{"pageNumber":"171","pageRowStart":"4250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":25420,"text":"wri964049 - 1996 - Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"wri964049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4049","title":"Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Commercial and industrial activities in the Railroad Industrial Area in Fairbanks, Alaska, have resulted in accidental releases of chemicals to the subsurface. Such releases have generated concern regarding local ground-water quality and the potential impact on nearby water-supply wells. Consequently, a study is being conducted to characterize the environmental and hydrologic conditions in the area. Existing reports from numerous previous investigations in the area were reviewed and relevant information from these documents was compiled. Both ground- and surface-water elevations were measured approximately monthly at as many as 50 sites during mass measurements. Selected sites were measured more frequently to assess short-term changes in the ground- and surface-water systems. Supplemental data were also collected outside of the study area to aid in interpretation. Ground water was sampled and analyzed to define the extent of the area affected by petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Data show that water levels in nearby rivers and sloughs have a considerable influence on ground-water flow in the study area. Seasonal and shorter term changes in river stage frequently alter and even reverse the direction of ground-water flow. The local ground-water system typically has an upward flow component, but this component is reversed in the upper part of the aquifer during periods of high water levels in the Chena River. These periodic changes in the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow have a considerable influence on the transport of dissolved hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Both petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents were found in ground water at the study area. Typical degradation products of these compounds were also found, indicating that biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms is occurring.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964049","usgsCitation":"Lilly, M.R., McCarthy, K.A., Kriegler, A., Vohden, J., and Burno, G., 1996, Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4049, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964049.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54139,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kriegler, A.T.","contributorId":83955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kriegler","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vohden, James","contributorId":101281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohden","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burno, G.E.","contributorId":18026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burno","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":29534,"text":"wri954147 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:50:25","indexId":"wri954147","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4147","title":"Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p>Knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of low flows is important for the optimal development of surface-water resources in Puerto Rico. This report presents analyses of low-flow data for 9 continuous-record gaging stations and 105 partial-record stations in southern and western Puerto Rico. The report includes analyses of lowflow data and tabulations of computed low-flow magnitude and frequency characteristics for 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years for continuous-record gaging stations based on the log-Pearson Type III frequency distribution or graphically adjusted logPearson frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics are provided for partial-record stations for 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years. Low-flow characteristics at partial-record stations were estimated based on the relation of base-flow discharge measurements at the partial-record stations and concurrent discharges at nearby continuous-record stations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority and the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Santiago-Rivera, L., 1996, Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4147, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954147.","productDescription":"viii, 46 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,{"id":22288,"text":"ofr96333 - 1996 - Water-resources investigations in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T14:47:07","indexId":"ofr96333","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-333","title":"Water-resources investigations in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>PROBLEM: Surface-water information is needed for surveillance, planning, design, hazard warning, operation, and management in water-related fields such as water supply, hydroelectric power, flood control, irrigation, bridge and culvert design, wildlife management, pollution abatement, flood-plain management, and water-resources development. An appropriate data base is necessary to provide this information.</p>\n<p>OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to provide continuous discharge records for selected rivers at specific sites to supply the needs for regulation, analytical studies, definition of statistical properties, trends analysis, determination of the occurrence, and distribution of water in streams for planning. The project is also LOCATION: Statewide PROJECT CHIEF: Barry K. Holmstrom PERIOD OF PROJECT: July 1913-Continuing designed to determine lake levels and to provide discharge for floods, low-flow conditions, and for waterquality investigations. Requests for streamflow data and information relating to streamflow in Wisconsin are answered. Basic data are published annually in the report \"Water Resources Data-Wisconsin.\"</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96333","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Maertz, D., 1996, Water-resources investigations in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-333, xviii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96333.","productDescription":"xviii, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0333/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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E.","contributorId":55030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maertz","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":68468,"text":"ha694D - 1996 - Hydrogeology of structurally extended terrain in the eastern Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, from geologic and geophysical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:24:22","indexId":"ha694D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"694","chapter":"D","title":"Hydrogeology of structurally extended terrain in the eastern Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, from geologic and geophysical models","docAbstract":"<p>The Great Basin of the western United States encompasses most of Nevada and western Utah (fig. 1). The climate of the region is semiarid to arid, with most precipitation falling as winter Show. The region is characterized by internal drainage (generally no hydrologic outlet to the ocean). Water resources in the region are limited and nearly all reliable surface-water sources have been allocated for use. The most commonly used aquifers arc sand-and-gravel basin-fill deposits in structural basins of the region. In many basins, pumpage from the basin-fill aquifers is as much as (or more than) the safe yield.<br />Consequently, aquifers other than basin fill are being assessed in the eastern Great Basin to determine where and how much additional ground water is present and what might be the effects of development. This study was part of the Nevada Carbonate Aquifers Program, in cooperation with the State of Nevada, Las Vegas Valley Water District, City of North Las Vegas, and the Bureau of Reclamation. This atlas presents a conceptual model of the geologic and hydrologic features of structurally extended terrains in the eastern Great Basin. First, the model is described and major structural features are compared with regional groundwater flow patterns. Second, the validity of the conceptual hydrogeologic model is evaluated using geophysical data and geologic models derived from geophysical profiles.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha694D","isbn":"0607857579","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., and Schaefer, D.H., 1996, Hydrogeology of structurally extended terrain in the eastern Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, from geologic and geophysical models: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 694, Plate 1: 44.32 inches x 36.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha694D.","productDescription":"Plate 1: 44.32 inches x 36.59 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278763,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694d/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada;Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -12.166666666666666,35 ], [ -12.166666666666666,40 ], [ -11.333333333333334,40 ], [ -11.333333333333334,35 ], [ -12.166666666666666,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6152a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":278285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaefer, Donald H.","contributorId":77507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22613,"text":"ofr96202 - 1996 - Peak-flow frequency estimates through 1994 for gaged streams in South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96202","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-202","title":"Peak-flow frequency estimates through 1994 for gaged streams in South Dakota","docAbstract":"Annual peak-flow data are listed for 250 continuous-record and crest-stage gaging stations in South Dakota. Peak-flow frequency estimates for selected recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years are given for 234 of these 250 stations. The log-Pearson Type III procedure was used to compute the frequency relations for the 234 stations, which in 1994 included 105 active and 129 inactive stations. The log-Pearson Type III procedure is recommended by the Hydrology Subcommittee of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982, &quot;Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency.&quot;No peak-flow frequency estimates are given for 16 of the 250 stations because: (1) of extreme variability in data set; (2) more than 20 percent of years had no flow; (3) annual peak flows represent large outflow from a spring; (4) of insufficient peak-flow record subsequent to reservoir regulation; and (5) peak-flow records were combined with records from nearby stations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96202","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Burr, M., and Korkow, K., 1996, Peak-flow frequency estimates through 1994 for gaged streams in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-202, x, 407 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96202.","productDescription":"x, 407 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52083,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burr, M.J.","contributorId":34541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burr","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Korkow, K.L.","contributorId":70797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korkow","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27995,"text":"wri964025 - 1996 - Geographic, geologic, and hydrologic summaries of intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri964025","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4025","title":"Geographic, geologic, and hydrologic summaries of intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana","docAbstract":"This report combines a literature review with new information to provide summaries of the geography, geology, and hydrology of each of 32 intermontane basins in western Montana. The summary of each intermontane basin includes concise descriptions of topography, areal extent, altitude, climate, 1990 population, land and water use, geology, surface water, aquifer hydraulic characteristics, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality. If present, geothermal features are described. Average annual and monthly temperature and precipitation are reported from one National Weather Service station in each basin. Streamflow data, including the drainage area, period of record, and average, minimum, and maximum historical streamflow, are reported for all active and discontinued USGS streamflow-gaging stations in each basin. Monitoring-well data, including the well depth, aquifer, period of record, and minimum and maximum historical water levels, are reported for all long-term USGS monitoring wells in each basin. Brief descriptions of geologic, geophysical, and potentiometric- surface maps available for each basin also are included. The summary for each basin also includes a bibliography of hydrogeologic literature. When used alone or in conjunction with regional RASA reports, this report provides a practical starting point for site-specific hydrogeologic investigations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964025","usgsCitation":"Kendy, E., and Tresch, R., 1996, Geographic, geologic, and hydrologic summaries of intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4025, xii, 233 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964025.","productDescription":"xii, 233 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56821,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4025/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendy, Eloise","contributorId":63841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendy","given":"Eloise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tresch, R.E.","contributorId":30646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tresch","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23636,"text":"ofr96343 - 1996 - Base-flow data for the Little West Fork Basin, Fort Campbell, Tennessee and Kentucky, 1993 and 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr96343","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-343","title":"Base-flow data for the Little West Fork Basin, Fort Campbell, Tennessee and Kentucky, 1993 and 1994","docAbstract":"Base-flow data were collected from selected sites within the Little West Fork Red River basin during high and low base-flow conditions in order to support a study of the source and movement of ground water that supplies the Fort Campbell Military Reservation. Stream and spring discharge, water temperature, and specific-conductance data were collected during low base-flow conditions from 64 sites on September 1 and 13, 1993, and from 64 sites on March 17 and 18, 1994. Discharge was greater during high base-flow conditions than low base-flow conditions. Major tributaries on the south side of the study area consistently had lower flow than the tributaries on the north side. Discharge data were used to categorize stream reaches and sub-basins. Stream reaches were categorized as gaining or losing, wet, dry, or unobserved for each base-flow measurement period. More dry stream reaches occurred during the two low base-flow periods than during the high base-flow period. Sub-basin areas with surplus or deficient flow were also defined. Many areas of deficient flow occurred near the headwaters of the Little West Fork basin under all base-flow conditions. Fewer areas of deficient flow occurred near the mouth of the basin. The flow per square mile for each major tributary basin in the study area was also calculated. The values of flow per square mile for the tributary basins in the northern part of the study area were greater than those for the tributary basins in the southern part of the study area under all base-flow conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96343","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ladd, D., 1996, Base-flow data for the Little West Fork Basin, Fort Campbell, Tennessee and Kentucky, 1993 and 1994 (Supercedes OFR 95-724): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-343, iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96343.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1682,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-343","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Supercedes OFR 95-724","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ladd, D.E.","contributorId":34956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24628,"text":"ofr96162 - 1996 - Geohydrology and conceptual model of a ground-water-flow system near a Superfund site in Cheshire, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr96162","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-162","title":"Geohydrology and conceptual model of a ground-water-flow system near a Superfund site in Cheshire, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Degradation of ground-water quality has been identified in an area of the north-central part of the town of Cheshire, Connecticut. An investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was done during 1994-95 to characterize the unconsolidated glacial deposits and the sedimentary bedrock, integrate the local geohydrologic conditions with the regional geohydrologic system, and develop a conceptual understanding of ground-water flow in the study area. A regional ground-water-flow model developed for the region near the study area indicates that perennial streams, including Judd Brook and the Tenmile River, form hydrologic divides that separate the larger region into hydraulically independent flow systems. In the local study area, synoptic water-level measurements made in June 1995 indicate that ground water near the water table flows west and southwestward from the low hill on the eastern side of the area toward the pond and wetlands along Judd Brook. Water-level data indicate that there is good hydraulic connection between the unconsolidated materials and underlying fractured bedrock. Unconsolidated materials in the study area consist principally of glacial stratified deposits that are fine sand, silt, and clay of glaci- olacustrine origin; locally these overlie thin glacial till. The glacial sediments range in thickness from a few feet to about 25 ft in the eastern part of the study area and are as much as 100 ft thick in the western and southern part of the study area beneath the Judd Brook and Tenmile River valleys. Fluvial redbeds of the New Haven Arkose underlie the glacial deposits in the region; in the study area, the redbeds consist of (1) channel sandstone units, which are coarse sandstone to fine conglomerate, generally in 6- to 15-ft- thick sequences; and (2) overbank mudstone units, which are siltstone and silty sandstone with some fine sandstone, generally in 6- to 50-ft-thick sequences. Thin-bedded zones of siltstone that are particularly fissile are present locally within the mudstone units. Rock units strike northward and dip eastward at about 20. The eastward-dipping strata are cut by a consistent set of west to west-northwest dipping, high-angle fractures. These fractures are oriented perpendicular to bedding and are present mostly in the channel sandstone units, but locally extend into the mudstone units as well. Borehole-geophysical logging indicates that ground water flows along bedding planes in fissile zones and between fissile zones in high-angle fractures, which are perpendicular to bedding. The combined fracture types form an aquifer system in which ground water follows a stair-step flowpath, flowing horizontally through fissile zones and vertically through high-angle fractures. Heat-pulse flow meter measurements and borehole fluid-conductivity and temperature logs indicate that only a small subset of the fissile zones and some high-angle fractures are hydraulically significant. A generalized local-scale ground-water flow model based on a nonspecific, but realistic, rock and fracture geometry was developed for the study area. Simulations show that under nonpumping conditions at a hypothetical well located in the middle of the model, ground-water flow was separated into upper and lower zones in which flow paths differed but were generally from northeast to southwest. Several short-duration aquifer tests conducted in the study area indicate that there is good hydraulic connection in the fractures between the pumping well (CS-221) and two bedrock wells located approximately 100 ft to the north and south along bedding strike. During the short duration of the aquifer tests, there was no hydraulic connection in bedrock wells located to the east, perpendicular to the strike. A range of transmissivity of 27 to 46 ft2/d was calculated from the aquifer-test data for the fractured-bedrock aquifer at CS-221 and TH-2. Individual fracture zones identified by bo","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96162","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stone, J.R., Barlow, P.M., and Starn, J., 1996, Geohydrology and conceptual model of a ground-water-flow system near a Superfund site in Cheshire, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-162, vi, 88 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96162.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53670,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, J. R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23872,"text":"ofr96318 - 1996 - Simulation of water quality for Salt Creek in northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr96318","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-318","title":"Simulation of water quality for Salt Creek in northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"Water-quality processes in the Salt Creek watershed in northeastern Illinois were simulated with a computer model. Selected waste-load scenarios for 7-day, 10-year low-flow conditions were simulated in the stream system. The model development involved the calibration of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency QUAL2E model to water-quality constituent concentration data collected by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) for a diel survey on August 29-30, 1995, and the verification of this model with water-quality constituent concentration data collected by the IEPA for a diel survey on June 27-28, 1995. In-stream measurements of sediment oxygen demand rates and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) decay rates by the IEPA and traveltime and reaeration-rate coefficients by the U.S. Geological Survey facilitated the development of a model for simulation of water quality in the Salt Creek watershed. In general, the verification of the calibrated model increased confidence in the utility of the model for water-quality planning in the Salt Creek watershed. However, the model was adjusted to better simulate constituent concentrations measured during the June 27-28, 1995, diel survey.\r\nTwo versions of the QUAL2E model were utilized to simulate dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the Salt Creek watershed for selected effluent discharge and concentration scenarios for water-quality planning: (1) the QUAL2E model calibrated to the August 29-30, 1995, diel survey, and (2) the QUAL2E model adjusted to the June 27-28, 1995, diel survey. The results of these simulations indicated that the QUAL2E model adjusted to the June 27-28, 1995, diel survey simulates reliable information for water-quality planning. The results of these simulations also indicated that to maintain DO concentrations greater than 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) throughout most of Salt Creek for 7-day, 10-year low-flow conditions, the sewage-treatment plants (STP's) must discharge effluent with CBOD and total ammonia as nitrogen concentrations substantially below the permit limits. If the STP's discharge effluent with CBOD and total ammonia as nitrogen concentrations at the permit limits for 7-day, 10-year low-flow conditions, DO concentrations less than 5 mg/L are expected for all of Salt Creek downstream from Fullerton Avenue (river mile 23.1).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96318","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Melching, C.S., and Chang, T., 1996, Simulation of water quality for Salt Creek in northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-318, viii, 136 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96318.","productDescription":"viii, 136 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1591,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=OFR&number=96-318","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0318/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53087,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a1f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":8135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, T.J.","contributorId":85224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26501,"text":"wri944020 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T08:39:11","indexId":"wri944020","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4020","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic information on the variability of streamflow during low-flow periods is needed for the effective management of surface-water resources in Maryland and Delaware. Low-flow characteristics derived from streamflow under natural conditions are presented for 94 continuousrecord gaging stations in Maryland, Delaware, and surrounding States, and for 131 low-flow partial-record gaging stations in Maryland and Delaware. Methods are developed to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged stream sites for average 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive-day lowflow discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 10, and 20 years. The methods are applicable to unregulated streams in Maryland and Delaware for watersheds having drainage areas ranging from 2.0 to 875 square miles.</p><p>Maryland and Delaware are divided into four regions on the basis of physiography and the results of regression analyses. The regions are the Eastern Shore region in Maryland and Delaware, the eastern-Piedmont region in Maryland, the western region in Maryland, and the southern region in Maryland. Equations are developed from regression analyses to estimate lowflow characteristics at ungaged sites on ungaged streams for the Eastern Shore region, the easternPiedmont region, and the western region. A generalized least-squares multiple-regression technique is used to develop the estimation equations that relate average 7-, 14-, and 30- consecutive-day low-flow discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 10, and 20 years to physical and climatological features of drainage basins in the study area. Adjustments are necessary to low-flow discharges estimated from the equation for the western region because of the effects of carbonate rocks on low flows. The adjustment method is based on analysis of the residuals of regional estimation equations and the percentage of the basin underlain by carbonate rocks. An equation is developed on the basis of a distance-weighted average of low-flow discharges at gaging stations to estimate low flow characteristics at ungaged sites on ungaged streams for the southern region. Estimates of the accuracy of low-flow characteristics determined from all regional equations are provided. </p><p>Two methods are presented for estimating low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites on gaged streams. One method combines low-flow characteristics determined from gaging station data with results from the regional regression equation at the gaging station and at the ungaged site to estimate the low-flow characteristics either upstream or downstream from the gaging station. The other method estimates low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites between gaging stations using a graphical solution. Estimates of accuracy of the low-flow characteristics determined by these methods also are provided. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Geological Survey and the Maryland Water Resources Administration with the partial support of the Delaware Geological Survey and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, D.H., and Hayes, D., 1996, Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4020, Report: iv, 113 p.; 10 Plates: 20.51 x 40.38 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944020.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 113 p.; 10 Plates: 20.51 x 40.38 inches or 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635a0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, David H.","contributorId":49357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":52945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6770,"text":"fs13196 - 1996 - Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:00:29.171993","indexId":"fs13196","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"131-96","displayTitle":"Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay","title":"Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction &nbsp;</h1><p>The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort, involving a number of agencies, to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the agencies, provides scientific information as part of the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program. The USGS began their own program, called the South Florida Ecosystem Program, in fiscal year 1995 for the purpose of gathering hydrologic, cartographic, and geologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.</p><p>Over the years, the construction of canals and levees has altered the natural hydrologic conditions of the Everglades. The canals and levees were constructed to convey water, prevent flooding, and store water in conservation areas for future use. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) in Jacksonville, Fla., is planning to construct gated spillways and culverts to allow for the restoration of natural sheetflow conditions to Everglades National Park (ENP). These proposed changes may further affect the hydrologic conditions of ENP and other parts of the ecosystem, thus leading to the following questions:</p><ul><li>Is ground water flowing to Biscayne Bay a significant component of the water budget in south Florida?</li><li>Would the quantity of ground water flowing to Biscayne Bay be greatly affected by changes in the operation of gates and control structures in canals?</li><li>How much change in ground-water discharges to Biscayne Bay has occurred due to modifications to the hydrologic system?</li></ul><p>Federal, State, and local agencies need to know the effect that changes in the operation of gates and control structures in canals will have on the water-budget components of the natural water systems in south Florida, including ground-water flow to Biscayne Bay.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs13196","usgsCitation":"South Florida Ecosystem Program; ground-water discharges to Biscayne Bay; 1996; FS; 131-96; Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_131_96.jpg"},{"id":793,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0131/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.69995508465435,\n              26.6587729618319\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.69995508465435,\n              25.145410427425105\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.85441995142408,\n              25.145410427425105\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.85441995142408,\n              26.6587729618319\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.69995508465435,\n              26.6587729618319\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","publishedDate":"1996-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6753,"text":"fs13096 - 1996 - South Florida Ecosystem Program; gaging flows in northeastern Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T16:18:07.819803","indexId":"fs13096","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"130-96","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program; gaging flows in northeastern Florida Bay","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction</h1><p>The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort, involving a number of agencies, to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the agencies, provides scientific information as part of the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program. The USGS began their own program, called the <a href=\"https://sflwww.er.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://sflwww.er.usgs.gov/\">South Florida Ecosystem Program</a>, in fiscal year 1995 for the purpose of gathering hydrologic, cartographic, and geologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.</p><p>Management of the south Florida ecosystem involves the use of hydrologic models that simulate the flow of water through the region. As sheetflow is reestablished by flow management in the wetlands of the Everglades, it is expected that changes will also be reflected in the amount of freshwater exiting the mainland through the principal streams or as sheetflow into Florida Bay. Several agencies, including the USGS and the <a href=\"https://www.saj.usace.army.mil/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.saj.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> (COE), are planning to use hydrologic models to simulate and predict the flows into Florida Bay and the circulation patterns within the bay itself. These models can then be used to determine the effects that management of the inland water system will have on the amount of freshwater the bay receives from the mainland. This project will provide modelers with essential flow and specific conductance data along the mangrove zone where data have not been previously available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs13096","usgsCitation":"Patino, E., 1996, South Florida Ecosystem Program; gaging flows in northeastern Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 130-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13096.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34123,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0130/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1996-130"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.05438232421874,\n              24.804188177830667\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.39794921875,\n              24.804188177830667\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.39794921875,\n              25.309269760067775\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.05438232421874,\n              25.309269760067775\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.05438232421874,\n              24.804188177830667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Project Goal</li><li>Background</li><li>Research Plan</li><li>Product Plans</li><li>Project Schedule</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, Eduardo 0000-0003-1016-3658 epatino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-3658","contributorId":1743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Eduardo","email":"epatino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2839,"text":"wsp2455 - 1996 - Implementation and verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for Spring Brook near Warrenville, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp2455","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2455","title":"Implementation and verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for Spring Brook near Warrenville, Illinois","docAbstract":"A model based on de Sant-Venant equations for dynamic flow in open channels was calibrated and verified for a 0.75-mile urbanized reach of Spring Brook, a tributary to the West Branch Du Page River. The model was used to simulate flow in the reach, which passes through two short culverts, one with overbank flow during periods of high flow. Stage and discharge data were collected at 10 sites with the study reach during three high-flow periods. Simulated stages and discharges were compared graphically to field-collected data. Errors in simulated stage and discharge were small except when debris, not represented in the model, clogged the culvert.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2455","usgsCitation":"Turner, M.J., Pulokas, A.P., and Ishii, A., 1996, Implementation and verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for Spring Brook near Warrenville, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2455, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2455.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":37,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WSP&number=2455","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2455/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29405,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2455/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a04e4b07f02db5f84b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, Mary J.","contributorId":91838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pulokas, Anthony P.","contributorId":84348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pulokas","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ishii, Audrey L. alishii@usgs.gov","contributorId":1818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"Audrey L.","email":"alishii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26714,"text":"wri954279 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954279","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4279","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","docAbstract":"The City of Columbus, Ohio, operates four radial collector wells in southern Franklin County. The 'South Well Field' is completed in permeable outwash and ice-contact deposits, upon which flow the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The wells are designed to yield approximately 42 million gallons per day; part of that yield results from induced infiltration of surface water from the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The well field supplied up to 30 percent of the water supply of southern Columbus and its suburbs in 1991. This report describes the hydrogeology of southern Franklin County and a tran sient three-dimensional, numerical ground-water- flow model of the South Well Field.\r\n\r\nThe primary source of ground water in the study area is the glacial drift aquifer. The glacial drift is composed of sand, gravel, and clay depos ited during the Illinoian and Wisconsinan glaciations. In general, thick deposits of till containing lenses of sand and gravel dominate the drift in the area west of the Scioto River. The thickest and most productive parts of the glacial drift aquifer are in the buried valleys in the central and eastern parts of the study area underlying the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial drift aquifer differs spa tially and ranges from 30 to 375 feet per day. The specific yield ranges from 0.12 to 0.30.\r\n\r\nThe secondary source of ground water within the study area is the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer, which consists of Silurian and Devonian limestones, dolomites, and shales. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the carbonate bedrock aquifer ranges from 10 to 15 feet per day. The storage coefficient is about 0.0002. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow system in the South Well Field area is recharged by precipitation, regional ground-water flow, and induced stream infiltration. Yearly recharge rates varied spatially and ranged from 4.0 to 12.0 inches. \r\n\r\nThe three-dimensional, ground-water-flow model was constructed by use of the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow code. Recharge, boundary flux, and river leakage are the principal sources of water to the flow system. The study area is bounded on the north and south by streamlines, with flow entering the area from the east and west. Areal recharge is contributed throughout the study area, although a comparatively high percentage of precipitation reaches the water table in the area east of the Scioto River where little surface drain age exists. Ground-water flow is downward in the uplands of the Scioto River, and upward near the river in the glacial drift and carbonate bedrock aquifers.\r\n\r\nThe numerical model contains 53 rows, 45 columns, and 3 layers. The uppermost two layers represent the glacial drift. The bottom layer represents the carbonate bedrock. The horizontal model grid is variably spaced to account for differences in available data and to simulate heads accurately in specific areas of interest. The length and width of grid cells range from 200 to 2,000 feet; the finer spacings are designed to increase detail in the areas near the collector wells. The model uses 7,155 active nodes. \r\n\r\nMeasurements of water levels from October 1979 were used to represent steady-state conditions before municipal pumping at the well field began. Measurements made during March 1986 were used to represent steady-state conditions after commencement of pumping at the well field. Water levels measured during March 1986 - June 1991 were used for calibration targets in the transient simulations. \r\n\r\nThe transient model was discretized into eight stress periods of 93 to 487 days on the basis of recharge, well-field pumpage, and available water-level data. Transient model calibration was based on seven sets of hydraulic-head measure ments made during March 1986 - June 1991. This time period includes large-scale increases in well- field production associated with a drought in the summer of 1988, an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarch Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954279","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., Bair, E., and Yost, W., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4279, iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954279.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, W. L.","contributorId":22801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yost, W.P.","contributorId":51791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yost","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26291,"text":"wri964001 - 1996 - Evaluation of the streamflow-gaging network of Alaska in providing regional streamflow information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"wri964001","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4001","title":"Evaluation of the streamflow-gaging network of Alaska in providing regional streamflow information","docAbstract":"In 1906, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began operating a network of streamflow-gaging stations in Alaska. The primary purpose of the streamflow- gaging network has been to provide peak flow, average flow, and low-flow characteristics to a variety of users. In 1993, the USGS began a study to evaluate the current network of 78 stations. The objectives of this study were to determine the adequacy of the existing network in predicting selected regional flow characteristics and to determine if providing additional streamflow-gaging stations could improve the network's ability to predict these characteristics.  Alaska was divided into six distinct hydrologic regions: Arctic, Northwest, Southcentral, Southeast, Southwest, and Yukon. For each region, historical and current streamflow data were compiled. In Arctic, Northwest, and Southwest Alaska, insufficient data were available to develop regional regression equations. In these areas, proposed locations of streamflow-gaging stations were selected by using clustering techniques to define similar areas within a region and by spatial visual analysis using the precipitation, physiographic, and hydrologic unit maps of Alaska.  Sufficient data existed in Southcentral and Southeast Alaska to use generalized least squares (GLS) procedures to develop regional regression equations to estimate the 50-year peak flow, annual average flow, and a low-flow statistic. GLS procedures were also used for Yukon Alaska but the results should be used with caution because the data do not have an adequate spatial distribution.  Network analysis procedures were used for the Southcentral, Southeast, and Yukon regions. Network analysis indicates the reduction in the sampling error of the regional regression equation that can be obtained given different scenarios. For Alaska, a 10-year planning period was used. One scenario showed the results of continuing the current network with no additional gaging stations and another scenario showed the results of adding gaging stations to the network. With the exception of the annual average discharge equation for Southeast Alaska, by adding gaging stations in all three regions, the sampling error was reduced to a greater extent than by not adding gaging stations.  The proposed streamflow-gaging network for Alaska consists of 308 gaging stations, of which 32 are designated as index stations. If the proposed network can not be implemented in its entirety, then a lesser cost alternative would be to establish the index stations and to implement the network for a particular region.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964001","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1996, Evaluation of the streamflow-gaging network of Alaska in providing regional streamflow information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4001, 1 vol. (various pagings) [98 p.]:ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964001.","productDescription":"1 vol. (various pagings) [98 p.]:ill., maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4001.jpg"},{"id":1979,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -172,54 ], [ -172,71 ], [ -131,71 ], [ -131,54 ], [ -172,54 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25829,"text":"wri954203 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:04:56.036888","indexId":"wri954203","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4203","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92","docAbstract":"<p>This retrospective report examines available nutrient, suspended sediment, and pesticide data in surface and ground water in the Connecticut, Housatonic and Thames Rivers Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality in the study unit. Waterquality data were acquired from various sources, primarily, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The report examines data for water years 1972-92, focusing on 1980-92, although it also includes additional data from as early as 1905.</p><p>The study unit lies within the New England Physiographic Province and altitudes range from sea level in coastal Connecticut to 6,288 feet above sea level at Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Two major aquifer types underlie the study unit unconsolidated glacial deposits and fractured bedrock. The climate generally is temperate and humid, with four distinct seasons. Average annual precipitation ranges from 34 to 65 inches. The study unit has a population of about 4.5 million, which is most highly concentrated in southwestern Connecticut and along the south-central region of the Connecticut River Valley.</p><p>Surface-water-quality data were screened to provide information about sites with adequate numbers of analyses (50) over sufficiently long periods (1980-90) to enable valid statistical analyses. In order to compare effects of different types of land use on surface-water quality, examination of data required application of several statistical and graphical techniques, including mapping, histograms, boxplots, concentration-discharge plots, trend analysis, and load estimation. Spatial and temporal analysis of surface-water-quality data indicated that, with a single exception, only stations in the Connecticut water-quality network had sufficient data collected over adequately long time periods to use in detailed analyses.</p><p>Ground-water nutrient and pesticide data were compiled from several Federal and State agencies, primarily the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Connecticut Department of Health Services. Nutrient data were available for several thousand wells; nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen was the most commonly reported constituent. Most wells with nutrient data are in Massachusetts and Connecticut.</p><p>Relative to nutrient data in ground and surface water, pesticide data are less common. Pesticide data were available for slightly more than 200 surface-water sites and less than 500 wells; about 95 percent of the wells are completed in&nbsp;stratified-drift or till aquifers. Data for 81 pesticide compounds were available in various data bases. 2,4-D and silvex were the most commonly detected herbicides in surface water and dieldrin and diazinon were the most commonly detected insecticides. Most surface-water pesticide samples and detections are from bed sediment, but much of the data are not recent.</p><p>Ethylene dibromide (EDB), a soil fumigant used in tobacco farming was detected in 268 wells in a 50 square-mile area of north-central Connecticut; EDB contamination also was detected in wells in Massachusetts. Atrazine, an herbicide commonly used in corn farming, commonly was detected in wells installed in tilled agricultural fields. Corn herbicides were commonly detected in the northern part of the study unit, although the sampling has been less frequent than in the southern part of the study unit. Pesticides were seldom detected in public-supply wells in Connecticut.</p><p>Urban sites with relatively high population densities and high concentrations of dischargers were characterized by having the highest nutrient concentrations and loads when adjusted for differences in drainage area or population. Particularly, the Pequabuck, Naugatuck, and Quinnipiac River Basins were characterized by high nutrient concentrations median total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 4.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 0.8 mg/L. In contrast, the predominantly forested and low density residential land-use sites, such as Saugatuck and Salmon River Basins, were characterized by low nutrient concentrations median total nitrogen ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 mg/L and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L. Estimated total nitrogen loadings in median discharge years ranged from 940 kilograms per&nbsp;square mile at the Salmon River near East Hampton, Conn., to 5,800 kilograms per square mile at the Naugatuck River at Beacon Falls, Conn. Water quality, in terms of nutrient concentrations and areally adjusted loadings, for sites with large drainage basins integrating a wide variety of land-use categories fell between the extremes of the urban and forested sites total nitrogen was 1,400 kilograms per square mile per year at the Connecticut River at Thompsonville, Conn.</p><p>Nitrate concentrations in ground water occasionally exceeded the safe drinking-water standard of 10 mg/L as nitrogen. The greatest number of detections exceeding the standard, however, were not in public-water supplies but in shallow observation wells in agricultural settings (the most frequently sampled type of well). None of the public-supply wells in Massachusetts exceeded the standard. Although nitrate concentrations for Vermont and New Hampshire generally were low, few data were available and those were seldom reported on the basis of drainage basin, making analysis difficult.</p><p>Trend analysis indicated that flow-adjusted concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus generally decreased during the period of analysis, however, total nitrogen did not change substantially. Decreases in ammonia concentrations with time were usually accompanied by increases in nitrate, suggesting improvements in sewage treatment.</p><p>The lack of adequate data from more or less exclusively agricultural areas points to the need for further study of the effects of fanning on surface-water quality in the study unit. Furthermore, additional information is needed on the rates, transformations, and movements of nutrients and other materials through and between the aquatic and terrestrial components of the study unit.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954203","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., Grady, S.J., Trench, E.C., Flanagan, S.M., and Nielson, M.G., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4203, Report: x, 162 p.; 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.81 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954203.","productDescription":"Report: x, 162 p.; 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.81 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393471,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48290.htm"},{"id":358782,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54577,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Quebec, Rhode Island, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Connecticut River Basin, Housatonic River Basin, Thames River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -70,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -70,\n              45.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -74,\n              45.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -74,\n              41\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trench, Elaine C. Todd etrench@usgs.gov","contributorId":4557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trench","given":"Elaine","email":"etrench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C. Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M. sflanaga@usgs.gov","contributorId":2666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah","email":"sflanaga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nielson, Martha G.","contributorId":210067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":27501,"text":"wri964037 - 1996 - Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:07:37.741665","indexId":"wri964037","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4037","title":"Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91","docAbstract":"During the early phase of the Georgia-Florida National Water Quality Assessment study, existing information on nutrients was compiled and analyzed in order to evaluate the nutrient concentrations within the 61,545 square mile study unit. Evaluation of the nutrient concentrations collected at surface- water sites between October 1, 1970, and September 30,1991, utilized the environmental characteristics of land resource provinces, land use, and nonpoint and point-source discharges within the study unit. Long-term trends were investigated to determine the temporal distribution of nutrient concentrations. In order to determine a level of concern for nutrient concentrations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines were used-(1) for nitrate concentrations, the maximum contaminant level in public-drinking water supplies (10 mg/L); (2) for ammonia concentrations, the chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to un-ionized ammonia (2.1 mg/L); (3) for total-phosphorus concentrations, the recommended concentration in flowing water to discourage excessive growth of aquatic plants (0.1 mg/L); and (4) for kjeldahl concentrations, however, no guidelines were available. For sites within the 10 major river basins, median nutrient concentrations were generally below USEPA guidelines, except for total-phosphorus concentrations where 45 percent of the medians exceeded the guideline. The only median ammonia concentration that exceeded the guideline occurred at the Swift Creek site (3.4 mg/L), in the Suwannee River basin, perhaps due to wastewater discharges. For all sites within the Withlacoochee, Aucilla, and St. Marys River basins, median concentrations of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphorus were below the USEPA guidelines. Nutrient data at each monitoring site within each major basin were aggregated for comparisons of median nutrient concentrations among major basins. The Ochlockonee and Hillsborough River basins had the highest median nutrient concentrations, the Aucilla River basin had the lowest. Median concentrations of nitrate and ammonia among all major basins were below USEPA guidelines. The median total-phosphorus concentrations for the following river basins exceeded the USEPA guideline-Hillsborough, St. Johns, Suwannee, Ochlockonee, Satilla, Altamaha, and Ogeechee. Although nutrient concentrations within the study unit were low, long-term increasing trends were found in all four nutrients. All 18 study-unit wide nitrate trends had increasing slopes ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.07 (mg/L)/yr. The range in slope for the 13 ammonia trends was -0.03 to 0.01 (mg/L)/yr with 6 increasing trends in the northern part of the study unit. Of the 17 total-phosphorus trends found in the study unit, 10 were found at sites where the median concentration exceeded the USEPA guideline. At these 10 sites, 4 sites had increasing trends with slopes ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.07 (mg/L)/yr, 5 sites had decreasing trends with slopes ranging from -0.01 to -0.24 (mg/L)/yr, and one site showed a seasonal concentration trend. Median nutrient concentrations were significantly different among the four land resource provinces-Southern Piedmont, Southern Coastal Plain, Coastal Flatwoods, and Central Florida Ridge. As a result, nutrient concentrations among basins with similar nutrient inputs but located within different land resource provinces are not expected to be the same due to differences in the combination of factors such as soil permeability, runoff rates, and stream channel slopes. This concept is an important consideration in designing a surface-water quality network within the study area. For the most part, the Coastal Flatwoods showed the lowest median nutrient concentrations and the Southern Coastal Plain had the highest median nutrient concentrations. Lower median nitrate concentrations in surface-water basins were associated with the forest/wetland land-use category and higher median concentrations of nitrate and ammonia with","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964037","usgsCitation":"Ham, L.K., and Hatzell, H.H., 1996, Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4037, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964037.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4037.jpg"},{"id":2142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394409,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48402.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504],[-84.90234375,30.543338954230222],[-85.0177001953125,30.24957724046765],[-84.803466796875,30.164126343161097],[-84.627685546875,29.935895213372444],[-84.57275390625,29.859701442126756],[-84.44091796875,29.859701442126756],[-84.29809570312499,29.859701442126756],[-84.2926025390625,30.012030680358613],[-84.17724609375,30.035811042667792],[-83.990478515625,30.050076521698735],[-83.7322998046875,29.893043385434165],[-83.6224365234375,29.76914573606667],[-83.51806640624999,29.602118211647333],[-83.397216796875,29.415675471217877],[-83.2489013671875,29.377388403478992],[-83.1610107421875,29.233683670282787],[-83.0841064453125,29.1281717828162],[-82.8753662109375,29.10897615145302],[-82.77099609375,28.945668833650508],[-82.75451660156249,28.815799886487298],[-82.694091796875,28.671310915880834],[-82.694091796875,28.492833128965096],[-82.8094482421875,28.265682390146477],[-82.891845703125,28.164032516628076],[-82.869873046875,27.955591004642553],[-82.8973388671875,27.790491224830877],[-82.7874755859375,27.68352808378776],[-82.75451660156249,27.552111841284695],[-80.299072265625,27.571590861376308],[-80.2935791015625,27.649472352561876],[-80.37597656249999,27.848790459862073],[-80.52429199218749,28.105903469076186],[-80.540771484375,28.20760859532738],[-80.540771484375,28.318888915773826],[-80.5133056640625,28.386567819657213],[-80.46936035156249,28.44454394857482],[-80.518798828125,28.647210004919998],[-80.6341552734375,28.815799886487298],[-80.771484375,29.065772888415406],[-81.0406494140625,29.439597566602902],[-81.1614990234375,29.807284450222504],[-81.27685546875,30.107117887092357],[-81.3592529296875,30.5764500266181],[-81.34277343749999,30.873940237887624],[-81.32080078125,31.052933985705163],[-81.23291015625,31.22689446881399],[-81.19445800781249,31.358327833411312],[-81.14501953125,31.48020882071693],[-81.03515625,31.648705289976853],[-80.958251953125,31.835565983656227],[-80.85937499999999,31.94750122367064],[-80.782470703125,32.00341778396365],[-80.8978271484375,32.0732655510424],[-81.046142578125,32.115148622612445],[-81.1175537109375,32.16166284018013],[-81.112060546875,32.2546200600072],[-81.0955810546875,32.30570601389429],[-81.177978515625,32.43097672054704],[-81.1669921875,32.47732919639942],[-81.24938964843749,32.537551746769],[-81.34277343749999,32.59773394005744],[-81.4031982421875,32.648625783736726],[-81.39770507812499,32.76880048488168],[-81.4031982421875,32.86574639547474],[-81.441650390625,32.95797741405952],[-81.4801025390625,33.04550781490999],[-81.5899658203125,33.1329513125159],[-81.73278808593749,33.15594830078649],[-81.88110351562499,33.330528249028085],[-82.06787109374999,33.41310221370827],[-82.28759765625,33.348884792201694],[-82.5732421875,33.22949814144951],[-83.056640625,33.25706340236547],[-83.33129882812499,33.0178760185549],[-83.507080078125,32.80574473290688],[-83.82568359375,32.722598604044066],[-83.66638183593749,32.263910555201306],[-83.7652587890625,32.05464469054932],[-83.8421630859375,31.76086695137955],[-84.19921875,31.353636941500987],[-84.6826171875,30.869225348040825],[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6801e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ham, L. K.","contributorId":13276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ham","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatzell, H. H.","contributorId":7732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzell","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26388,"text":"wri954109 - 1996 - Ground-water levels and flow at selected study sites in the Walnut Creek Management System Evaluation Area, Boone and Story counties, Iowa, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T14:49:56","indexId":"wri954109","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4109","title":"Ground-water levels and flow at selected study sites in the Walnut Creek Management System Evaluation Area, Boone and Story counties, Iowa, 1991-93","docAbstract":"<p>Data collected from May 1991 through September 1993 to determine seasonal fluctuations in ground-water levels and to estimate directions of ground-water flow in the saturated zone at selected study sites at the Iowa Management Systems Evaluation Area in the Walnut Creek Watershed are presented. The Walnut Creek Watershed is located on glacial deposits of Wisconsinan age in central Iowa and includes about 20 square miles. The upper glacial materials appear to be supraglacial tills rather than basal glacial tills and contain both oxidized and unoxidized zones. Water levels were measured in 102 wells from 38 locations at 7 study sites in the watershed. Water levels fluctuated in response to local climatic conditions and ranged from at or near the land surface to more than 30 feet below land surface. In general, ground water flowed towards Walnut Creek or large drainage tiles. Potentiometric-surface maps at the selected study sites can be used to determine which locations might be affected by agricultural management practices in place at each site.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954109","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R., 1996, Ground-water levels and flow at selected study sites in the Walnut Creek Management System Evaluation Area, Boone and Story counties, Iowa, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4109, iv, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954109.","productDescription":"iv, 69 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4109/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55182,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.58034133911133,\n              41.96919079421467\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.57433319091797,\n              41.964085349226664\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5731315612793,\n              41.95846888718632\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.56935501098633,\n              41.95476685744922\n            ],\n        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-93.60918045043945,\n              41.967914471324725\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.60334396362305,\n              41.96523411002093\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.6009407043457,\n              41.9625536359481\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.58926773071289,\n              41.96229834682172\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.58875274658203,\n              41.9688079000327\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.58034133911133,\n              41.96919079421467\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668bd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchmiller, Robert","contributorId":82742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28519,"text":"wri914035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri914035","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Ky., lies in a valley eroded by glacial meltwater that was later partly filled with outwash sand and gravel deposits. The aquifer is primarily unconfined, and the direction of flow is from the adjacent limestone and shale valley wall toward the Ohio River and major pumping centers. Pumpage and water-level data indicate that the alluvial aquifer was in a steady-state condition in November 1962 and again in November 1983. Between these two dates, water-level data indicate a general rise in the water table. A two-dimensional finite-element ground-water-flow model of the alluvial aquifer was calibrated for both the steady-state and the transient-state period of 1962-83. The year 1962 represented a period in time when pumping was nearly three times that in 1983. The simulated steady-state water budget for 1962 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 5.19 million feet per day, 37.2 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 28.3 percent was recharge from rainfall, 19.7 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, and 14.8 percent was upward flow from the bedrock. Discharge from the aquifer was to wells (68.9 percent) and to the Ohio River (31.1 percent). The simulated steady-state water budget for 1983 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 4.11 million feet per day, 42.6 percent was recharge from rainfall, 18.2 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, 17.8 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 15.6 percent was upward flow from the bedrock, and 5.8 percent was flow from septic systems. The transient simulation resulted in an acceptable match between measured and simulated hydrographs. This gave additional confidence to the model calibration, choice of boundary conditions, and published values of specific yield. Both steady-state and transient-state models demonstrated that the main source of water needed to meet increased pumping requirements was induced flow from the Ohio River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914035","usgsCitation":"Lyverse, M.A., Starn, J., and Unthank, M., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4035, vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914035.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62562d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyverse, M. A.","contributorId":89151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyverse","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unthank, M.D.","contributorId":35351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26814,"text":"wri954154 - 1996 - Technique for estimating magnitude and frequency of peak flows in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri954154","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4154","title":"Technique for estimating magnitude and frequency of peak flows in Maryland","docAbstract":"Methods are presented for estimating peak-flow magnitudes of selected frequencies for drainage basins in Maryland. The methods were developed by generalized least-squares regression techniques using data from 219 streamflow-gaging stations in and near Maryland, and apply to peak flows with recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years. The State is divided into five hydrologic regions: the Appalachian Plateaus and Allegheny Ridges region, the Blue Ridge and Great Valley region, the Piedmont region, the Western Coastal Plain region, and the Eastern Coastal Plain region. Sets of equations for calculating peak discharges based on physical basin characteristics and their associated standard errors of prediction are provided for each of the five hydrologic regions. Basin characteristics and flood-frequency characteristics are tabulated for 236 streamflow- gaging stations in Maryland and surrounding States. Methods of estimating peak flows at sites in Maryland for ungaged and gaged sites are presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954154","usgsCitation":"Dillow, J., 1996, Technique for estimating magnitude and frequency of peak flows in Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4154, iv, 55 p. with errata : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954154.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. with errata : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954154/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6861bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillow, Jonathan J.A.","contributorId":18412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillow","given":"Jonathan J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26505,"text":"wri954295 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the Quitobaquito Springs and La Abra Plain area, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri954295","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4295","title":"Hydrogeology of the Quitobaquito Springs and La Abra Plain area, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"Quitobaquito Springs, in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument near the south end of the northwestward-trending Quitobaquito Hills, are less than 0.25 mile north of the international boundary between the United States and Mexico. The National Park Service is concerned that the natural flow from Quitobaquito Springs might be reduced by ground-water withdrawals in the adjacent State of Sonora, Mexico.  Quitobaquito and other nearby springs flow from a highly fractured granite that forms the Quitobaquito Hills. Fractures in the granitic intrusive rocks provide conduits for ground water to flow from an alluvial flow system along Aguajita Wash to a line of springs on the southwest side of Quitobaquito Hills. The chemical composition of water from all the springs is similar. Carbon-14 analysis of water from Quitobaquito Springs indicates that the spring water probably is between 500 and several thousand years old. Discharge at Quitobaquito Springs averaged 28 gallons per minute and ranged from 15 to 40 gallons per minute for 1981-92. Rainfall at two gages in the area of recharge to the northeast of Quitobaquito Hills averaged 6.6 inches per year during the 11-year monitoring program ending in September 1992. The lack of correlation between spring discharge and local rainfall indicates that local annual recharge may be small relative to the total quantity of ground water in storage.  Surface-geophysical data indicate that a thin alluvial aquifer overlies the shallow crystalline rocks northeast of Quitobaquito Hills along Aguajita Wash. Results of the study indicate that the ground-water flow system along Aguajita Wash provides a source of water to the springs and may be hydraulically connected to the ground-water system that is pumped for agricultural purposes in Mexico. The altitude and low permeability of the granite bedrock near the international boundary, however, may provide a barrier to and (or) delay the effect of a northwestward propagation of water- level declines caused by pumping near the Rio Sonoyta in Mexico.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File [Reports] Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954295","usgsCitation":"Carruth, R., 1996, Hydrogeology of the Quitobaquito Springs and La Abra Plain area, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4295, v, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954295.","productDescription":"v, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4295/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55329,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4295/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db614e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carruth, R. L.","contributorId":31413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carruth","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30623,"text":"wri954271 - 1996 - Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri954271","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4271","title":"Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","docAbstract":"The potential for subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent into the uppermost producing zone (zone A) of the Upper Floridan aquifer in St. Petersburg, Florida, is being studied by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of St. Petersburg and the Southwest Florida Water Management District. A measure of the success of this practice is the recovery efficiency, or the quantity of water relative to the quantity injected, that can be recovered before the water that is withdrawn fails to meet water-quality standards. The feasibility of this practice will depend upon the ability of the injected zone to receive, store, and discharge the injected fluid. A cylindrical model of ground-water flow and solute transport, incorporating available data on aquifer properties and water quality, was developed to determine the relation of recovery efficiency to various aquifer and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area. The reference case for testing was a base model considered representative of the saline aquifer underlying St. Petersburg. Parameter variations in the tests represent possible variations in aquifer conditions in the area. The model also was used to study the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the recovery efficiency of the well and aquifer system. A base simulation assuming 15 days of injection of effluent at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day and 15 days of withdrawal at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day was used as reference to compare changes in various hydraulic and chemical parameters on recovery efficiency. A recovery efficiency of 20 percent was estimated for the base simulation. For practical ranges of hydraulic and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area, the model analysis indicates that (1) the greater the density contrast between injected and resident formation water, the lower the recovery efficiency, (2) recovery efficiency decreases significantly as dispersion increases, (3) high formation permeability favors low recovery efficiencies, and (4) porosity and anisotropy have little effect on recovery efficiencies. In several hypothetical tests, the recovery efficiency fluctuated between about 4 and 76 percent. The sensitivity of recovery efficiency to variations in the rate and duration of injection (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day) and withdrawal cycles (60, 180, and 365 days) was determined. For a given operational scheme, recovery efficiency increased as the injection and withdrawal rate is increased. Model results indicate that recovery efficiencies of between about 23 and 37 percent can be obtained for different subsurface storage and recovery schemes. Five successive injection, storage, and recovery cycles can increase the recovery efficiency to about 46 to 62 percent. There is a larger rate of increase at smaller rates than at larger rates. Over the range of variables studied, recovery efficiency improved with successive cycles, increasing rapidly during initial cycles tyhen more slowly at later cycles. The operation of a single well used for subsurface storage and recovery appears to be technically feasible under moderately favorable conditions; however, the recovery efficiency is higly dependent upon local physical and operational parameters. A combination of hydraulic, chemical, and operational parameters that minimize dispersion and buoyancy flow, maximizes recovery efficiency. Recovery efficiency was optimal where resident formation water density and permeabilities were relatively similar and low.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954271","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., 1996, Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4271, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954271.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2938,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27233,"text":"wri964021 - 1996 - Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:47:10","indexId":"wri964021","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4021","title":"Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Infiltration of effluent into the Santa Cruz River channel from water-treatment plants near Tucson, Arizona was studied from March 23, 1990, to September 30, 1993. The study reach extended along a 23-mile stream reach from the water-treatment plants, about 5 miles northwest of central Tucson, downstream to Trico Road, about 5 miles west of Marana, Arizona. Data indicate that 88.4 to 90.2 percent of the effluent discharged from the two water-treatment plants infiltrated the Santa Cruz River channel. During 1991 93, the volume of effluent discharge that flowed out of the study area was 2,880, 4,120, and 3,320 acre-feet per year, respectively, and the volume of infiltration was 41,890, 43,640, and 45,670 acre-feet per year, respectively. Intermittent rainstorms resulted in high flows that altered the composition, structure, and geometry of the channel bed and may have caused the infiltration to increase to nearly 100 percent. In comparison, variations in evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation had a minimal effect on the water budget. In the study reach, 3.2 to 3.9 percent of the effluent was lost to evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation; 6.2 to 8.3 percent flowed through the reach.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Tuscon","usgsCitation":"Galyean, K., 1996, Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4021, v, 82 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964021.","productDescription":"v, 82 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Pima County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.29166667,\n              32.29166667\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.04166667,\n              32.29166667\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.04166667,\n              32.45833333\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.29166667,\n              32.45833333\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.29166667,\n              32.29166667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galyean, Ken","contributorId":212707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galyean","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25852,"text":"wri954294 - 1996 - Water quality of the lower Columbia River Basin: Analysis of current and historical water-quality data through 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T21:40:01.022551","indexId":"wri954294","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4294","title":"Water quality of the lower Columbia River Basin: Analysis of current and historical water-quality data through 1994","docAbstract":"<p>The lower Columbia River Basin includes the river basins draining into the Columbia River below Bonneville Dam&mdash;the largest of which is the Willamette River. This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, done in cooperation with the Lower Columbia River Bi-State Water- Quality Program, to describe the water-quality conditions in the lower Columbia River Basin by interpreting historical data collected and data collected in 1994. Historical water-quality data spanning more than 50 years and comprising more than 200 parameters were collated for interpretation in this report. The U.S. Geological Survey, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, and the Washington Department of Ecology collected water-quality data at 10 sites in the lower Columbia River Basin from January to December of 1994. Water-quality constituents measured in 1994 were screened against U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and State guidelines.</p>\n<p>Arsenic, a human carcinogen, was detected in 15 of 16 samples in the lower Columbia River, but was not detected in any of the sampled tributaries. All 15 arsenic detections had concentrations that exceeded both the EPA ambient water-quality criteria for the protection of human health and the EPA human-health advisories for drinking water. Chromium was detected at all four Columbia River sites&mdash;most frequently in the Columbia River at Hayden Island. None of the chromium concentrations detected, however, exceeded water-quality criteria or guidelines.</p>\n<p>Measurements of suspended trace-element concentrations (trace-element concentrations associated with the suspended-sediment fraction) showed that the suspended form is the dominant transport phase for aluminum, iron, and manganese, whereas the dissolved form is the dominant transport phase for arsenic, barium, chromium, and copper. On the basis of tributary loads during summer low-flow months, sources of suspended silver, nickel, aluminum, and antimony exist in the lower Columbia River Basin, whereas the sources of suspended zinc and arsenic exist outside of the lower basin.</p>\n<p>Twenty organic compounds were detected of the 47 compounds analyzed for this study. None of the organic compounds measured exceeded EPA&rsquo;s ambient water-quality criteria or drinking-water guidelines. The Willamette River at Portland had the largest number of detections, and all 20 compounds were detected at one time or another at that site. The largest concentrations of the agricultural pesticides, atrazine, metolachlor, and simazine were detected in the Willamette River, where they were detected in 93, 86, 93 percent, respectively, of the samples collected. The highest concentrations of atrazine in the Willamette River were associated with the spring application and fall runoff periods.</p>\n<p>Both historical and current data showed that the highest water temperatures in the lower Columbia River Basin are present during August. For water years 1977&ndash;81 in the Columbia River at Bradwood (river mile 38.9), 75 percent of the daily mean water temperatures during August exceeded 20 degrees Celsius, a &ldquo;special condition&rdquo; criterion for the State of Washington. The special condition criterion was exceeded at four sites on the lower Columbia River during July and August, 1994&mdash;a period coinciding with season-high air temperatures and low streamflow. Trend tests using data from 1974 to 1994 showed significant (r &lt; 0.05) upward trends for water temperature at the Columbia River at Warrendale and the Willamette River at Portland.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of dissolved oxygen and total dissolved gas were above saturation levels during high stormflows in the lower Columbia River and the Willamette River during 1994. The high concentrations of total dissolved gas in the Columbia River exceeded Oregon and Washington State standards of 110 percent of saturation and were caused by spilling water at the Columbia River dams. Aquatic life in the lower Columbia River Basin was not subjected to low dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Comparison of dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Willamette River from 1949&ndash;58 to 1972&ndash;94 showed a significant increase in dissolved-oxygen concentrations during the low-streamflow months of summer.</p>\n<p>Trend tests showed significant (r &lt; 0.05) downward trends from 1973 to 1994 for three constituents at the Columbia River at Warrendale: phosphorus in unfiltered water, total dissolved solids, and specific conductance. These trends may be a consequence of more conservative agricultural practices in the area upstream from Warrendale.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri954294","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Columbia River Bi-State Water-Quality Program","usgsCitation":"Fuhrer, G.J., Tanner, D.Q., Morace, J.L., McKenzie, S.W., and Skach, K.A., 1996, Water quality of the lower Columbia River Basin: Analysis of current and historical water-quality data through 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4294, x, 157 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954294.","productDescription":"x, 157 p.","numberOfPages":"168","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400601,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48367.htm"},{"id":54595,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4294/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":158395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4294/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              46.3144\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.85,\n              46.3144\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.85,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              45.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6052e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuhrer, Gregory J. gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","contributorId":944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuhrer","given":"Gregory","email":"gjfuhrer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanner, Dwight Q.","contributorId":93452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morace, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-8132-4044 jlmorace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-4044","contributorId":945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morace","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlmorace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKenzie, Stuart W.","contributorId":27841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skach, Kenneth A. kaskach@usgs.gov","contributorId":1894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skach","given":"Kenneth","email":"kaskach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":29431,"text":"wri954222 - 1996 - Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-23T14:14:27","indexId":"wri954222","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4222","title":"Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","docAbstract":"<p>North Fish Creek is underused as a trout and salmon hatchery despite its excellent water quality. The shifting-sand streambed in the lower 9 miles of the stream inhibits successful spawning and is a poor habitat for macroinvertebrates, the primary food for juvenile trout and salmon. To provide data necessary for evaluation of potential sand-loading-control practices, the U.S. Geological Survey determined total-sediment transport, particle size, and loads for three sites, designated A, B, and C, on North Fish Creek during water years 1990-91.</p>\n<p>At site C, the most upstream site, all sediment was transported as suspended sediment. The average annual total-sediment load during 1990- 91 was 479 tons. About 88 percent of the load was transported during periods of snowmelt or storm runoff. About 75 percent of the sediment load was silt- and clay-size particles; the remainder was sand.</p>\n<p>Total-sediment discharge was calculated by the modified-Einstein procedure to determine total sediment transport-rate relations for site A, the most downstream site, and for site B. Annual totalsediment load was 11,960 tons in water year 1990 and 18,430 tons in water year 1991 at site B. About 97 percent of the total load was transported during periods of snowmelt and storm runoff. About 60 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.</p>\n<p>Annual total-sediment loads were 20,690 tons and 33,100 tons in water years 1990 and 1991, respectively, at site A. About 67 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.</p>\n<p>Annual average streamflow, as indicated by flow in the Bois Brule River, was about 16 percent below average in water year 1990, and about 4 percent above average in water year 1991.</p>\n<p>There was little relation between watershed area and sediment loads for the three sites. The watershed of site C is about 41 percent of that of site A, but the sand load at site C was only 1 percent of that at site A. The watershed area between sites B and C is 40 percent of that above site A, but this area yielded 49 percent of the sand load at site A. Nineteen percent of the watershed above site A is between sites A and B, yet this area yielded about 50 percent of the sand load at site A.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rose, W.J., and Graczyk, D., 1996, Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4222, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954222.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Fish Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.47216796875,\n              46.32796494040748\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.47216796875,\n              46.645665192584936\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.9722900390625,\n              46.645665192584936\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.9722900390625,\n              46.32796494040748\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.47216796875,\n              46.32796494040748\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graczyk, D.J.","contributorId":108119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}