{"pageNumber":"1710","pageRowStart":"42725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":70208395,"text":"70208395 - 1993 - Thermal stratification of dilute lakes - evaluation of regulatory processes and biological effects before and after base addition: effects on brook trout habitat and growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-07T07:46:40","indexId":"70208395","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T07:35:47","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1022,"text":"Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal stratification of dilute lakes - evaluation of regulatory processes and biological effects before and after base addition: effects on brook trout habitat and growth","docAbstract":"

Addresses the significance of changes in summer thermal stratification patterns of Adirondack lakes affected by acidification to cold-water fish populations inhabiting these sensitive lakes. Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis is the primary cold-water fish species indigenous to acid-sensitive lakes in the Adirondack region of N New York State; the ability of these lakes to sustain this important sport species is highly dependent on the availability of adequate summer habitat, consisting of cool, well-oxygenated water. Brook trout populations presently most susceptible to negative effects from acidification-induced increases in transparency and consequent reductions in preferred thermal habitat occur primarily in shallow, low-color lakes that are marginally acidified and either weakly stratified or strongly stratified with anoxic hypolimnia. Significant improvements in brook trout thermal habitat could be achieved in these lakes by reducing acidity levels, eg by liming.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Schofield, C., Josephson, D.C., Keleher, C., and Gloss, S., 1993, Thermal stratification of dilute lakes - evaluation of regulatory processes and biological effects before and after base addition: effects on brook trout habitat and growth: Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service, v. 9, 36 p. .","productDescription":"36 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"New York ","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.9324951171875,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 43.393073720674415\n ],\n [\n -73.38317871093749,\n 43.620170616189895\n ],\n [\n -73.399658203125,\n 43.858296779161826\n ],\n [\n -73.3392333984375,\n 44.280604121518145\n ],\n [\n -73.443603515625,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -73.4490966796875,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -73.8006591796875,\n 44.968684437948376\n ],\n [\n -74.29504394531249,\n 44.92202896709906\n ],\n [\n -74.81689453125,\n 44.69599298172069\n ],\n [\n -75.1190185546875,\n 44.53959000445632\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -75.728759765625,\n 44.10730980734024\n ],\n [\n -75.5145263671875,\n 43.862257524417934\n ],\n [\n -75.2838134765625,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -74.7454833984375,\n 43.01268088642034\n ],\n [\n -73.9324951171875,\n 43.092960677116295\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, C.L.","contributorId":222258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schofield","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Josephson, Daniel C","contributorId":216430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Josephson","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":39417,"text":"Research Associate, Cornell University's Little Moose Station, Old Forge NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":781717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keleher, C.","contributorId":222259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keleher","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gloss, S.P.","contributorId":107926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gloss","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187764,"text":"70187764 - 1993 - Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:09:04","indexId":"70187764","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea","docAbstract":"

We review recent accounts of the foraging ecologies of  five species of small auklets found in the Bering Sea. These birds eat a wide variety of zooplankton and micronekton. Least Auklets Aethia pusilla and Whiskered Auklets A. pygmaea, as far as is known, primarily eat copepods, whereas Created Auklets A. cristatella appear to specialize on euphausiids, at least during the breeding season. The diet of Parakeet Auklets Cyclorrhynchus psittacula is much broader than that of most other Aethia species, and includes many gelatinous species and their commensals. Little is known of the diet of Cassin's Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus in the Bering Sea, although elsewhere they take large copepods, euphausiids, and larval fish.

There are considerable differences in the at-sea distributions and foraging behaviors of these five species of auklet. Least Auklets in the norhtern Bering Sea concentrate their foraging activities over strongly stratified water and near fronts where pycnoclines may approach the surface. In the Aleutian Islands, Least Auklets forage where oceanic and tidal currents strike the shelf between the islands and rise toward the surface carrying plankton. Least Auklets and Crested Auklets are often found in large flocks, whereas Parakeet Auklets are rarely found in groups of more than three birds and are usually widely dispersed. The few at-sea observations of Whiskered Auklets have been of small flocks in turbulent waters of island passes. We relate prey types taken, foraging dispersion, and the use of hydrographic features by these auklet species.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific: A symposium sponsored by the Pacific Seabird Group, the Canadian Wildlife Service, and the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks","conferenceDate":"February 22-23, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Victoria, BC","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, CA","usgsCitation":"Hunt, G.L., Harrison, N.M., and Piatt, J.F., 1993, Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea, in The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific, Victoria, BC, February 22-23, 1990, p. 18-26.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pacificseabirdgroup.org/psg-publications/symposia/the-status-ecology-and-conservation-of-marine-birds-of-the-north-pacific/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd1e4b0b7ff9fb489d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, George L. Jr.","contributorId":56953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Nancy M.","contributorId":192115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70196422,"text":"70196422 - 1993 - Ground water discharge and the related nutrient and trace metal fluxes into Quincy bay, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T09:32:57","indexId":"70196422","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water discharge and the related nutrient and trace metal fluxes into Quincy bay, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"

Measurement of the rate and direction of ground water flow beneath Wollaston Beach, Quincy, Massachusetts by use of a heat-pulsing flowmeter shows a mean velocity in the bulk sediment of 40 cm d−1. The estimated total discharge of ground water into Quincy Bay during October 1990 was 1324–2177 m3 d−1, a relatively low ground water discharge rate. The tides have only a moderate effect on the rate and direction of this flow. Other important controls on the rate and volume of ground water flow are the limited thickness, geographic extent, and permeability of the aquifer. Comparisons of published streamflow data and estimates of ground water discharge indicate that ground water makes up between 7.4–12.1% of the gaged freshwater input into Quincy Bay. The data from this study suggest the ground water discharge is a less important recharge component to Quincy Bay than predicted by National Urban Runoff Program (NURP) models.

The high nitrate and low nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the ground water at the backshore well sites and low nitrate and high nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the water flowing from the foreshore suggests that denitrification is active in the sediments. The low ground water flow rates and low nitrate concentrations in the foreshore samples suggest that little or no nitrate is surviving the denitrification process to affect the planktonic community. Similarly, oxidizing conditions in the aquifer and low trace metal concentrations in the ground water samples suggest that the metals may be precipitating and binding to sedimentary phases before impacting the bay.

","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00549789","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., and Moffett, A., 1993, Ground water discharge and the related nutrient and trace metal fluxes into Quincy bay, Massachusetts: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 25, no. 1, p. 15-27, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00549789.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Quincy Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.16943359375,\n 42.20512475970615\n ],\n [\n -70.73753356933594,\n 42.20512475970615\n ],\n [\n -70.73753356933594,\n 42.43308625978409\n ],\n [\n -71.16943359375,\n 42.43308625978409\n ],\n [\n -71.16943359375,\n 42.20512475970615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2597e4b0da30c1bfd6c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence J.","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":732858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moffett, A.M.","contributorId":54625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffett","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81058,"text":"gap3 - 1993 - GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:13:51","indexId":"gap3","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":30,"text":"GAP Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3: GAP Bulletin 3, 28 p.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b16b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193866,"text":"70193866 - 1993 - Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T09:19:19","indexId":"70193866","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain","docAbstract":"

Aquatic organisms accumulated selenium (Se) from inorganic and organic Se species via aqueous and food-chain exposure routes. We measured aqueous and food-chain Se bioaccumulation from selenate, selenite, and seleno-L-methionine in a laboratory food chain of algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), daphnids (Daphnia magna), and fish (bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus). Selenium concentrations were monitored radiometrically with 75Se-labeled compounds. All three organisms concentrated Se more strongly from aqueous selenomethionine than from either inorganic Se species. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) estimated from 1 μg Se/L Se-methionine exposures were approximately 16,000 for algae, 200,000 for daphnids, and 5,000 for bluegills. Algae and daphnids concentrated Se more strongly from selenite (BCFs = 220–3,600) than selenate (BCFs = 65–500) whereas bluegills concenrated Se about equally from both inorganic species (estimated BCFs = 13 to 106). Bioaccumulation of foodborne Se by daphnids and bluegills was similar in food chains dosed with different Se species. Daphnids and bluegills did not accumulate Se concentrations greater than those in their diet, except at very low dietary Se concentrations. Food-chain concentration factors (CFs) for daphnids decreased from near 1.0 to 0.5 with increases in algal Se concentrations, whereas CFs estimated from bluegill exposures averaged 0.5 over a range of foodborne Se concentrations. In exposures based on selenite, bluegills accumulated greater Se concentrations from food than from water. Aqueous and food-chain Se uptakes were approximately additive, and depuration rates were similar in aqueous, food-chain, and combined exposures. Our results suggest that bluegills in Secontaminated habitats accumulate inorganic Se species primarily via food-chain uptake, although organoselenium compounds such as Se-methionine may contribute significantly to Se bioaccumulation by bluegills via both aqueous and food-chain uptake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120108","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Canfield, T., and La Point, T.W., 1993, Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 1, p. 57-72, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120108.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a081bc8e4b09af898c8cee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193869,"text":"70193869 - 1993 - The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T09:43:25","indexId":"70193869","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri)","title":"The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri)","docAbstract":"

Although acid deposition is not considered a problem in the western United States, surface waters in high elevations and fish inhabiting these waters may be vulnerable to acidification. This study examined the sensitivity of a western salmonid to acid and aluminum stress. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri; YSC) were exposed for 7 d during each of four early life stages, or continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch, to decreased pH and elevated Al. We monitored survival, growth, whole-body ion content, and behavior of the exposed fish. Sensitivity of early life stages of YSC may be expressed by survival or by survival and sublethal effects. In our study, eggs were the most sensitive life stage of YSC to low pH if survival alone was considered. However, the sublethal effects on growth, tissue ion content, and behavior revealed the alevins and swim-up larvae were more sensitive to reduced pH and increased Al than eggs or eyed embryos. We also observed that survival was significantly decreased if YSC were exposed to pH 6.0 and 50 μg Al per liter continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120414","usgsCitation":"Farag, A.M., Woodward, D.F., Little, E.E., Steadman, B.L., and Vertucci, F.A., 1993, The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 4, p. 719-731, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120414.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Teton Range, Upper Missouri River, upper Snake River, Wind River 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\"}}]}","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a081bc8e4b09af898c8cede","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steadman, B. L.","contributorId":176635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steadman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vertucci, Frank A.","contributorId":57388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vertucci","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70197290,"text":"70197290 - 1993 - Mobility of radioisotopes in marine surface sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-25T14:29:11","indexId":"70197290","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mobility of radioisotopes in marine surface sediments","docAbstract":"

Transport of a radioisotope in a sediment-water system can be retarded by sorption of the isotope to solid; which is controlled by the affinity of the radioisotope for the sediment particles. In order to study trace metal and ra- dionuclide mobility on the sea floor, the following measurements were carried out: (1)effective diffusion rates in sediments in the laboratory and on the sea floor, (2) laboratory distribution ratio (Kd) values, which measure the affinity of an element for the solid phase, and (3) field Kd values. Effective dffusion rates and Kd values for the radioisotopes 134Cs125Sb, 203Hg, 133Ba, 7Be, 65Z, 54M, 60Co, 59Fe, and 113Sn were measured for si= marine sediments: carbonate ooze, siliceous clay, red clay, metalliferous sediment, hemipelagic sediment, and terrigenous clay. The terrigenous clays analyzed are similar in composition and texture to sediments from sites of present and potential radioactive waste contamination in the arctic.

Based on the effective diffusion coefficients (Ds) determined in the laboratory, the isotope mobility fell into five groups. Diffusive transport rates fall into similar mobility groups for all sediment types tested both in the laboratory and on the sea floor. Interaction of the radionuclide with solids was the primary mechanism for reducing its mobility in the sediment-water system. As it is difficult to measure in situ diffusion rates directly, this suggests that Kd values based on measured sediment properties can be used to help determine in situ diffusion rates for radioactive waste near the sediment-water interface for other locations, such as the Arctic. The relative contributions of diffusion, bioturbation, irrigation, and sediment transport to radionuclide transport can then be assessed and used to predict the interactions and fate of the radioactive waste in the sedimentary environment.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Radioactivity and Environmental Security in the Oceans: New Research and Policy Priorities in the Arctic and North Atlantic","conferenceTitle":"Radioactivity and Environmental Security in the Oceans: New Research and Policy Priorities in the Arctic and North Atlantic","conferenceDate":"June 7-9, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Woods Hole, MA","language":"English","publisher":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","usgsCitation":"Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., and Santschi, P.H., 1993, Mobility of radioisotopes in marine surface sediments, chap. of Proceedings: Radioactivity and Environmental Security in the Oceans: New Research and Policy Priorities in the Arctic and North Atlantic, p. 311-323.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"323","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a2c5e4b092d9651e22a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santschi, P. H.","contributorId":130997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santschi","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197489,"text":"70197489 - 1993 - Regional stratigraphic framework of surficial sediments and bedrock beneath Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T12:09:35","indexId":"70197489","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1773,"text":"Geographie Physique et Quaternaire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional stratigraphic framework of surficial sediments and bedrock beneath Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"

Approximately 2550 km of single-channel high-resolution seismic reflection profiles have been interpreted and calibrated with lithological and geochronological information from four representative piston cores and one grab sample to provide a regional stratigraphie framework for the subbottom deposits of Lake Ontario. Five units overlying Paleozoic bedrock were identified and mapped. These are classified as informal units and represent, from oldest to youngest: (A) subglacial till (?) deposited by the Port Huron ice at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation; (B) an ice-marginal (?) unit confined to the western part of the lake that was probably deposited during retreat of the Port Huron ice shortly after 13 ka; (C) a regionally extensive unit of laminated glacio-lacustrine clay that accumulated until about 11 ka; (D) a weakly laminated to more massive lake clay deposited during a period of reduced water supply and rising water levels after the drawdown of the high-level glacial lakes (Iroquois and successors); and (E) modern lake clay less than 10 m thick that began accumulating around 6-8 ka with the subsequent return of upper Great Lakes drainage through the Ontario basin. Seismic reflections also define the configuration of the bedrock surface and pre-glacial stream valleys incised in the bedrock surface. Several anomalous bottom and subbottom features in the surficial sediments are mapped, such as discontinuous and offset reflections, furrows, gas pockets, and areas of large subbottom relief. None of these features appear to be spatially correlative with the diffuse seismicity that characterizes the lake area or with deeper structures such as Paleozoic bedrock faults or crustal-penetrating faults in the Precambrian basement.

","language":"English","publisher":"Érudit Consortium","doi":"10.7202/032962ar","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Lewis, C., and Hund, G., 1993, Regional stratigraphic framework of surficial sediments and bedrock beneath Lake Ontario: Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, no. 3, p. 337-352, https://doi.org/10.7202/032962ar.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"352","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7202/032962ar","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": 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R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, C.F.","contributorId":75018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hund, G.","contributorId":34349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hund","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70203843,"text":"70203843 - 1993 - Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T15:44:14.517433","indexId":"70203843","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-30T15:09:49","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age","docAbstract":"

Chick mass and growth during a six-day period were investigated among California Gulls (Larus californicus) in 1979 and 1980. In broods of two, levels of hatching asynchrony between siblings ranging from 0 - 4 days were observed. Hatching asynchrony resulted in initial mass differences between siblings that persisted and accelerated with time. Fledging success was unrelated to hatching asynchrony but was related to large offspring mass and increased with parental age. Parental age was unrelated to hatching asynchrony but heavily influenced the brood's gain in mass. Six days after the second egg hatched, chick mass was highest at those levels of hatching asynchrony where mean age of parent was highest. Mass differences between siblings at day six were related to fledging success only to the extent that rapid growth among siblings of older parents usually resulted in large differences in mass. Implications of results to investigations of Lack's brood reduction hypothesis are discussed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521436","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B.H., 1993, Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 16, no. 2, p. 183-189, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521436.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364720,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Albany County","otherGeospatial":"Bamforth Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.7448673248291,\n 41.37353990347627\n ],\n [\n -105.73984622955322,\n 41.37353990347627\n ],\n [\n -105.73984622955322,\n 41.377243301503945\n ],\n [\n -105.7448673248291,\n 41.377243301503945\n ],\n [\n -105.7448673248291,\n 41.37353990347627\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199881,"text":"70199881 - 1993 - Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T11:26:11","indexId":"70199881","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-20T11:25:44","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California","docAbstract":"

Time-series data on Zn/Cu weight ratios from portal effluent compositions [(Zn/Cu)water] at Iron Mountain, California, show seasonal variations that can be related to the precipitation and dissolution of melanterite [(FeII,Zn,Cu)SO4·7H2O]. Mine water and actively forming melanterite were collected from underground mine workings and chemically analyzed. The temperature-dependent solubility of Zn-Cu-bearing melanterite solid solutions was investigated by heating-cooling experiments using the mine water. Rapid kinetics of melanterite dissolution and precipitation facilitated reversed solubility experiments at 25°C. Non-reversed solubility data were obtained in the laboratory at 4° and 35°C and at ambient underground mine conditions (38° and 42°C). Copper is partitioned preferentially to zinc into melanterite solid solutions at all temperatures investigated. During the annual dry season, values of (Zn/Cu)water in the Richmond portal effluent increase to values between 8 to 13, consistent with formation of melanterite during this period. During the annual wet season, the onset of high discharge from the mine portals is characterized by a significant decrease in (Zn/Cu)water to values as low as 2. This phenomenon may be caused by dissolution of melanterite with values of (Zn/Cu)solid ranging from 1.5 to 3.5.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemistry Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch022","isbn":"9780841227729","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., and Thompson, J.M., 1993, Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California, chap. of Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, v. 550, p. 324-344, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch022.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"324","endPage":"344","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Iron Mountain","volume":"550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1ce4b034bf6a8194d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J. Michael","contributorId":40239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199876,"text":"70199876 - 1993 - Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T09:43:46","indexId":"70199876","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-20T09:43:11","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks","docAbstract":"

The Leviathan and Bryant Creek (LBC) drainage system, on the border of California and Nevada, flows through overburden and waste from a former open-pit sulfur mine. The drainage contains acid mine waters with high concentrations of several trace elements, including Cu, Zn, and As, derived from oxidative weathering of sulfides in the wastes and altered bedrock. In June and October, 1982, the mainstream and tributary flows of the LBC drainage were measured and the waters sampled and analyzed for major and trace elements. Empirical mass flow and metal attenuation rates were determined, and chemical models were used to examine mechanisms of trace element removal during downstream transport. In June the flow in the mainstream was 2-5 times greater than in October, and with higher contributions from the acid mine effluent. Seasonal variations in the attenuation rates of Cu, Zn, and As were directly related to this increase in acid mine-effluent production, and to the consequent increase in the acidity of the mainstream drainage. Although As concentrations immediately below the mine site were high in June, As was readily removed from solution by adsorption onto an assumed iron(III) oxyhydroxysulfate precipitate, whereas Cu was incompletely adsorbed and Zn remained unaffected by adsorption. In October, the smaller discharge of acidic LBC drainage waters were more readily diluted (and neutralized) by other regional tributaries. Arsenic concentrations remained low, and both Cu and Zn were removed from solution by adsorption onto iron(III) oxyhydroxysulfate in the lower regions of the LBC drainage system.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch017","isbn":"9780841227729","usgsCitation":"Webster, J.G., Nordstrom, D.K., and Smith, K.S., 1993, Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks, chap. of Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, v. 550, p. 244-260, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch017.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Leviathan Creek, Bryant Creek","volume":"550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1ce4b034bf6a8194db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, Jenny G.","contributorId":208417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207343,"text":"70207343 - 1993 - Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T13:55:54.364508","indexId":"70207343","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-17T12:51:23","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona","docAbstract":"

The San Pedro River of southeast Arizona is a north-flowing tributary of the Gila River. The area of the drainage basin upstream of the 40-km-long study reach is about 3,200 km2. This study traces the historical evolution of the San Pedro River channel—specifically, the deepening, widening, and sediment deposition that have occurred since 1900—and it aims to evaluate the causes of channel widening and deepening, the rate of widening, and the present stability of the channel.

Alluvium of the river valley consists of upper Holocene pre- and postentrenchment deposits. The pre-entrenchment alluvium, which forms the principal terrace of the inner valley, accumulated between about A.D. 1450 and 1900 in a relatively sluggish, low-energy fluvial system with extensive marshy reaches and high water table. In contrast, postentrenchment alluvium, which forms the terrace, floodplain, and channel of the San Pedro River, was deposited in a relatively high-energy, entrenched, and meandering fluvial system.

The river flowed in a shallow, narrow channel on the surface of the unentrenched valley before 1890. A series of large floods, perhaps beginning as early as 1881, eventually led to entrenchment of the channel between 1890 and 1908. This deepening placed the channel 1 to 10 m below the former floodplain. The channel has widened substantially since entrenchment through lateral migration and expansion of entrenched meanders; its present size is 5.7 times greater than before entrenchment. The rate of channel expansion, however, has decreased since about 1955, coincident with a decrease of peak-flood discharge. Channel area increased at 0.1 km2 yr−1 from entrenchment until 1955; since then the area increased at only 0.02 km2 yr−1, suggesting that the channel has stabilized and that further widening will probably be minor under present conditions of land use, discharge, and climate.

The reduction of peak-flow rates was related partly to increased channel sinuosity and to development of floodplains and riparian woodlands. The increased sinuosity produced a reservoir effect that attenuated flood waves, and the development of flood-plains enabled flood waters to spread laterally, thereby increasing transmission losses. In addition, flow rates were probably affected by improved land use and changes of rainfall intensity and short-term rainfall patterns, which reduced runoff and decreased the time necessary for channel stabilization. Livestock grazing decreased steadily after the turn of the century, and numerous stock ponds and small water-retention structures were constructed in tributaries. The cumulative effect of these structures probably reduced peak-flow rates. Short-term rainfall patterns of the wet season (June 15–October 15) have probably changed from annual alternation of above- and below-average rainfall to a biennial or longer pattern. Moreover, frequency of low-intensity rainfall (daily rainfall less than about 1.27 cm) was consistently above average for the decade 1957–1967. These factors probably improved conditions for growth and establishment of vegetation both in and outside of the channel.

The causes of the large floods that resulted in entrenchment are poorly understood, although climate and land use were key factors. Floods followed closely the rapid settlement of the area brought about by mining activity in the late 1870s; population rose from a few hundred to 6,000 in less than 5 yr. Extensive wood cutting for mine timber and fuel, suppression of wildfire, and reintroduction of large cattle herds undoubtedly exacerbated entrenchment. Flood-producing wet-season rainfall in the Southwest, however, was unusually heavy before, during, and shortly after entrenchment.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geographical Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE282-p1","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1993, Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona: GSA Special Papers, v. 282, p. 1-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE282-p1.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -109.7808837890625,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -109.7808837890625,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 31.344254455668054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"282","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70128299,"text":"70128299 - 1993 - Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T12:01:53","indexId":"70128299","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T11:42:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana","docAbstract":"

Montana Power Company, Inc. (MPC) submitted a final license application to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on November 30, 1992. In this application, MPC proposed a plan for the protection of fish, wildlife, habitat, and water-quality resources. One concern was maintenance of woody riparian vegetation along the Missouri River, especially along the Wild and Scenic reach of the river, where the riparian forest occurs in relatively small discontinuous stands. The objectives of this project were 1) to recommend flows that would protect and enhance riparian forests along the Missouri River, and 2) to develop elements of an environmental monitoring program that could be used to assess the effectiveness of the recommended flows.

\n
\n

Plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) is the key structural component of riparian forests along the Missouri River. Therefore, we focused our analysis on factors affecting populations of this species. Previous work had demonstrated that the age structure of cottonwood populations is strongly influenced by aspects of flow that promote successfully establishment. In this study our approach was to determine the precise age of plains cottonwood trees growing along the Upper Missouri River and to relate years of establishment to the flow record.

\n
\n

Our work was carried out between Coal Banks Landing and the Fred G. Robinson Bridge within the Wild and Scenic portion of the Missouri River. This segment of the river occupies a narrow valley and exhibits little channel migration. Maps and notes from the journals of Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) suggest that the present distribution and abundance of cottonwoods within the study reach is generally similar to presettlement conditions. Flows in the study reach are influenced by a number of dams and diversions, most importantly, Canyon Ferry and Tiber Dams. Although flow regulation has decreased peak flows and increased low flows, the gross seasonal pattern of flow has not been greatly altered.

\n
\n

Most cottonwood establishment in our study reach occurred in years with a peak mean daily flow greater than 1,400 m3/s (49,434 cfs), or in the two years following such a flow. These years include 35 out of the 111 years of record, and account for establishment of 47 of 60 trees examined, a highly significant relationship. Infrequent establishment of cottonwood trees is not the result of scarcity of seed or seedlings. In the study reach seedlings become established most years on bare, relatively low surfaces deposited by the river. However, the high elevation of establishment of all trees dating to before 1978 indicates that only individuals established on high flood deposits are able to survive subsequent floods and ice jams.

\n
\n

In order to maintain the present abundance of plains cottonwood in the study area we recommend flood flows in excess of 1,400 m3/s (49,434 cfs) measures as mean daily discharge at Fort Benton (U.S. Geological Survey gage 06090800) with a recurrence interval of approximately 9 years. Because cottonwood seeds remain viable for only a few weeks, and because seedling require a moist, bare surface, we further recommend maintenance of the historic timing of flooding with peak flood flows occurring between mid-May and late-June.

\n
\n

Flow is not the only factor influencing cottonwood regeneration along this reach of the Missouri River. Land management, especially cattle grazing, is clearly having an impact, and changes in cottonwood populations could be expected if these practices were altered. However, the dependence of cottonwood establishment on high flow is clear in this reach in spite of the effects of other factors.

\n
\n

Given the value of the resource, we strongly suggest establishment of a monitoring program to determine the effectiveness of the recommended flows and to provide the data necessary for refining them. We recommend a monitoring program that would include: 1) ten permanent, widely space channel cross sections for annual measurement of channel geometry and cottonwood establishment, growth, and survival; 2) five livestock enclosures to monitor the influence of grazing in the study area; and 3) low-elevation aerial photography of the reach every five years and after every flood to detect changes in channel geometry and forested area. Because cottonwood establishment is episodic, a long-term commitment to the monitoring effort is essential. In addition, cross sections and exclosures should be easy enough to access that measurements during flood years are possible.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Scott, M.L., Auble, G.T., Friedman, J.M., Ischinger, L.S., Eggleston, E.D., Wondzell, M.A., Shafroth, P.B., Back, J.T., and Jordan, M.S., 1993, Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana, 36 p.","productDescription":"36 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500a7e4b0a4f4b46a2399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ischinger, Lee S.","contributorId":71909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ischinger","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eggleston, Erik D.","contributorId":104832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wondzell, Mark A.","contributorId":63743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wondzell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Back, Jennifer T.","contributorId":26990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jordan, Mette S.","contributorId":73130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Mette","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70169045,"text":"70169045 - 1993 - Using a Geographic Information System to determine the relation between stream quality and geology in the Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T10:33:41","indexId":"70169045","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a Geographic Information System to determine the relation between stream quality and geology in the Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa","docAbstract":"

A geographic information system (GIS) was used to determine the relation between the stream-water quality and underlying geology in Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa, for base-flow conditions during the spring and summer of 1988–90. Geologic, stream, basin and subbasin boundaries, and water-quality sampling-site coverages were created by digitizing available maps. A contour coverage was created from digital line-graph data. The areal extent of geologic units subcropping in each subbasin was quantified with GIS, and the results then were output and joined with the discharge and water-quality data for statistical analyses. Illustrations showing the geology of the study area and the results of the study were prepared using GIS. By using GIS and a statistical software package, a weak but statistically significant relation was found between the water temperature, pH, and nitrogen concentrations in Roberts Creek and the underlying geology during base-flow conditions.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03261.x","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S.J., 1993, Using a Geographic Information System to determine the relation between stream quality and geology in the Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 29, no. 6, p. 989-996, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03261.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"996","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Clayton County","otherGeospatial":"Roberts Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.604,43.0816],[-91.4892,43.0817],[-91.37,43.0807],[-91.2546,43.0802],[-91.1944,43.08],[-91.178,43.0798],[-91.1777,43.0732],[-91.1782,43.0655],[-91.1776,43.0584],[-91.1766,43.0506],[-91.1756,43.0415],[-91.1716,43.0291],[-91.1677,43.0192],[-91.1624,43.0071],[-91.1589,42.9989],[-91.1579,42.9966],[-91.1566,42.9934],[-91.1563,42.9894],[-91.1568,42.9839],[-91.1585,42.9784],[-91.1566,42.9747],[-91.1559,42.9739],[-91.152,42.9695],[-91.1506,42.9678],[-91.1464,42.9609],[-91.1455,42.9518],[-91.1457,42.9445],[-91.1454,42.9395],[-91.1453,42.9372],[-91.1438,42.9268],[-91.1445,42.9168],[-91.1444,42.9104],[-91.1411,42.905],[-91.1372,42.9007],[-91.1311,42.8965],[-91.1218,42.8927],[-91.1132,42.8885],[-91.1047,42.8824],[-91.0999,42.875],[-91.0995,42.874],[-91.0971,42.8678],[-91.0944,42.8596],[-91.0924,42.8542],[-91.0908,42.8498],[-91.089,42.8462],[-91.086,42.8443],[-91.0847,42.8437],[-91.0823,42.8424],[-91.0796,42.8398],[-91.0775,42.8373],[-91.0776,42.8339],[-91.0781,42.8294],[-91.078,42.8214],[-91.0776,42.8103],[-91.0763,42.8],[-91.0735,42.7913],[-91.0713,42.7826],[-91.0696,42.7771],[-91.0688,42.7736],[-91.0667,42.7698],[-91.0649,42.767],[-91.0629,42.7645],[-91.062,42.762],[-91.0621,42.7591],[-91.0634,42.7561],[-91.0639,42.7545],[-91.0638,42.754],[-91.0632,42.7523],[-91.0613,42.75],[-91.0587,42.7487],[-91.0582,42.7485],[-91.0563,42.7478],[-91.0549,42.746],[-91.0549,42.7446],[-91.0543,42.7428],[-91.0517,42.7397],[-91.0492,42.7383],[-91.0467,42.7379],[-91.0447,42.7376],[-91.0417,42.7375],[-91.0392,42.7375],[-91.0354,42.7371],[-91.0323,42.7358],[-91.0305,42.7341],[-91.03,42.7314],[-91.0301,42.7291],[-91.0283,42.7263],[-91.0264,42.7249],[-91.0259,42.7245],[-91.0226,42.7227],[-91.0182,42.7205],[-91.0075,42.7161],[-90.998,42.7121],[-90.9903,42.7074],[-90.9841,42.7036],[-90.98,42.6995],[-90.9734,42.6956],[-90.9677,42.6929],[-90.9601,42.6898],[-90.9542,42.6872],[-90.9482,42.6858],[-90.9413,42.685],[-90.9382,42.685],[-90.9332,42.6856],[-90.9276,42.6856],[-90.9226,42.6843],[-90.9169,42.6821],[-90.9108,42.68],[-90.9065,42.6785],[-90.8985,42.6761],[-90.896,42.6753],[-90.8962,42.6697],[-90.8978,42.6447],[-91.0181,42.6452],[-91.1334,42.6451],[-91.2519,42.6445],[-91.3691,42.6437],[-91.4876,42.6442],[-91.606,42.6437],[-91.6055,42.731],[-91.605,42.8169],[-91.6045,42.9056],[-91.6046,42.9915],[-91.604,43.0816]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clayton\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e7e0c8e4b0f59b85d6ab29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185443,"text":"70185443 - 1993 - Adaptive estimation of the log fluctuating conductivity from tracer data at the Cape Cod Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T15:41:22","indexId":"70185443","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive estimation of the log fluctuating conductivity from tracer data at the Cape Cod Site","docAbstract":"

An adaptive estimation scheme is used to obtain the integral scale and variance of the log-fluctuating conductivity at the Cape Cod site based on the fast Fourier transform/stochastic model of Deng et al. (1993) and a Kalmanlike filter. The filter incorporates prior estimates of the unknown parameters with tracer moment data to adaptively obtain improved estimates as the tracer evolves. The results show that significant improvement in the prior estimates of the conductivity can lead to substantial improvement in the ability to predict plume movement. The structure of the covariance function of the log-fluctuating conductivity can be identified from the robustness of the estimation. Both the longitudinal and transverse spatial moment data are important to the estimation.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02480","usgsCitation":"Deng, F., Cushman, J., and Delleur, J., 1993, Adaptive estimation of the log fluctuating conductivity from tracer data at the Cape Cod Site: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 12, p. 4011-4018, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02480.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"4011","endPage":"4018","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -69.9334716796875,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -69.9334716796875,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 41.672911819602085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3de4b0236b68f98ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deng, F.W.","contributorId":189654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deng","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, J.H.","contributorId":113886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delleur, J.W.","contributorId":189655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delleur","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187324,"text":"70187324 - 1993 - Mean flow and turbulence fields over two-dimensional bed forms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:44:18","indexId":"70187324","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mean flow and turbulence fields over two-dimensional bed forms","docAbstract":"

Detailed laser-Doppler velocity and Reynolds stress measurements over fixed two-dimensional bed forms are used to investigate the coupling between the mean flow and turbulence and to examine effects that play a role in producing the bed form instability and finite amplitude stability. The coupling between the mean flow and the turbulence is explored in both a spatially averaged sense, by determining the structure of spatially averaged velocity and Reynolds stress profiles, and a local sense, through computation of eddy viscosities and length scales. The measurements show that there is significant interaction between the internal boundary layer and the overlying wake turbulence produced by separation at the bed form crest. The interaction produces relatively low correlation coefficients in the internal boundary layer, which suggests that using local bottom stress to predict bed load flux may not only be erroneous, it may also disregard the essence of the bed form instability mechanism. The measurements also indicate that topographically induced acceleration over the bed form stoss slope has a more significant effect in damping the turbulence over bed forms than was previously supposed, which is hypothesized to play a role in the stabilization of fully developed bed forms.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR01932","usgsCitation":"Nelson, J.M., McLean, S.R., and Wolfe, S.R., 1993, Mean flow and turbulence fields over two-dimensional bed forms: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 12, p. 3935-3953, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR01932.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"3935","endPage":"3953","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLean, Stephen R.","contributorId":96842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, Stephen R.","contributorId":191508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185445,"text":"70185445 - 1993 - Chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula, Atlantic Coastal Plain, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:25:58","indexId":"70185445","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula, Atlantic Coastal Plain, United States","title":"Chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula, Atlantic Coastal Plain, United States","docAbstract":"

Concentrations of the Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFC-11 and CFC-12 were determined in groundwater from coastal plain sediments of the Delmarva Peninsula. CFC-modeled ages were calculated independently for CFC-11 and CFC-12, and agreed to within 2–3 years in the majority of the waters. Recharge temperatures, determined from dissolved nitrogen and argon concentrations, varied from 9±2°C over most of the peninsula to 14±2°C at the southernmost tip of the peninsula in Virginia. The CFC-modeled ages were examined in relation to the known hydrogeologic environment, both on regional scales and in more intensively sampled local scale networks. The CFC-modeled recharge years and measured tritium concentrations were used to reconstruct a tritium input function that was compared to the modeled tritium plus 3He distribution. Most of the present distribution of tritium in Delmarva groundwater is consistent with low dispersivities. The results of the study strongly support the use of CFCs for dating shallow, aerobic groundwater.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02073","usgsCitation":"Dunkle, S., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Phillips, P.J., Denver, J.M., Hamilton, P.A., Michel, R.L., and Coplen, T., 1993, Chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula, Atlantic Coastal Plain, United States: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 12, p. 3837-3860, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02073.","productDescription":"24 p. ","startPage":"3837","endPage":"3860","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.7781982421875,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -76.0638427734375,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n -76.3165283203125,\n 39.20671884491848\n ],\n [\n -76.4483642578125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -76.2615966796875,\n 38.16911413556086\n ],\n [\n -76.025390625,\n 37.05079312980657\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 37.13404537126446\n ],\n [\n -75.0091552734375,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -75.11352539062499,\n 38.91240739487225\n ],\n [\n -75.552978515625,\n 39.52946653645165\n ],\n [\n -75.4705810546875,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -75.4156494140625,\n 39.812755695478124\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -75.6683349609375,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -75.772705078125,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -75.7781982421875,\n 39.70718665682654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ce4b0236b68f98ef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunkle, S.A.","contributorId":11248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunkle","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, P. J.","contributorId":31728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Denver, J. M.","contributorId":100356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamilton, P. A.","contributorId":7247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70186914,"text":"70186914 - 1993 - Numerical investigation of steady liquid water flow in a variably saturated fracture network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:45:03","indexId":"70186914","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical investigation of steady liquid water flow in a variably saturated fracture network","docAbstract":"

Numerical simulation was used to study steady liquid water movement in a 5-m by 5-m vertical section containing a hypothetical fracture network under conditions of variable saturation. The fracture network was assumed to be embedded within an impermeable rock matrix. Three variations of a network were considered. The “mixed” network consisted of two fracture sets, a subvertical set containing five 125 μm average aperture fractures and a subhorizontal set containing four 25 μm average aperture fractures. The other two networks had identical fracture orientation and contained either all 125 μm or all 25 μm average aperture fractures. The TOUGH simulator was used to calculate the total steady liquid water flux through the network, the flux through individual fracture segments, and the pressure head at each fracture segment. A unit hydraulic gradient was imposed on the network by applying fixed pressure head boundaries (ranging from −0.25 to 0.0 m of water) of equal value to the top and bottom. Saturation and permeability versus pressure head relations for the two sets of fractures were determined with the VSFRAC model, which assumed that aperture was variable within an individual fracture. Results showed that the spatial distributions of pressure head and flux within the network, as well as the location of the dominant pathways, depended strongly on the prescribed boundary pressure head. For the mixed network, both pressure head and flux tended to become more spatially uniform when the boundary pressure head approached the pressure head at which the permeability thickness products of the large- and small-aperture fractures are equal (the crossover pressure head). These results imply that for systems similar to the one considered here, interpretation of actual measurements of pressure head and flux may be quite complex, and that representation of variably saturated fracture networks as an equivalent continuum may be more valid for some ranges in pressure head than for others. Equivalent permeability as a function of pressure head was calculated for the fracture network, illustrating how information collected on individual fractures may be used to estimate the flow properties of rock at larger scales.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02348","usgsCitation":"Kwicklis, E.M., and Healy, R.W., 1993, Numerical investigation of steady liquid water flow in a variably saturated fracture network: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 12, p. 4091-4102, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02348.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"4091","endPage":"4102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e64e4b06911a29fa874","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward M.","contributorId":25970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170253,"text":"70170253 - 1993 - Northern cornbelt sand plains Management Systems Evaluation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T10:25:08","indexId":"70170253","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Northern cornbelt sand plains Management Systems Evaluation Area","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality, Minneapolis, Minnesota, February 21-24, 1993, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality","conferenceDate":"February 21-24, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H.W., Dowdy, R., Lamb, J., Delin, G., Knighton, R., Clay, D., and Lowery, B., 1993, Northern cornbelt sand plains Management Systems Evaluation Area, in Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality, Minneapolis, Minnesota, February 21-24, 1993, Proceedings, Minneapolis, MN, February 21-24, 1993, p. 39-47.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f6db7e4b0ef3b7ca3569d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H. W. Jr.","contributorId":11187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowdy, R.H.","contributorId":92275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdy","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, J.A.","contributorId":95898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knighton, Ray","contributorId":168593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knighton","given":"Ray","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clay, David","contributorId":168594,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clay","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lowery, Birl","contributorId":151050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowery","given":"Birl","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18172,"text":"UW-Madison Dept. of Soil Science, Madison, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70169050,"text":"70169050 - 1993 - Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T11:53:59","indexId":"70169050","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers","docAbstract":"

Selected herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) metabolites, and NO−3 were examined in near-surface unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers in the midcontinental USA to study the hydrogeologic, spatial, and seasonal distribution of these contaminants. Groundwater samples were collected from 303 wells during the spring and late summer of 1991. At least one herbicide or atrazine metabolite was detected in 24% of the samples collected for herbicide analysis (reporting limit 0.05 µg/L). No herbicide concentration exceeded the USEPA's maximum contaminant level (MCL) or health advisory level. The most frequently detected compound was the at razine metabolite deethylatrazine [2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] followed by atrazine, deisopropylatrazine [2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine], prometon (2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methyoxy-s-triazine), metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1methylethyl)acetamide], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], metribuzin [4-amino-6-(tert-butyl)-3-methylthio-as-triazine-5(4H)-one], simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile]. Nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen (N), exceeding 3.0 mg/L (excess NO−3), was found in 29% of the samples, and 6% had −3exceeding the MCL of 10 mg/L. Ammonium as N was detected in excess of 0.01 mg/L in 78% of the samples. A nonlinear increase in the frequency of atrazine detection occurred with decreases in reporting limit. The frequency of atrazine residue detection (atrazine + deethylatrazine + deisopropylatrazine) was 25% greater than for atrazine alone. Herbicide detections and excess NO−3 were notably lacking in the eastern part of the study region where it was estimated that herbicide and fertilizer use were among the largest in the region. Prometon, the second most frequently detected herbicide, was associated with non-agricultural land use. Herbicide and excess NO−3 were more frequent in unconsolidated aquifers than in bedrock aquifers. Aquifer depth, as direct measurement of proximity to recharge sources, was inversely related to frequency of herbicide detection and excess NO−3.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040002x","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., and Kolpin, D.W., 1993, Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 4, p. 646-656, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040002x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"656","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e7e0b9e4b0f59b85d6aa75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, Michael R.","contributorId":75512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169049,"text":"70169049 - 1993 - Application of a geographic information system in analyzing the occurrence of atrazine in groundwater of the mid-continental 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The US Geological Survey, US Department of Agriculture, and US Environmental Protection Agency are conducting research and regional assessments in support of policy alternatives intended to protect water resources from agricultural chemical contamination. The mid-continent was selected because of the intense row crop agriculture and associated herbicide application in this region. An application of a geographic information system is demonstrated for analyzing and comparing the distribution of estimated atrazine use to the detection rate of atrazine in groundwater. Understanding the relations between atrazine use and detection in groundwater is important in policy deliberations to protect water resources. Relational analyses between measures of chemical use and detection rate by natural resource units may provide insight into critical factors controlling the processes that result in groundwater contamination from agricultural chemicals. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources","conferenceDate":"April 19-22, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., and Kolpin, D., 1993, Application of a geographic information system in analyzing the occurrence of atrazine in groundwater of the mid-continental United States, in Proceedings, Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources, Vienna, Austria, April 19-22, 1993, p. 601-610.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"610","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e7e0ace4b0f59b85d6a9e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, M. R.","contributorId":42190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170929,"text":"70170929 - 1993 - Occurrence of agricultural chemicals in ground water at the Princeton, Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:46:40","indexId":"70170929","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Occurrence of agricultural chemicals in ground water at the Princeton, Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","conferenceTitle":"Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality","conferenceDate":"February 21-24, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","publisherLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","usgsCitation":"Landon, M., Delin, G., Guo, L., Regan, C., Lamb, J., Dowdy, R., and Anderson, J.L., 1993, Occurrence of agricultural chemicals in ground water at the Princeton, Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area, Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality, Minneapolis, MN, February 21-24, 1993, p. 434-438.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"438","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","otherGeospatial":"Minnesota Management Systems Evaluation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573457c9e4b0dae0d5ddd3d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guo, Lifeng","contributorId":169270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guo","given":"Lifeng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regan, C.P.","contributorId":37364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamb, J.A.","contributorId":95898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dowdy, R.H.","contributorId":92275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdy","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1014665,"text":"1014665 - 1993 - Annual movements of shortnose and Atlantic sturgeons the Merrimack River, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-06T15:35:05.528935","indexId":"1014665","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual movements of shortnose and Atlantic sturgeons the Merrimack River, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"

We used biotelemetry to study the movements of 23 adult shortnose sturgeons Acipenser brevirostrum and 23 subadult Atlantic sturgeons Acipenser oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus in the lower 46 km of the Merrimack River between 1987 and 1990. Shortnose sturgeons used two freshwater reaches and one saline reach annually. Sexually mature fish began moving upriver from freshwater wintering areas to a spawning site in April, when increasing river temperature reached about 7°C and decreasing river discharge reached about 570 m3/s. Following spawning in late April–early May, fish moved downriver either to a freshwater reach where they remained all year or farther downriver to a saline reach where they remained for up to 6 weeks. After fish used the saline reach, they returned upriver to fresh water. Atlantic sturgeons entered the river from coastal waters by mid–late May, when increasing river temperatures reached 14.8–19.0°C and decreasing river discharge reached 303–675 m3/s, occupying a saline reach with 0.0–27.5‰ salinity. After using the same saline reach visited briefly in spring by shortnose sturgeons, Atlantic sturgeons emigrated from the river by October when maximum river temperatures were 13.0–18.4°C. We observed no tagged Atlantic sturgeons in the river in successive years. Except for use of the saline reach during spring, the two species were spatially separate.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1088:AMOSAA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, M., and Kynard, B., 1993, Annual movements of shortnose and Atlantic sturgeons the Merrimack River, Massachusetts: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 6, p. 1088-1103, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1088:AMOSAA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1088","endPage":"1103","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Merrimack River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.29164189556406,\n 42.70618623129391\n ],\n [\n -71.44703716105965,\n 42.695249712422665\n ],\n [\n -71.44932093480999,\n 42.6528233128552\n ],\n [\n -71.2322013940998,\n 42.65069572150384\n ],\n [\n -71.00131196175228,\n 42.753944471641034\n ],\n [\n -70.76130754350807,\n 42.800126318850005\n ],\n [\n -70.81620424072358,\n 42.867183854671424\n ],\n [\n -70.88938690496796,\n 42.8789393579728\n ],\n [\n -71.03052301295558,\n 42.865922056076855\n ],\n [\n -71.06564363799819,\n 42.80914055676836\n ],\n [\n -71.16021834863986,\n 42.8227631748571\n ],\n [\n -71.18706571994487,\n 42.74265202920765\n ],\n [\n -71.25535764395633,\n 42.74456747391726\n ],\n [\n -71.29164189556406,\n 42.70618623129391\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b9f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, M.C. 0000-0001-9310-018X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-018X","contributorId":26259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014769,"text":"1014769 - 1993 - Evaluation of a bypass system for spent American shad at Holyoke Dam, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:50:41.080155","indexId":"1014769","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of a bypass system for spent American shad at Holyoke Dam, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"

A bypass system for postspawned American shad Alosa sapidissima began operation in 1980 on the Connecticut River canal system at Holyoke Dam. The purpose of the bypass was to enable downstream migrants that enter the canal to exit and avoid death due to delay or passage through hydroelectric turbines at water use facilities. The bypass system had the following elements: (1) an underwater AC electrical or acoustic barrier to prevent American shad from leaving the bypass area, (2) an underwater DC electrical field to immobilize fish for collection, and (3) a collection box with transfer pipe to carry fish to the river below the dam. During studies of the bypass system from 1979 to 1983, we found that the fish barriers were ineffective, the collection system was partially effective for American shad but not for anadromous species that passed through trashracks, and American shad could be immobilized and transported at high velocity through a pipe and have only low mortality (4–9%). Radio‐tagged American shad, unwilling to pass through trashracks at water exits on the canal, behaved like trapped fish and were delayed an average of two or more days before dying or exiting the canal. An estimated 10 of 47 (21%) of the radio‐tagged fish were passed. In 1980, when the greatest number of American shad were passed, an estimated 142,000 (37% ofthe fish lifted at the dam) survived spawning and used the bypass. After several years of operation, it was evident that, even with major improvements, the bypass could not pass the available American shad, and it was not useful for protecting other anadromous migrants that did not avoid trashracks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0782:EOABSF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., and O'L'a'y, J., 1993, Evaluation of a bypass system for spent American shad at Holyoke Dam, Massachusetts: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, no. 4, p. 782-789, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0782:EOABSF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"782","endPage":"789","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130008,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Holyoke","otherGeospatial":"Holyoke Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.63678834490693,\n 42.23349622605383\n ],\n [\n -72.63678834490693,\n 42.18905455613927\n ],\n [\n -72.57169073263252,\n 42.18905455613927\n ],\n [\n -72.57169073263252,\n 42.23349622605383\n ],\n [\n -72.63678834490693,\n 42.23349622605383\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'L'a'y, J.","contributorId":10372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'L'a'y","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187189,"text":"70187189 - 1993 - An analytic solution of the stochastic storage problem applicable to soil water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:32:45","indexId":"70187189","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analytic solution of the stochastic storage problem applicable to soil water","docAbstract":"

The accumulation of soil water during rainfall events and the subsequent depletion of soil water by evaporation between storms can be described, to first order, by simple accounting models. When the alternating supplies (precipitation) and demands (potential evaporation) are viewed as random variables, it follows that soil-water storage, evaporation, and runoff are also random variables. If the forcing (supply and demand) processes are stationary for a sufficiently long period of time, an asymptotic regime should eventually be reached where the probability distribution functions of storage, evaporation, and runoff are stationary and uniquely determined by the distribution functions of the forcing. Under the assumptions that the potential evaporation rate is constant, storm arrivals are Poisson-distributed, rainfall is instantaneous, and storm depth follows an exponential distribution, it is possible to derive the asymptotic distributions of storage, evaporation, and runoff analytically for a simple balance model. A particular result is that the fraction of rainfall converted to runoff is given by (1 - R−1)/(eα(1−R−1) − R−1), in which R is the ratio of mean potential evaporation to mean rainfall and a is the ratio of soil water-holding capacity to mean storm depth. The problem considered here is analogous to the well-known problem of storage in a reservoir behind a dam, for which the present work offers a new solution for reservoirs of finite capacity. A simple application of the results of this analysis suggests that random, intraseasonal fluctuations of precipitation cannot by themselves explain the observed dependence of the annual water balance on annual totals of precipitation and potential evaporation.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR01934","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1993, An analytic solution of the stochastic storage problem applicable to soil water: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 11, p. 3755-3758, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR01934.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3755","endPage":"3758","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59006082e4b0e85db3a5df0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}