Quantitative information on macroporosity is needed to predict water flow and solute transport in field soils. A method was developed for determining the number, shape, and size distribution of soil macropores. Horizontal serial sections sawed from paraffin-impregnated soil cores were photographed under ultraviolet (UV) light. Anthracene, mixed with the paraffin, fluoresces a bright bluish white under UV light and provides a sharp contrast between the soil matrix and the paraffin-filled pore space. Section photographs were converted to 256 level, grey-scale digital images using a flat-bed scanner. Image processing was used to classify each pixel in a digital image as pore space or soil matrix, to group the pore space pixels into pores, and to measure the area and perimeter of each pore. The method was able to measure pores with an equivalent radius ≥85 µm. Macroporosity in soil cores sampled form a tillage path and from an adjacent, undisturbed (notill) region was quantified. Tillage sections contained, on the average, 9.4 macropores/cm2 with an equivalent macroporosity of 8%, while no-till sections contained 0.8 macropores/cm2 with an equivalent macroporosity of 0.3%. Computed intrinsic permeabilities for tillage sections that included macropore information were significantly larger than values computed using micropore information alone, suggesting that macropores must be included in permeability calculations when the number of macropores is large. The developed method should be useful for quantifying macroporosity in nonskeletal soils.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030030x","usgsCitation":"Vermeul, V.R., Istok, J., Flint, A.L., and Pikul, J., 1993, An improved method for quantifying soil macroporosity: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 57, no. 3, p. 809-816, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030030x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"816","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a37e4b034bf6a819624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vermeul, V. R.","contributorId":208290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vermeul","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pikul, J.L.","contributorId":208262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pikul","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169047,"text":"70169047 - 1993 - A Geographic Information System procedure to quantify drainage-basin characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T10:55:48","indexId":"70169047","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A Geographic Information System procedure to quantify drainage-basin characteristics","docAbstract":"The Basin Characteristics System (BCS) has been developed to quantify characteristics of a drainage basin. The first of four main BCS processing steps creates four geographic information system (GIS) digital maps representing the drainage divide, the drainage network, elevation contours, and the basin length. The drainage divide and basin length are manually digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic maps. The drainage network is extracted using GIS software from 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data. The elevation contours are generated using GIS software from 1:250,000-scale digital elevation model data. The second and third steps use software developed to assign attributes to specific features in three of the four digital maps and analyze the four maps to quantify 24 morphometric basin characteristics. The fourth step quantifies two climatic characteristics from digitized State maps of precipitation data.
\nCompared to manual methods of measurement, the BCS provides a reduction in the time required to quantify the 26 basin characteristics. Comparison tests indicate the BCS measurements are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 11 of 12 primary drainage-basin characteristics. Tests indicate the BCS significantly underestimates basin slope. Comparison-measurement differences for basin slope, main channel slope, and basin relief appear to be due to limitations in the digital elevation model data.
\nStrong offshore winds in early 1989 produced a shore polynya that reached along the entire north coast of Alaska and eastward beyond the mouth of the Mackenzie River in Canada. From January through April, this open water periodically exposed the shelf to sediment entrainment by suspension freezing. This process requires turbulence and supercooled water, which results in the formation of frazil and anchor ice. The resulting granular, sediment-laden ice was observed to extend over 100 km seaward of the outer continental shelf after having been advected offshore. It was sampled to determine sediment type and to quantify the particle load. The particle size was mainly silt and clay, with local admixtures of as much as 27% sand and coarser clasts. Melted ice samples contained from 31 to nearly 600 mg L-1 of sediment. Combining these data with over 400 km of shipboard and aerial observations, photographs, and computer analysis of a summer Landsat image, we estimated the sediment load per unit area of sea ice. Seaward of the shelf, in regions of dense pack ice, a conservatively estimated sediment load was over 289 t km-2. Using a westward summer drift rate of 3 cm s-1, the sediment transport through a 1-km-long north-south segment is 67,418 t during 3 mo. In terms of regional sediment dynamics (littoral transport estimated at 10,000 t during the same period) and sediment budget (continental denudation estimated at 10 t km-2 during the same period), this number is very significant. Benthic microfossils indicate that bottom sediment incorporated in the ice came from water depths ranging from the inner neritic seaward to 50 m. The large load of shelf-derived sediment observed seaward of the continental shelf indicates that ice entrainment and transport cause shelf erosion. Nothing is known about sediment release over the Arctic Ocean Basin from these pulses of dirty ice that are periodically introduced into the Transpolar Drift.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/1551544","usgsCitation":"Reimnitz, E., McCormick, M., McDougall-Reid, K., and Brouwers, E.M., 1993, Sediment export by ice rafting from a coastal Polynya, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 25, no. 2, p. 83-98, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551544.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.1893628235785,\n 68.8510799545711\n ],\n [\n -165.7927784937305,\n 68.60302294479024\n ],\n [\n -163.59571757549665,\n 68.45306559682152\n ],\n [\n -162.10797619040798,\n 69.25615394607448\n ],\n [\n -157.08199600571925,\n 70.07554650332517\n ],\n [\n -151.61365855031693,\n 69.51002606358901\n ],\n [\n -148.49371558067688,\n 69.28203829095418\n ],\n [\n -146.08719200955667,\n 69.23274785479458\n ],\n [\n -142.86278578656948,\n 69.5068404646222\n ],\n [\n -140.99468181589384,\n 69.07584879432568\n ],\n [\n -141.0126515770738,\n 69.62138774277821\n ],\n [\n -140.17191729737542,\n 71.55828011520083\n ],\n [\n -142.89846249283258,\n 71.71808353148506\n ],\n [\n -158.7712581652307,\n 73.17888787382822\n ],\n [\n -166.19595621130796,\n 71.98411374590395\n ],\n [\n -168.2196648555574,\n 69.9431467369302\n ],\n [\n -166.1893628235785,\n 68.8510799545711\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Michael","contributorId":18791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDougall-Reid, Kristin 0000-0001-6026-0718 kris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-0718","contributorId":1942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall-Reid","given":"Kristin","email":"kris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70128720,"text":"70128720 - 1993 - Conceptual model for quantifying pre-smolt production from flow-dependent physical habitat and water temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:47:36","indexId":"70128720","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T10:36:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conceptual model for quantifying pre-smolt production from flow-dependent physical habitat and water temperature","docAbstract":"A conceptual model has been developed to test river regulation concepts by linking physical habitat and water temperature with salmonid population and production in cold water streams. Work is in progress to examine numerous questions as part of flow evaluation and habitat restoration programmes in the Trinity River of California and elsewhere. For instance, how much change in pre-smolt chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) production in the Trinity River would result from a different annual instream allocation (i.e. up or down from 271 × 106 m3released in the late 1980s) and how much change in pre-smolt production would result from a different release pattern (i.e. different from the 8.5 m3 s−1 year-round release). The conceptual model is being used to: design, integrate and improve young-of-year population data collection efforts; test hypotheses that physical habitat significantly influences movement, growth and mortality of salmonid fishes; and analyse the relative severity of limiting factors during each life stage. The conceptual model, in conjunction with previously developed tools in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology, should provide the means to more effectively manage a fishery resource below a regulated reservoir and to provide positive feedback to planning of annual reservoir operations.
During the past century freshwater mussel populations have declined precipitously throughout North America. Much of this loss has resulted from the construction of dams. In the Cumberland River system, 23% (22 species) of the historic mussel fauna is extinct or listed as endangered. Several additional species have either been extirpated from the Cumberland River or exist only in small, non-reproducing populations. Mussels of headwater streams have been severely affected by coal mining and poor land use practices. An intensive survey was conducted in the Caney Fork River, a major tributary to the Cumberland River, to determine the historic and extant mussel fauna. The results indicate that at least 37 species of mussels have been extirpated from the Caney Fork River, mainly as a result of the construction and operation of the Center Hill Dam. Among the species extirpated, two are now extinct, five are endangered and five are candidates for listing as threatened or endangered. Effects associated with this dam include the inundation of 102 km of riverine habitat, the discharge of hypolimnetic water (which limits mussel reproduction) and an alternating pattern of stream bed scouring and dewatering. The recognition of mussel life history requirements during preconstruction could have reduced many of these effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rrr.3450080110","usgsCitation":"Layzer, J.B., Gordon, M.E., and Anderson, R., 1993, Mussels: The forgotten fauna of regulated rivers. A case study of the Caney Fork River: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 8, no. 1-2, p. 63-71, https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450080110.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"71","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Caney Fork River","volume":"8","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b2ce4b0fd76af69cf1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Layzer, James B. jim_layzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layzer","given":"James","email":"jim_layzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":503103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Mark E.","contributorId":94616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Robert M.","contributorId":38490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014576,"text":"1014576 - 1993 - Volitional migration of Atlantic salmon from seasonal holding ponds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T16:06:45.815783","indexId":"1014576","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volitional migration of Atlantic salmon from seasonal holding ponds","docAbstract":"For 5 years we used seawater tolerance tests (seawater challenges) to identify smolts, and tunnel fish counters to record the time of migration, of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar that volitionally left holding ponds on the Merrimack River near Litchfield, New Hampshire. We compared timing of Atlantic salmon movements with environmental conditions and blood composition of migrating and nonmigrating fish. None of the pan from the Nashua National Fish Hatchery (NFH) tested in seawater in 1984–1986 and from the North Attleboro NFH tested in 1987–1988 smoltified in the ponds. Yet, smolts were seemingly produced because 50 of 135 Atlantic salmon with radio transmitters from these ponds were traced to the ocean, and 9 of the 20,680 Atlantic salmon marked in 1984 from Litchfield subsequently returned to spawn. In all years except 1987, we forced Atlantic salmon out of the ponds by mid‐May because of high water temperatures. In 1987, all Atlantic salmon from the North Attleboro NFH left the smolt‐holding ponds by April 10. Only 25% of these fish that were caught in the river passed a seawater tolerance test. In 1988, seawater tolerance tests revealed that salmon held at the North Attleboro NFH smoltified in May after fish in the Litchfield ponds had either been forced out or emigrated. Rearing at a constant temperature in the hatchery may have delayed the time of smoltification. Peak migrations were associated with periods of sustained rising temperatures, river flow, and turbidity. Volitional migration occurred before smoltification was detectable and may be the best predictor of smoltification's early stages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0238:VMOASF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rottenborn, S., and Redell, L.A., 1993, Volitional migration of Atlantic salmon from seasonal holding ponds: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, no. 2, p. 238-252, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0238:VMOASF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"Litchfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.48135420892515,\n 42.84867784316805\n ],\n [\n -71.48135420892515,\n 42.83803570209491\n ],\n [\n -71.47370405217802,\n 42.83803570209491\n ],\n [\n -71.47370405217802,\n 42.84867784316805\n ],\n [\n -71.48135420892515,\n 42.84867784316805\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd6ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottenborn, S.","contributorId":173355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rottenborn","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redell, Lori A.","contributorId":66204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redell","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185434,"text":"70185434 - 1993 - Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T15:54:16.97309","indexId":"70185434","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water","docAbstract":"It has recently been recognized that mobile colloids may affect the transport of contaminants in ground water. To determine the significance of this process, knowledge of both the total mobile load (dissolved + colloid-associated) and the dissolved concentration of a ground-water contaminant must be obtained. Additional information regarding mobile colloid characteristics and concentrations are required to predict accurately the fate and effects of contaminants at sites where significant quantities of colloids are found. To obtain this information, a sampling scheme has been designed and refined to collect mobile colloids while avoiding the inclusion of normally immobile subsurface and well-derived solids. The effectiveness of this sampling protocol was evaluated at a number of contaminated and pristine sites.
The sampling results indicated that slow, prolonged pumping of ground water is much more effective at obtaining ground-water samples that represent in situ colloid populations than bailing. Bailed samples from a coal tar-contaminated site contained 10–100 times greater colloid concentrations and up to 750 times greater polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations as were detected in slowly pumped samples. The sampling results also indicated that ground-water colloid concentrations should be monitored in the field to determine the adequacy of purging if colloid and colloid-associated contaminants are of interest. To avoid changes in the natural ground-water colloid population through precipitation or coagulation, in situ ground-water chemistry conditions must be preserved during sampling and storage. Samples collected for determination of the total mobile load of colloids and low-solubility contaminants must not be filtered because some mobile colloids are removed by this process. Finally, suggestions that mobile colloids are present in ground water at any particular site should be corroborated with auxiliary data, such as colloid levels in “background” wells, colloid-size distributions, ground-water geochemistry, and colloid surface characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01849.x","usgsCitation":"Backhus, D.A., Ryan, J.N., Groher, D.M., MacFarlane, J.K., and Gschwend, P.M., 1993, Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water: Groundwater, v. 31, no. 3, p. 466-479, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01849.x.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"466","endPage":"479","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New York","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-71.799242,42.008065],[-71.786994,41.655992],[-71.797683,41.416709],[-71.839649,41.412119],[-71.829595,41.344544],[-71.860513,41.320248],[-71.886302,41.33641],[-71.945652,41.337799],[-71.988153,41.320577],[-72.084487,41.319634],[-72.11182,41.299098],[-72.134221,41.299398],[-72.184122,41.323997],[-72.201422,41.315697],[-72.212924,41.291365],[-72.248161,41.299488],[-72.261487,41.282926],[-72.333894,41.282916],[-72.348643,41.277446],[-72.348068,41.269698],[-72.386629,41.261798],[-72.398688,41.278172],[-72.451925,41.278885],[-72.506634,41.260099],[-72.529416,41.264421],[-72.546833,41.250718],[-72.583336,41.271698],[-72.617237,41.271998],[-72.671673,41.267151],[-72.69547,41.244948],[-72.754444,41.266913],[-72.895445,41.243697],[-72.903045,41.252797],[-72.89637,41.263949],[-72.907962,41.282549],[-72.916827,41.282033],[-72.931887,41.261139],[-72.983751,41.235364],[-73.013465,41.205479],[-73.054947,41.208468],[-73.07761,41.195176],[-73.107987,41.168738],[-73.108352,41.153718],[-73.130253,41.146797],[-73.177774,41.166697],[-73.235058,41.143996],[-73.262358,41.117496],[-73.286759,41.127896],[-73.372296,41.10402],[-73.435063,41.056696],[-73.468239,41.051347],[-73.477364,41.035997],[-73.493327,41.048173],[-73.516903,41.038738],[-73.528866,41.016397],[-73.535338,41.03192],[-73.561968,41.016797],[-73.570068,41.001597],[-73.583968,41.000897],[-73.595699,41.015995],[-73.643478,41.002171],[-73.659972,40.968398],[-73.678073,40.962798],[-73.697974,40.939598],[-73.756776,40.912599],[-73.781338,40.885447],[-73.788786,40.858485],[-73.781206,40.838891],[-73.793785,40.855583],[-73.81281,40.846737],[-73.815574,40.835129],[-73.781369,40.794907],[-73.728275,40.8529],[-73.730675,40.8654],[-73.713674,40.870099],[-73.675573,40.856999],[-73.655872,40.863899],[-73.654372,40.878199],[-73.633771,40.898198],[-73.569969,40.915398],[-73.548068,40.908698],[-73.499941,40.918166],[-73.485365,40.946397],[-73.437509,40.934985],[-73.428836,40.921506],[-73.406074,40.920235],[-73.400862,40.953997],[-73.392862,40.955297],[-73.352761,40.926697],[-73.295061,40.924497],[-73.229285,40.905121],[-73.148994,40.928898],[-73.140785,40.966178],[-73.110368,40.971938],[-73.043701,40.962185],[-72.774104,40.965314],[-72.714425,40.985596],[-72.585327,40.997587],[-72.521548,41.037652],[-72.477306,41.052212],[-72.445242,41.086116],[-72.397,41.096307],[-72.356087,41.133635],[-72.278789,41.158722],[-72.238211,41.15949],[-72.253572,41.137138],[-72.300374,41.112274],[-72.306381,41.13784],[-72.32663,41.132162],[-72.335177,41.106917],[-72.317238,41.088659],[-72.280373,41.080402],[-72.283093,41.067874],[-72.260515,41.042065],[-72.229364,41.044355],[-72.190563,41.032579],[-72.153857,41.051859],[-72.10216,40.991509],[-72.083039,40.996453],[-72.076175,41.009093],[-72.051585,41.006437],[-72.047468,41.022565],[-71.96704,41.047772],[-71.959595,41.071237],[-71.93825,41.077413],[-71.857494,41.073558],[-71.87391,41.052278],[-72.469996,40.84274],[-72.863164,40.732962],[-73.054963,40.666371],[-73.23914,40.6251],[-73.306396,40.620756],[-73.319257,40.635795],[-73.562372,40.583703],[-73.774928,40.590759],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-73.935686,40.564914],[-73.95005,40.573363],[-74.00903,40.572846],[-74.001591,40.590684],[-74.03959,40.612934],[-74.038336,40.637074],[-74.018272,40.659019],[-74.024827,40.687007],[-74.0168,40.701794],[-74.024543,40.709436],[-74.038538,40.710741],[-74.082786,40.673702],[-74.094086,40.649703],[-74.143387,40.641903],[-74.181083,40.646484],[-74.202223,40.631053],[-74.214788,40.560604],[-74.248641,40.549601],[-74.246237,40.520963],[-74.27269,40.488405],[-74.261889,40.464706],[-74.206188,40.440707],[-74.174787,40.455607],[-74.175074,40.449144],[-74.157787,40.446607],[-74.131135,40.453245],[-74.047884,40.418908],[-73.998505,40.410911],[-73.991682,40.442908],[-74.014031,40.476471],[-73.995683,40.468707],[-73.978282,40.440208],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-73.977442,40.299373],[-74.064135,39.979157],[-74.09892,39.759538],[-74.240506,39.554911],[-74.27737,39.514064],[-74.311037,39.506715],[-74.304343,39.471445],[-74.334804,39.432001],[-74.406692,39.377516],[-74.412692,39.360816],[-74.521797,39.313816],[-74.614481,39.244659],[-74.714341,39.119804],[-74.704409,39.107858],[-74.778777,39.023073],[-74.792723,38.991991],[-74.864458,38.94041],[-74.933571,38.928519],[-74.963463,38.931194],[-74.971995,38.94037],[-74.94947,39.015637],[-74.897784,39.098811],[-74.887167,39.158825],[-74.905181,39.174945],[-74.962382,39.190238],[-75.026179,39.193621],[-75.023437,39.204791],[-75.035672,39.215415],[-75.107286,39.211403],[-75.136548,39.179425],[-75.165979,39.201842],[-75.177506,39.242746],[-75.241639,39.274097],[-75.251806,39.299913],[-75.271629,39.304041],[-75.285333,39.292212],[-75.30601,39.301712],[-75.333743,39.345335],[-75.365016,39.341388],[-75.39003,39.358259],[-75.399304,39.37949],[-75.442393,39.402291],[-75.465212,39.43893],[-75.483572,39.440824],[-75.508383,39.459131],[-75.536431,39.460559],[-75.544368,39.479602],[-75.542693,39.496568],[-75.528088,39.498114],[-75.534014,39.540702],[-75.514756,39.562612],[-75.512732,39.578],[-75.561934,39.605216],[-75.571759,39.623584],[-75.526744,39.655113],[-75.509342,39.685313],[-75.529744,39.692613],[-75.562246,39.656712],[-75.587147,39.651012],[-75.614929,39.615952],[-75.611905,39.597568],[-75.563034,39.56224],[-75.570362,39.527223],[-75.560728,39.520472],[-75.587729,39.496353],[-75.589901,39.462022],[-75.538512,39.416502],[-75.494122,39.34658],[-75.439027,39.313384],[-75.402964,39.254626],[-75.405716,39.223834],[-75.393015,39.204512],[-75.410625,39.156246],[-75.402035,39.066885],[-75.345763,39.024857],[-75.318354,38.988191],[-75.311542,38.944633],[-75.302552,38.939002],[-75.312282,38.924594],[-75.304078,38.91316],[-75.190552,38.806861],[-75.134022,38.782242],[-75.097103,38.788703],[-75.097197,38.803101],[-75.089473,38.797198],[-75.06551,38.66103],[-75.048939,38.451263],[-75.589307,38.456286],[-75.693521,38.460128],[-75.788359,39.721811],[-75.773558,39.722411],[-75.753066,39.757631],[-75.716969,39.791998],[-75.634706,39.830164],[-75.518444,39.836311],[-75.415041,39.801786],[-75.341765,39.846082],[-75.243431,39.854597],[-75.189323,39.880713],[-75.145421,39.884213],[-75.12792,39.911813],[-75.13612,39.933912],[-75.12692,39.961112],[-75.072017,39.980612],[-75.047016,40.008912],[-74.944412,40.063211],[-74.863809,40.08221],[-74.838008,40.10091],[-74.822307,40.12671],[-74.782106,40.12081],[-74.721604,40.15381],[-74.770406,40.214508],[-74.842308,40.250508],[-74.868209,40.295207],[-74.939711,40.338006],[-74.969597,40.39977],[-74.996378,40.410528],[-75.024775,40.403455],[-75.056102,40.416066],[-75.070568,40.455165],[-75.062227,40.481391],[-75.068615,40.542223],[-75.117292,40.573211],[-75.136748,40.575731],[-75.168609,40.564111],[-75.195114,40.579689],[-75.192291,40.602676],[-75.201348,40.614628],[-75.190691,40.619956],[-75.191059,40.637971],[-75.200468,40.646899],[-75.177491,40.672595],[-75.20392,40.691498],[-75.1825,40.729922],[-75.196533,40.751631],[-75.171587,40.777745],[-75.133303,40.774124],[-75.111343,40.789896],[-75.083822,40.827805],[-75.097586,40.843042],[-75.064328,40.848338],[-75.051029,40.865662],[-75.07392,40.892176],[-75.079279,40.91389],[-75.117764,40.953023],[-75.120435,40.968302],[-75.135526,40.973807],[-75.131619,40.9889],[-75.025777,41.039806],[-75.01257,41.066281],[-74.970987,41.085293],[-74.972036,41.095562],[-74.988263,41.088222],[-74.982212,41.108245],[-74.923169,41.138146],[-74.882139,41.180836],[-74.860398,41.217454],[-74.866839,41.226865],[-74.857151,41.248975],[-74.830057,41.2872],[-74.792558,41.310628],[-74.795822,41.318516],[-74.766714,41.328558],[-74.755971,41.344953],[-74.720923,41.347384],[-74.689767,41.361558],[-74.713411,41.389814],[-74.740963,41.40512],[-74.736688,41.429228],[-74.790417,41.42166],[-74.805655,41.442101],[-74.834635,41.430796],[-74.8542,41.443166],[-74.888691,41.438259],[-74.896025,41.439987],[-74.892114,41.456959],[-74.917282,41.477041],[-74.981652,41.479945],[-74.984372,41.506611],[-75.003706,41.511118],[-75.00385,41.524052],[-75.023018,41.533147],[-75.018524,41.551802],[-75.074613,41.605711],[-75.043562,41.62364],[-75.04992,41.662556],[-75.059332,41.67232],[-75.052736,41.688393],[-75.067278,41.705434],[-75.06663,41.712588],[-75.052226,41.711396],[-75.053431,41.752538],[-75.074231,41.770518],[-75.10464,41.774203],[-75.092876,41.796386],[-75.074412,41.802191],[-75.074409,41.815088],[-75.113334,41.822782],[-75.114399,41.843583],[-75.161541,41.849836],[-75.174574,41.87266],[-75.183937,41.860515],[-75.204002,41.869867],[-75.22572,41.857481],[-75.238743,41.865699],[-75.257825,41.862154],[-75.260623,41.883783],[-75.272581,41.893168],[-75.267773,41.901971],[-75.279094,41.938917],[-75.29143,41.952477],[-75.318168,41.954236],[-75.342204,41.972872],[-75.341125,41.992772],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-79.761374,41.999067],[-79.761951,42.26986],[-79.645358,42.315631],[-79.453533,42.411157],[-79.351989,42.48892],[-79.335129,42.488321],[-79.242889,42.531757],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-79.111361,42.613358],[-79.06376,42.644758],[-79.062261,42.668358],[-79.04886,42.689158],[-78.918157,42.737258],[-78.853455,42.783958],[-78.865592,42.852358],[-78.891655,42.884845],[-78.912458,42.886557],[-78.905659,42.923357],[-78.918859,42.946857],[-78.961761,42.957756],[-79.019964,42.994756],[-79.02092,43.014287],[-79.005164,43.047056],[-79.01053,43.064389],[-79.074467,43.077855],[-79.060281,43.105086],[-79.062518,43.120182],[-79.042366,43.143655],[-79.053067,43.173655],[-79.055868,43.238554],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-78.634346,43.357624],[-78.488857,43.374763],[-78.233609,43.36907],[-78.104509,43.375628],[-77.965238,43.368059],[-77.875335,43.34966],[-77.760231,43.341161],[-77.714129,43.323561],[-77.660359,43.282998],[-77.577223,43.243263],[-77.534184,43.234569],[-77.50092,43.250363],[-77.391015,43.276363],[-77.111866,43.287945],[-77.033875,43.271218],[-76.958402,43.270005],[-76.904288,43.291816],[-76.794708,43.309632],[-76.731039,43.343421],[-76.69836,43.344436],[-76.630774,43.413356],[-76.521999,43.468617],[-76.486962,43.47535],[-76.472498,43.492781],[-76.417581,43.521285],[-76.368849,43.525822],[-76.345492,43.513437],[-76.297103,43.51287],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.217958,43.545156],[-76.199138,43.600454],[-76.205436,43.718751],[-76.229268,43.804135],[-76.283307,43.843923],[-76.28272,43.858601],[-76.243384,43.877975],[-76.202257,43.864898],[-76.133267,43.892975],[-76.125023,43.912773],[-76.139086,43.962111],[-76.169802,43.962202],[-76.22805,43.982737],[-76.264294,43.978009],[-76.269672,44.001148],[-76.296755,44.013307],[-76.300532,44.057188],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.363835,44.111696],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-76.206777,44.214543],[-76.164265,44.239603],[-76.161833,44.280777],[-76.130884,44.296635],[-76.097351,44.299547],[-76.000998,44.347534],[-75.970185,44.342835],[-75.912985,44.368084],[-75.82083,44.432244],[-75.807778,44.471644],[-75.76623,44.515851],[-75.413885,44.76889],[-75.333744,44.806378],[-75.306487,44.826144],[-75.30763,44.836813],[-75.283136,44.849156],[-75.142958,44.900237],[-75.096659,44.927067],[-75.027125,44.946568],[-75.005155,44.958402],[-74.992756,44.977449],[-74.907956,44.983359],[-74.887837,45.000046],[-74.826578,45.01585],[-74.731301,44.990422],[-74.702018,45.003322],[-74.146814,44.9915],[-73.343124,45.01084],[-73.354633,44.987352],[-73.338734,44.965886],[-73.338979,44.917681],[-73.35808,44.901325],[-73.381397,44.848805],[-73.379452,44.83801],[-73.335443,44.804602],[-73.333154,44.788759],[-73.363791,44.745254],[-73.361323,44.695369],[-73.389966,44.61962],[-73.374389,44.575455],[-73.338751,44.548046],[-73.306707,44.500334],[-73.293613,44.440559],[-73.315016,44.388513],[-73.334939,44.364441],[-73.312852,44.265346],[-73.323596,44.243897],[-73.34323,44.238049],[-73.361476,44.210374],[-73.390583,44.190886],[-73.402381,44.145856],[-73.415761,44.132826],[-73.411722,44.11754],[-73.43774,44.045006],[-73.407739,44.021312],[-73.408589,43.932933],[-73.37415,43.874163],[-73.381501,43.859235],[-73.376598,43.839357],[-73.392751,43.822196],[-73.350593,43.771939],[-73.425217,43.64429],[-73.418319,43.623325],[-73.430325,43.590532],[-73.39196,43.569915],[-73.373443,43.603292],[-73.371889,43.624489],[-73.306234,43.628018],[-73.293741,43.605203],[-73.294621,43.57897],[-73.258631,43.564949],[-73.242042,43.534925],[-73.278673,42.83341],[-73.284311,42.834954],[-73.290944,42.80192],[-73.276421,42.746019],[-71.294205,42.69699],[-71.245504,42.742589],[-71.181803,42.73759],[-71.186104,42.790689],[-71.149703,42.815489],[-71.132503,42.821389],[-71.064201,42.806289],[-71.047501,42.844089],[-71.031201,42.859089],[-70.9665,42.868989],[-70.931699,42.884189],[-70.886136,42.88261],[-70.848625,42.860939],[-70.821769,42.87188],[-70.80522,42.781798],[-70.770453,42.704824],[-70.778552,42.69852],[-70.728845,42.663877],[-70.689402,42.653319],[-70.663548,42.677603],[-70.630077,42.692699],[-70.620031,42.688006],[-70.623815,42.665481],[-70.61482,42.65765],[-70.595474,42.660336],[-70.591469,42.639821],[-70.61842,42.62864],[-70.654727,42.582234],[-70.664887,42.580436],[-70.675747,42.594669],[-70.698574,42.577393],[-70.737044,42.576863],[-70.871382,42.546404],[-70.866279,42.522617],[-70.842091,42.519495],[-70.831091,42.503596],[-70.835991,42.490496],[-70.857791,42.490296],[-70.894292,42.460896],[-70.917693,42.467996],[-70.934993,42.457896],[-70.933155,42.437833],[-70.901992,42.420297],[-70.936393,42.418097],[-70.943612,42.452092],[-70.982994,42.423996],[-70.990595,42.407098],[-70.972706,42.389968],[-70.953022,42.343973],[-70.979927,42.356382],[-71.006877,42.347039],[-71.01568,42.326019],[-71.000948,42.302483],[-71.0049,42.28272],[-70.98909,42.267449],[-70.948971,42.272505],[-70.910941,42.265412],[-70.895778,42.292436],[-70.915588,42.302463],[-70.882764,42.30886],[-70.851093,42.26827],[-70.770964,42.249197],[-70.722269,42.207959],[-70.714301,42.168783],[-70.63848,42.081579],[-70.647349,42.076331],[-70.643208,42.050821],[-70.66936,42.037116],[-70.670934,42.007786],[-70.695809,42.013346],[-70.712204,42.007586],[-70.710034,41.999544],[-70.662476,41.960592],[-70.616491,41.940204],[-70.583572,41.950007],[-70.552941,41.929641],[-70.525567,41.85873],[-70.542065,41.831263],[-70.54103,41.815754],[-70.494048,41.773883],[-70.412476,41.744397],[-70.290957,41.734312],[-70.263654,41.714115],[-70.216073,41.742981],[-70.064314,41.772845],[-70.008462,41.800786],[-70.009013,41.876625],[-70.000188,41.886938],[-70.024335,41.89882],[-70.030537,41.929154],[-70.044995,41.930049],[-70.065671,41.911658],[-70.064084,41.878924],[-70.070889,41.882973],[-70.077421,41.985497],[-70.095595,42.032832],[-70.155415,42.062409],[-70.186816,42.05045],[-70.194456,42.03947],[-70.186295,42.021308],[-70.196693,42.022429],[-70.245385,42.063733],[-70.225626,42.078601],[-70.189305,42.082337],[-70.082624,42.054657],[-70.033501,42.017736],[-69.968598,41.9117],[-69.935952,41.809422],[-69.928261,41.6917],[-69.947599,41.645394],[-69.967869,41.627503],[-69.998071,41.54365],[-70.016584,41.550772],[-69.994357,41.576846],[-69.973153,41.646963],[-70.007011,41.671579],[-70.191061,41.645259],[-70.245867,41.628479],[-70.265424,41.609333],[-70.28132,41.635125],[-70.351634,41.634687],[-70.379151,41.611361],[-70.437246,41.605329],[-70.485571,41.554244],[-70.633607,41.538254],[-70.654104,41.519025],[-70.734306,41.486335],[-70.79027,41.446339],[-70.835867,41.441877],[-70.866946,41.422378],[-70.948431,41.409193],[-70.928165,41.431265],[-70.906011,41.425708],[-70.802186,41.460864],[-70.745053,41.500966],[-70.658659,41.543385],[-70.64204,41.583066],[-70.652449,41.60521],[-70.640003,41.624616],[-70.652614,41.637829],[-70.638695,41.649427],[-70.646308,41.678433],[-70.661475,41.681756],[-70.62544,41.698691],[-70.626529,41.712995],[-70.726331,41.732731],[-70.719575,41.685002],[-70.755347,41.694326],[-70.765463,41.641575],[-70.809118,41.656437],[-70.816351,41.645995],[-70.800215,41.631753],[-70.810279,41.624873],[-70.852518,41.626919],[-70.852551,41.588526],[-70.86836,41.622664],[-70.887643,41.632422],[-70.913202,41.619266],[-70.899981,41.593504],[-70.927172,41.611253],[-70.931338,41.5842],[-70.946911,41.581089],[-70.931545,41.540169],[-70.979225,41.530427],[-70.983354,41.520616],[-71.035514,41.499047],[-71.085663,41.509292],[-71.12057,41.497448],[-71.131312,41.592308],[-71.14091,41.607405],[-71.13267,41.658744],[-71.191175,41.674292],[-71.261392,41.752301],[-71.327896,41.780501],[-71.339297,41.7963],[-71.347197,41.8231],[-71.335197,41.8355],[-71.341797,41.8437],[-71.333997,41.8623],[-71.339298,41.893399],[-71.3766,41.893999],[-71.381401,42.018798],[-71.799242,42.008065]]],[[[-70.827398,41.602067],[-70.820918,41.587673],[-70.830087,41.585385],[-70.837632,41.595374],[-70.827398,41.602067]]],[[[-70.59628,41.471905],[-70.567356,41.471208],[-70.553277,41.452955],[-70.547567,41.415831],[-70.506984,41.400242],[-70.501306,41.385391],[-70.484503,41.38629],[-70.463833,41.419145],[-70.450431,41.420703],[-70.451084,41.348161],[-70.709826,41.341723],[-70.747541,41.329952],[-70.775665,41.300982],[-70.838777,41.347209],[-70.812309,41.355745],[-70.774974,41.349176],[-70.686881,41.441334],[-70.603555,41.482384],[-70.59628,41.471905]]],[[[-70.092142,41.297741],[-70.062565,41.308726],[-70.031332,41.339332],[-70.030924,41.367453],[-70.049564,41.3879],[-70.033514,41.385816],[-69.960277,41.278731],[-69.960181,41.264546],[-69.975,41.247392],[-70.001586,41.239353],[-70.118669,41.242351],[-70.256164,41.288123],[-70.275526,41.310464],[-70.249276,41.305623],[-70.229541,41.290171],[-70.092142,41.297741]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.219787,40.502603],[-74.246688,40.496103],[-74.254588,40.502303],[-74.242888,40.520903],[-74.247808,40.543396],[-74.210887,40.560902],[-74.19682,40.597037],[-74.20058,40.631448],[-74.1894,40.642121],[-74.075884,40.648101],[-74.053125,40.603678],[-74.059184,40.593502],[-74.111471,40.546908],[-74.137241,40.530076],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-72.132225,41.104387],[-72.126704,41.115139],[-72.084207,41.101524],[-72.086975,41.058292],[-72.095711,41.05402],[-72.103152,41.086484],[-72.139233,41.092451],[-72.142929,41.097811],[-72.132225,41.104387]]],[[[-71.943563,41.286675],[-71.926802,41.290122],[-72.002461,41.252867],[-72.036846,41.249794],[-72.023422,41.270994],[-71.943563,41.286675]]],[[[-114.042145,40.999926],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.046838,36.194069],[-114.068027,36.180663],[-114.09987,36.121654],[-114.120862,36.114596],[-114.114531,36.095217],[-114.15413,36.023862],[-114.176824,36.027651],[-114.233289,36.014289],[-114.252651,36.020193],[-114.280202,36.046362],[-114.314028,36.058165],[-114.30843,36.082443],[-114.372106,36.143114],[-114.405475,36.147371],[-114.446605,36.12597],[-114.458369,36.138586],[-114.502172,36.128796],[-114.511721,36.150956],[-114.572031,36.15161],[-114.616694,36.130101],[-114.627855,36.141012],[-114.666538,36.117343],[-114.736165,36.104367],[-114.753638,36.090705],[-114.755491,36.081601],[-114.736253,36.05847],[-114.739405,36.037863],[-114.730435,36.031317],[-114.743756,35.985095],[-114.729941,35.962183],[-114.731159,35.943916],[-114.707526,35.92806],[-114.708516,35.912313],[-114.67742,35.874728],[-114.697767,35.854844],[-114.69641,35.833784],[-114.70991,35.810185],[-114.695709,35.755986],[-114.705309,35.711587],[-114.683208,35.689387],[-114.689407,35.651412],[-114.653406,35.610789],[-114.665649,35.580428],[-114.656905,35.534391],[-114.677205,35.513491],[-114.677643,35.489742],[-114.662125,35.444241],[-114.627137,35.409504],[-114.604314,35.353584],[-114.569238,35.18348],[-114.578524,35.12875],[-114.629934,35.118272],[-114.644352,35.105904],[-114.642831,35.096503],[-114.613132,35.083097],[-114.602908,35.068588],[-114.636893,35.028367],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-117.500117,37.22038],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-119.999168,41.99454],[-115.031783,41.996008],[-114.831077,42.002207],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-114.042145,40.999926]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Connecticut\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Backhus, Debera A.","contributorId":189651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Backhus","given":"Debera","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":33246,"text":"School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Groher, Daniel M.","contributorId":189652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groher","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacFarlane, John K.","contributorId":189653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacFarlane","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gschwend, Philip M.","contributorId":189502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gschwend","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185458,"text":"70185458 - 1993 - Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T10:28:45","indexId":"70185458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","docAbstract":"Eddy correlation measurements of sensible and latent heat flux are used with measurements of net radiation, soil heat flux, and other micrometeorological variables to develop the Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for use in a sparsely vegetated, semiarid rangeland. The Penman-Monteith model, a one-component model designed for use with dense crops, is not sufficiently accurate (r2 = 0.56 for hourly data and r2 = 0.60 for daily data). The Shuttleworth-Wallace model, a two-component logical extension of the Penman-Monteith model for use with sparse crops, performs significantly better (r2 = 0.78 for hourly data and r2 = 0.85 for daily data). The modified Priestley-Taylor model, a one-component simplified form of the Penman potential evapotranspiration model, surprisingly performs as well as the Shuttle worth-Wallace model. The rigorous Shuttleworth-Wallace model predicts that about one quarter of the vapor flux to the atmosphere is from bare-soil evaporation. Further, during daylight hours, the small leaves are sinks for sensible heat produced at the hot soil surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00333","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1993, Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1379-1392, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00333.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1392","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70127890,"text":"70127890 - 1993 - Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:52:07","indexId":"70127890","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-22T10:52:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Workshop on the Use of Hydrological Models for Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change in Snowmelt Water Supply Basins","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of Workshop on the Use of Hydrological Models for Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change in Snowmelt Water Supply Basins","conferenceDate":"1993-04-20T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Pielke, R., Parton, B., Band, L., and Running, S., 1993, Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e694be4b092f17df5a7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.","contributorId":34064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, B.","contributorId":69905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Band, L.","contributorId":75460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":52505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Running","given":"S. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70128514,"text":"70128514 - 1993 - Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T10:09:16","indexId":"70128514","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T09:54:26","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"The marshes in and around Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge (the Refuge) are extremely dynamic; expanding and contracting in size both seasonally, due to runoff and subsequent evapotranspiration, and over longer periods, due to climatic variation. The dynamic nature of these marshes results in a diversity of wetland habitats, which support a variety of migratory birds. To maintain this wetland diversity and control the loss of migratory bird habitat in the Lahontan Valley, the Refuge was established and currently manages a complex of marsh units. However, changes in the hydrology, and changes that will occur as a result of the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone and Truckee-Carson-Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act (Public Law 101-618, 104 Stat. 3389), greatly affect the Refuge's wetland management capability. In light of these changes, and the legal requirements associated with environmental impact assessments, the Refuge convened a workshop to discuss several aspects of wetland management in the Lahontan Valley. The workshop, described in this report, had three primary objectives:
\n1. discuss the types and relative proportions of primary wetland habitats that should be provided as described in the settlement act;
\n2. discuss wetland management models that might be developed to help manage these marshes under hydrologic regimes likely in the future; and
\n3. discuss future information and monitoring needs, including proposals for valley-wide biodiversity surveys, which would be helpful when considering withdrawn Bureau of Reclamation (BR) lands for possible incorporation into the Refuge.
\nSeveral presentations at the beginning of the workshop provided a common basis for discussing these objectives. Refuge staff provided background on the history and past management. The Nature Conservatory discussed their role in the settlement act, proposals for valley-wide biodiversity surveys, and results of a literature review for Stillwater Marsh and the Lahontan Valley (Nachlinger 1993). Kay Fowler provided an historical context of changes in vegetation and waterbird use of the marshes based on her ethnography of the local Paiute Indians (Fowler 1993). Finally, Bob Elston discussed a model that predicts archaeological sites based on environmental variables (Raven and Elston 1989).
\nThe workshop was organized by staff from the Refuge and facilitated by the authors of this report. Participants included Ron Anglin, Bill Henry, Anne Janik, Cliff Creger, Fred Paveglio, and Mary Jo Elpers of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service); Jeff Baumgartner, Jan Nachlinger, Hope Humphries, and Graham Chisholm of The Nature Conservancy; David Yardas of the Environmental Defense Fund; David Robertson of Robertson Software, Inc.; Norm Saake, Terry Retterer, and Larry Neel of the Nevada Department of Wildlife; Lew Oring and Kay Fowler of the University of Nevada; and Robert Elston of Intermountain Research.
","largerWorkTitle":"Results of a workshop sponsored by Division on Wildlife Refuges and Wildlife, Region 1","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., and Auble, G.T., 1993, Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3e0e4b08a816ca636ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228807,"text":"70228807 - 1993 - Microfaunal evidence for elevated Pliocene temperatures in the Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T15:16:28.08182","indexId":"70228807","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T09:05:39","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5790,"text":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microfaunal evidence for elevated Pliocene temperatures in the Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"The migration of thermophilic marine Ostracoda into the Arctic Ocean during the Pliocene indicates that winter and summer ocean temperatures around Arctic margins were ≥ 0 °C and > 3 °C, respectively, and that ice-free conditions existed for most or all of the Arctic. By at least 3.5–3.0 Ma, probably earlier, the opening of the Bering Strait allowed marine organisms to migrate through the Arctic Ocean, mostly from the Pacific Ocean. Migrant taxa such as Cythere, Hemicythere, and Neomonoceratina are known from Pliocene deposits of Alaska and Canada as well as Neogene deposits of the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans. On the basis of ecological and Zoogeographic information on ostracode species from more than 800 modern “core top” samples for the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, we determined winter and summer temperature tolerances for migrant taxa to be at or above about 0 °C and 3 °C. This suggests ice-free summers, and probably, a perennially ice-free Arctic Ocean in some regions. Elevated water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean between 3.5 and 2.0 Ma is supported by evidence for late Pliocene increased meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic Ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93PA00060","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Whatley, R., Wood, A., Tsukagoshi, A., Ikeya, N., Brouwers, E.M., and Briggs, W.M., 1993, Microfaunal evidence for elevated Pliocene temperatures in the Arctic Ocean: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 161-173, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA00060.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Strait, Arctic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.9375,\n 68.52823492039876\n ],\n [\n -140.625,\n 68.13885164925573\n ],\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 68.65655498475735\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 73.82482034613932\n ],\n [\n -77.34374999999999,\n 82.49482361179574\n ],\n [\n -63.6328125,\n 81.09321385260837\n ],\n [\n -35.859375,\n 82.30889251821553\n ],\n [\n -25.3125,\n 74.01954331150228\n ],\n [\n -41.484375,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n 26.3671875,\n 69.16255790810501\n ],\n [\n 37.265625,\n 64.16810689799152\n ],\n [\n 66.796875,\n 67.20403234340081\n ],\n [\n 74.1796875,\n 70.1403642720717\n ],\n [\n 103.35937499999999,\n 76.76054111175671\n ],\n [\n 105.46875,\n 73.22669969306126\n ],\n [\n 126.5625,\n 70.49557354093136\n ],\n [\n 141.6796875,\n 71.18775391813158\n ],\n [\n 187.3828125,\n 65.94647177615738\n ],\n [\n 180.35156249999997,\n 84.95930495623836\n ],\n [\n -165.234375,\n 84.95930495623836\n ],\n [\n -165.9375,\n 68.52823492039876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whatley, Robin","contributorId":279858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whatley","given":"Robin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Adrian","contributorId":63830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Adrian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tsukagoshi, Akira","contributorId":279859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsukagoshi","given":"Akira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ikeya, Noriyuki","contributorId":101026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikeya","given":"Noriyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Briggs, W. M. Jr.","contributorId":60249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70185442,"text":"70185442 - 1993 - Confirmation of rate-dependent behavior in water retention during drainage in nonswelling porous materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T05:53:39","indexId":"70185442","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Confirmation of rate-dependent behavior in water retention during drainage in nonswelling porous materials","docAbstract":"In the water retention process in porous material, changes in water content are assumed to be independent of the rate at which the matric potential varies. Periodically, researchers have presented results that do not support this assumption, indicating that water retention may be rate-dependent under certain conditions. In the present study, long-term experiments were performed on five porous materials in which core samples were drained at different rates down to matric potentials of −50 kPa. Comparisons of these results with previous results confirm that slight rate-dependent behavior occurs during drainage of porous materials in this matric potential range. Specifically, new and previous results indicate that on average 4–5% more water was retained for a slow, multistep drainage versus a fast, one-step drainage treatment. For the present study, average results for individual materials were variable, ranging from a 1 to a 10% difference in water content due to treatment. Several possible mechanisms for the observed rate-dependent behavior are discussed. The only plausible mechanism is related to variations in pore water salt concentrations that induce differences in the pore water surface tension for fast versus slow drainage. Regardless of the mechanism, results suggest that rate-dependent behavior during water retention may contribute to an enhanced temperature dependence of water retention, due to higher rates of water redistribution at higher temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00005","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., 1993, Confirmation of rate-dependent behavior in water retention during drainage in nonswelling porous materials: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 4, p. 1331-1334, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00005.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1334","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185751,"text":"70185751 - 1993 - Restoration of lowland streams: an introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T10:16:28","indexId":"70185751","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration of lowland streams: an introduction","docAbstract":"The independent and interactive effects of nutrient concentration and epiphyte grazers on epiphyte biomass and macrophyte growth and production were examined in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) microcosms. Experiments were conducted during early summer, late summer, fall, and spring in a greenhouse on the York River estuary of Chesapeake Bay. Nutrient treatments consisted of ambient or enriched (3× ambient) concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) and phosphate. Grazer treatments consisted of the presence or absence of field densities of isopods, amphipods, and gastropods. epiphyte biomass increased with both grazer removal and nutrient enrichment during summer and spring experiments. The effect of grazers was stronger than that of nutrients. There was little epiphyte response to treatment during the fall, a result possibly of high ambient nutrient concentrations and low grazing pressure. Under low grazer densities of early summer, macrophyte production (g m−2 d−1) was reduced by grazer removal and nutrient enrichment independently. Under high grazer densities of late summer, macrophyte production was reduced by enrichment only with grazers absent. During spring and fall there were no macrophyte responses to treatment. The relative influence of epiphytes on macrophyte production may have been related to seasonally changing water temperature and macrophyte requirements for light and inorganic carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00317683","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Wetzel, R.L., and Orth, R., 1993, Relative effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphyte-macrophyte (Zostera marina L.) dynamics: Oecologia, v. 93, no. 2, p. 285-295, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317683.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"York River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.915283203125,\n 37.55111016010861\n ],\n [\n -76.5032958984375,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 37.201893907733826\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -76.42364501953124,\n 37.26312408340919\n ],\n [\n -76.75048828125,\n 37.54893261064111\n ],\n [\n -76.915283203125,\n 37.55111016010861\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neckles, Hilary A. 0000-0002-5662-2314 hneckles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-2314","contributorId":3821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"Hilary","email":"hneckles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetzel, R. L.","contributorId":218241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetzel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orth, R.J.","contributorId":58408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orth","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216670,"text":"70216670 - 1993 - Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:03:36.716852","indexId":"70216670","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-20T11:57:53","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7442,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model","docAbstract":"A one‐dimensional model of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice has been coupled in an interactive mode with the climate version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University regional (mesoscale) atmospheric model (MM4). The coupled MM4‐lake model makes possible high‐resolution simulations of climate in the proximity of large water bodies. Atmospheric variables required as input for the lake model are supplied by MM4 and simulated values of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover axe supplied to MM4 by the lake model. We have tested the coupled model system with a 60‐day, summertime simulation at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and with a 10‐day, wintertime simulation of the North American Great Lakes and vicinity. Both simulations were conducted at a 60‐km resolution. Results from these tests indicate the coupled model system produces realistic simulations of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover and that the coupled system is applicable to simulations of regional climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/92JD02843","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., Bates, G.T., and Giorgi, F., 1993, Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 98, no. D3, p. 5045-5057, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02843.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5045","endPage":"5057","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"D3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bates, G. T.","contributorId":29147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70127899,"text":"70127899 - 1993 - Streamflow and sediment dynamics of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in the context of cottonwood recruitment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T11:57:32","indexId":"70127899","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-10T11:48:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Streamflow and sediment dynamics of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in the context of cottonwood recruitment","docAbstract":"The cottonwood gallery forests of the Middle Rio Grande floodplain in New Mexico provide important habitats for birds and other animals. Over the last century, these forests have changed significantly due to invasion of exotics such as salt cedar and Russian olive, which compete with native cottonwoods, and changes in water use both in the valley and upstream.
\nTo successfully germinate and establish, cottonwoods require an adequate water supply, abundant sunlight, and bare, litter-free substrate. Native cottonwoods are adapted to a natural snowmelt hydrograph characterized by spring floods in late May or early June and gradually receding streamflows throughout the remainder of the summer. The natural streamflow pattern has been significantly modified by water management in the Rio Grande basin. The modified pattern is less conducive to establishment of cottonwoods than the natural pattern. In addition, exotic species now compete with native cottonwoods, and the modified flow pattern may favor these exotics.
\nThe overall objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing cottonwood establishment and recruitment along the Middle Rio Grande through streamflow manipulation and reservoir releases. The work integrates concepts of cottonwood establishment, water resources management, and river morphology, and investigates how water management might be used to preserve and enhance cottonwood gallery forests along the river. Specific objectives of the work reported herein were to: (1) develop a technique to calculate flows that will produce channel characteristics necessary to restore and sustain cottonwood gallery forests; (2) develop a model to determine a flow pattern, or sequence of flows, that will improve the potential for cottonwood establishment and recruitment; and (3) determine if the water resources can be managed to produce the desired channel characteristics and flow pattern identified in (1) and (2).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., Wondzell, M., and Ritter, A., 1993, Streamflow and sediment dynamics of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in the context of cottonwood recruitment, 103 p.","productDescription":"103 p.","numberOfPages":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294807,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6982e4b092f17df5aa70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":71111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wondzell, Mark","contributorId":92981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wondzell","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritter, Amy","contributorId":10351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritter","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177781,"text":"70177781 - 1993 - Status and population trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds, 1977-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:13:06","indexId":"70177781","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and population trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds, 1977-1987","docAbstract":"Status and population trends of Hawaiis ’ native waterbirds were examined from 1977 through 1987. Waterbird population fluctuations were analyzed in relation to rainfall and land use dynamics. Numbers of Hawaiian Duck (Koloa) (Anus wyvilliana) and Hawaiian Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) appeared stable over time; however, surveys were limited. Increase in Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorux nycticorux) abundance appeared linked to expansion of aquaculture, particularly on Oahu, and not to climatic events. Annual rainfall patterns help explain and predict population fluctuations and anomalous distribution patterns involving Hawaiian American Coots (Fulica americana alai), moorhens, and Hawaiian Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni). Coot, stilt, and moorhen populations fluctuated with climatic events, and intraisland dispersal to ephemeral wetlands occurred. Stilts exhibited regular inter-island migratory behavior, but coots dispersed in relation to major rainfall events. Seasonal fluctuation recorded for coots by past observers is the result of survey techniques not accounting for seasonal dispersal patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Engilis, A., and Pratt, T.K., 1993, Status and population trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds, 1977-1987: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 105, no. 1, p. 142-158.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-155.778234,20.245743],[-155.772734,20.245409],[-155.746893,20.232325],[-155.737004,20.222773],[-155.735822,20.212417],[-155.732704,20.205392],[-155.653966,20.16736],[-155.630382,20.146916],[-155.624565,20.145911],[-155.607797,20.137987],[-155.600909,20.126573],[-155.598033,20.124539],[-155.590923,20.122497],[-155.58168,20.123617],[-155.568368,20.130545],[-155.558933,20.13157],[-155.523661,20.120028],[-155.516795,20.11523],[-155.502561,20.114155],[-155.468211,20.104296],[-155.443957,20.095318],[-155.405459,20.078772],[-155.4024,20.075541],[-155.387578,20.067119],[-155.33021,20.038517],[-155.29548,20.024438],[-155.282629,20.021969],[-155.270316,20.014525],[-155.240933,19.990173],[-155.204486,19.969438],[-155.194593,19.958368],[-155.179939,19.949372],[-155.149215,19.922872],[-155.144394,19.920523],[-155.131235,19.906801],[-155.124618,19.897288],[-155.12175,19.886099],[-155.107541,19.872467],[-155.098716,19.867811],[-155.095032,19.867882],[-155.086341,19.855399],[-155.084357,19.849736],[-155.085674,19.838584],[-155.088979,19.826656],[-155.094414,19.81491],[-155.09207,19.799409],[-155.091216,19.776368],[-155.093517,19.771832],[-155.093387,19.737751],[-155.087118,19.728013],[-155.079426,19.726193],[-155.063972,19.728917],[-155.045382,19.739824],[-155.006423,19.739286],[-154.997278,19.72858],[-154.987168,19.708524],[-154.981102,19.690687],[-154.984718,19.672161],[-154.983778,19.641647],[-154.974342,19.633201],[-154.963933,19.627605],[-154.950359,19.626461],[-154.947874,19.62425],[-154.947718,19.621947],[-154.951014,19.613614],[-154.947106,19.604856],[-154.93394,19.597505],[-154.928205,19.592702],[-154.924422,19.586553],[-154.903542,19.570622],[-154.875,19.556797],[-154.852618,19.549172],[-154.837384,19.538354],[-154.826732,19.537626],[-154.814417,19.53009],[-154.809561,19.522377],[-154.809379,19.519086],[-154.822968,19.48129],[-154.838545,19.463642],[-154.86854,19.438126],[-154.887817,19.426425],[-154.928772,19.397646],[-154.944185,19.381852],[-154.964619,19.365646],[-154.980861,19.349291],[-155.020537,19.331317],[-155.061729,19.316636],[-155.113272,19.290613],[-155.1337,19.276099],[-155.159635,19.268375],[-155.172413,19.26906],[-155.187427,19.266156],[-155.19626,19.261295],[-155.205892,19.260907],[-155.243961,19.271313],[-155.264619,19.274213],[-155.296761,19.266289],[-155.303808,19.261835],[-155.31337,19.250698],[-155.341268,19.234039],[-155.349148,19.217756],[-155.360631,19.20893],[-155.378638,19.202435],[-155.390701,19.201171],[-155.417369,19.187858],[-155.427093,19.179546],[-155.432519,19.170623],[-155.453516,19.151952],[-155.465663,19.146964],[-155.505281,19.137908],[-155.51474,19.132501],[-155.51214,19.128174],[-155.512137,19.124296],[-155.519652,19.117025],[-155.526136,19.115889],[-155.528902,19.11371],[-155.544806,19.091059],[-155.551129,19.08878],[-155.557817,19.08213],[-155.555326,19.069377],[-155.555177,19.053932],[-155.557371,19.046565],[-155.566446,19.032531],[-155.576599,19.027412],[-155.581903,19.02224],[-155.596032,18.998833],[-155.596521,18.980654],[-155.601866,18.971572],[-155.613966,18.970399],[-155.625256,18.961951],[-155.625,18.959934],[-155.638054,18.941723],[-155.658486,18.924835],[-155.672005,18.917466],[-155.681825,18.918694],[-155.687716,18.923358],[-155.690171,18.932195],[-155.693117,18.940542],[-155.726043,18.969437],[-155.763598,18.981837],[-155.806109,19.013967],[-155.853943,19.023762],[-155.88155,19.036644],[-155.884077,19.039266],[-155.886278,19.05576],[-155.903693,19.080777],[-155.908355,19.081138],[-155.921389,19.121183],[-155.917292,19.155963],[-155.903339,19.217792],[-155.90491,19.230147],[-155.902565,19.258427],[-155.895435,19.274639],[-155.890842,19.298905],[-155.887356,19.337101],[-155.888701,19.348031],[-155.898792,19.377984],[-155.913849,19.401107],[-155.909087,19.415455],[-155.921707,19.43055],[-155.924269,19.438794],[-155.925166,19.468081],[-155.922609,19.478611],[-155.924124,19.481406],[-155.930523,19.484921],[-155.935641,19.485628],[-155.936403,19.481905],[-155.939145,19.481577],[-155.95149,19.486649],[-155.952897,19.488805],[-155.953663,19.510003],[-155.960457,19.546612],[-155.962264,19.551779],[-155.965211,19.554745],[-155.96935,19.555963],[-155.970969,19.586328],[-155.978206,19.608159],[-155.997728,19.642816],[-156.028982,19.650098],[-156.032928,19.653905],[-156.034994,19.65936],[-156.033326,19.66923],[-156.027427,19.672154],[-156.029281,19.678908],[-156.036079,19.690252],[-156.04796,19.698938],[-156.051652,19.703649],[-156.052485,19.718667],[-156.064364,19.730766],[-156.05722,19.742536],[-156.052315,19.756836],[-156.049651,19.780452],[-156.021732,19.8022],[-156.006267,19.81758],[-155.982821,19.845651],[-155.976651,19.85053],[-155.964817,19.855183],[-155.949251,19.857034],[-155.945297,19.853443],[-155.940311,19.852305],[-155.925843,19.858928],[-155.926938,19.870221],[-155.92549,19.875],[-155.915662,19.887126],[-155.901987,19.912081],[-155.894099,19.923135],[-155.894474,19.926927],[-155.892533,19.932162],[-155.866919,19.954172],[-155.856588,19.968885],[-155.840708,19.976952],[-155.838692,19.975527],[-155.835312,19.976078],[-155.831948,19.982775],[-155.828965,19.995542],[-155.825473,20.025944],[-155.828182,20.035424],[-155.850385,20.062506],[-155.866931,20.078652],[-155.88419,20.10675],[-155.899149,20.145728],[-155.906035,20.205157],[-155.901452,20.235787],[-155.890663,20.25524],[-155.882631,20.263026],[-155.873921,20.267744],[-155.853293,20.271548],[-155.811459,20.26032],[-155.783242,20.246395],[-155.778234,20.245743]]],[[[-157.789581,21.438396],[-157.789734,21.437679],[-157.789276,21.435833],[-157.790543,21.434313],[-157.791718,21.434881],[-157.793045,21.43391],[-157.793167,21.43574],[-157.791565,21.43651],[-157.791779,21.437752],[-157.793289,21.437658],[-157.791779,21.438435],[-157.791092,21.438442],[-157.790741,21.43874],[-157.789581,21.438396]]],[[[-160.125,21.95909],[-160.122262,21.962881],[-160.112746,21.995245],[-160.09645,22.001489],[-160.072123,22.003334],[-160.058543,21.99638],[-160.051992,21.983681],[-160.052729,21.980321],[-160.056336,21.977939],[-160.060549,21.976729],[-160.063349,21.978354],[-160.065811,21.976562],[-160.078393,21.955153],[-160.085787,21.927295],[-160.080012,21.910808],[-160.079065,21.89608],[-160.098897,21.884711],[-160.124283,21.876789],[-160.147609,21.872814],[-160.16162,21.864746],[-160.174796,21.846923],[-160.189782,21.82245],[-160.205211,21.789053],[-160.200427,21.786479],[-160.205851,21.779518],[-160.218044,21.783755],[-160.23478,21.795418],[-160.24961,21.815145],[-160.244943,21.848943],[-160.231028,21.886263],[-160.228965,21.889117],[-160.21383,21.899193],[-160.205528,21.907507],[-160.202716,21.912422],[-160.190158,21.923592],[-160.167471,21.932863],[-160.13705,21.948632],[-160.127302,21.955508],[-160.125,21.95909]]],[[[-159.431707,22.220015],[-159.40732,22.230555],[-159.388119,22.223252],[-159.385977,22.220009],[-159.367563,22.214906],[-159.359842,22.214831],[-159.357227,22.217744],[-159.353795,22.217669],[-159.339964,22.208519],[-159.315613,22.186817],[-159.308855,22.155555],[-159.297808,22.149748],[-159.295875,22.144547],[-159.295271,22.13039],[-159.297143,22.113815],[-159.317451,22.080944],[-159.321667,22.063411],[-159.324775,22.05867],[-159.333267,22.054639],[-159.337996,22.046575],[-159.341401,22.028978],[-159.333224,21.973005],[-159.333109,21.964176],[-159.334714,21.961099],[-159.350828,21.950817],[-159.356613,21.939546],[-159.382349,21.924479],[-159.408284,21.897781],[-159.425862,21.884527],[-159.446599,21.871647],[-159.471962,21.88292],[-159.490914,21.888898],[-159.517973,21.890996],[-159.555415,21.891355],[-159.574991,21.896585],[-159.577784,21.900486],[-159.584272,21.899038],[-159.610241,21.898356],[-159.637849,21.917166],[-159.648132,21.93297],[-159.671872,21.957038],[-159.681493,21.960054],[-159.705255,21.963427],[-159.72014,21.970789],[-159.758218,21.980694],[-159.765735,21.986593],[-159.788139,22.018411],[-159.790932,22.031177],[-159.786543,22.06369],[-159.780096,22.072567],[-159.748159,22.100388],[-159.741223,22.115666],[-159.733457,22.142756],[-159.726043,22.152171],[-159.699978,22.165252],[-159.66984,22.170782],[-159.608794,22.207878],[-159.591596,22.219456],[-159.583965,22.22668],[-159.559643,22.229185],[-159.554166,22.228212],[-159.548594,22.226263],[-159.54115,22.216764],[-159.534594,22.219403],[-159.523769,22.217602],[-159.51941,22.215646],[-159.518348,22.211182],[-159.515574,22.208008],[-159.507811,22.205987],[-159.501055,22.211064],[-159.500821,22.225538],[-159.488558,22.23317],[-159.480158,22.232715],[-159.467007,22.226529],[-159.45619,22.228811],[-159.441809,22.226321],[-159.431707,22.220015]]],[[[-157.014553,21.185503],[-156.999108,21.182221],[-156.991318,21.18551],[-156.987768,21.18935],[-156.982343,21.207798],[-156.984464,21.210063],[-156.984032,21.212198],[-156.974002,21.218503],[-156.969064,21.217018],[-156.962847,21.212131],[-156.951654,21.191662],[-156.950808,21.182636],[-156.946159,21.175963],[-156.918248,21.168279],[-156.903466,21.16421],[-156.898174,21.16594],[-156.89613,21.169561],[-156.896537,21.172208],[-156.867944,21.16452],[-156.841592,21.167926],[-156.821944,21.174693],[-156.771495,21.180053],[-156.742231,21.176214],[-156.738341,21.17202],[-156.736648,21.16188],[-156.719386,21.163911],[-156.712696,21.161547],[-156.714158,21.152238],[-156.726033,21.13236],[-156.748932,21.1086],[-156.775995,21.089751],[-156.790815,21.081686],[-156.794136,21.075796],[-156.835351,21.06336],[-156.865795,21.057801],[-156.877137,21.0493],[-156.891946,21.051831],[-156.89517,21.055771],[-156.953719,21.067761],[-157.00295,21.083282],[-157.02617,21.089015],[-157.032045,21.091094],[-157.037667,21.097864],[-157.079696,21.105835],[-157.095373,21.10636],[-157.125,21.1026],[-157.143483,21.096632],[-157.254061,21.090601],[-157.298054,21.096917],[-157.313343,21.105755],[-157.299187,21.132488],[-157.299471,21.135972],[-157.293774,21.146127],[-157.284346,21.157755],[-157.276474,21.163175],[-157.274504,21.162762],[-157.259911,21.174875],[-157.254709,21.181376],[-157.251007,21.190952],[-157.25026,21.207739],[-157.256935,21.215665],[-157.261457,21.217661],[-157.263163,21.220873],[-157.26069,21.225684],[-157.257085,21.227268],[-157.241534,21.220969],[-157.226445,21.220185],[-157.212082,21.221848],[-157.202125,21.219298],[-157.192439,21.207644],[-157.185553,21.205602],[-157.157103,21.200706],[-157.148125,21.200745],[-157.144627,21.202555],[-157.128207,21.201488],[-157.113438,21.197375],[-157.097971,21.198012],[-157.064264,21.189076],[-157.053053,21.188754],[-157.047757,21.190739],[-157.039987,21.190909],[-157.014553,21.185503]]],[[[-156.544169,20.522802],[-156.550016,20.520273],[-156.559994,20.521892],[-156.586238,20.511711],[-156.603844,20.524372],[-156.631143,20.514943],[-156.642347,20.508285],[-156.647464,20.512017],[-156.668809,20.504738],[-156.682939,20.506775],[-156.703673,20.527237],[-156.702265,20.532451],[-156.696662,20.541646],[-156.6801,20.557021],[-156.651567,20.565574],[-156.614598,20.587109],[-156.610734,20.59377],[-156.576871,20.60657],[-156.56714,20.604895],[-156.553604,20.594729],[-156.543034,20.580115],[-156.542808,20.573674],[-156.548909,20.56859],[-156.556021,20.542657],[-156.553018,20.539382],[-156.540189,20.534741],[-156.539643,20.527644],[-156.544169,20.522802]]],[[[-156.612012,21.02477],[-156.612065,21.027273],[-156.606238,21.034371],[-156.592256,21.03288],[-156.580448,21.020172],[-156.562773,21.016167],[-156.549813,21.004939],[-156.546291,21.005082],[-156.528246,20.967757],[-156.518707,20.954662],[-156.512226,20.95128],[-156.510391,20.940358],[-156.507913,20.937886],[-156.49948,20.934577],[-156.495883,20.928005],[-156.493263,20.916011],[-156.481055,20.898199],[-156.474796,20.894546],[-156.422668,20.911631],[-156.386045,20.919563],[-156.374297,20.927616],[-156.370729,20.932669],[-156.352649,20.941414],[-156.345655,20.941596],[-156.342365,20.938737],[-156.332817,20.94645],[-156.324578,20.950184],[-156.307198,20.942739],[-156.286332,20.947701],[-156.275116,20.937361],[-156.263107,20.940888],[-156.242555,20.937838],[-156.230159,20.931936],[-156.230089,20.917864],[-156.226757,20.916677],[-156.222062,20.918309],[-156.217953,20.916573],[-156.216341,20.907035],[-156.173103,20.876926],[-156.170458,20.874605],[-156.166746,20.865646],[-156.132669,20.861369],[-156.129381,20.847513],[-156.115735,20.827301],[-156.100123,20.828502],[-156.090291,20.831872],[-156.059788,20.81054],[-156.033287,20.808246],[-156.003532,20.795545],[-156.002947,20.789418],[-155.987944,20.776552],[-155.984587,20.767496],[-155.986851,20.758577],[-155.985413,20.744245],[-155.987216,20.722717],[-155.991534,20.713654],[-156.00187,20.698064],[-156.01415,20.685681],[-156.020044,20.686857],[-156.030702,20.682452],[-156.040341,20.672719],[-156.043786,20.664902],[-156.053385,20.65432],[-156.059753,20.652044],[-156.081472,20.654387],[-156.089365,20.648519],[-156.120985,20.633685],[-156.129898,20.627523],[-156.142665,20.623605],[-156.144588,20.624032],[-156.148085,20.629067],[-156.156772,20.629639],[-156.169732,20.627358],[-156.173393,20.6241],[-156.184556,20.629719],[-156.192938,20.631769],[-156.210258,20.628518],[-156.225338,20.62294],[-156.236145,20.61595],[-156.265921,20.601629],[-156.284391,20.596488],[-156.288037,20.59203],[-156.293454,20.588783],[-156.302692,20.586199],[-156.322944,20.588273],[-156.351716,20.58697],[-156.359634,20.581977],[-156.370725,20.57876],[-156.377633,20.578427],[-156.415313,20.586099],[-156.417523,20.589728],[-156.415746,20.594044],[-156.417799,20.598682],[-156.423141,20.602079],[-156.427708,20.598873],[-156.431872,20.598143],[-156.438385,20.601337],[-156.444242,20.607941],[-156.442884,20.613842],[-156.450651,20.642212],[-156.445894,20.64927],[-156.443673,20.656018],[-156.448656,20.704739],[-156.451038,20.725469],[-156.452895,20.731287],[-156.458438,20.736676],[-156.462242,20.753952],[-156.462058,20.772571],[-156.464043,20.781667],[-156.473562,20.790756],[-156.489496,20.798339],[-156.501688,20.799933],[-156.506026,20.799463],[-156.515994,20.794234],[-156.525215,20.780821],[-156.537752,20.778408],[-156.631794,20.82124],[-156.678634,20.870541],[-156.688969,20.888673],[-156.687804,20.89072],[-156.688132,20.906325],[-156.691334,20.91244],[-156.697418,20.916368],[-156.69989,20.920629],[-156.69411,20.952708],[-156.680905,20.980262],[-156.665514,21.007054],[-156.652419,21.008994],[-156.645966,21.014416],[-156.642592,21.019936],[-156.644167,21.022312],[-156.642809,21.027583],[-156.619581,21.027793],[-156.612012,21.02477]]],[[[-157.010001,20.929757],[-156.989813,20.932127],[-156.971604,20.926254],[-156.937529,20.925274],[-156.91845,20.922546],[-156.897169,20.915395],[-156.837047,20.863575],[-156.825237,20.850731],[-156.809576,20.826036],[-156.808469,20.820396],[-156.809463,20.809169],[-156.817427,20.794606],[-156.838321,20.764575],[-156.846413,20.760201],[-156.851481,20.760069],[-156.869753,20.754701],[-156.890295,20.744855],[-156.909081,20.739533],[-156.949009,20.738997],[-156.96789,20.73508],[-156.984747,20.756677],[-156.994001,20.786671],[-156.988933,20.815496],[-156.991834,20.826603],[-157.006243,20.849603],[-157.010911,20.854476],[-157.054552,20.877219],[-157.059663,20.884634],[-157.061128,20.890635],[-157.062511,20.904385],[-157.05913,20.913407],[-157.035789,20.927078],[-157.025626,20.929528],[-157.010001,20.929757]]],[[[-158.044485,21.306011],[-158.0883,21.2988],[-158.1033,21.2979],[-158.1127,21.3019],[-158.1211,21.3169],[-158.1225,21.3224],[-158.111949,21.326622],[-158.114196,21.331123],[-158.119427,21.334594],[-158.125459,21.330264],[-158.13324,21.359207],[-158.1403,21.3738],[-158.149719,21.385208],[-158.161743,21.396282],[-158.1792,21.4043],[-158.181274,21.409626],[-158.181,21.420868],[-158.182648,21.430073],[-158.192352,21.44804],[-158.205383,21.459793],[-158.219446,21.46978],[-158.233,21.4876],[-158.231171,21.523857],[-158.23175,21.533035],[-158.234314,21.540058],[-158.250671,21.557373],[-158.27951,21.575794],[-158.277679,21.578789],[-158.254425,21.582684],[-158.190704,21.585892],[-158.17,21.5823],[-158.12561,21.586739],[-158.10672,21.596577],[-158.106689,21.603024],[-158.1095,21.6057],[-158.108185,21.607487],[-158.079895,21.628101],[-158.0668,21.6437],[-158.066711,21.65234],[-158.0639,21.6584],[-158.0372,21.6843],[-158.018127,21.699955],[-157.9923,21.708],[-157.98703,21.712494],[-157.968628,21.712704],[-157.947174,21.689568],[-157.939,21.669],[-157.9301,21.6552],[-157.924591,21.651183],[-157.9228,21.6361],[-157.9238,21.6293],[-157.910797,21.611183],[-157.900574,21.605885],[-157.87735,21.575277],[-157.878601,21.560181],[-157.872528,21.557568],[-157.8669,21.5637],[-157.85614,21.560661],[-157.85257,21.557514],[-157.836945,21.529945],[-157.837372,21.512085],[-157.849579,21.509598],[-157.852625,21.499971],[-157.84549,21.466747],[-157.84099,21.459483],[-157.82489,21.455379],[-157.8163,21.4502],[-157.8139,21.4403],[-157.8059,21.4301],[-157.786513,21.415633],[-157.779846,21.417309],[-157.774455,21.421352],[-157.772209,21.431236],[-157.774905,21.453698],[-157.772209,21.457741],[-157.764572,21.461335],[-157.754239,21.461335],[-157.737617,21.459089],[-157.731777,21.455944],[-157.731328,21.444713],[-157.73582,21.438424],[-157.740762,21.424048],[-157.741211,21.414614],[-157.7386,21.4043],[-157.730191,21.401871],[-157.728221,21.402104],[-157.726421,21.402845],[-157.724324,21.403311],[-157.723794,21.40329],[-157.723286,21.403227],[-157.722735,21.403121],[-157.722544,21.403036],[-157.721845,21.401596],[-157.721083,21.399541],[-157.7189,21.3961],[-157.7089,21.3833],[-157.7087,21.3793],[-157.7126,21.3689],[-157.7106,21.3585],[-157.7088,21.3534],[-157.6971,21.3364],[-157.6938,21.3329],[-157.6619,21.3131],[-157.6518,21.3139],[-157.652629,21.308709],[-157.6537,21.302],[-157.6946,21.2739],[-157.6944,21.2665],[-157.7001,21.264],[-157.7097,21.2621],[-157.7139,21.2638],[-157.7142,21.2665],[-157.7114,21.272],[-157.7122,21.2814],[-157.7143,21.2845],[-157.7213,21.2869],[-157.7572,21.278],[-157.765,21.2789],[-157.7782,21.2735],[-157.7931,21.2604],[-157.8096,21.2577],[-157.8211,21.2606],[-157.8241,21.2646],[-157.8253,21.2714],[-157.8319,21.2795],[-157.8457,21.29],[-157.89,21.3065],[-157.894518,21.319632],[-157.898969,21.327391],[-157.90482,21.329172],[-157.918939,21.318615],[-157.917921,21.313781],[-157.913469,21.310983],[-157.910925,21.305768],[-157.952263,21.306531],[-157.950736,21.312509],[-157.951881,21.318742],[-157.967971,21.327986],[-157.973334,21.327426],[-157.989424,21.317984],[-158.0245,21.3093],[-158.044485,21.306011]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hawaii\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"105","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engilis, Andrew Jr.","contributorId":92362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engilis","given":"Andrew","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, Thane K. tkpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":5495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thane","email":"tkpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200707,"text":"70200707 - 1993 - Small fields in the National Oil and Gas Assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T14:12:45.996236","indexId":"70200707","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-01T15:03:05","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small fields in the National Oil and Gas Assessment","docAbstract":"In the 1989 National Oil and Gas Assessment prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Minerals Management Service, undiscovered oil and gas resources in small fields were assessed separately from resources in fields containing more than 1 million bbl of oil equivalent. This paper concerns the USGS Part of the study: onshore and state waters in the conterminous United States. After the resources in small fields were assessed by geologists, statistical techniques were used to allocate these resources to field-size distributions at the province level. The total numbers of small fields remaining to be discovered is estimated at about 77,800. They account for about 10.6 billion bbl of oil equivalent or 20% of the undiscovered resources in the conterminous United st tes. When an economic analysis was applied to the small fields, none of the offshore small fields were estimated to be commercially developable. For the onshore study area, about 52% of the small oil fields and 46% of the small gas fields are commercially developable. Overall, because more hydrocarbons are contained in the larger size classes of the small fields, about 70% of the undiscovered resources in small fields is expected to be commercially developable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/BDFF8C68-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Root, D.H., and Attanasi, E., 1993, Small fields in the National Oil and Gas Assessment: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, no. 3, p. 485-490, https://doi.org/10.1306/BDFF8C68-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"490","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358917,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1116b0e4b034bf6a815b17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Root, David H.","contributorId":92232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attanasi, Emil 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":1809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231542,"text":"70231542 - 1993 - Radium isotope geochemistry of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T16:42:48.977563","indexId":"70231542","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-01T11:17:16","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radium isotope geochemistry of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"Radium isotope activities (226Ra, 228Ra, and 224Ra), chemical compositions, and sulfur isotope ratios in sulfate were determined for water samples from thermal areas in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Activities of 226Ra in these waters range from <0.2 to 37.9 dpm/kg. Activity ratios of
(1) barite saturation (at Morris Geyser Basin, Mammoth Hot Springs, and other northern areas) and
(2) zeolitewater ion exchange (at Upper Geyser Basin). The data are consistent with a model in which
(1) radium and barium are supplied to water by bulk dissolution of aquifer rock, and
(2) chemical equilibration of water with rock is rapid relative to the 1602 year half-life of 226Ra. The
A quasi-population model for adult brown trout was developed for the Taylor River below the Taylor Park Reservoir in Colorado. This model allows the population to be predicted under alternative flow management regimes. The predicted population effects of two different flow release patterns were compared with the predicted population for the current reservoir operation regime. Changes in angler catch were imputed for these scenarios. The changes in catch were valued using estimates of willingness to pay obtained from anglers fishing at the site. Total angling effort was held constant. For both of the flow scenarios examined the difference in economic use value was limited. The relatively small changes in value predicted were shaped by the small changes in catch predicted and the high number of fish caught under current conditions.
Between 1952 and 1984, low-level radioactive waste was introduced directly into the Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho. These wastes were generated, principally, at the nuclear fuel reprocessing facility on the site. Our measurements of 36C1 in monitoring and production well waters, downgradient from disposal wells and seepage ponds, found easily detectable, nonhazardous concentrations of this radionuclide from the point of injection to the INEL southern site boundary. Comparisons are made between 3H and 36Cl concentrations in aquifer water and the advantages of 36C1 as a tracer of subsurface-water dynamics at the site are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01822.x","usgsCitation":"Beasley, T., Cecil, L., Sharma, P., Kubik, P., Fehn, U., Mann, L., and Gove, H., 1993, Chlorine-36 in the Snake River Plain Aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory; origin and implications: Groundwater, v. 31, no. 2, p. 302-310, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01822.x.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"302","endPage":"310","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Snake River Plain ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -113.192138671875,\n 43.69965122967144\n ],\n [\n -113.99414062499999,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -115.59814453125001,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -116.3232421875,\n 43.858296779161826\n ],\n [\n -116.52099609375,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -115.12573242187499,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -114.27978515625,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -113.21411132812499,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -111.8408203125,\n 43.31718491566705\n ],\n [\n -111.42333984375,\n 43.731414013769\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.378839759088585\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -111.81884765624999,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 44.49650533109348\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f91e4b09da67997ed12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beasley, T.M.","contributorId":74788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beasley","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharma, P.","contributorId":190255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharma","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kubik, P.W.","contributorId":21691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fehn, Udo","contributorId":190256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fehn","given":"Udo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mann, L. J.","contributorId":39392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gove, H.E.","contributorId":16576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gove","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":81060,"text":"gap2 - 1993 - GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:14:27","indexId":"gap2","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":30,"text":"GAP Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 2","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 2: GAP Bulletin 2, 29 p.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":91235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/02/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/02/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b417d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70128530,"text":"70128530 - 1993 - What is a traditional use?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T11:45:23","indexId":"70128530","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-26T11:43:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"What is a traditional use?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Western Water Law and Policy: Implications for Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems","conferenceTitle":"Western Water Law and Policy: Implications for Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems","conferenceDate":"1993-02-24T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Lakewood, CO","language":"English","publisher":"OnWord UpWord Publication Services","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., 1993, What is a traditional use?, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3e0e4b08a816ca636af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":71907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}