This report describes the areal extent, thickness, and hydraulic properties of glacial deposits in a preglacial bedrock valley south of the city of Waukesha in southeastern Wisconsin. In the 40- square-mile study area, the preglacial bedrock valley underlies an area across which the Fox River flows. A previous regional study of the area indicated that extensive glacial sand and gravel deposits may exist in the preglacial bedrock valley. New test-hole, well-construction, and seismic data collected from 1986 through 1991 showed that the preglacial bedrock valley immediately south of the city of Waukesha is narrower and shallower than previously thought. However, these data indicate that thicknesses of saturated glacial deposits in excess of 250 feet exist in a 1- to 2-mile-wide part of the valley in the southern part of the study area. Test-hole logs indicate that clean sand and gravel deposits are present in a shallow part of the preglacial bedrock valley. Fifty to sixty feet of silty and clayey sand and gravel deposits appear to underlie varying thicknesses of relatively impermeable clay till in the center of the study area. Ground water flows from upland areas on the eastern and western sides of the Fox River and discharges to the Fox River and wetlands adjacent to the river.
\nResults of a 6.5-hour aquifer test indicate that the silty sand and gravel deposits have an average transmissivity of about 140 feet squared per day and an average storage coefficient of about 1.2x10\"3 at one location. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of these deposits averages about 4 feet per day. Analysis of drawdown indicates that these deposits are part of a leaky confined-aquifer system and that some water is derived from storage in an overlying clay layer. The transmissivity value determined from this aquifer test and a lack of clean sand and gravel encountered in other test holes indicate that glacial deposits at these sites may not yield enough water for a large municipal water supply. Sand and gravel deposits, capable of development as a municipal supply, may be present in the southern part of the study area. However, additional test holes are needed to determine whether adequate sand and gravel deposits underlie this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Waukesha Water Utility","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., and Conlon, T., 1993, Hydrogeology of glacial deposits in a preglacial bedrock valley, Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4077, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924077.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54904,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.5401,43.1978],[-88.4183,43.1964],[-88.3027,43.1954],[-88.1827,43.1948],[-88.0639,43.194],[-88.0664,43.1076],[-88.0682,43.0202],[-88.0692,42.9725],[-88.0675,42.9334],[-88.0699,42.8447],[-88.1868,42.8451],[-88.3044,42.8444],[-88.5413,42.8445],[-88.5413,42.9341],[-88.5407,43.0232],[-88.5407,43.111],[-88.5401,43.1978]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Waukesha\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db62460a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conlon, T.D. 0000-0002-5899-7187","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-7187","contributorId":97947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"T.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26909,"text":"wri934062 - 1993 - Estimating design-flood discharges for streams in Iowa using drainage-basin and channel-geometry characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T10:46:22","indexId":"wri934062","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4062","title":"Estimating design-flood discharges for streams in Iowa using drainage-basin and channel-geometry characteristics","docAbstract":"Drainage-basin and channel-geometry multiple-regression equations are presented for estimating design-flood discharges having recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years at stream sites on rural, unregulated streams in Iowa. Design-flood discharge estimates determined by Pearson Type-Ill analyses using data collected through the 1990 water year are reported for the 188 streamflow-gaging stations used in either the drainage-basin or channel-geometry regression analyses. Ordinary least-squares multiple-regression techniques were used to identify selected drainage-basin and channel-geometry characteristics and to delineate two channel-geometry regions. Weighted least-squares multiple-regression techniques, which account for differences in the variance of flows at different gaging stations and for variable lengths in station records, were used to estimate the regression parameters.
\nStatewide drainage-basin equations were developed from analyses of 164 streamflow-gaging stations. Drainage-basin characteristics were quantified using a geographic-informationsystem procedure to process topographic maps and digital cartographic data. The significant characteristics identified for the drainage-basin ^equations included contributing drainage area, relative relief, drainage frequency, and 2-year, 24-hour precipitation intensity. The average standard errors of prediction for the drainagebasin equations ranged from 38.6 to 50.2 percent. The geographic-information-system procedure expanded the capability to quantitatively relate drainage-basin characteristics to the magnitude and frequency of floods for stream sites in Iowa and provides a flood-estimation method that is independent of hydrologic regionalization.
\nStatewide and regional channel-geometry regression equations were developed from analyses of 157 streamflow-gaging stations. Channel-geometry characteristics were measured onsite and on topographic maps. Statewide and regional channel-geometry regression equations that are dependent on whether a stream has been channelized were developed on the basis of bankfull and active-channel characteristics. The significant channel-geometry characteristics identified for the statewide and regional regression equations included bankfull width and bankfull depth for natural channels unaffected by channelization, and active-channel width for stabilized channels affected by channelization. The average standard errors of prediction ranged from 41.0 to 68.4 percent for the statewide channel-geometry equations and from 30.3 to 70.0 percent for the regional channel-geometry equations.
\nProcedures provided for applying the drainage-basin and channel-geometry regression equations depend on whether the design-flood discharge estimate is for a site on an ungaged stream, an ungaged site on a gaged stream, or a gaged site. When both a drainage-basin and a channel-geometry regression-equation estimate are available for a stream site, a procedure is presented for determining a weighted average of the two flood estimates. The drainage-basin regression equations are applicable to unregulated rural drainage areas less than 1,060 square miles, and the channel-geometry regression equations are applicable to unregulated rural streams in Iowa with stabilized channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri934062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Highway Research Board and the Highway Division of the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT Research Project HR-322)","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., 1993, Estimating design-flood discharges for streams in Iowa using drainage-basin and channel-geometry characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4062, vi, 96 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934062.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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L.E.","contributorId":104945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrett, T.A.","contributorId":102944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrett","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraus, R.L.","contributorId":108182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruppert, G.P.","contributorId":67111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Courts, M.L.","contributorId":93562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courts","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":25791,"text":"wri934024 - 1993 - Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T20:39:13.004537","indexId":"wri934024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4024","title":"Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90","docAbstract":"Data on streamflow, water quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass (microptercus dolomieni) populations were collected from July 1987 through September 1990, in four streams in southwestern Wisconsin to determine the effect of surface-water hydrology and quality on populations of macroinvertebrates and smallmouth bass. The study was a joint project of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
\nDrought conditions greatly affected streamflows in southwestern Wisconsin throughout much of the period of study. Precipitation in all four basins in 1988 and 1989 was 9.91 to12.41 inches less than 1951-80 normal precipitation of 32.88 inches.
\nThe lowest annual mean discharge was recorded in water year 1988 at all of the streamflow- gaging stations except at Rattlesnake Creek, where annual mean discharge was lowest in water year 1990. Overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass (mid-May to mid-July) was 0.02 inch in 1988 at the Sinsinawa River and Rattlesnake Creek. Overland-flow runoff in the Little Platte River and the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also was low in 1988 (0.03 inch and 0.04 inch, respectively) during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass. The trend of low overland-flow runoff continued in 1989; in water year 1990, however, overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass was 1.38 inches at Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River and 0.22 inch at Rattlesnake Creek.
\nTurbidity ranged from 1.5 nephelometric turbidity units at Rattlesnake Creek to 3,700 nephelometric turbidity units at the Sinsinawa River. Suspended-solid concentrations ranged from 2 milligrams per liter at Rattlesnake Creek to a maximum 24,300 milligrams per liter at the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River. The high turbidities and suspended-solid concentrations, which occurred during storms, did not last for long periods of time and are not thought to have been harmful to the biota of the rivers.
\nUn-ionized ammonia concentrations exceeded the State of Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources' standard of 0.04 milligram per liter for warmwater streams at all four of the streams. The maximum concentration of un-ionized ammonia measured was 0.10 milligram per liter at Rattlesnake Creek and there was no discernible effects on smallmouth bass or macroinvertebrates.
\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations at all four study streams occasionally decreased to below or near the concentration of 1 milligram per liter considered necessary to sustain life of smallmouth bass. Two fish kills were documented as the result of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations. All of these episodes of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations occurred during or just after rainstorms and subsequent increasing streamflows.
\nSamples of water-sediment mixture and bottom material were analyzed for pesticides commonly used in the basins. Samples from all of the stations had concentrations of herbicides that exceeded the analytical reporting limit. Water-sediment samples at the Sinsinawa River had the highest herbicide concentration. The concentration of metolachlor was the highest of the herbicides-- 110 micrograms per liter; concentrations of atrazine and cyanazine were next highest at 97 and 84 micrograms per liter, respectively.
\nAll of the water-sediment mixture samples had insecticide concentrations below the analytical reporting limit, with the exception of carbofuran. One water-sediment mixture sample collected at the Little Platte River had a carbofuran concentration of 0.44 microgram per liter. No pesticides were detected in the bottom-material samples collected at the four study streams.
\nRichness of macroinvertebrate taxa did not differ substantially among the four streams during the study, but the abundances of several taxa differed significantly among streams. Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River had comparatively few midges but many caddisflies, whereas Rattlesnake Creek had many non-insect taxa and relatively few caddisflies. The Little Platte River had consistently high numbers of caddisflies, mayflies, and riffle beetles.
\nMacroinvertebrate-community composition, as measured by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients, varied considerably over time within and among the streams. The macroinvertebrate community composition of the Little Platte River changed very little during the winter of 1987-88 as compared to the other streams, but the community composition of the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River changed substantially. The communities of Rattlesnake Creek and Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River became more similar to the community of the Little Platte River from fall 1987 through fall 1988, whereas the community in the Sinsinawa River remained distinct.
\nWater quality, as estimated by biotic-index values, generally was better in the Little Platte River than in the other streams from fall 1987 through fall 1988. However, water quality appeared to have deteriorated (biotic-index values increased) in the Little Platte River during the winter of 1988-89. Water quality in the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also deteriorated during the same period.
\nThe drought of 1988-89 and accompanying decrease in frequency of storms contributed to an uncharacteristically stable environment for macroinvertebrate development in most streams. Total taxa richness increased in three of the four streams. Total taxa richness did not increase in the Little Platte River, possibly because of moderate flooding that occurred prior to the spring 1989 sampling period or, more likely, because of changes in dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Although dissolved-oxygen concentrations were fairly similar in all streams, dissolved-oxygen concentrations were lower in 1989 in the Little Platte River than in other streams. The observed increase in biotic-index values in the Little Platte River during the spring of 1989 supports a decline in water quality.
\nSmallmouth bass reproduction was related to precipitation and streamflow during the critical mid-May to mid-July reproductive period. Reproductive success was good (38-297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1988 and 1989 and poor (0-3 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1987 and 1990. This pattern corresponded with total precipitation of less than 7 inches in May and June in 1988 and 1989 and greater than 7 inches in 1989 and 1990.
\nIn years when runoff exceeded 0.10 inch, only three or fewer Age 0 (smallmouth bass less than 1 year old) smallmouth bass per acre were caught in late summer to fall sampling surveys. In contrast, when overland runoff was less than 0.10 inch, 32 to 297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were found in late summer or fall. The numbers of Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were significantly different from each other at the 1 -percent probability level (p=0.0001). Smallmouth bass reproductive success indicated that smallmouth bass in these streams were extremely vulnerable to the amount of runoff during the early stage of their life.
\nLow concentrations of dissolved oxygen constituted the most detrimental water-quality problem affecting smallmouth bass populations. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were occasionally less than 3 milligrams per liter, a dissolved-oxygen concentration that may be detrimental to early-life stages of smallmouth bass in the streams; however, smallmouth bass were apparently able to withstand these low dissolved-oxygen concentrations and seem to have survived in some situations when dissolved-oxygen concentration decreased to1 milligram per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Lillie, R.A., Schlesser, R.A., Mason, J.W., Lyons, J.D., and Kerr, R.A., 1993, Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4024, viii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934024.","productDescription":"viii, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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W.","contributorId":42881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mason","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyons, John D.","contributorId":55364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kerr, Roger A.","contributorId":149436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerr","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":26902,"text":"wri924025 - 1993 - Hydrologic data and hydrologic budget for Summit Lake Reservoir, Henry County, East-Central Indiana, water years 1989 and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T07:45:42","indexId":"wri924025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4025","title":"Hydrologic data and hydrologic budget for Summit Lake Reservoir, Henry County, East-Central Indiana, water years 1989 and 1990","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected near Summit Lake Reservoir for 2 years beginning October 1, 1988, and ending September 30, 1990. The data-collection network consisted of 1 reservoir-stage gage, 2 precipitation gages, 1 evaporation pan, 2 streamflow gages, and 13 observation wells. Stage-area and stage-storage relations for the reservoir were used in combination with the hydrologic data to determine the reservoir's annual hydrologic budgets for water years 1989 and 1990.
\nComponents of the hydrologic budget are considered either as inflow or outflow. Differences between inflow and outflow result in a change in reservoir storage. Components of inflow are direct precipitation, surface-water flow, and ground-water flow. Components of outflow are evaporation and ground-water flow. There was no surface-water outflow during the study.
\nThe hydrologic budget was calculated by use of daily, monthly, and yearly values of precipitation and surface-water flow, monthly values of ground-water flow, and yearly values of evaporation and reservoir storage. Comparison of results from different time intervals indicates there is little difference between annual volumes for components calculated from daily and monthly values. Annual volumes calculated from yearly values differ by less than 5 percent from those calculated from daily and monthly values.
\nThe total inflow to Summit Lake Reservoir was nearly identical for water years 1989 and 1990-about 10,360 acre-feet per year. Surface water was about 72 percent of the total inflow in water year 1989 and about 70 percent in water year 1990. Direct precipitation was about 18 percent of the total inflow in water year 1989 and about 23 percent in water year 1990. Ground-water inflow was about 10 percent of the total inflow in water year 1989 and about 7 percent in water year 1990.
\nThe total outflow from evaporation and ground-water flow was 5,700 acre-feet in water year 1989 and 7,710 acre-feet in water year 1990--about 19 percent evaporation and 81 percent ground-water outflow for both water years. Reservoir storage increased during both years; the change in storage was about 4,330 acre-feet in water year 1989 and about 2,890 acre-feet in water year 1990. Discrepancies between inflow, outflow, and reservoir storage reflect errors in the budget resulting from regionalization or interpretation of hydrologic data and from errors inherent in all hydrologic measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924025","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Duwelius, R., 1993, Hydrologic data and hydrologic budget for Summit Lake Reservoir, Henry County, East-Central Indiana, water years 1989 and 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4025, iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm. 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924025.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm. 47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Henry","otherGeospatial":"Summit Lake Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.2157,40.0765],[-85.2152,40.0044],[-85.2014,40.0042],[-85.2013,39.875],[-85.2133,39.8751],[-85.2205,39.8748],[-85.2214,39.7895],[-85.243,39.7902],[-85.3017,39.789],[-85.3519,39.7894],[-85.4651,39.7886],[-85.5765,39.7858],[-85.5968,39.786],[-85.5969,39.8735],[-85.5759,39.8738],[-85.5774,39.9459],[-85.5763,40.0769],[-85.2157,40.0765]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Henry\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fc78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duwelius, R.F.","contributorId":28250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26556,"text":"wri934038 - 1993 - Ground-water quality of the Upper Floridan Aquifer near an abandoned manufactured gas plant in Albany, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:30:30","indexId":"wri934038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4038","title":"Ground-water quality of the Upper Floridan Aquifer near an abandoned manufactured gas plant in Albany, Georgia","docAbstract":"Manufactured gas plants produced gas for heating and lighting in the United States from as early as 1816 into the 1960's. By-products including, but not limited to, oil residues and tar, were generated during the gas-manufacturing process. Organic compounds (hydrocarbons) were detected in water in the upper water-bearing zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer near an abandoned manufactured gas plant (MGP) in Albany, Georgia, during an earlier investigation in 1990. Chemical analyses of ground-water samples collected from five existing monitoring wells in 1991 verify the presence of hydrocarbons and metals in the upper water-beating zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer. One well was drilled into the lower water-beating zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer in 1991 for water-quality sampling and water-level monitoring. Analyses of ground water sampled from this well did not show evidence of benzene, toluene, xylene, napthalene, acenaphthlene, or other related compounds detected in the upper water-bearing zone in the study area. Low concentrations of tetrachloroethane, trichloromethane, and l,2-cisdichloroethene were detected in a water sample from the deeper well; however, these compounds were not detected in the upper water-bearing zone in the study area. Inorganic constituent concentrations also were substantially lower in the deeper well. Overall, ground water sampled from the lower water-bearing zone had lower specific conductance and alkalinity; and lower concentrations of dissolved solids, iron, and manganese compared to ground water sampled from the upper water-bearing zone. Water levels for the upper and lower water-bearing zones were similar throughout the study period.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934038","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.J., 1993, Ground-water quality of the Upper Floridan Aquifer near an abandoned manufactured gas plant in Albany, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4038, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934038.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55423,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4038/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan 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M. J.","contributorId":65499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54701,"text":"wdrMN921 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, Minnesota, Water Year 1992. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:56","indexId":"wdrMN921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MN-92-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Minnesota, Water Year 1992. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN921","usgsCitation":"Gunard, K., Hess, J., and Zirbel, J., 1993, Water Resources Data, Minnesota, Water Year 1992. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-92-1, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN921.","productDescription":"245 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/mn-92-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/mn-92-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb5ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunard, K.T.","contributorId":103733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunard","given":"K.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, J.H.","contributorId":100465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbel, J.L.","contributorId":70837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbel","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18040,"text":"ofr92123 - 1993 - An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T11:24:14","indexId":"ofr92123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-123","title":"An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991","docAbstract":"In 1990, a 3-year investigation was begun in North Carolina to: (1) develop a model for computing flows in the lower 67 mi of the Roanoke River; (2) characterize water-quality conditions in Albemarle Sound; and (3) describe the circulation regime of Albemarle Sound, particularly in relation to inflows. This report summarizes data and results obtained during the first year of the study. The water level in Albemarle Sound may affect flows in the Roanoke River as far as 60 mi upstream from the mouth of the river. The presence of higher water levels downstream relative to those upstream indicates that reverse flows likely occurred in the lower 20 mi of the Roanoke River in October and December 1990. A one-dimensional, unsteady flow model has been calibrated and validated for a 30-mi segment of the lower Roanoke River. Simulated and observed water levels typically differed by less than 0.5 ft, and simulated flows were generally within 10% of observed values. Near-surface and near-bottom specific conductances, near-surface water temperature, and near-surface, mid-depth, and near-bottom dissolved-oxygen concentrations were monitored at 10 locations in Albemarle Sound from October 1989 to April 1991. Observed salinities ranged from virtually 0 to more than 9 ppt, and maximum observed water temperatures were about 32C. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from supersaturated to hypoxic conditions. The daily range in dissolved-oxygen concentrations was typically larger during the summer months than during the rest of the year, and the lowest dissolved-oxygen values were observed during the summer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92123","usgsCitation":"Bales, J., Strickland, A., and Garrett, R.G., 1993, An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-123, vi, 133 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92123.","productDescription":"vi, 133 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47284,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albermarle Sound, Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 34.79576153473033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strickland, A.G.","contributorId":99959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrett, R. G.","contributorId":93929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25757,"text":"wri934087 - 1993 - A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:32:04","indexId":"wri934087","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4087","title":"A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"Upper Klamath Lake, and the connecting Agency Lake, is a large (140 square mile) lake in south-central Oregon. The lake has a recent history of long-duration, near-monoculture, blue-green algal blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Typically, the algal bloom causes nuisance and detrimental conditions, including a deep-green \"pea soup\" appearance, from mid-May to late October. Accompanying the blooms are foul odors, extremely high pH, widely varied dissolved-oxygen concentrations of supersaturation or near depletion, occasional but extensive fish kills, and elevated levels of toxic ammonia. In 1988, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), long-term inhabitants of Upper Klamath Lake, were placed on the Federal endangered-species list. The endangering of the sucker species in recent years is hypothesized to be caused by degraded lake-water-quality conditions.
\nUpper Klamath Lake has been eutrophic since it was first discovered. However, increases in algal abundance and changes in algal type over relatively recent years are evident, and can be correlated with agricultural development of the basin. The most common cause for an increased abundance of algae in lakes is increased enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.
\nTen possible causes for this excessive enrichment in nutrients are described. Three of these hypotheses are suggested for immediate testing because of large-scale changes in nutrient loading that may have occurred as a result of man’s activities. These three hypotheses relate nutrient enrichment to (1) conversion of marshland to agricultural land, (2) agricultural drainage from the basin, and (3) reservoir regulation. Eleven possible hypothetical causes for the decline in sucker populations also are described. The decline in sucker population may be related to excessive nutrient enrichment (eutrophication) of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri934087","usgsCitation":"Bortleson, G.C., and Fretwell, M.O., 1993, A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4087, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934087.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54518,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4087/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 42.75104599038353\n ],\n [\n -120.92239379882812,\n 42.75104599038353\n ],\n [\n -120.92239379882812,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 42.19291648699529\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a800a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bortleson, Gilbert C.","contributorId":57472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortleson","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fretwell, Marvin O.","contributorId":98999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fretwell","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27744,"text":"wri934030 - 1993 - Application of a hydrochemical model and a multivariate soil-solution mixing model to alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri934030","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4030","title":"Application of a hydrochemical model and a multivariate soil-solution mixing model to alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934030","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., and Peters, N., 1993, Application of a hydrochemical model and a multivariate soil-solution mixing model to alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4030, vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934030.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65736,"text":"i2091B - 1993 - Map showing depth to basement in the deep-sea basins of the Pacific continental margin, Strait of Juan de Fuca to Cape Mendocino","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:06","indexId":"i2091B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2091","chapter":"B","title":"Map showing depth to basement in the deep-sea basins of the Pacific continental margin, Strait of Juan de Fuca to Cape Mendocino","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a series of cruises, EEZSCAN 84 (EEZ-SCAN 84 Scientific Staff, 1986), to collect reconnaissance data on the newly proclaimed Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the area out to 200 nautical miles from the coastline of the United States. The cruises systematically surveyed the entire conterminous United States west coast EEZ using the Geological Long-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) side-scan sonar, a 160-in3 airgun seismic-reflection profiler, a 3.5-kHz high-resolution seismic-reflection profiler, a 10-kHz echo sounder, and a proton-precession magnetometer. The nominal trackline spacing throughout the survey was 30 km.\nDerivative maps of sediment thickness (I-2089-A, I-2090-A, I-2091-A) and depth to basement (I-2089-B, I-2090-B, I-2091-B) in the basins of the west coast EEZ were compiled from both the sonar-image dala and the deep-penetration seismic data obtained on these cruises. Only EEZ-SCAN 84 data were used for the map compilations because available data from other cruises in this region are sparsely located, have poor navigational control, or were obtained with seismic systems that were not powerful enough to resolve oceanic basement. For this map series, sediment thickness and depth to basement were determined only in the deep-ocean basin regions because the seismic system used on the EEZ-SCAN 84 cruises could not resolve oceanic basement beneath the thick sediments of the continental slope. All the data used to compile the maps are presented in the \"Atlas of the Exclusive Economic Zone, Western Conterminous United States\" (EEZ-SCAN 84 Scientific Staff, 1986).\nBasement Outcrops\nGLORIA imagery was used to locate areas of basement outcrop throughout the region. Where possible, sediment thickness on and immediately adjacent to basement outcrops was measured from seismic data. Where there was no bathymetric or seismic control, a seamount peak was assumed to have no sediment cover. A pattern is used on the map to indicate all basement outcrops.\nData Reduction\nAcoustic basement in the basins, invariably oceanic Layer 2, was observed on all of the seismic records. One-way traveltime was measured from the sea floor to acoustic basement. Because the trackline spacing of about 30 km is relatively large compared to the data density along track, we chose to measure the sediment thickness every 0.5 hour or at an interval of approximately 7.5 km. Water depth was measured with a 10-kHz profiler. Depth to basement was calculated using the sea surface as the zero datum and adding the corrected water depth (Carter, 1980) to the sediment thickness. Acoustic travel times were converted to depths by first calculating a regression equation from the interval velocity versus depth data of Connard and others (1984). Their data base comprises a compilation of all available Deep Sea Drilling Project data plus wide-angle refraction data, which were collected in Cascadia Basin west of Oregon and represents the best data set available for the United States west coast EEZ. The regression equation was integrated to determine sediment thickness as a function of one-way traveltime . The resulting equation is\nz = 1400t + 0 .5t2\nwhere z is sediment thickness in meters, and t is one-way traveltime in seconds. Sediment thicknesses calculated using this equation were compared to values calculated from the general equation of Carlson and others (1986). Values for sediment thickness calculated by the two equations differed by no greater than 10 percent throughout the range of travel times.\nBathymetry\nThe bathymetry is from Chase and others (1981). The bathymetric data were compiled from a variety of sources, and data quality is inconsistent. Because of differences in navigational precision and density of coverage, the bathymetric contours of a feature may be at a different location than the corresponding isopleths derived from the EEZ-SCAN 84 data, or a feature may not be indicated on the bathymetry at all. These situations occur because either the feature is poorly located in the bathymetric data set or, especially in the outer EEZ, the bathymetric data are too sparse to have defined the existence of a feature.\nAcknowledgments\nTopographic digital data bases were corrected and verified by Christina Lief. Gerald Evenden developed the computer software system MAPGEN, used to compose this map. Reviews, suggestions, and technical contributions from Edward C. Escowitz and Florence Wong and advice about cartographic design from Will Stettner substantially improved the quality of this map.\nReferences Cited\nCarlson, R.L., Gangi, A.F., and Snow, K.R., 1986, Empirical reflection-traveltime/ depth and velocity/depth functions for the deep-sea sediment column: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, no. B8, p. 8249-8266.\nCarter, D.J.T., 1980, Echo-sounding correction tables: Taunton, United Kingdom, Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence, 150 p.\nChase, T.E., Wilde, Pat, Normark, W.R, Miller, C.P., Seekins, B.A., and Young, J.D., 1981, Offshore topography of the Western United States between 32° and 49° North latitudes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-443, scale 1:864,518 at 38° latitude, 2 sheets.\nConnard, G., Couch, R., Keeling , K., Roy, J., and Troseth, S., 1984, Abyssal plain and continental net-objective sedimentary thicknesses, in Kulm, L.D., and others, eds., Western North America continental margin and adjacent ocean floor off Oregon and Washington, Atlas 1 of Regional Atlas Series, Ocean Margin Drilling Program: Woods Hole, Mass., Marine Science International, sheet 7.\nEEZ-SCAN 84 Scientific Staff, 1986, Atlas of the Exclusive Economic Zone, Western Conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series I-1792, scale 1:500,000, 152 p.\nSee Also\n\"U.S. Pacific West Coast Field Activities\" (Paskevich and others, 2011; http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/htmldocs/pc/pc_overview.html).\nPaskevich, V.F., Wong, F.L., O?Malley, J.J., Stevenson, A.J., and Gutmacher, C.E., 2011, GLORIA sidescan-sonar imagery for parts of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010?1332, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2091B","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., Cacchione, D., Drake, D., Edwards, B.D., Field, M., Hampton, M.A., Karl, H.A., Kenyon, N.H., Masson, D., McCulloch, D.S., and Grim, M.S., 1993, Map showing depth to basement in the deep-sea basins of the Pacific continental margin, Strait of Juan de Fuca to Cape Mendocino: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2091, PDF: 40.34 inches x 46.21 inches; 1 map :col. ;100 x 85 cm., on sheet 117 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2091B.","productDescription":"PDF: 40.34 inches x 46.21 inches; 1 map :col. ;100 x 85 cm., on sheet 117 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2091_B.jpg"},{"id":94401,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2091/b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -132,40 ], [ -132,49 ], [ -122,49 ], [ -122,40 ], [ -132,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":273502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":80649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Masson, D.G.","contributorId":44160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McCulloch, D. S.","contributorId":78315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloch","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Grim, M. S.","contributorId":102884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":39622,"text":"pp1414E - 1993 - Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T17:00:47","indexId":"pp1414E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1414E","usgsCitation":"Helgesen, J.O., Leonard, R.B., and Wolf, R.J., 1993, Hydrology of the Great Plains aquifer system in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1414, p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1414E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E80; 10 plates in separate case","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67246,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67247,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67248,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67249,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67250,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67251,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67252,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67253,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67254,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67255,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104645,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4874.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4874"},{"id":120406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601d72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leonard, R. B.","contributorId":32917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17890,"text":"ofr93152 - 1993 - Water-resources investigations in Pennsylvania; programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T10:56:16","indexId":"ofr93152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-152","title":"Water-resources investigations in Pennsylvania; programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993","docAbstract":"Current activities of the Pennsylvania District of the USGS are described and include information on current projects, such as project objectives, approach, progress and plans, project location, cooperators, period of project, and project chief. Basic-data programs for surface water, ground water, and quality of water also are described. Also included is information on the basic mission and programs of the USGS; program funding and cooperation for fiscal year 1993; the USGS water- data program, National Water-Data Exchange, and National Water-Data Storage and Retrieval System; and Pennsylvania data-collection programs and hydrologic investigations. List of publications of the Pennsylvania District and maps published by the USGS, as well as information on how to obtain them, are included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93152","usgsCitation":"McLanahan, L., 1993, Water-resources investigations in Pennsylvania; programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-152, v, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93152.","productDescription":"v, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0152/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9cde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLanahan, L. O. (compiler)","contributorId":34155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLanahan","given":"L. O.","suffix":"(compiler)","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27798,"text":"wri924087 - 1993 - Hydrogeology and soil gas at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri924087","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4087","title":"Hydrogeology and soil gas at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Disposal of chemical warfare agents, munitions, and industrial chemicals in J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, has contaminated soil, groundwater and surface water. Seven exploratory borings and 38 observation wells were drilled to define the hydrogeologic framework at J-Field and to determine the type, extent, and movement of contaminants. The geologic units beneath J-Field consist of Coastal Plain sediments of the Cretaceous Patapsco Formation and Pleistocene Talbot Formation. The Patapsco Formation contains several laterally discontinuous aquifers and confining units. The Pleistocene deposits were divided into 3 hydrogeologic units--a surficial aquifer, a confining unit, and a confined aquifer. Water in the surficial aquifer flows laterally from topographically high areas to discharge areas in marshes and streams, and vertically to the underlying confined aquifer. In offshore areas, water flows from the deeper confined aquifers upward toward discharge areas in the Gunpowder River and Chesapeake Bay. Analyses of soil-gas samples showed high relative-flux values of chlorinated solvents, phthalates, and hydrocarbons at the toxic-materials disposal area, white-phosphorus disposal area, and riot-control-agent disposal area. The highest flux values were located downgradient of the toxic materials and white phosphorus disposal areas, indicating that groundwater contaminants are moving from source areas beneath the disposal pits toward discharge points in the marshes and estuaries. Elevated relative-flux values were measured upgradient and downgradient of the riot-control agent disposal area, and possibly result from soil and (or) groundwater contamination.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S.--ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924087","usgsCitation":"Hughes, W., 1993, Hydrogeology and soil gas at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4087, vii, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924087.","productDescription":"vii, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56635,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, W.B.","contributorId":92263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25801,"text":"wri924081 - 1993 - Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-28T10:11:05","indexId":"wri924081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4081","title":"Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924081","usgsCitation":"Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K., Kimball, B.A., and McKnight, D.M., 1993, Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4081, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924081.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54545,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Saint Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.1375,39.3777],[-106.1369,39.375],[-106.1369,39.3727],[-106.1386,39.3709],[-106.1404,39.3686],[-106.1452,39.3664],[-106.1499,39.3641],[-106.1511,39.3623],[-106.1511,39.3605],[-106.1499,39.3591],[-106.1469,39.3568],[-106.1439,39.3469],[-106.141,39.341],[-106.1392,39.3369],[-106.1392,39.3351],[-106.1421,39.3315],[-106.1487,39.3219],[-106.1505,39.3205],[-106.1698,39.3222],[-106.174,39.3172],[-106.1756,39.313],[-106.1777,39.3113],[-106.183,39.3103],[-106.182,39.301],[-106.1797,39.2982],[-106.1816,39.2904],[-106.1847,39.2862],[-106.1865,39.2797],[-106.1848,39.2753],[-106.1848,39.2738],[-106.1842,39.272],[-106.1824,39.268],[-106.1788,39.2603],[-106.1788,39.2553],[-106.1812,39.2417],[-106.1806,39.2399],[-106.1788,39.239],[-106.177,39.239],[-106.1728,39.2372],[-106.1687,39.2344],[-106.1675,39.2304],[-106.1675,39.2249],[-106.1704,39.2208],[-106.1752,39.2172],[-106.1763,39.2159],[-106.1758,39.214],[-106.1775,39.2118],[-106.1829,39.209],[-106.184,39.2081],[-106.1834,39.2063],[-106.1811,39.2045],[-106.1781,39.2004],[-106.1781,39.1959],[-106.1798,39.1914],[-106.1822,39.1868],[-106.1828,39.1832],[-106.1816,39.1791],[-106.1792,39.1741],[-106.1786,39.1696],[-106.1768,39.1592],[-106.1756,39.1556],[-106.1738,39.1415],[-106.1738,39.137],[-106.1756,39.1347],[-106.1821,39.1297],[-106.1868,39.1256],[-106.1886,39.1225],[-106.1904,39.1202],[-106.1945,39.117],[-106.1986,39.1147],[-106.2057,39.107],[-106.2087,39.1048],[-106.2105,39.102],[-106.2105,39.1007],[-106.2081,39.1002],[-106.1838,39.1021],[-106.1814,39.1021],[-106.1796,39.1016],[-106.1737,39.0985],[-106.1707,39.0953],[-106.1695,39.093],[-106.1683,39.0908],[-106.1678,39.0879],[-106.1907,39.0678],[-106.1917,39.0667],[-106.1903,39.0581],[-106.1902,39.0572],[-106.3833,39.0577],[-106.4568,39.0578],[-106.4924,39.0577],[-106.519,39.0576],[-106.5759,39.0574],[-106.576,39.0642],[-106.5766,39.0673],[-106.5779,39.0782],[-106.5813,39.0829],[-106.5843,39.0845],[-106.5853,39.0958],[-106.5782,39.1019],[-106.5731,39.1044],[-106.5683,39.1038],[-106.5621,39.1066],[-106.5635,39.1147],[-106.5569,39.1206],[-106.5569,39.125],[-106.5611,39.1304],[-106.5611,39.1354],[-106.5576,39.1422],[-106.5582,39.1463],[-106.5612,39.1508],[-106.5619,39.1514],[-106.5602,39.1552],[-106.5504,39.1613],[-106.5389,39.1581],[-106.5356,39.158],[-106.5336,39.163],[-106.5288,39.1608],[-106.5255,39.1593],[-106.5227,39.1587],[-106.5168,39.1582],[-106.5132,39.1601],[-106.5074,39.1673],[-106.5062,39.1728],[-106.5057,39.1773],[-106.5021,39.1805],[-106.4968,39.1869],[-106.4951,39.1955],[-106.4922,39.2014],[-106.494,39.2091],[-106.4929,39.2191],[-106.4911,39.2259],[-106.4923,39.2281],[-106.4971,39.2322],[-106.4977,39.2358],[-106.4954,39.2431],[-106.4931,39.2458],[-106.4919,39.2472],[-106.4858,39.251],[-106.484,39.2543],[-106.4813,39.2562],[-106.4806,39.2598],[-106.4824,39.2644],[-106.4822,39.2699],[-106.4831,39.2712],[-106.4885,39.273],[-106.498,39.2807],[-106.5016,39.2843],[-106.5017,39.2888],[-106.5023,39.2911],[-106.5005,39.2979],[-106.4958,39.3043],[-106.484,39.3116],[-106.483,39.3128],[-106.4757,39.3148],[-106.4746,39.3114],[-106.4724,39.3085],[-106.4717,39.3087],[-106.4681,39.3081],[-106.462,39.312],[-106.4521,39.3129],[-106.4477,39.3159],[-106.4414,39.3155],[-106.4385,39.3162],[-106.4364,39.3149],[-106.4317,39.3158],[-106.4299,39.3186],[-106.4294,39.3272],[-106.4342,39.3394],[-106.4348,39.3458],[-106.4343,39.3517],[-106.4278,39.3585],[-106.4165,39.3658],[-106.4076,39.3735],[-106.4041,39.3776],[-106.4017,39.3799],[-106.3981,39.3794],[-106.3952,39.3794],[-106.3874,39.3763],[-106.3713,39.3704],[-106.3695,39.3686],[-106.3629,39.3605],[-106.3599,39.3573],[-106.3564,39.356],[-106.3528,39.3555],[-106.348,39.3555],[-106.3373,39.3578],[-106.329,39.3597],[-106.3177,39.362],[-106.3141,39.3624],[-106.3082,39.3611],[-106.301,39.3588],[-106.2909,39.3539],[-106.2873,39.3525],[-106.282,39.353],[-106.2778,39.3535],[-106.257,39.3617],[-106.2546,39.3621],[-106.2463,39.3626],[-106.241,39.364],[-106.2368,39.3667],[-106.2238,39.3785],[-106.2226,39.3794],[-106.2089,39.3799],[-106.1988,39.379],[-106.191,39.3795],[-106.1756,39.3786],[-106.1613,39.3772],[-106.1553,39.3782],[-106.1375,39.3777]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lake\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6271a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":195131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":41107,"text":"ofr93451 - 1993 - Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St.Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida May 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T19:36:09.528321","indexId":"ofr93451","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-451","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St.Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida May 1993","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93451","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., Murray, L., Phelps, G.G., Spechler, R., and Bradner, L.A., 1993, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St.Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida May 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-451, 1 Plate: 26.96 × 45.44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93451.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 26.96 × 45.44 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390764,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19266.htm"},{"id":78955,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0451/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan aquifer in the St.Johns River Water Management District and vicinity,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682c8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":224508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, L. C.","contributorId":54636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradner, L. A.","contributorId":21925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradner","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":20140,"text":"ofr93402 - 1993 - Vertical distribution of hydraulic characteristics and water quality in three boreholes in the Galena-Platteville Aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr93402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-402","title":"Vertical distribution of hydraulic characteristics and water quality in three boreholes in the Galena-Platteville Aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1990","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated contaminant migration in the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware site in Belvidere, Ill. This report presents the results of the first phase of the investigation, from August through December 1990.\r\nA packer assembly was used to isolate various depth intervals in three 150-foot-deep boreholes in the dolomite aquifer. Aquifer-test data include vertical distributions of vertical hydraulic gradient, horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K), and response of water levels in observation wells to borehole pumping. Water-quality data include vertical distributions of field-measured properties and laboratory determinations of concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC's).\r\n\r\nvertical hydraulic gradients in the aquifer were downward. The downward gradients ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.37 foot/foot. The largest gradient was associated with an elevated-K interval at 115 to 125 feet below land surface.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic characteristics of strata within the aquifer seem to be generally consistent across the site. The strata can be subdivided into five hydraulic units with the following approximate depth ranges-and K's : (1) a 1- to 5-foot-thick weathered surface at about 35 feet below land surface, 1-200 ft/d (feet per day); (2) 35-80 feet, 0.05-0.5 ft/d; (3) 80-115 feet, 0.5 ft/d; (4) 115-125 feet, 0.5-10 ft/d; and (5) 125-150 feet, 0.5 ft/d.\r\n\r\nWater-level drawdowns were detected in one shallow bedrock observation well during pumping of some of the packed intervals in a nearby borehole, indicating that the degree of vertical connection between some intervals in the aquifer may be greater than that between others. During development pumping of one borehole, drawdowns were detected in a nearby well screened in the lower part of the overlying glacial-drift deposits, indicating hydraulic connection between the glacial drift aquifer and the bedrock aquifer.\r\n\r\nVOC's were detected throughout the upper half (about 150 feet ) of the bedrock aquifer beneath the site. The detected compounds were predominantly chlorinated ethenes and ethanes (maximum concentration was 570 ppb (parts per billion) of trichloroethylene. There was a positive correlation between concentrations of VOC's, specific conductance, and K.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of VOC concentrations indicate that the low-K dolomite beds in the Galena-Platteville aquifer may impede the downward migration of the VOC's and that the high-K beds and fissures may provide pathways for the lateral migration of VOC's through the aquifer. Contaminant migration is possibly affected by ground-water flow through vertical fractures that connect shallow beds with deeper beds in the aquifer, thus explaining the detections of some VOC species at intermittent depths.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93402","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., 1993, Vertical distribution of hydraulic characteristics and water quality in three boreholes in the Galena-Platteville Aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-402, iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93402.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0402/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0402/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20139,"text":"ofr93403 - 1993 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr93403","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-403","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1991","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, investigated the hydrogeology of the Galena-Platteville aquifer and its relation to contaminant migration at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site in Belvidere, Ill. This report presents the results of the second phase of the investigation, which lasted from March through October 1991.\r\nThe uppermost bedrock units beneath the study site are the Galena and Platteville Groups1; these bedrock units immediately underlie a glacial drift aquifer. The Galena and Platteville Groups, which consist predominantly of dolomite, compose the Galena-Platteville aquifer, and extend from about 40 to 320 feet below land surface. The unconfined Galena-Platteville aquifer is partitioned into five hydrogeologic units. The uppermost unit, the weathered surface of the bedrock, has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity that ranges from about 1 to 200 feet per day. The four underlying units have hydraulic conductivities that range from about 0.01 to 1 foot per day. Vertical hydraulic gradients in the aquifer are typically downward. Horizontal groundwater flow generally is southward to southeastward from the site toward the Kishwaukee River.\r\n\r\nThree notable bedding-plane solution fissures and three fractures that crosscut the bedding planes are identified within the dolomite bedrock. The inclined fractures are assumed to function as conduits that connect high conductivity horizontal fissures, thus allowing more rapid vertical movement of ground water and contaminants than would be expected in the generally low conductivity dolomite matrix.\r\n\r\nA multiple-well, constant-discharge aquifer test confirms the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the dolomite aquifer. The hydraulic characteristics of the uppermost part of the bedrock aquifer are somewhat different than the characteristics of the deeper part(s) of the aquifer. This is because the principal conduits for water movement are in the deeper part(s) of the aquifer.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow in the Galena-Platteville aquifer beneath the study site is affected by pumping of Belvidere Municipal Wells No. 4 and No. 6. Water levels in wells screened near the vertical midpoint of the aquifer are affected by the municipal-well pumping substantially more than are water levels in wells screened near the top of the aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93403","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., 1993, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Galena-Platteville aquifer at the Parson's Casket Hardware Superfund site, Belvidere, Illinois, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-403, vi, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93403.","productDescription":"vi, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0403/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49681,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0403/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28896,"text":"wri934052 - 1993 - Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri934052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4052","title":"Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","docAbstract":"Shallow ground-water resources in western Montana have been developed primarily in Quaternary alluvium and Tertiary deposits, although bedrock supplies water to wells locally. Well-yield and trans- missivity values were largest (medians of 40 gallons per minute and 970 feet squared per day, respec- tively) in alluvium and smallest (medians of 15 gallons per minute and 130 feet squared per day, respectively) in bedrock. Chemical composition of ground water was dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate derived from dissolution of carbonate minerals. Other water types may be the result of ion exchange (increased sodium) and mixing of geothermal water or leachate from mine wastes (increased sulfate). Although concen- trations of arsenic were relatively small (maximum of 20 micrograms per liter), they were somewhat larger in alluvium within 300 feet of the Clark Fork. Elevated concentrations of cadmium (maximum of 6 micrograms per liter) were measured in water from one well downgradient from tailings ponds. Although mining and smelting activities have resulted in widespread distribution of contami- nants in the Clark Fork valley, this study indicates that ground water contains elevated concentrations of trace elements only locally. Streamflow data indicate significant ground-water inflow to the Clark Fork in two reaches. Between Racetrack and Garrison, irrigation-return flow probably augments naturally occurring ground-water discharge. Between Jens and Cramer Creek, geo- thermal water from bedrock flows through alluvium to the river. In the Clark Fork, the maximum arsenic concentration was 8.1 micrograms per liter; copper and manganese concentrations were largest at Warm Springs (maximums of 14 and 350 micrograms per liter, respectively) and decreased downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934052","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D., 1993, Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4052, v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934052.","productDescription":"v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57771,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e83c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, D. 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Beginning in about 1965, increases in groundwater withdrawals for agricultural, commercial, urban, and industrial uses have caused water-level declines and have created cone-like depressions in the water-level surface around major pumping centers near the Towns of Accomac, Cape Charles, Cheriton, Chincoteague, Exmore, and Hallwood, Virginia. Increased water withdrawals could adversely affect the supply of fresh groundwater on the Eastern Shore. In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and the counties of Accomack and Northampton, completed a comprehensive study of the groundwater resources of the Eastern Shore. This report highlights the major results of that study. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9393","usgsCitation":"Richardson, D., 1993, Ground-water concerns for the Eastern Shore, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-93, 4 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9393.","productDescription":"4 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50160,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d30a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richardson, D.L.","contributorId":22807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28825,"text":"wri924177 - 1993 - Hydrogeology and ground-water-quality conditions at the Sumner County Landfill, south-central Kansas, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T19:46:45.504964","indexId":"wri924177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4177","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water-quality conditions at the Sumner County Landfill, south-central Kansas, 1989-90","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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