaged sites were developed for two areas in northern Florida. In the Yellow, Blackwater, Escambia, and Perdido River Basins study area (northwestern Florida), regional regression equations were developed for estimating the 7- and 30-day, 2- and 10-year low-flow characteristic (Q7,2, Q7,10, Q30,2, and Q30,10) by determining values of basin characteristics from digital Geographical Information System (GIS) coverages or hardcopy maps. A GIS, ARC-INFO, was used to quantify basin characteristics that were used in regression equations. Sources of digital data used in this analysis are elevation data, from a digital elevation model, stream length and location data from a digital hydrography coverage, and watershed boundaries digitized from topographic maps. </p><p>The most accurate regression equations employed a basin characteristic that was based on a simple conceptual model of one- dimensional ground-water flow using Darcy's law. Slightly less accurate equations were obtained using drainage area as the only explanatory variable. The standard error of prediction for the Darcy and drainage area equations of Q7,2 was 65 and 74 percent, respectively; Q7,10, 58 and 62 percent, respectively; Q30,2, 51 and, 54 percent, respectively; and Q30,10, 44 and 51 percent, respectively. In the Santa Fe River Basin study area (northeastern Florida), a flow-routing method was used to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites from low stream- flow analyses based on records at gaged sites. The use of the flow-routing method is suggested for areas where regression analysis proves unsuccessful, where low-flow characteristics have been defined at a significant number of sites, and where information about the basin characteristics has been thoroughly researched. Low-flow frequency characteristics determined at 40 sites and measurements made during five synoptic runs in 1989-91 were used to develop a flow-routing method.</p><p> Low-flow frequency characteristics and drainage areas were used to define river profiles for major streams within the Santa Fe River Basin. These river profiles serve as indicators of changes in a stream's low-flow characteristics with respect to change in drainage area. Unit low flows were also determined for each site where low-flow characteristics were determined. Areas of zero flow were defined for Q7,2 and Q7,10 conditions based on measurements made during synoptic runs and from low-flow frequency analyses. </p><p>The flow-routing method uses the drainage areas to interpolate low-flow values between or near gaged sites on the same stream. Low-flow values are transferred from a gaged site, either upstream or downstream, to the ungaged site. A step-by-step process for flow routing must be made when tributary or other inflow enter a stream. The strength of the flow-routing method is that the values at gaged sites reflect the overall basin characteristics in the vicinity of the gaged sites. However, the accuracy of low-flow estimates may be less in areas of decreasing and increasing flow if sufficient data are not available to assess changing hydraulic and hydrologic conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964124","usgsCitation":"Rumenik, R.P., and Grubbs, J.W., 1996, Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4124, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964124.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumenik, Roger P.","contributorId":42626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumenik","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29534,"text":"wri954147 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:50:25","indexId":"wri954147","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4147","title":"Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p>Knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of low flows is important for the optimal development of surface-water resources in Puerto Rico. This report presents analyses of low-flow data for 9 continuous-record gaging stations and 105 partial-record stations in southern and western Puerto Rico. The report includes analyses of lowflow data and tabulations of computed low-flow magnitude and frequency characteristics for 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years for continuous-record gaging stations based on the log-Pearson Type III frequency distribution or graphically adjusted logPearson frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics are provided for partial-record stations for 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years. Low-flow characteristics at partial-record stations were estimated based on the relation of base-flow discharge measurements at the partial-record stations and concurrent discharges at nearby continuous-record stations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority and the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Santiago-Rivera, L., 1996, Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4147, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954147.","productDescription":"viii, 46 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Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25490,"text":"wri954046 - 1996 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T21:40:02.949893","indexId":"wri954046","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4046","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","docAbstract":"Water quality in the headwaters of the Little Conestoga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa., was investigated from April 1986 through September 1989 to determine possible effects of agricultural nutrient management on water quality. Nutrient management, an agricultural Best-Management Practice, was promoted in the 5.8-square-mile watershed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Clean Water Program. Nonpoint-source- agricultural contamination was evident in surface water and ground water in the watershed; the greatest contamination was in areas underlain by carbonate rock and with intensive row-crop and animal production. Initial implementation of nutrient management covered about 30 percent of applicable land and was concentrated in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. By 1989, nutrient management covered about 45 percent of the entire Small Watershed, about 85 percent of the Nutrient- Management Subbasin, and less than 10 percent of the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The number of farms implementing nutrient management increased from 14 in 1986 to 25 by 1989. Nutrient applications to cropland in the Nutrient- Management Subbasin decreased by an average of 35 percent after implementation. Comparison of base- flow surface-water quality from before and after implementation suggests that nutrient management was effective in slowing or reversing increases in concentrations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. Although not statistically significant, the Mann-Whitney step-trend coefficient for the Nutrient-Management Subbasin was 0.8 milligram per liter, whereas trend coefficients for the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin and the Small Watershed were 0.4 and 1.4 milligrams per liter, respectively, for the period of study. Analysis of covariance comparison of concurrent concentrations from the two sub- basins showed a significant decrease in concen- trations from the Nutrient-Management Subbasin compared to the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The small, positive effect of nutrient management on base-flow water quality should be interpreted with caution. Lack of statistical significance for most tests, short-term variation in climate and agricultural activities, unknown ground-water flow rates, and insufficient agricultural-activity data for farms outside of the Nutrient-Management Subbasin were potential problems. A regression model relating nutrient applications to concen- trations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite showed no significant explanatory relation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954046","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., Fishel, D.K., Brown, M.J., and Kostelnik, K.M., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4046, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954046.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395190,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48162.htm"},{"id":124221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koerkle, E. H.","contributorId":29853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koerkle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishel, D. K.","contributorId":72028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, M. J.","contributorId":106531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kostelnik, K. M.","contributorId":34951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostelnik","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26364,"text":"wri964036 - 1996 - Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri964036","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4036","title":"Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","docAbstract":"The city of Sarasota, Florida, operates a downtown well field that pumps mineralized water from ground water sources to supply a reverse osmosis plant. Because of the close proximity of the well field to Sarasota Bay and the high sulfate and chloride concentrations of ground-water supplies, a growing concern exists about the possibility of lateral movement of saltwater in a landward direction (intrusion) and vertical movement of relict sea water (upconing).  In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey began a 3-year study to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics and water quality of ground-water resources within the downtown well field and the surrounding 235-square-mile study area. Delineation of the hydrogeology of the study area was based on water- quality data, aquifer test data, and extensive borehole geophysical surveys (including gamma, caliper, temperature, electrical resistivity, and flow meter logs) from the six existing production wells and from a corehole drilled as part of the study, as well as from published and unpublished reports on file at the U.S. Geological Survey, the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and consultant's reports.  Water-quality data were examined for spatial and temporal trends that might relate to the mechanism for observed water-quality changes. Water quality in the study area appears to be dependent upon several mechanisms, including upconing of higher salinity water from deeper zones within the aquifer system, interbore-hole flow between zones of varying water quality through improperly cased and corroded wells, migration of highly mineralized waters through structural deformities, and the presence of unflushed relict seawater.  A numerical ground-water flow model was developed as an interpretative tool where field-derived hydrologic characteristics could be tested. The conceptual model consisted of seven layers to represent the multilayered aquifer systems underlying the study area. Particle tracking was utilized to delineate the travel path of water as it enters the model area under a set of given conditions. Within the model area, simulated flow in the intermediate aquifer system originates primarily from the northwestern boundary. Simulated flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer originates in lower model layers (deeper flow zones) and ultimately can be traced to the southeastern and northwestern boundaries.  Volumetric budgets calculated from numerical simulation of a hypothetical well field indicate that the area of contribution to the well field changes seasonally. Although ground-water flow patterns change with wet and dry seasons, most water enters the well-field flow system through lower parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer from a southeastern direction. Moreover, particle tracking indicated that ground-water flow paths with strictly lateral pathlines in model layers correspond to the intermediate aquifer system, whereas particles traced through model layers corresponding to the Upper Floridan aquifer had components of vertical and lateral flow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964036","usgsCitation":"Broska, J.C., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1996, Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4036, vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964036.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55158,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broska, J. C.","contributorId":62628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broska","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25826,"text":"wri964098 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:53:18.888967","indexId":"wri964098","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4098","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin is diverse in ways that can control the areal distribution and flow of water and the distribution and concentration of constituents that affect water quality. A review of the environmental setting of the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is intended to put water quality in perspective with the geology, soils, climate, hydrology, ecology and historical uses of the land and provides a basis for the sampling design of the study.</p>\n<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses about 47,000 square miles and includes all of the basin upstream from Lake Pepin. The climate of the study unit is subhumid continental with cold dry winters and warm, moist summers. Average annual precipitation ranges from 22 inches in the western part of the study unit to 32 inches in the east. Annual runoff ranges from less than 2 inches in the west to 14 inches in the northeast.</p>\n<p>The physiography of the study unit includes the Superior Upland and the Central Lowland Provinces. The Wisconsin Driftless Area and the Dissected Till Plains are unique physiographic sections of the Central Lowland Province. Hydrogeologic units in glacial deposits include surficial and buried sand and gravel aquifers and confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are part of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks that can be divided into major aquifers separated by confining units.</p>\n<p>The population of the study unit was about 3,640,000 as of 1990 and increased 16 percent between 1970 and 1990. Seventy-five percent of the population lives in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. An average of 413 million gallons of water per day was used 59 percent from ground water and 41 percent from surface water. Land use and land cover in the study unit consists of forested, agricultural, and urban areas. About 63 percent of the land area is agricultural.</p>\n<p>The quality of water in streams and ground water are affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water is generally satisfactory for most domestic, public, industrial, and irrigation uses. Most water is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type.</p>\n<p>The initial six-year phase of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment, lasting from 1994 to 1999, focuses on data collection and analysis in a 19,500 square-mile area in Minnesota and Wisconsin that includes the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The study design focuses on factors that have an influence on or a potential influence on the water quality in that area. The most significant contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, synthetic-organic compounds, and trace metals.</p>\n<p>Environmental stratification consists of dividing the study unit into subareas with homogeneous characteristics to assess natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality. The assessment of water quality in streams and in aquifers is based on the sampling design that compares water quality within homogeneous subareas defined by subbasins or aquifer boundaries. The study unit is stratified at four levels for the surface-water component: glacial deposit composition, surficial geology, general land use and land cover, and secondary land use. Ground-water studies emphasize shallow ground water where quality is most likely influenced by overlying land use and land cover. Stratification for ground-water sampling is superimposed on the distribution of shallow aquifers. For each aquifer and surface-water basin this stratification forms the basis for the proposed sampling design used in the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964098","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1996, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4098, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964098.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, P. E.","contributorId":58683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":26751,"text":"wri954296 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:20:28","indexId":"wri954296","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4296","title":"Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","docAbstract":"A 4-year investigation of the Upper Floridan aquifer and ground-water flow system in Leon County, Florida, and surrounding counties of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia began in 1990. The purpose of the investigation was to describe the ground-water flow system and to delineate the contributing areas to selected City of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells. The investigation was prompted by the detection of low levels of tetrachloroethylene in ground-water samples collected from several of the city's water-supply wells. Hydrologic data and previous studies indicate that; ground-water flow within the Upper Floridan aquifer can be considered steady-state; the Upper Floridan aquifer is a single water-bearing unit; recharge is from precipitation; and that discharge occurs as spring flow, leakage to rivers, leakage to the Gulf of Mexico, and pumpage. Measured transmissivities of the aquifer ranged from 1,300 ft2/d (feet squared per day) to 1,300,000 ft2/d. Steady-state ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer was simulated using a three-dimensional ground- water flow model. Transmissivities ranging from less than 5,000 ft2/d to greater than 11,000,000 ft2/d were required to calibrate to observed conditions. Recharge rates used in the model ranged from 18.0 inches per year in areas where the aquifer was unconfined to less than 2 inches per year in broad areas where the aquifer was confined. Contributing areas to five Tallahassee water-supply wells were simulated by particle- tracking techniques. Particles were seeded in model cells containing pumping wells then tracked backwards in time toward recharge areas. The contributing area for each well was simulated twice, once assuming a porosity of 25 percent and once assuming a porosity of 5 percent. A porosity of 25 percent is considered a reasonable average value for the Upper Floridan aquifer; the 5 percent porosity simulated the movement of ground-water through only solution-enhanced bedding plains and fractures. The contributing areas were generally elliptical in shape, reflecting the influence of the sloping potentiometric surface. The contributing areas delineated for a 5 percent porosity were always much larger than those determined using a 25 percent porosity. The lowest average ground-water velocity computed within a contributing area, using a 25 percent porosity, was 1.0 ft/d (foot per day) and the highest velocity was 1.6 ft/d. The lowest average ground-water velocity, determined using a 5  percent porosity, was 2.4 ft/d and the highest was 7.4 ft/d. The contributing areas for each of the five wells was also determined analytically and compared to the model-derived areas. The upgradient width of the simulated contributing areas were larger than the upgradient width of the analytically determined contributing areas for four of the five wells. The model could more accurately delineate contributing areas because of the ability to simulate wells as partially penetrating and by incorporating complex, three-dimensional aquifer characteristics, which the analytical method could not.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954296","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.H., 1996, Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4296, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954296.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954296","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4296.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","county":"Leon County","city":"Tallahassee","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.0835,30.677],[-84.0073,30.6734],[-84.0084,30.6263],[-84.0057,30.6049],[-84.0025,30.593],[-84.002,30.5834],[-83.9962,30.5729],[-83.9893,30.5619],[-83.9818,30.5546],[-83.9819,30.5477],[-83.9834,30.5445],[-83.9829,30.5367],[-83.9813,30.5299],[-83.9776,30.5221],[-83.9999,30.5217],[-84.0413,30.5221],[-84.0418,30.4631],[-84.0746,30.4343],[-84.0756,30.3725],[-84.0755,30.2893],[-84.0755,30.2833],[-84.076,30.2737],[-84.2416,30.2739],[-84.2421,30.2776],[-84.2464,30.2959],[-84.248,30.3032],[-84.2501,30.3037],[-84.3432,30.3034],[-84.375,30.3033],[-84.594,30.3005],[-84.7135,30.3003],[-84.701,30.3182],[-84.702,30.3214],[-84.7063,30.3223],[-84.7106,30.3259],[-84.7138,30.3313],[-84.7096,30.3346],[-84.7048,30.3374],[-84.7007,30.3433],[-84.6912,30.3484],[-84.687,30.3517],[-84.683,30.3611],[-84.6771,30.3657],[-84.6737,30.3652],[-84.6662,30.3671],[-84.6647,30.3712],[-84.6631,30.3803],[-84.6465,30.388],[-84.6454,30.3912],[-84.6413,30.3958],[-84.6365,30.3986],[-84.6333,30.4014],[-84.6223,30.4101],[-84.6133,30.4106],[-84.6054,30.4153],[-84.59,30.4126],[-84.5784,30.4195],[-84.5663,30.4319],[-84.5578,30.4361],[-84.5457,30.4384],[-84.5298,30.4394],[-84.5251,30.4491],[-84.5087,30.4514],[-84.4992,30.4547],[-84.4944,30.4597],[-84.4859,30.4593],[-84.4811,30.457],[-84.4722,30.4589],[-84.4621,30.4571],[-84.4526,30.4617],[-84.4393,30.4622],[-84.4314,30.4659],[-84.4224,30.466],[-84.4113,30.4724],[-84.4028,30.4784],[-84.3975,30.4866],[-84.3992,30.4939],[-84.4034,30.5003],[-84.4061,30.5035],[-84.4061,30.509],[-84.3945,30.5159],[-84.3914,30.5269],[-84.3935,30.5296],[-84.3893,30.5429],[-84.3878,30.5512],[-84.382,30.5567],[-84.3814,30.5603],[-84.3815,30.5644],[-84.3778,30.574],[-84.3709,30.5809],[-84.3593,30.5869],[-84.3513,30.591],[-84.3445,30.5965],[-84.3381,30.5975],[-84.3344,30.598],[-84.3307,30.6048],[-84.3254,30.6149],[-84.3169,30.6231],[-84.3101,30.6319],[-84.3027,30.6383],[-84.3011,30.6456],[-84.3017,30.6547],[-84.3017,30.663],[-84.3049,30.6694],[-84.3033,30.6748],[-84.2975,30.6794],[-84.2901,30.6813],[-84.2842,30.6836],[-84.2811,30.6863],[-84.1803,30.6816],[-84.0835,30.677]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Leon\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal hdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.","email":"hdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Hal","affiliations":[{"id":5052,"text":"FLWSC-Tallahassee","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24372,"text":"ofr95459 - 1996 - Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr95459","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-459","title":"Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994","docAbstract":"A seepage investigation was conducted of 4,600 acres of Bear Creek Valley southwest of the Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for the period of January through September 1994. The data were collected to help the Y-12 Environmental Restoration Program develop a better understanding of ground-water and surface-water interactions, recharge and discharge relations, and ground-water flow patterns. The project was divided into three phases: a reconnaissance and mapping of seeps, springs, and stream-measurment sites; a high base flow seepage investigation; and a low base flow seepage investigation. The reconnaissance was conducted from January 6 to March 1, 1994, to identify and map the locations of seeps, springs, and stream-measurement sites. A total of 701 sites were identified. They consisted of 382 stream- measurement sites, 265 seeps, 48 springs, and 6 wetlands. A global positioning system was used to locate 680 sites to within 3- to 5-meter accuracy. The high base flow seepage investigation was conducted from March 14 through March 19, 1994. Measurements were made at 579 of the 701 sites identified in the reconnaissance that still had flowing water. Flow rates ranged from less than 0.005 to 6.89 cubic feet per second for the streams, from less than 0.005 to 0.13 cubic foot per second for the seeps, and from less than 0.005 to 1 cubic foot per second for the springs. pH ranged from 5.0 to 8.4 for the streams, from 5.1 to 8.2 for the seeps, from 5.3 to 8.0 for the springs, and from 6.7 to 6.8 for the wetland sites. Specific conductance ranged from 16 to 1,670 microsiemens per centimeter for the streams, from 17 to 1,710 microsiemens per centimeter for the seeps, from 14 to 1,150 microsiemens per centimeter for the springs, and from 102 to 160 microsiemens per centimeter for the wetland sites. Temperature ranged from 4.5 to 16.0 degrees Celsius for the streams, from 5.0 to 21.0 degrees Celsius for the seeps, from 6.0 to 13.5 degrees Celsius for the springs, and from 13.0 to 19.5 degrees Celsius for the wetland sites. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.8 to 11.2 milligrams per liter for the streams, 1.2 to 11.3 milligrams per liter for the seeps, and from 0.6 to 11.0 milligrams per liter for the springs. Dissolved oxygen at a wetland site measured 3.8 milligrams per liter. The low base flow investigation was conducted from September 9 through September 29, 1994. The stream sites, seeps, and springs that had flow during the high base flow seepage investigation were revisited. One-hundred seventy-six of the stream sites visited still had flow. Discharge ranged from less than 0.005 to 0.76 cubic foot per second; pH, from 4.8 to 8.3; specific conductance, from 47 to 2,030 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 13.5 to 22.5 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 3.6 to 8.7 milligrams per liter. Twenty-five of the seeps visited were flowing and had discharge ranging from less than 0.005 to 0.01 cubic foot per second; pH, from 6.0 to 7.7; specific conductance, from 36 to 395 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 16.0 to 21.0 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 2.2 to 9.0 milligrams per liter. Thirty springs visited were flowing and had discharge ranging from less than 0.005 to 0.37 cubic foot per second; pH, from 6.5 to 7.7; specific conductance, from 26 to 1,220 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 14.0 to 20.0 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 1.0 to 9.2 milligrams per liter. All of the wetland sites visited were dry.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95459","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.A., and Johnson, G., 1996, Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-459, iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95459.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19501,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/plate-1_a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19502,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/plate-1_b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, G.C.","contributorId":14450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27542,"text":"wri964066 - 1996 - Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:12:14","indexId":"wri964066","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4066","title":"Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","docAbstract":"An investigation was conducted at the Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to monitor the distribution of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (TEX) in soil vapor, ground water, and ground-water/vapor to evaluate if total concentrations of TEX at the site are decreasing with time, and to quantify biodegradation rates of toluene in the unsaturated and saturated zones. Soil-vapor and ground-water samples were collected around the fire pits and ground-water/vapor samples were collected along the ground-water discharge zone, Beaver Creek, on a monthly basis from June 1994 through June 1995. Concentrations of TEX compounds in these samples were determined with a field gas chro- matograph. Laboratory experiments were performed on aquifer sediment samples to measure rates of toluene biodegradation by in situ micro- organisms.\r\n\r\nBased on field gas chromatographic analytical results, contamination levels of TEX compounds in both soil vapor and ground water appear to decrease downgradient of the fire-pit source area. During the 1-year study period, the observed temporal and spatial trends in soil vapor TEX concentrations appear to reflect differences in the distribution of TEX among solid, aqueous, and gaseous phases within fuel-contaminated soils in the unsaturated zone. Soil temperature and soil moisture are two important factors which influence the distribution of TEX com- pounds among the different phases. Because of the short period of data collection, it was not possible to distinguish between seasonal fluc- tuations in soil vapor TEX concentrations and an overall net decrease in TEX concentrations at the study site.\r\n\r\nNo seasonal trend was observed in total TEX concentrations for ground- water samples collected at the study site. Although the analytical results could not be used to determine if ground-water TEX concen- trations decreased during the study at a specific location, the data were used to examine rate constants of toluene biodegradation. Based on ground-water toluene concentration data, a maximum rate constant for anaerobic biodegradation of toluene in the saturated zone was estimated to be as low as 0.002 d-1 or as high as 0.026 d-1.\r\n\r\nBased on analyses of ground-water/vapor samples, toluene was the prin- cipal TEX compound identified in ground water discharging to Beaver Creek. Observed decreases in ground-water/vapor toluene concentrations during the study period may reflect a decrease in source inputs, an increase in dilution caused by higher ground-water flow, and(or) removal by biological or other physical processes.\r\n\r\nRate constants of toluene anaerobic biodegradation determined by laboratory measurements illustrate a typical acclimation response of micro-organisms to hydrocarbon contamination in sediments collected from the site. Toluene biodegradation rate constants derived from laboratory microcosm studies ranged from 0.001 to 0.027 d-1, which is similar to the range of 0.002 to 0.026 d-1 for toluene biodegradation rate constants derived from ground-water analytical data. The close agreement of toluene biodegradation rate constants reported using both approaches offer strong evidence that toluene can be degraded at environmentally significant rates at the study site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri964066","usgsCitation":"Harden, S., and Landmeyer, J., 1996, Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and toluene biodegradation, Knox Street fire pits, Fort Bragg, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4066, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964066.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56398,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, S.L.","contributorId":6101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28335,"text":"wri954188 - 1996 - Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954188","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4188","title":"Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"Ground-water resources are the only source of water in most of \r\nthe San Juan structural basin and are mainly used for municipal, \r\nindustrial, domestic, and stock purposes. Industrial use increased \r\ndramatically during the late 1970's and early 1980's because of \r\nincreased exploration and development of uranium and coal resources.\r\n\r\n     The San Juan structural basin is a northwest-trending, \r\nasymmetric structural depression at the eastern edge of the Colorado \r\nPlateau. The basin contains as much as 14,000 feet of sedimentary \r\nrocks overlying a Precambrian basement complex. The sedimentary \r\nrocks dip basinward from the basin margins toward the troughlike \r\nstructural center, or deepest part of the basin. Rocks of Triassic \r\nage were selected as the lower boundary for the study. The basin is \r\nwell defined by structural boundaries in many places with structural \r\nrelief of as much as 20,000 feet reported. Faulting is prevalent in \r\nparts of the basin with displacement of several thousand feet along \r\nmajor faults.\r\n\r\n     The regional aquifers in the basin generally are coincident with \r\nthe geologic units that have been mapped. Data on the hydrologic \r\nproperties of the regional aquifers are minimal. Most data were \r\ncollected on those aquifers associated with uranium and coal \r\nresource production. These data are summarized in table format in \r\nthe report. The regional flow system throughout most of the basin \r\nhas been affected by the production of oil or gas and subsequent \r\ndisposal of produced brine. To date more than 26,000 oil- or gas-\r\ntest holes have been drilled in the basin, the majority penetrating \r\nno deeper than the bottom of the Cretaceous rocks. \r\n\r\n     The general water chemistry of the regional aquifers is based on \r\navailable data. The depositional environments are the major factor \r\ncontrolling the quality of water in the units. The dominant ions are \r\ngenerally sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate. A detailed geochemical \r\nstudy of three sandstone aquifers--Morrison, Dakota, and Gallup--was \r\nundertaken in the northwestern part of the study area. Results of \r\nthis study indicate that water chemistry changed in individual wells \r\nover short periods of time, not expected in a regional flow system.  \r\nThe chemistry of the water is affected by mixing of recharge, ion \r\nfiltrate, or very dilute ancient water, and by leakage of saline \r\nwater.\r\n\r\n     The entire system of ground-water flow and its controlling \r\nfactors has been defined as the conceptual model. A steady-state, \r\nthree-dimensional ground-water flow model was constructed to \r\nsimulate modern predevelopment flow in the post-Jurassic rocks of \r\nthe regional flow system. In the ground-water flow model, 14 \r\ngeologic units or combinations of geologic units were considered to \r\nbe regional aquifers, and 5 geologic units or combinations of \r\ngeologic units were considered to be regional confining units. The \r\nmodel simulated flow in 12 layers (hydrostratigraphic units) and \r\nused harmonic-mean vertical leakance to indirectly simulate aquifer \r\nconnection across 3 other hydrostratigraphic confining units in \r\naddition to coupling the 12 units.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S., Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954188","usgsCitation":"Levings, G.W., Kernodle, J.M., and Thorn, C.R., 1996, Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4188, v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954188.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57146,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levings, G. W.","contributorId":12485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levings","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorn, C. R.","contributorId":100879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28601,"text":"wri954068 - 1996 - Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-18T22:44:15.196335","indexId":"wri954068","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4068","title":"Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"The surface-water hydrology in Clear, Clarks, and Clover Creek Basins in central Pierce County, Washington, is described with a conceptual model of the runoff processes and then simulated with the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), a continuous, deterministic hydrologic model. The study area is currently undergoing a rapid conversion of rural, undeveloped land to urban and suburban land that often changes the flow characteristics of the streams that drain these lands. The complex interactions of land cover, climate, soils, topography, channel characteristics, and ground- water flow patterns determine the surface-water hydrology of the study area and require a complex numerical model to assess the impact of urbanization on streamflows. The U.S. Geological Survey completed this investigation in cooperation with the Storm Drainage and Surface Water Management Utility within the Pierce County Department of Public Works to describe the important rainfall-runoff processes within the study area and to develop a simulation model to be used as a tool to predict changes in runoff characteristics resulting from changes in land use. The conceptual model, a qualitative representation of the study basins, links the physical characteristics to the runoff process of the study basins. The model incorporates 11 generalizations identified by the investigation, eight of which describe runoff from hillslopes, and three that account for the effects of channel characteristics and ground-water flow patterns on runoff. Stream discharge was measured at 28 sites and precipitation was measured at six sites for 3 years in two overlapping phases during the period of October 1989 through September 1992 to calibrate and validate the simulation model. Comparison of rainfall data from October 1989 through September 1992 shows the data-collection period beginning with 2 wet water years followed by the relatively dry 1992 water year. Runoff was simulated with two basin models-the Clover Creek Basin model and the Clear-Clarks Basin model-by incorporating the generalizations of the conceptual model into the construction of two HSPF numerical models. Initially, the process-related parameters for runoff from glacial-till hillslopes were calibrated with numerical models for three catchment sites and one headwater basin where streamflows were continuously measured and little or no influence from ground water, channel storage, or channel losses affected runoff. At one of the catchments soil moisture was monitored and compared with simulated soil moisture. The values for these parameters were used in the basin models. Basin models were calibrated to the first year of observed streamflow data by adjusting other parameters in the numerical model that simulated channel losses, simulated channel storage in a few of the reaches in the headwaters and in the floodplain of the main stem of Clover Creek, and simulated volume and outflow of the ground-water reservoir representing the regional ground-water aquifers. The models were run for a second year without any adjustments, and simulated results were compared with observed results as a measure of validation of the models. The investigation showed the importance of defining the ground-water flow boundaries and demonstrated a simple method of simulating the influence of the regional ground-water aquifer on streamflows. In the Clover Creek Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries were used to define subbasins containing mostly glacial outwash soils and not containing any surface drainage channels. In the Clear-Clarks Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries outlined a recharge area outside the surface-water boundaries of the basin that was incorporated into the model in order to provide sufficient water to balance simulated ground-water outflows to the creeks. A simulated ground-water reservoir used to represent regional ground-water flow processes successfully provided the proper water balance of inflows and outfl","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954068","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M.C., 1996, Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4068, vi, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954068.","productDescription":"vi, 148 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48178.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57430,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, M. C.","contributorId":90782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29311,"text":"wri964143 - 1996 - Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri964143","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4143","title":"Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","docAbstract":"A system of functional utilities and computer routines, collectively identified as the Time-Dependent Data System CI DDS), has been developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey. The TDDS is designed for processing time sequences of discrete, fixed-interval, time-varying geophysical data--in particular, hydrologic data. Such data include various, dependent variables and related parameters typically needed as input for execution of one-, two-, and three-dimensional hydrodynamic/transport and associated water-quality simulation models. Such data can also include time sequences of results generated by numerical simulation models. Specifically, TDDS provides the functional capabilities to process, store, retrieve, and compile data in a Time-Dependent Data Base (TDDB) in response to interactive user commands or pre-programmed directives. Thus, the TDDS, in conjunction with a companion TDDB, provides a ready means for processing, preparation, and assembly of time sequences of data for input to models; collection, categorization, and storage of simulation results from models; and intercomparison of field data and simulation results.  The TDDS can be used to edit and verify prototype, time-dependent data to affirm that selected sequences of data are accurate, contiguous, and appropriate for numerical simulation modeling. It can be used to prepare time-varying data in a variety of formats, such as tabular lists, sequential files, arrays, graphical displays, as well as line-printer plots of single or multiparameter data sets. The TDDB is organized and maintained as a direct-access data base by the TDDS, thus providing simple, yet efficient, data management and access. A single, easily used, program interface that provides all access to and from a particular TDDB is available for use directly within models, other user-provided programs, and other data systems. This interface, together with each major functional utility of the TDDS, is described and documented in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964143","usgsCitation":"Regan, R., Schaffranek, R., and Baltzer, R., 1996, Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4143, vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964143.","productDescription":"vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regan, R.S.","contributorId":51794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltzer, R.A.","contributorId":86321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28078,"text":"wri964024 - 1996 - Estimation of evapotranspiration in the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins in North-Central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri964024","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4024","title":"Estimation of evapotranspiration in the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins in North-Central Florida","docAbstract":"Estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) for the Rainbow and Silver Springs ground-water basins in north-central Florida were determined using a regional water-~budget approach and compared to estimates computed using a modified Priestley-Taylor (PT) model calibrated with eddy-correlation data. Eddy-correlation measurements of latent 0~E) and sensible (H) heat flux were made monthly for a few days at a time, and the PT model was used to estimate 3,E between times of measurement during the 1994 water year.  A water-budget analysis for the two-basin area indicated that over a 30-year period (196594) annual rainfall was 51.7 inches. Of the annual rainfall, ET accounted for about 37.9 inches; springflow accounted for 13.1 inches; and the remaining 0.7 inch was accounted for by stream-flow, by ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system, and by net change in storage. For the same 30-year period, the annual estimate of ET for the Silver Springs basin was 37.6 inches and was 38.5 inches for the Rainbow Springs basin. Wet- and dry-season estimates of ET for each basin averaged between nearly 19 inches and 20 inches, indicating that like rainfall, ET rates during the 4-month wet season were about twice the ET rates during the 8-month dry season. Wet-season estimates of ET for the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins decreased 2.7 inches, and 3.4 inches, respectively, over the 30-year period; whereas, dry-season estimates for the basins decreased about 0.4 inch and1.0 inch, respectively, over the 30-year period. This decrease probably is related to the general decrease in annual rainfall and reduction in net radiation over the basins during the 30-year period.  ET rates computed using the modified PT model were compared to rates computed from the water budget for the 1994 water year. Annual ET, computed using the PT model, was 32.0 inches, nearly equal to the ET water-budget estimate of 31.7 inches computed for the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins. Modeled ET rates for 1994 ranged from 14.4 inches per year in January to 51.6 inches per year in May. Water-budget ET rates for 1994 ranged from 12.0 inches per year in March to 61.2 inches per year in July. Potential evapotranspiration rates for 1994 averaged 46.8 inches per year and ranged from 21.6 inches per year in January to 74.4 inches per year in May. Lake evaporation rates averaged 47.1 inches per year and ranged from 18.0 inches per year in January to 72.0 inches per year in May 1994.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964024","usgsCitation":"Knowles, L., 1996, Estimation of evapotranspiration in the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins in North-Central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4024, vi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964024.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56899,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Leel Jr.","contributorId":14857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26259,"text":"wri954229 - 1996 - Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:47:06.105387","indexId":"wri954229","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4229","title":"Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"<p>Planning efforts to implement the 1980 General Management Plan, which recommends relocating park administrative facilities and employee housing from Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park, California, have focused on the availability of water at potential relocation sites within the park. Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area, one of several potential relocation sites, were evaluated between June 1991 and October 1993. </p><p>Ground water flowing from Biledo Spring near the headwaters of Rainier Creek, about 5 miles southeast of Wawona, is probably the most reliable source of good quality ground water for Wawona. A dilute calcium bicarbonate ground water flows from the spring at about 250 gallons per minute. No <i>Giardia</i> was detected in a water sample collected from Biledo Spring in July 1992. The concentration of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon at Biledo Spring was 420 picoCuries per liter, exceeding the primary drinking-water standard of 300 picoCuries per liter proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This concentration, however, was considerably lower than the concentrations of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon measured in ground water at Wawona. The median value for 15 wells sampled at Wawona was 4,500 picoCuries per liter.</p><p> Water-quality samples from 45 wells indicate that ground water in the South Fork Merced River valley at Wawona is segregated vertically. Shallow wells produce a dilute calcium sodium bicarbonate water that results from chemical dissolution of minerals as water flows through fractured granitic rock from hillside recharge areas toward the valley floor. Tritium concentrations indicate that ground water in the shallow wells originated as precipitation after the 1960's when testing of atmospheric nuclear devices stopped. Ground water from the deep flowing wells in the valley floor is older sodium calcium chloride water. This older water probably originated either as precipitation during a climatically cooler period or as precipitation from altitudes between 1,400 and 3,700 feet higher than precipitation that recharged the local shallow ground-water-flow system. Chloride and associated cations in the deepground-water-flow system may result from upward leakage of saline ground water or from leaching of saline fluid inclusions in the granitic rocks. </p><p>Water-level and pressure-gage measurements for 38 wells in the South Fork Merced River valley also indicate that the ground water in the valley is segregated vertically. Hydraulic head in deep fractures is as much as 160 feet above the valley floor. Vertical hydraulic gradients between the shallow and deep systems are as high as 4.5 feet per foot in one of two test holes drilled for this study. Measurements of in situ stress in the two test holes indicate that the vertical segregation of ground water may be related to pressures in the earth that squeeze horizontal fractures closed at depth. Fractures within a few hundred feet of land surface are poorly connected to fractures deeper beneath the valley. </p><p>About 100 privately owned wells currently are in use at Wawona; but, the ground-water-flow system may not be an adequate source of good quality ground water for relocated park facilities. Yields from existing wells are low (median 4-5 gallons per minute) and traditional methods for locating high-yielding wells in fractured rocks have not been successful in this area. Concentrations of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon (median 4,500 picoCuries per liter) are high, and the development of deep ground water could cause deeper saline water to migrate upward into producing wells. </p><p>The South Fork Merced River, the primary source of water supply for Wawona, does not meet current demands during late summer and autumn. Data collected between 1958 and 1968 indicate that 25 percent of the time discharge of the South Fork River at Wawona during the dry season (August through October) was less than 2 cubic feet per second-the discharge rate at which the National Park Service is restricted from withdrawing water from the river. the river, however, could be relied on for additional water supply if facilities were constructed to divert and store water during periods of high flow for use later in the year.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954229","usgsCitation":"Borchers, J.W., 1996, Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4229, vii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954229.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48313.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wawona area of Yosemite National Park,","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5556\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5333\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.625,\n              37.5333\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.625,\n              37.5556\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5556\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ed5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchers, J. W.","contributorId":74414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28372,"text":"wri954201 - 1996 - Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:11:07","indexId":"wri954201","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4201","title":"Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Sand and gravel aquifers present within glacial deposits are important sources of water in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake Counties in northwestern Minnesota. Saturated thicknesses of the unconfined aquifers range from 0 to 30 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivities range from 2.5 to 600 feet per day. Transmissivity of the unconfined aquifers ranges from 33 to greater than 3,910 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields for 6 wells with specific-capacity data range from 12 to 123 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Saturated thicknesses of shallow confined aquifers (depth to top of the aquifer less than 100 feet below land surface) range from 0 to 150 feet. Thicknesses of intermediate, deep, and basal confined aquifers (depths to top of the aquifer from 100 to 199 feet, from 200 to 299 feet, and 300 feet or more below land surface, respectively) range from 0 to more than 126 feet. Transmissivity of the confined aquifers ranges from 2 to greater than 210,000 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields range from 3 to about 2,000 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Recharge to ground water is predominantly from precipitation that percolates downward to the saturated zone. Recharge to unconfined aquifers in the study area ranged from 4.5 to 12.0 inches per year during 1991 and 1992, based on hydrograph analysis. Model simulations done for this study indicate that recharge rates from 8 to 9 inches per year to unconfined aquifers produce the best matches between model-simulated and measured water levels in wells.</p>\n<p>Discharge from ground water occurs by seepage to streams, lakes and wetlands, ground-water evapotranspiration, and withdrawals through wells. In 1990, total ground-water withdrawals in the study area were 6.0 million gallons per day. All of the withdrawals were from drift aquifers.</p>\n<p>Numerical models of ground-water flow were constructed to represent two beach-ridge aquifer systems under steady-state conditions. Beach-ridge aquifer systems were simulated in Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake County. Simulated recharge from the infiltration of precipitation accounts for most of the sources of water to the beach-ridge aquifer systems and simulated evapotranspiration accounts for all of the discharge other than ground-water withdrawals. The numerical-model simulations indicate that upward movement of water from underlying confined aquifers to overlying unconfined aquifers is an important component of ground-water flow within the beach-ridge aquifer systems. Simulated long-term, steady-state yields from the unconfined aquifers are generally less than 50 gallons per minute, due to the generally low saturated thickness of the aquifers and the relatively low hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer material.</p>\n<p>Water from all the drift aquifers in the study area is very hard (more than 180 milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate). The predominant ions in water from the unconfined and shallow confined aquifers were generally calcium and bicarbonate. Water from the intermediate confined aquifers includes a variety of water types, including calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulfate, mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride type waters. Waters from the deep confined aquifers are predominantly calcium bicarbonate, mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride type waters.</p>\n<p>Mean concentrations of calcium and magnesium generally decreased with depth below land surface. Mean concentrations of sodium and sulfate generally increased with depth. Mean chloride concentrations were greatest for the shallow and deep confined aquifers and least for the unconfined and intermediate confined aquifers.</p>\n<p>The concentration and percentage (as percent of total cations) of sodium, and concentration of dissolved solids tend to increase from east to west along regional flow paths. Concentrations and percentages (as percent of total anions) of chloride tend to be greater in the western part of the study area than in the eastern part. These trends are probably due to longer residence time of the water in the flow system, and upward leakage of water from the underlying Cretaceous and Paleozoic strata.</p>\n<p>Waters from the drift aquifers underlying most of the study area generally are suitable for domestic consumption, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Water from 20 wells screened in unconfined and confined aquifers exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended limits for dissolved solids concentrations. Chemical analyses of waters from the unconfined and confined aquifers generally indicated a potentially low sodium hazard and a medium to high salinity hazard for irrigation.</p>\n<p>Water samples analyzed for nitrate had nitrate concentrations below the reporting limit (0.05 milligrams per liter) in 10 out of 23 wells. Two samples had nitrate concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter. Pesticide concentrations in water samples from 17 wells screened in unconfined and shallow confined aquifers were below or only slightly above laboratory reporting limits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Northwest Minnesota Ground-Water Study Steering Committee","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1996, Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4201, x, 144 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954201.","productDescription":"x, 144 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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,{"id":25420,"text":"wri964049 - 1996 - Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"wri964049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4049","title":"Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Commercial and industrial activities in the Railroad Industrial Area in Fairbanks, Alaska, have resulted in accidental releases of chemicals to the subsurface. Such releases have generated concern regarding local ground-water quality and the potential impact on nearby water-supply wells. Consequently, a study is being conducted to characterize the environmental and hydrologic conditions in the area. Existing reports from numerous previous investigations in the area were reviewed and relevant information from these documents was compiled. Both ground- and surface-water elevations were measured approximately monthly at as many as 50 sites during mass measurements. Selected sites were measured more frequently to assess short-term changes in the ground- and surface-water systems. Supplemental data were also collected outside of the study area to aid in interpretation. Ground water was sampled and analyzed to define the extent of the area affected by petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Data show that water levels in nearby rivers and sloughs have a considerable influence on ground-water flow in the study area. Seasonal and shorter term changes in river stage frequently alter and even reverse the direction of ground-water flow. The local ground-water system typically has an upward flow component, but this component is reversed in the upper part of the aquifer during periods of high water levels in the Chena River. These periodic changes in the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow have a considerable influence on the transport of dissolved hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Both petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents were found in ground water at the study area. Typical degradation products of these compounds were also found, indicating that biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms is occurring.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964049","usgsCitation":"Lilly, M.R., McCarthy, K.A., Kriegler, A., Vohden, J., and Burno, G., 1996, Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4049, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964049.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54139,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kriegler, A.T.","contributorId":83955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kriegler","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vohden, James","contributorId":101281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohden","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burno, G.E.","contributorId":18026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burno","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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